Author name:
خالد ثامر مطر الشيباني
Supervisor name:
خيري عبد الله داود العكيلي
Abstract:
اجريت هذه الدراسة في البيت الحيواني التابع لقسم علوم الحياة / كلية التربية / جامعة القادسية للمدة من 1/9/2013 ولغاية 1/9/2014، للتحري عن انواع طفيلي الاكريات المتطفلة على الدجاج المصاب طبيعيا وعزل الطفيلي من الحالات المصابة الواردة الى المسستشفى البيطري | The study conducted in The animal house of the Biology department, College of Education, University of Al - Qadisiyah during the period from 1/9/2013 to 1/9/2014. The study diagnosed the species of Eimeria parasites in naturally infected chickens in poultry farms. Eimeria oocysts was isolated from the infected chickens feaces in Veterinary hospital and Veterinary clinics.Then, the cases diagnosed initially in the laboratory by direct examining stool smears and the positive cases were recorded.Through this study, oocysts were isolated, and two species of Eimeria parasites were diagnosed (E.tenella and E.maxima) by using the technique of Conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction technique.There are 186 cases of infected chicken which examined, and the results showed that (186 out of 315)stool Samples(59%), include infected with two species of Eimeria parasites E.tenella was in (135 out of 186, 72.5%) while the species E.maxima was in(51 out of 186, 27.4%). The experimental study was conducting two experiments were done.The first experiment, depend on the experimental infection of E.tenella species which was used for two types of chicken, (Ross type which is foreign, and local breed).The second experiment, includes experimental infection with the species E.maxima also in two types of chickens that mention above. Symptoms and clinical signs of the first experiment on foreign chickens included were recorded it is noticed that infected the chickens with E.tenella have was dull, unorganized feather and loss of appetite in addition to bloody diahrreha, loss weight, emaciated and isolated. The Gross Lesions include congestion of cecum and an increase in their sizes while inside the cecum, many ulcerated lesions were noticed, filling cecum with mucus and blood, liver was congested and enlarged. Microscopicale examination recorded congestion was full with blood cells and necrotic tissues cecum and falling of cells in the cecum lumen. Many different stages of the parasites were noticed as schizonts, merozoites, gametes and oocysts Hematological parameters showed high significant decrease (p?0.05) in Hb (0.38±5.94 mg / 100ml) in the fourth week of infection, PCV (0.68±18.47%) in the fifth week and RBC was (1.58±0.02x106) in the fourth week. Also, the infection led to significant increase difference of WBC (30.19±0.95x103) in the seventh week of infection in comparison of uninfected chickens of the control sample. The biochemical parameters of blood serum showed that significant decrease (p?0.05) in glucose concentration (156.98±1.75mg / 100ml in the fourth week of infection), cholesterol concentration and total protein concentration (62.11±4.40, 1.92±0.92 mg / 100ml respectively in the fifth week of infection).Also, Uric acid increased significantly (p?0.05) to reach(10.19±0.52mg / 100ml) in the fourth week of infection in comparison of uninfected chickens of the control group. Average weight was showed the significant decrease (p?0.05) of the chickens quantity (368.88±3.01gr in the fourth week of the infection), and an increase the percentage of mortality(23.33±0.23% in the fifth week of infection), addition to the decrease of consuming food by bird (282.8±2.19gr in the fifth week of the infection) in comparison of uninfected chickens of the control group. While the results of local breed chickens in the first experiment were less severity than that with the foreign type (Ross) but the colour of the stool was brown mixed with blood. The Gross Lesions showed pathological changes in the cecum as congestion and bleeding. Moreover, ulcers areas were smaller and less in number in comparison with the infected foreign chickens by the same parasite. The microscopic pathological changes of E.tenella in the cecum showed hyperplasia in goblet cells and congestion of blood capillaries with less number of stages of the parasite in comparison with the foreign chickens. The hematological parameters showed significant decrease (p?0.05) in Hb concentration and percentage of PCV (7.13±0.31mg/100ml, 21.26±1.82% respectively in the fifth week of infection), while the RBC count was (2.05±0.12 x 106 in the fourth week of infection and significant increased (p?0.05) in WBC count was (30.63±0.38 x 106 the sixth week of