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الدبلوماسية الامريكية في الحرب الاهلية 1861 - 1865 == American diplomacy in The Civil WAR ( 1861 - 1865 )

Author name: علي خوير مطرود الحجامي
Supervisor name: فاهم نعمة ادريس الياسري
General topic: History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
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الرقابة الادارية والمالية في مصر في العصر الفاطمي (358 - 567هـ/ 969 - 1171م) == Administrative and Financial Auait in Egypt during the Fatimid Era (358 - 567 A.h./969 - 1171 A.D.

Author name: حيدر مزهر عسكر العابدي
Supervisor name: عطا سلمان جاسم
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
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الراي العام في العراق في عصر السيطرة السلجوقية 447 - 590هـ/ 1055 - 1193م == The Public opinion in Iraq at the Seljuk reign age"447 - 590 A.H / 1055 - 1193 A.D "

Author name: ثامر نعمان مصطاف
Supervisor name: فاضل جابر ضاحي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
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تداول السلطة في العراق القديم ابان الالف الثالث قبل الميلاد : دراسة تحليلية == Circulation of Authority in the Ancient Iraq during the Third Millennium B.C : Analytical Study

Author name: محمد فهد حسين القيسي
Supervisor name: جواد مطر الحمد الموسوي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
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المياه الجوفية واستثماراتها في محافظة ذي قار : دراسة في جغرافية الموارد المائية == Groundwater and Its Investment In Thi Qar Province Study in Water Resources Geography

Author name: مجيد علي شناوة الموسوي
Supervisor name: حسين عذاب خليف الموسوي
General topic: Geography
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The study aims to study the groundwater as a scientific concept in general and focus on the study of ground water represented by wells in Thi Qar Province in particular. The study relied on the governmental data of spatial characteristics as well as the geographical distribution of the hydrological characteristics of the groundwater wells in Thi Qar governorate during the period 2010 - 2015, As well as the field study and the (40 samples of groundwater wells) represented by the dry seasons in July 2016 and wet in January 2017, for the purpose of identifying the manifestations of groundwater investment in the province of Thi Qar as well as to obtain field information on the phenomenon (groundwater) and identify the problems and access to the most important Solutions and proposals for the development and development in the province of Thi Qar.The area of the study is located in the southern part of Iraq within the sedimentary plain and extends between the widths (º32¯ - º30.33¯) north and between the longitude (°47.12¯ - °45.37¯) east, knowing that the area of the study area is (435244 km2) . In the study area, there are many geological or sedimentation deposits that date back to the triangular and quadrilateral time zones, as well as the study area within the unstable or twisted pavement that occupies a large area of the study area.The geographical distribution of groundwater wells in the study area. The study included (586 wells) for the period 2010 - 2015 in the study area, especially the administrative units (areas of Sayed Dakhil, Al Batha and Al Gharaf) as the most administrative units for wells numbers in the study area. The most abundant year for the groundwater wells in the study area, it may represent in 2012 and the (156 wells), and the government agencies (the General Authority of groundwater / Basra branch) are the most excavation wells in the study area, and the depths of wells (10 - 13m) and production wells (2.1 - 3 liters / sec) and groundwater level (3.3 - 4m) and the mobile groundwater level (7.1 - 8m) are the highest in the study area. Moreover, the type of pump (Kanzerai) was the most used and located away from the well (9.4 - 10.9.4m). The height of the wells above sea level was highest in the rise (5.1 - 6 m), which was recorded in the other rise in the study area.The discusses the spatial and temporal analysis of the Physical and chemical properties of groundwater in the study area. The Physical, chemical and other Physical ions characteristics of the groundwater in the study area varied between dry and wet Seasons on the one hand and water characteristics in the years in which some wells were drilled compared to the results of laboratory analyzes of seasons Dry and wet, on the other hand, as well as variation in the classification of groundwater in the study area according to Schuler method and Solen classification. This difference in the characteristics and classification of groundwater in the study area, to effect the natural goal of climatic conditions, and also the human factor represented by agricultural activity and the extent of the use of agricultural fertilizers and the amount of ground water withdrawn from wells in the study area.The study aspects of groundwater investment, its problems and future prospects in the study area. The most important aspect of groundwater investment in the study area is the agricultural investment in a larger proportion compared with other investments (for human consumption and for drinking animals and for construction purposes and industrial purposes) In the study area suffers from many problems, most notably the problem of salinity and the problem of pollution and the problem of Subsidence and the problem of lack of interest in wells and other problems, which leads to the development of solutions and proposals for the development and development of groundwater in the study area example rationalization in water consumption and increase groundwater recharge (water harvesting) and the use of modern technologies and improve water quality and solving the problem of salinity and the problem of pollution and maintenance of solving the problem of subsidence and interest wells, as well as proposals for solutions to another goal to develop groundwater investment in the study area.

تطور استعمالات الارض التجارية في مدينة الكوت : دراسة في جغرافية المدن == Development of commercial land uses In the city of Kut A study in the geography of cities

