الالوية والرايات من صدر الاسلام حتى نهاية الدولة الاموية == Banners And Flags Until The End Of The Umaid State
دور المراة الغرناطية في الحياة العامة (635 - 897هـ / 1238 - 1492م) == The Role Of Woman In The Granada'S Public Life (635D.H - 879A.H / 1238Ah - 1429DH)
اسرة السيد الاعلى ابي حفص عمر بن عبد المؤمن ودورها في دولة الموحدين
Author name:
ستار جليل عجيل
Supervisor name:
علي صدام نصر الله الفريجي
Abstract:
The Muwahdia state was built on the ruins of the Murabtian State and it became one of the greatest state in the Arabian west (AL - Maghrib).This state Flourished and expanded to vast areas extending from boundaries of Eggpt in the east to the Atlantic ocean in the west and from the Spanish kingdoms of Castalt, Lyon and Navara in the north down to the Green island south of Andulsia. Ibn Tomrat, the Founder of this state, thought of reforming the society and thus he started urging for the well - doing and forbidding enormitg. His political ambition, was in a way, behind that idea. Tus, he started adocating his ideas in the society some times by debating with the scholars and sometimes by pubhcalpy forbidding enormity which characterized society at that time. That led the different regimes to restrict his moves. As a result ,he escaped to protect himself and his followers to the strong forts in his birth town Agli in the remote high mountains where the Murabtians could not reach him. consequently, he disobeyed the Murabtians and declared himself belonging to the Mahdians. From that place, he started his wars till the time of his death. After him, the actual founder of those ideas, Abd Al - Mu'min Bin Ali Al - Kumi completed his mission who, after reinforcing his position in the Muwahdian state, he declared the rule as hereditary (Khilafah) after it was based on consultation.khalifa Abd Al - Mu'min did his best to place his sons in important posts in the state.As a result, we witnessed his distinguished role as the supreme master, a position that was reflected on his family after his death.This study 'Family of the Supreme Master Abi Hafs Omar Bin Abd Al - Mu'min and lts Role in the Muwahdian State' is based on the fact that he worked hard and took many steps to enable him make his sons inherit his rule (Khilafa). He appointed them as rulers of the provinces and declared his son Mohammad as crown prince.Those works gave the supreme master good opportunity to appear on the surface of events.so, the crown prince became the grand minister and took in his hands all the powers of the state.That also led his lorother to rule. Because ofall that ,he increased his authorities and enjoyed more powers that enabled him to advance to defeat some opponents of the state, the first of whom was the principality of lbn Mardnesh. During that, he also decided to go back to Al - Maghrib (countries of the Arabian west ) to hit with iron arms the opposing movements there.His work were useful for the state in all military, economic and constructional levels. The state witnessed many military developments and was able to fight the Christians in Andalusia both in land and in sea, a Fact that obliged them to ask for friendship and to conclude treaties with the state. Economically, there was notable increase in the financial returns which resulted in more constructions like building new mosques, bridges and palaces.By these steps, the supreme master politically paved the path for his sons to complete the same role after his death in supporting the Muwahdian Khalifas who were the reasons behind crowning Al - Mansur and his son Al - Nasir as well as Khalifa Al - Muntsir. Militarily, they were able to terminate some internal disturbances of mutiny and opposing the state and the law. Besides, they supported the Khalifa in his fighting of the Christians in Andalusia. The had a great role to maintain security and stability that resulted in notable economic and constructional development. Also, they ruled the important provinces in the state. One of them could even be vice Khalifa in the capital Marakish.After Khalifa Al - nasir fought the battle of punishment in Andalusia , it was clear that the state started to decline. That in turn, affected the political structure of the state. At that time, the state was ruled by ayoung wan (Al - Nasir) controlled by a minister and uncles who did not care for the state and only look after their personal interests. When the state became weak and there were those ambitious who wanted to rule as khalifas, grandsons of the supreme master constituted part of that struggle and they fought their cousin Abdullah Al - Bayasi and khalfa Al - wathiq. That struggle was omninous to the state. Thus, theeconomic structure of the state completely deteriorated both because of the wars and the plagues at that time.Besides, the door was fully open to those greedy men who wanted to rule the state. For example, the Hafsi state separated itself from the near Maghrib. In the middle Maghrib, Banu Zayyan appeared in the far Maghrib. That cut the state into parts till it fell down during the era of khalifa Al - wathiq by Banu Mareen. ln general, the reasons behind the fall of the state were already there since its first existence.
المراة البصرية ودورها في الحياة العامة (14 - 247 هـ /635 - 861 م) == The Basri Woman And Her Role In Public Life 14 - 247 A. H / 635 - 861 A. D
السياسة الخارجية لدويلات الطوائف 422 - 482هـ/1030 - 1090م == Foreign Policy Of The Stsates Of The Denominations 422 - 482A/1030 - 1090D
التــوبة في المجتمع العربي الاسلامي حتى نهاية العصر الاموي : دراسة تاريخية == Repentance In The Arab - Muslim Community Until The End Of The Umayyad’S Era Historical Study
الانصار ودورهم السياسي والاداري والفكري في بلاد الاندلس حتى نهاية عصر الموحدين (92 - 635هـ/710 - 1237م)