infection) in comparison with the chickens of the control group. The biochemical parameters of blood serum showed the significant decrease (p?0.05) in glucose concentration (169.60±2.16mg/100ml in the fifth week of infection), cholesterol concentration and total protein concentration (70.89±2.01, 2.25±0.39mg/100ml respectively in the fourth week of infection). Uric acid increased significantly (p?0.05) to reach (7.62±0.90mg/100ml) in the fifth week of infection in comparison with the control group. Average of the weight was significant decrease (p?0.05) (190.28±3.81gm), high increase in the average of mortality (10±0.20%), and high decrease in the consuming food average (413.4±3.91gr) in the fourth week of infection in comparison with the uninfected control group. The second experiment of the foreign chicken which infected experimentally by E.maxima showed asymptoms and clinical signs were nearly similar in the foreign chickens that infected with E.tenella, but mild in severity is average. The symptoms include fatigue, fallen wings, loss of appetite, mucus diarhea mixed with blood. The Gross Lesions showed severe changes in the infected part of intestine as congestion and filling of intestine with mucous secretion of bad odour. While the microscopic pathological changes showed the tissues section of intestine were damaged, necrosis of intestine villi due to the large number of different stages of the parasite with hyperplasia of goblet cells. The hematological parameters showed significanty decrease (p?0.05) in Hb concentration, percentage of PCV and RBC count (7.55±0.61mg/100ml, 23.62±0.81% and 2.08±0.10x106 in the fourth week of infection) and significant increased (p?0.05)in WBC count (31.26±0.63x106 in the seventh week of infection) in comparison with the uninfection control group. The biochemical parameters of blood serum showed that there was the significant decrease (p?0.05) in glucose concentration (164.86±2.11 mg /100ml in the fifth week of infection), cholestrol concentration and total protein (77.14± 3.38, 2.24±0.36 mg/100ml) and significant increased (p?0.05) in Uric acid concentration (8.20±0.79mg/100ml) in the fourth week of infection in comparison to the control group. The results of productive characteristics refered to significant decrease(p?0.05) in the weight of chickens (479.28±0.23gr) and significant increase (p?0.05) in mortality (10±0.11%) during the fifth week of infection. Also, there was significant decrease (p?0.05) in the consumed food by birds (368.5±2.10gr) during the fourth week of infection in comparison to the chicken of the control group. While the results of local breed chicken in the second experiment, the symptoms and clinical signs showed no sign of disease, and the chickens were active in spite of presence of infection and the releasing of Oocysts. The Gross Lesions showed the inflammation and congestion, onlargment of the infected part of small intestine, little mucous and liquid inside the lumen.As far as microscopic changes are concerned, the tissue examination showed some necrosis and damage of the villi ends and an increase in the size of the goblet cells. Hematological parameters showed to the significant decrease (p?0.05) in Hb concentration and percentage of PCV (7.86±0.45 mg/100ml, 23.60±0.53% respectively during the fifth week of infection), RBC count (2.10±0.13 x 106 in the fourth week of infection) and significant increased (p?0.05) in WBC count (32.98±0.58 x 106 during the sixth week of infection) in comparison with the control group. The biochemical parameters of blood serum showed that there was the significant decrease (p?0.05)in glucose concentration and cholestrol concentration (170.60 ±2.01, 79.70±2.69 mg/100ml respectively in the fourth week of infection), total protein concentration (2.42±0.31mg/100ml in the fifth week of infection) and significant increased (p?0.05) in Uric acid concentration (6.52±0.82mg/100ml in the fourth week of infection) in comparison to the uninfection control group. Average of the weight referred to significant decrease (p?0.05) of chickens (213.16±3.12 gr) and consuming food (481±3.21 gr) during the fourth week of infection.While there were no differnces in the percentage of mortality comparison with the uninfected chicken of the control group. Also, the results of the number of released oocysts showed significant increase (p?0.05)in number of released oocysts with stool by infected foreign ckicken(Ross) in comparison with the local breed chicken which infected by the same parasite.Also, the number of the dropped oocysts of E.tenella were higher than that of E.maxima.