Author name: علي فوزي سعيد الوائلي
Supervisor name: جبر عطية جودة المياح
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography of Cities
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: تعد استعمالات الارض التجارية من اهم استعمالات ارض المدينة , اذ لا توجد مدينة مهما كان حجمها الا وشغلت الوظيفة التجارية حيزا منها على اعتبار ان النشاطات التجارية من اهم الوظائف التي تقدمها المدينة ليس لسكانها فقط بل لسكان اقليمها . تتمثل اهمية الدراسة باظهار تطور استعمالات الارض التجارية في مدينة الكوت خلال المراحل المورفولوجية التي مرت بها المدينة , وما هي العوامل التي ساهمت بهذا التطور, فضلا عن تحديد التوزيع الجغرافي لاستعمالات الارض التجارية بالاعتماد على خريطة التصميم الاساس للمدينة , وتحديد مساحة كل استعمال تجاري في المدينة, كما وتم تحديد اقليم المدينة التجاري , والكفاءة الوظيفية لاستعمالات الارض التجارية . وقد تناولت الدراسة في فصلها الاول عرض مراحل تطور استعمالات الارض التجارية في المدينة من خلال المراحل المورفولوجية لتطور المدينة فقد كان للعامل التجاري دورا في نشوء مدينة الكوت, ونموها على اعتبار ان المدينة نشات كميناء نهري بين مدينتي بغداد والبصرة , اذ تم استعراض مراحل التطور من خلال التوصل الى عدد المحلات التجارية , ومساحة الاستعمال التجاري في كل مرحلة من مراحل نمو المدينة . تمتاز المحلات التجارية في المدينة والعاملين فيها بخصائص متباينة من حيث الموقع والمساحة, ونوع التجارة, ونوع الملكية, ومواد البناء, ومقدار الايجار, وعدد العاملين, وساعات العمل, واعمار العاملين, وغيرها , اذ تم التعرف على هذه الخصائص من خلال الدراسة الميدانية عن طريق توزيع (384) استمارة استبيان شكلت نسبة (6,7%) تم تحديدها على اساس عدد المحلات التجارية في المدينة والبالغة (5767) محلا تجاريا , اذ تم تحديد عدد استمارات الاستبيان لكل منطقة تجارية على اساس عدد محلاتها وما تشكله من مجموع المحلات الكلية . وتقوم المدينة بتقديم مجموعة من الوظائف والخدمات لسكانها وسكان اقليمها, ولعل من ابرزها الوظيفة التجارية , فالتجارة تعد من اهم المعايير المعتمدة لتحديد الاقليم الاقتصادي لاي مدينة , اذ تم تحديد اهم مجالات تاثير المدينة في الاقليم من خلال مجموعة من السلع والبضائع التي يعتمد الاقليم على سوق مدينة الكوت في الحصول عليها, ورسم حدود, وابعاد المناطق التي يتم تزويدها بهذه السلع والبضائع . وتقاس الكفاءة الوظيفية لاستعمالات الارض التجارية على اساس مدى توفرها لكل شخص وفق المعايير المعتمدة وبدون مشاكل , اذ تم قياس الكفاءة الوظيفية لاستعمالات الارض التجارية وفق ثلاث معايير هي معيار نسمة/محل , ونسمة/نوع , ومعيار المساحة م2/نسمة على مستوى الاحياء السكنية والقطاعات السكنية والمدينة ككل بالاعتماد على التحليل الاحصائي باستعمال المعدل في تحديد كفاءة استعمالات الارض التجارية في المدينة . كما تم اعطاء رؤية مستقبلية لتطور استعمالات الارض التجارية في مدينة الكوت وبالاعتماد على الزيادة في حجم سكان المدينة لغاية عام 2025 . لقد كانت اهم النتائج التي توصلت اليها الدراسة : 1ـــ تطورت استعمالات الارض التجارية في المدينة بشكل واضح خلال المرحلة المورفولوجية الاخيرة (1990 - 2016) لاسيما بعد عام 2003 مقارنة بالمراحل المورفولوجية السابقة من حيث المساحة وعدد المحلات التجارية وعدد العاملين بالتجارة , نتيجة لانفتاح السوق ودخول منتجات جديدة ومتنوعة فضلا عن ارتفاع المستوى المعاشي للسكان, وزيادة القدرة الشرائية, وزيادة حجم المدينة .2ـــ شكلت مدينة الكوت مركز التاثير التجاري في اقليمها الاداري من خلال اعتماد تجار المفرد والجملة في الاقليم على المدينة في الحصول على السلع والبضائع التجارية .3ـــ تباينت كفاءة استعمالات الارض التجارية بحسب المعايير التخطيطية المعتمدة على مستوى الاحياء والقطاعات السكنية , فبعض الاحياء والقطاعات السكنية تميزت بكفاءة استعمالات الارض التجارية فيها, واحياء وقطاعات سكنية اخرى امتازت بانخفاض كفاءة استعمالات الارض التجارية فيها . | The commercial land use is one of the most important uses of the city's land. There is no city of any size, except that the commercial function occupies a part of it, considering that the commercial activities are the most important functions provided by the city not only to its inhabitants but also to the inhabitants of its territory. The importance of the study is to show the development of the commercial land uses in the city of Kut during the morphological stages experienced by the city, and what factors contributed to this development, as well as to determine the geographical distribution of commercial land uses based on the map of the basic design of the city, The city's commercial territory was also identified, and the functional efficiency of commercial land uses. The study examined the stages of development of commercial land use in the city through the morphological stages of the development of the city. The commercial factor played a role in the emergence of the city of Kut and its growth as the city emerged as a river port between the cities of Baghdad and Basra. Reach the number of shops, commercial use space in each stage of the city's growth. The city's shops and employees have different characteristics in terms of location, area, type of trade, type of property, building materials, amount of rent, number of employees, hours of work, age of workers, etc.These characteristics were identified through the field study through the distribution of (384) questionnaires form (6.7%), which were determined on the basis of the number of shops in the city (5767), where the number of questionnaire forms for each region Based on the number of shops and the total number of shops. The city provides a range of jobs and services to its inhabitants and residents of its territory, the most prominent of which is the business, trade is one of the most important criteria for determining the economic territory of any city. The most important areas of the city's influence in the region were identified through a range of goods and goods Which depends on the territory of the city of Kut to obtain, and draw the boundaries, and dimensions of the areas that are supplied with these goods and goods. The functional efficiency of the commercial land uses is measured on the basis of the availability of each person according to approved criteria and without problems. The functional efficiency of commercial land uses is measured according to three criteria : NES / And the city as a whole based on statistical analysis using the average to determine the efficiency of commercial land use in the city. A future vision was also given to the development of the commercial land uses in Kut city and the increase in the size of the city population until 2025. The most important findings of the study were : (1990 - 2016), especially after 2003, compared to the previous morphological stages in terms of area, number of shops and number of workers in trade, due to the opening of the market and the introduction of new and diversified products, as well as the high level of living of the population, Increase purchasing power, increase the size of the city. 2 The city of Kut has been the center of commercial influence in its administrative territory through the adoption of the sole and wholesale traders in the region on the city in obtaining goods and commercial goods.3 The efficiency of commercial land uses varied according to the planning standards adopted at the level of rehabilitation and residential sectors. Some rehabilitation and residential sectors were characterized by efficient use of commercial land, and revival and other residential sectors characterized by low efficiency of commercial land uses

العاطلون عن العمل في محافظة واسط للسنوات (1987ـ 1997ـ 2016 : دراسة في جغرافية السكان == Unemployed in Wasit Governorate A study in population geography

Author name: محسن منصور سريح
Supervisor name: ناجي سهم رسن
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Demographics
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: تهدف الدراسة تناول السكان العاطلين عن العمل بعمر (15 ـ 64) سنة في محافظة واسط وتوزيعهم الجغرافي وتباينه المكاني حسب الوحدات الادارية والبيئة واسباب ذلك التباين , فضلا عن كشف خصائص العاطلين عن العمل , كما اهتمت الدراسة بتناول ابرز اسباب التعطل عن العمل والاثار السلبية المترتبة عليه , وتوصلت الى رؤية مستقبلية للعاطلين عن العمل عام 2027 . جاءت الدراسة في اربعة فصول , فضلا عن الاستنتاجات والمقترحات معتمدة على بيانات التعداد السكاني لعامي 1987 و1997 ونتائج الدراسة الميدانية لعام 2016 ومصادر مكتبية , واعتمدت الدراسة على اساليب احصائية في تحليل البيانات منها الدرجات المعيارية , فضلا عن استخدام المتوالية العددية للوصول الى رؤية مستقبلية للعاطلين عن العمل , والجداول والخرائط والاشكال لتسهيل المقارنة وتحليل النتائج . توصلت الدراسة الى عدد من الاستنتاجات كان ابرزها ارتفاع عدد العاطلين عن العمل الى نسبة (19,1%) عام 2016 عما ان كانت في عامي 1987 و1997 (3,2% و16,6%) على التوالي , وقد تباينت نسب العاطلين عن العمل بحسب الوحدات الادارية لعام 2016 اذ بلغت اعلاها (25,8%) في ناحية تاج الدين ثم تليها ناحية جصان بنسبة (23,8%) وادناها في مركز قضاء بدرة بنسبة (15,5%) , كما برز بشكل واضح ارتفاع نسبة العاطلين عن العمل بين الشباب بعمر (15 ـ 29) سنة من مجموع العاطلين عن العمل , فضلا عن ارتفاع نسب الخريجين العاطلين عن العمل , وقد اثر في التعطل عن العمل متغيرات متعددة كان في مقدمتها اسباب اجتماعية واقتصادية , فضلا عن عدم الاستقرار السياسي والامني في العراق ومنه محافظة واسط الذي يعد من ابرز العوامل المؤثرة في ارتفاع نسب العاطلين عن العمل , كما اظهرت الدراسة مخاطر التعطل عن العمل على الفرد والاسرة والمجتمع وكان في مقدمتها الامية والجريمة وعمالة الاطفال , وقد توصلت الدراسة الى ان نسب العاطلين عن العمل سترتفع بشكل تدريجي لتصل الى (25,1%) عام 2027 في حال ثبات العوامل المؤثرة فيها | The study aim to address the Unemployed who are at the age (15 - 64) years, and how they geographically distributed between the administrative units and between urban - rural population. Also the study addressed the main demographic characteristics of the unemployed. The study looked for the main causes of unemployment and its effects and the prediction of its size in near future. It hncluded four chapters and conclusion. It based on the census data of 1987 and 1997 as well as the results of the field work in 2016 and readings from the book and government reports. It was based on statistical methods as the standad grades and numerical sequence, beside the descriptive and cartographic methods. High unemployment rate in the years 2016 . It reached to (%19.1) while the rate was (%3.2) and (%16.6) in 1987 and in 1997 . The rate of unemployment in 2016 is varied between the admistrative units .The highest rate (25.8%) in the Taj Al - Den and then followed by Jasan with (23.8%) and the lowest in Badrah (15.5%) , a clear rise between young people aged (15 to 29 years) , as well as the high rate of unemployed between the graduates . The causes of unemployment are social and economic, as well as political and security causes . Also showed the risk of downtime for the individual, family, and community was at the forefront of illiteracy and crime, child labor . The study expected that the proportions of unemployed people will rise gradually to reach (25.1%) in 2027 if these causes persist .

الخصائص الديموغرافية للسكان الحضر في مراكز اقضية محافظة واسط == Demographic Characteristics of Population of Urban Centers in Wasit Governorate

Author name: قاسم محمد عبد
Supervisor name: ناجي سهم رسن
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Demographics
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: تهدف الدراسة الى ابراز الخصائص الديموغرافية لسكان المراكز الحضرية في محافظة واسط كونها من المناطق الواعدة بمقوماتها الطبيعية والبشرية لتحقيق مشاريع التنمية ، اذ لا يمكن القيام باي عمل تنموي الا عن طريق دراسة خصائص السكان ومقوماتهم في الماضي والحاضر وتوقع ما سيكونون عليه في المستقبل ، لذا فقد تم دراسة السكان ديموغرافيا للاعوام (1987، 1997 ،2014 و2015) واجراء الاسقاطات المستقبلية حتى عام 2027 . اعتمدت الدراسة الجداول الاحصائية والخرائط التوزيعية والاشكال البيانية فضلا عن العديد من العمليات الاحصائية والكمية من معاملات الارتباط والانحدار وغيرها من اجل دقة التحليل الجغرافي للظواهر السكانية وتفسيرها تفسيرا منطقيا للعلاقة بين المتغيرات التي تضمنتها الدراسة . توصلت الدراسة الى العديد من نتائج كان منها، ارتفاع نسبة سكان حضر مراكز اقضية محافظة واسط من عام لاخرى فبعد ان كانت نسبتهم (47,9%) عام 1987 من مجموع سكان المحافظة ارتفعت عام 2014 الى (48,6%) ، واستاثر حضر مركز قضاء الكوت باكثر من نصف نسبة سكان حضر مراكز اقضية محافظة واسط ، اثرت حركة النازحين والهجرة الريفية فضلا عن الزيادة الطبيعية في ارتفاع معدلات النمو التي وصلت الى (3,4%) . تميز حضر مراكز الاقضية باستقبالها هجرات متنوعة سواء كانت دولية (من سكان المحافظة الذين هاجروا الى الخارج) او اقليمية او محلية لاسيما بعد عام 2003 اثرت على الخصائص الديموغرافية لسكان حضر مراكز اقضية محافظة واسط . واظهرت الدراسة ان اكثر من ثلث سكانه في الاعوام (1987 ،1997 و2015) هم من فئة صغار السن (اقل من 15 سنة) ، كشفت الدراسة ايضا عن ان اكثر من ثلث سكان حضر مراكز اقضية محافظة واسط يعملون في انشطة الخدمات العامة والاجتماعية والشخصية ، كما تميزت الحالة الزواجية بارتفاع نسبة الذين لم يسبق لهم الزواج (العزاب) لتمثل اكثر من نصف السكان (51,8%) في عام 2015، وظهر ان نسبة غير المؤهلين بشهادة تعليمة تتجه نحو الانخفاض . وتوقعت الدراسة ان حجم سكان حضر مراكز اقضية محافظة واسط سيبلغ (839107) نسمة في عام 2027 بعد ان كان (633494) نسمة عام 2014. وتوقعت الدراسة ان عدد طلاب المدارس الابتدائية سيرتفع حتى يبلغ (122024) طالب عام 2027. اما طلاب المرحلة الثانوية فسيكون عددهم في سنة الهدف (112884) طالب . ومن المؤمل ايضا ان يرتفع عدد السكان النشطين اقتصاديا الى (695228) وستكون الحاجة الى (89834) وظيفة او فرصة عمل. وتبين من التحليل الكمي ان متغيري الاناث بسن الحمل والبطالة من اكثر المتغيرات تفسيرا للخصوبة السكانية ، كما ان هنالك علاقة ارتباط قوية بين الذين لم يسبق لهم الزواج (العزاب ) والبطالة | The study aims at highlighting the demographic characteristics of the population of the urban centers in Wasit governorate as one of the most promising areas in terms of its natural and human resources to achieve development projects, and as it is not possible to do any development work without depending on human development by studying the characteristics of the population and their vesources in the past and present and expect what they will be in the future . Thus, the population was demographically studied during the period (1987 - 2015) and making future projections until 2027. The study includes five chapters . The first chapter dealt with the size and growth of population . It is of two sections, The first section deals with The size and growth of population . and the second includes the elements of population growth. While the second chapter is for geographical distribution of population. It includes three sections . The first is about the numerical, relative and hierarchical distribution and relative change of population. While the second section deals with the scales of population distribution. the third section deals with patterns of the geographical distribution. The third chapter is under the title "the age and gender structure of of population". IT is divided into two sections. The first is for the the age and gender structure and the second included the indicators of the age structure. The fourth chapter is devoted for the economic structure . It contains three sections . the first section contains the characteristions of human forces . the second deals with the indicators of the economical activity, the third is a bout the wconomical structure of the labor . The fifth chapter includes the study of the social structure and the future projections. It is first deals with the study of the marital situation, the second with the study of the educational condition the third with the ethnic structure and the fourth section is devoted to studying population projections, and estimating educational services and estimating of work opportunities . The study adopted on statistical tables, distributive maps and graphs as well as many statistical and quantitative processes of correlative coefficience and regression and others for the accuracy of geographical analysis of population phenomena and their logical explanation of the relatio among the variables included in the study . The study reached many results, among them is rising of the proportion of population of urban of the districts centers Wasit governorate from on year. to another. As their percentage was (47.9%) in 1987 of the total population of the governorate reased in 2014 to (48.6%), Al - Kut district more than half of the proportion of population of urban of other districts centers in Wasit governorate. the movement of the displaced and the rural migration as well as the natural increase affected in the rising of growth rates which reached to (3.4%). The urban of the disdricds centres witnessed a drop in pure birth average which was(28,1)per thous and in 1987 to become (22.2) per thousand in 2015, and on the other hand a rise in pure death average which is (13.1) per thousand in 2015, while it was (7) Per thousand in 1987 due to security conditions . The urban of districts centres is characterized by receiving different immigration whether they were in ter national (of the population of the governorate who immigration abroad )regnioal or local especially after 2003 .they affected the demographic featues of population Of the population of the urban of district centers of Wasit Governorate. the population of the immigration population for the country reached to (17%) of the population of the urban of districts centres . The study showed that more than one - third of the population in the during (1987 - 2015) is the category of young (less than 15 years) the gender proportion of reached to (105) in 2014, the study also revealed that more than one - third of the population of the urban districts centers of Wasit governorate work in personal social and public service activities . the martial status is characterzid by rising the population of those who have never married before ( the single ) as it represents more than half of the population (51.8%) in 2015. and it showed that the percentage of non - qualified with educational certificate is declining. The study also showed that the draopping of illiteracy rates among the population and the low level of educational achievement led to the rising of the ratio of the unemployedment. the study predicted that the size of the population of urban of districts centres of wasit governorate will reach to (889,107) person in 2027while it was (633,494) person in 2014 . the study in also predicted that the number of primary school students will rise to reach (122,024) student in 2027 which means that there is a need for (80) primary schools while the number of the students of secondary stage will be in the target year (112884) students and they will need (120) schools to fill the shortfall of the number of schools at the time. it is hoped that th number of economically active population will increase to (695228) and there will be the need to (89834) jobs work opportunity . and appeared form the quantitative analysis that the two variables of females at the age of pregnaney and unemployment are the most explaining variables of population fertility ,and The size of the family (5 people and over) explains greatly the phenomenon of rural imigration to wards the urban of districts centers of the, and there is a strong correlation between those never married (the single) and unemployment.

السمات والتاثيرات والخصائص في حضارتي وادي الرافدين ووادي السند 3000 - 1500 ق.م : دراسة مقارنة == Features, influences and characteristics in the civilizations of Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley 3000 - 1500 B.C A comparative study

Author name: حسين حسن مجيد العنزي
Supervisor name: نائل حنون
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The Indus Valley Civilization is one of the three urban Centers, which witness the independent development of urban and constructional Activities, despite possessing similar attributes and characteristics with Mesopotamia. Its geographical location an important impact on the emergence of a sprawling civilization with area outweigh the civilizations area of Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley, it bordered on the north the rich Himalayan Mountains by mineral resources and timber, and characterized the Western Borders by the cultivation of wheat, barley and domestication of sheep and cattle since the millennium eighth BC and had a close association with civilizations of the Near East by land trade routes across the Iranian plateau. And Its eastern part bordered Sivalik hills which by metals copper, and Thar Desert (Great Indian Desert), while the southern side bordered the Arabian Sea, which facilitated direct contact with the civilization of Mesopotamia as well as provide additional resources for the people of the Indus Valley civilization, such as stones and seashells.In view of the similar features between the two civilizations consider it some of Scholars that it was a commercial colony of the Mesopotamia People, but the excavations That carried out in the Two cities Mohenjo - Daro and Harappa in 1920 drawing the attention of archaeologists networking urban planning and the organization houses andbaths and how to create a sewage system. Additionally reached excavations French mission led by Jean Francois Jarrige in 1975 in Baluchistan area of the sites date back to the Neolithic period beginning of the eighth millennium BC, this urban sequence sites Indus Valley Civilization confirmed to the archaeologists it is ancient civilization raised independently of the civilization of Mesopotamia . it is Advanced in all fields, like other cultures, and That manifesting clearly it passed through several Historical stages.Indus Valley civilization grew up on the land of plain fertile similar to the land of Mesopotamia, and agriculture adopted on the rivers of the Indus and Saraswati and their tributaries by use of irrigation means in order to quench the largest possible area of agricultural land, a similar to irrigation means in the civilization of Mesopotamia due to Diminished rainfall in both civilizations.our knowledge of the Indus Valley civilization Confined in all its stages on what has been excavated in the cities Mohenjo - Daro and Harappa Only, the fact that the excavations carried out at other locations were simple and few, as well as not Able to resolve the symbols and signs written Indus Valley civilization so far making the identity of the residents of The Indus Valley unknown and a difficult explanation for certain things, such as unknown the ancient Names of Cities and these Names actually is Names for Modern Cities established above, As well as seemsthat the cities of the Indus Valley emerged flourished without internal or external war or violent competition, is also difficult to identify palaces and some structures, Only very few were probably for religious purposes. Although it is considered a high degree of technical and organizational Civilization but the puzzling is after seven centuries of urban life where suddenly collapsed and know the reasons for this collapse is still under discussion.The Dissertation composed of deals with Five Chapters, The First Chapter deals with Geographical location and its impact on the Mesopotamia and Indus Valley Civilization, This included name and location of the Indus Valley Civilization, the most important rivers that have been instrumental in the development of civilization are Indus Saraswati Rivers the Arabian Sea coast also, as well as the climate in the two civilizations.The Second Chapter displays The emergence of civilization and matures in the Two valleys of Mesopotamia and the Indus by displaying prehistoric times and the expansion of settlements in the South Asian region and the emergence of cities, matures and decay.The Third Chapter deals with Cities and architecture planning in the civilizations of Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley has included the geographical locations for the settlement of the population of the Indus Valley and presenting the mostimportant cities and towns of the Indus Valley Civilization with its Excavation stages then the most important features of urban and similarities in the civilizations of Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley represented by Cities walled and castles as well as architectural engineering of cities and homes.The Fourth Chapter has focused on Written and seals, we tried to shed light on the most accepting views about written of the Indus Valley by displaying South Asian languages, as well as included a similarity in the way the seals industry and used in the civilizations of Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley, and deals with what they contain these seals from some religious beliefs.The Five Chapter Search Economic activities of the two civilizations through the cultivation of major crops and the Irrigation as well as the domestication of animals, The craft traditions by pottery, lapis lazuli and ceramics Industry, and finally the internal and external trade in the Indus Valley Civilization with show the most important products that are imported and exported between the two civilizations.

سياسة الولايات المتحدة الامريكية تجاه تركيا 1960 - 1980 == The U.S. Policy Towards Turkey : 1980 - 1960

Author name: محمد مسير الربيعي
Supervisor name: عبد الرزاق احمد النصيري
General topic: History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: Turkey has a prominent strategic position, which can be a meeting point between the three continents (Asia, Africa and Europe) and a major control center by air, sea and land between East and West.When Turkey became increasingly important in international relations after the end of the Second World War, and accompanied by international events accelerated political, military and economic, and the emergence of two major poles across the world.The United States sought to attract Turkey to its ranks and to associate with the so - called alliance policy. The interest of US policy in Turkey between 1960 and 1980, during which the Turkish army carried out three coups, left its mark on US policy towards Turkey. It isthe subject of this dissertation. The thesis in its final form included an introduction, five chapters and a conclusion. In order to preserve the comprehensiveness of the subject, and in line with its title, we suggested that Chapter I (American - Turkish relations from the end of World War II until 1960).To illustrate the extent of the United States' interest in Turkey during that period, and to divide the chapter into three topics, the first dealt with the review of the strategic location of Turkey and its impact on the US - Turkish alliance, and the US position on the attempts of the Soviet Union to dominate Turkey.Chapter II was devoted to the US strategy toward Turkey from 1947 until Turkey joined NATO in 1952, while the third topic dealt with US policy toward Turkey. During the reign of Turkish Prime Minister Adnan Menderes from 1950 to 1960.Chapter Two (US policy towards Turkey from the 1960 coup to the return of civil rule in 1961) dealt with three issues. The first part dealt with the US position on the precepts of the May 27, 1960 coup.The second topic was devoted to studying the American reaction after the coup. The third study examined US relations with Turkey during the military period until the return of civil rule in late 1961. The third chapter dealt with the Turkish - American relations from the return of civil rule to Turkey until 1971. In three studies, the first topic was devoted to studying the US policy towards Turkey after the return of civil rule.The second topic examines US policy toward Turkey since US President Lyndon Johnson warned Turkish Prime Minister Ismat Inonu on June 5, 1964, to abandon Turkey's protection against Soviet threats if Turkey intervened militarily in Cyprus until 1971. The third topic dealt with the position of the United States Of the coup of the memorandum on March 12, 1971.Chapter Four dealt with the study of the Cyprus crisis and its impact on US policy toward Turkey (1960 - 1974). It was divided into three sections. The first part explained the position of the United States on the Cyprus crisis since the independence of Cyprus in 1960 and the outbreak of the 1963 - 1964 crisis. the second section devoted to track the position of the United States in 1967, the Cyprus crisis, and touched on the third topic to the American position of the Turkish military intervention in Cyprus in 1974.Chapter 5 deals with US policy toward Turkey from 1971 to the 1980 coup. In the course of this chapter, the chapter dealt with three topics. The first part examined US policy toward Turkey from the ban on poppy cultivation until 1974. The second topic was devoted to the US embargo on Turkey and its implications for American - Turkish relations.The third topic dealt with the American position on the 1980 coup in Turkey.The thesis concluded with a conclusion that focused on the most important conclusions of the study in revealing the nature of the US policy towards Turkey from 1960 to 1980, and the transformations it underwent

التنبؤات والرؤى في اسفار الانبياء في التوراة : دراسة تاريخية في مضامينها وتاثيراتها == The Predictions and Visions in the Biblical Prophets' Books : A historical study of their implications and influences

Author name: رافد كاظم كريدي
Supervisor name: احمد مجيد حميد الجبوري
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The study of the Biblical predictions and visions is one of the important topics that attracts many researchers in the fields of history , archaeology , anthropology , linguistics and theology .The interest and aim of such studies can be , therefore , clarified in short in knowing some ancient historical events related to them and the features of historiography of the periods during which they were written or belonging to . These studies are , moreover , revealing and reflecting the general and special implications and influences of divination ( foretelling ) in the ancient societies and their beliefs . Prophecies , on the other hand , resulted from the divine predictions and visions represent a special world in the Hebrew Bible as they are connected with the great prophets who either saw visions , predicted ( prophesied ) or received prophecies and messages from the Lord God . The Hebrew Bible contains prophecies which had been generated through dream visions, revelation and inspiration , or had been conveyed directly to foretell the future events and the will of "Yahweh" whose testament is said to be everlasting with the Jewish people ( named " the Sons / children of Israel " ) . The other importance of the topic is that the prophecies , predictions and visions played a major role in many historical events especially in the Jewish history and theology .They were , rather , the " motives of the early man's history ". God's testament and prophecy had led the Israelites from Egypt to Palestine ( the land of Canaan ) to be their own new homeland according to the Biblical tradition . Thus , the fulfillment of every prophecy is associated with the Yahweh's power , blessings and mainly glory . Hence, every true prophecy had to be revealed from the Lord to either of His chosen Israelite Prophets and proclaimed to His People or to the nations of the earth everywhere . The Books of the Prophets are divided into two main parts : the major four Prophets and the minor twelve Prophets . They cover the fourth part of the modern translations of the Hebrew Bible which begins with Isaiah and ends with Malachi . As the Biblical prophecies dealt with the past , present and future , we have , therefore , concentrated on the future predictions because they help to foretell and examine history and theology as well as judge the fulfillments of each book . We've focused , as well , on the devices of literacy and ambiguous symbolism in the religious texts which need special care of interpretation and knowing the " mood " of the age of each , and , moreover , the views , hypotheses and conclusions of the researchers . Therefore, our study has , in fact , concentrated on the major prophets : Isaiah , Jeremiah , Ezekiel , as they include a great variety and a large rate of predictions , prophecies and visions . The historicity of prophecies , predictions and visions , the styles and dictions used or implied , their historical background all these things have been taking into consideration . The plan of the study has been divided into five chapters, with sections and subsections. The first chapter includes two sections and deals with the historical background , the method we followed , the features , implications and influences of divination ( prediction ) and vision in both the Bible and the Ancient Near East heritage .The second chapter has been assigned to study the symbolic religious and linguistic indications as well as the implications of prophecy , divination and vision .The third chapter studies the implications and influences of predictions and visions in the major Prophets : the Book of Isaiah . While the fourth chapter traces the implications of predictions and visions in the Book of Jeremiah, and the last chapter is used to shade light on the implications of predictions and visions in the Book of Ezekiel. The study beings with a preface and ends with the conclusions, a list of bibliography, an abstract in English and an appendix .

الراي العام في مصر وبلاد الشام تجاه الحكم الايوبي (567 - 660هـ/1172 - 1262م) == Public opinion in Egypt and the Levant from the Ayyubid rule (567 - 660/1172 - 1262)

Author name: جاسم محمد عباس
Supervisor name: عطا سلمان جاسم
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: Praise be to allah the lord of the worldse prayers and peace be upon ashraf the messengers the seal of the prophets, and on his good and pure house . The history of the sons of ayoub has taken an important place in arab islamic history during (567 - 660/1172 - 1262) they played apromin role in the political and military events in the islamic east and what is the position of the public opinion in the two countires only an important part of the history of the ayyubid rule. Our studay of public opinions in egypt and the levant of the ayyubid rule is an attempt to identify important aspects of islamic history related to the general public and the community. The study was divided into four chapters, an introdution conclusion. Chapter one entitled the people of ayoub in egept and levant and mamy positions depends saladin and formal religion of state of ayyubid. Chapter two was study the featuers populaation in egypt andlevant and important place to the writers in ayyubid stste. Chapter three we devoted to the position of the juristis of the policy of ayyub sons . Internal and external also promotion of virtue and prevention of vice and position of juristes of the policy of the sons of ayyub administeration. and chapter four it searched to poets, people and princes which divided in three section position internal and external rule by sons of ayybbid. In the end of our studying (puplic opinion egypt andlevantfrom rule ofayyubid) we have some results : 1.it was the beginning of the rule in egypt and then expanded to levvant . 2.saladin took office of fatimid that inversted aposition to promot the expansim of sons of ayyou in egypt . 3.the end of fatimid rule in egypt considered gloomy and studness in people of puplic opinions . 4.sons of ayyub entered to egypt andlevent To change the religion 5.som prinses of sons of ayoub make satisfy public opinions in egypt and levant. Finally, we try to comlete our studyiong in good way and make satisfy to the reader support by idea or opinion. Praise be to allah the lord of the worlds

موقف المستشرقين الالمان من ائمة اهل البيت عليهم السلام حتى نهاية القرن العشرين : دراسة نقدية == Place of the German Orientalists of the of AhalAbyat (peace be upon them.) Until the End of the Twentieth Century : a Criticism Study

Author name: حسن جاسم محمد حسين الخاقاني
Supervisor name: فاضل جابر ضاحي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: oriental studies acquired is important among historical studies, especially that it stems from the west, which dominated the thousands of Islamic manuscripts, worked to keep in libraries and even up to the reader in a new, and from here the idea of writing about the history of Ahal Albyat of the Prophet (peace be upon them.) under the title "The place of the German orientalists of the history of the Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them.) until the end of the twentieth century : criticism study " as a Thesis to doctor submitted to the Board of the Faculty of Education, University of Wasit, History Department, the study consisted of the introduction to the source analysis And four chapters and a conclusion. Chapter one dealt with the concept of Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them) and their doctrine according to the vision of the German Oriental, first stage studied of the most prominent German orientalists who wrote about the history of Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them), the second stage devoted to study of the doctrine of Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them.) according to the vision of the German Orientalist. The chapter two was about Ahal Albyat in the Koran according to the vision of the German Orientalist , and chapter two was entitled religious side at the Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them) in the writings of Orientalists Germans, chapter two has three stages : first stage dealt with Koranic studies which have relation with Ahal Albyat, and the second, the most prominent of the beliefs of Ahal Albyat in the writings of orientalists Germans, third stage dealt with the Mahdwya case in its various religionBand political dimensions. Chapter three entitled the political side at Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them.) in oriental studies of the German also has three stages. The first stage was on the history of Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them.) and their political in period of succession and sensible, the second stage talks about the political history of Ahal Albyat in Ommia Age, the third stage talks about the political history of Ahal Albyat in Al - abbasi Age, And finally, chapter four is about the impact of intellectual property to Ahal in the Studies of the Orientalists Germans. Chapter four also has two stages, first stage deals on the works Ahal Albyat in the Orientalists wrote the Germans, the second stage models of space science of Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them.) In books of Orientalists Germans, and the researcher reached a number

جذور الاستغراب في كتابات المؤرخين المسلمين 132 - 656هـ/750 - 1258م == The roots of Occidentalism in the writings of historian Arabs and Muslims ( 656 - 132 - A.H / 749 - 1258 A.D )

Author name: محمد حسب الله علوان
Supervisor name: محمد حسين علي السويطي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The communication culture and the openness of knowledge of the other regarded one of the characters of the Islamic knowledge heritage which was not stopped on particular faced , but was vairones and interactive heritage with other culture in order to extend the knowledge and to explore what on other from the aspect of religious political , social , economic , military and others within a global views . The knowledge of the other in Islamic knowledge heritage was no result of special reasoner particular accident but it came linked by fundamental reasons , in the top of it the impact of Islamic in urging Muslims to look at other nations and also the growth and development of historical writing in the ( third and fourth and ninth and tenth centuries AD) and appeared historical production emergence of works know as historical geography and general history and geographical dictionaries that was one of the main parts in how to study and know the history and the civilization of the others . For this reason we aimed to find the image of the we stand geographical and terminology significance and follows the religious , social , economic and military states in the writing of Muslims historians including the science of ( Occidentalism which is new in terms but old in concept and existence which was based on ask and study the west by the east . This scientific study was aimed to follow image of the west in the writing of historian Muslims and reached to many results on the top of that the term ( Occidentalism ) in their writing was not against ( orientalism ) built was scientific knowledge dement movement which was formed on the a great desire to see know the other nations including the (west) . and also it was connected by the growth and development of historical writing in the historian Muslims and especially in geographic historian . which was regarded the main knowledge resource in the studying this topic . The term Occidentalism in the writing of historian Muslims was not essential to be completed or started to appear the modern Occidentalism which appeared against orientalism but there is something between the two which is the (west) . for this reason there was a lot of motives which was helped to make the historian Muslims to look at the west one of them was that scientific motive which mads them research of the knowledge production of the west and translated it, to get benefit form it . and the social and religious life of the west and have information on various aspect in their traditional religious styles their food in order to know the reasons for this various and to know it . Our search to know the west in the writings of historian Muslims was various and multiple among Islamic conquest and embassies , travelling’s and written resources books and poems and theirs information were not limited by one supplier there for this information were varied , accurate and comprehensive for the most of the historical periods of the west . So they hand a world view to looking for the other that exceed the place and political m military relations that based on the derive inknowledg and looking’s to complete their resource about the west stand to know their cerium stance’s . This study approved that the Muslims historian were not only carrying of information , but they were reasoning and research and also they giving as a lot of explanation , about the religious , social aspects of the west is more trustworthy from a lot of historians who wrote about the west in the middle ages

اسهامات ضريري العراق واثرهم في الحياة العلمية 1 - 334هــ == Iraqi Blinds Contributions In The Scientific Lif(334H/945AD)

Author name: سوسن فاضل كاظم الدريساوي
Supervisor name: اسراء مهدي مزبان
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: تحتل دراسة تاريخ اسهامات ضريري العراق واثرهم في الحياة العلمية من 1 - 334هـ اهمية كبيرة، وذلك كون تاريخ العلماء المكفوفين هو جزء لا يتجزا من تاريخ الدولة العربية الاسلامية, وفي ظله عاش هؤلاء العلماء حياة امنة مطمئنة انعكست اثارها في ما خلفوه من نتاجات علمية متنوعة اسهمت في دعم الحركة الفكرية عموما، ومن اجل الوقوف على تصور واضح عن طبيعة الحياة العلمية لعلماءنا المكفوفين وعن كيفية وصول هؤلاء العلماء الى تلك الدرجة العلمية التي قد تضاهي العلماء المبصرين، يمكننا ايجاز ماتوصلنا اليه في دراستنا بما ياتي : 1 - توسعت المصطلحات التي تحمل معنى فقدان البصر في كلتا العينين, وعدم القدرة على الرؤيا، ومن تلك المصطلحات : العمى والكفيف والاكمه، ومفهوم الضرير، وان تلك الاعاقة لا تمنع صاحبها من اداء عمله بشكل سليم .2 - يعد العراق من مراكز الاشعاع الفكري في الدولة العربية الاسلامية في القرون الاولى، اذ بدات الدولة تدعم وتشجع العلم والعلماء ومن ضمنهم العلماء المكفوفين، ان دور العراق كان دورا قياديا ورائدا اغنى النهضة الحضارية في ارجاء الدولة العربية، وقدم خدمة انسانية للبشرية جمعاء، وكان لهذا انعكاسا جيدا على تطوير الحركة الفكرية .3 - اولى الدين الاسلامي المعاقين وذوي الاحتياجات الخاصة اهتماما كبيرا ونخص منهم الضريرين،وتمثل ذلك بذكرهم في القران الكريم والسنة النبوية الشريفة، واجماع ائمة المسلمين، فضلا عن الاحكام الشرعية التي اختصت بهم، ومن الجدير بالذكر ان الدين الاسلامي كفل لهم الرعاية وحفظ حقوقهم وكرامتهم .4 - اسهمت الدولة العربية الاسلامية في ضمان تعلم المكفوفين, ومد يد العون والدعم لهم اذ ان الاسلام قد وقف موقفا نبيلا من المكفوفين, واهتم باهم المراكز العلمية التي تلقوا علومها فيها، فضلا عن الاهتمام بطرق تعليم الضريرين عن طريق توسيع نشاطهم العلمي واتقان علومهم .5 - شارك العلماء المكفوفين اقرانهم من العلماء المبصرين في المسيرة العلمية، واسهموا معهم في النهوض بها، وحققوا كثيرا من النتاجات الفكرية في مختلف العلوم التي اصبح لها الاثر الكبير في الحياة العلمية انذاك .6 - كان الاهتمام بالعلوم الدينية اهم ما يميز الحياة العلمية في العراق في تلك الحقبة؛ لان الدين الاسلامي كان في بداياته الاولى للظهور، ولهذا ابدع العلماء من الضريرين في تلك العلوم كونها علوم لسانية لا تعتمد على المشاهدة والتجربة, ومن اهم تلك العلوم علوم القران الكريم, ولاسيما القراءات القرانية، كذلك علوم الحديث النبوي الشريف، وهناك عدد من الرواة والمحدثين قد برزوا في تلك الفترة الزمنية .7 - للضريرين من العلماء اثر كبير في علوم اللغة العربية وادابها وفنونها، فقد افرزت تلك الفترة ثلة من العلماء النحويين واللغويين والشعراء, واصحاب الخطب من المكفوفين وهم كوكبة رائعة كان لها نتاجات من الدواوين الشعرية، والكتب اللغوية والنحوية اغنت المكتبة العربية الاسلامية في هذا المجال العلمي .8 - اهتم العراقيون بالعلوم الانسانية ومنها اللغة العربية والتاريخ كبقية الامم الاخرى، اذ كانت لهم اسهامات رائعة في هذا المجال، اما فيما يخص علمائنا المكفوفين، فقد كانت لهم اسهامات ونتاجات محددة قد اختصرت على كتب التراجم او السيرة الذاتية التي فقد منها الكثير كبقية الكتب المفقودة، فضلا عن علم الجغرافية الذي اختصر الامر على العالم الجليل سعدان بن عثمان بن مبارك ومصنفاته التي لم تصل الينا للاسف .9 - يمكن ان نوعز اسباب عدم وجود علماء كثر في العلوم التطبيقية من الضريرين الى ان تلك العلوم تقوم على اساس المشاهدة والمعاينة والتجربة, بخلاف ماعرفناه عن العلوم اللسانية التي اعتمدت على سمع المعلومة، وقابلية الحفظ، ومن تلك العلوم الطب وعلم الحيوان التي امتازت بالقلة في عدد العلماء وفي مصنفاتهم .10 - اهتم العراقيون بالفنون والموسيقى كبقية العلوم الاخرى، وللعلماء الضريرين اثر في تلك العلوم، فاسحاق الموصلي قد اشتهر بفن الموسيقى والغناء ، واضاف للموسيقى منهجا ، وبهذا نجد ان فقدان البصر لم يقلل من بصيرتهم العلمية والفنية .11 - ان المنهج الفكري وطريقة التعليم الذي عرف قبل الاسلام يعتمد بالدرجة الاولى على الحفظ والذاكرة في نقل العلم وتداوله، وهذا الامر قد ساعد في تطور العلوم عند المكفوفين الذين اعتمدوا في تعليمهم على الحفظ والذاكرة، وقد افادتهم في تطوير علمهم وفي تاليف مصنفاتهم . | The study of Iraqi blinds history and their impact occupies in the scientific life of (1 - 334AH) has a great significance because that the history of blind scientists is an integral part of the history of the Arab - Islamic state thus the scientists safe life reflected the effects of their Scientific outputs which supported the general intellectual movement, So from this study resulted stand on a clear conception of the nature of the scientific life of our scientists blind and how to access these scientists to that degree may match sighted scientists, from this study we concluded the following : 1 - The terms which the carry the meaning of loss of vision in both eyes, and the inability to vision ,was expanded and those terms : blind & sightless and visionless , and the concept of the blind, and that disability does not prevent the person from the performance of his work properly.2 - Islam had a noble behavior with disabled , and made to him an open way once to discover life, and participate his existence with others at other times3 - Iraq is one of the intellectual radiation centers in the Arab - Islamic state in the early centuries, whereas the state began its supports and promotes science and scientists, including the blind scientists and the role of Iraq was a leadership role and richest cultural renaissance throughout the Arab state this gave a humanitarian service to all mankind, and it made a good reflection to the development of intellectual movement. 4 - Islamic religion gave so much attention to disabled and those with special needs. Carrying out the blind , represented in their mentioned in the Koran and the Sunnah, and the consensus of leaders of the Muslims, as well as legal provisions that singled them, it is worth mentioning that the Islamic religion guaranteed them the care and preservation of their rights and their dignity.5 - Arab Islamic state had a contribution to ensure learning to blinds , and to help and support them , thus Islam has noble behavior to blinds and interested in the most important scientific centers where they received the sciences, as well as its interest in ways of teaching blinds through the expansion of scientific activity and perfecting their science.. 6 - blind Scientists participated their colleagues from sighted scientists in the scientific process, and help them to promote it, and made a lot of intellectual productions in various fields of science, which has become a significant impact in the scientific life at the time.7 - At that era The interest in religious sciences was most important characteristic of scientific life in Iraq; in the beginning of Islam appearance , so blind scientist devise in those sciences because its lingual Science does not depend on the viewer experience, and the most important science Koran Sciences , especially Koran readings, as well as the Hadith Sharif Sciences, there are a number of narrators and modernists have appeared at that time period.8 - Blind scientist has a great effect on Arabic languages and its literatures , thus that era produced a good galaxy of scientist, grammarians , linguists, poets and orators of blind people who are brilliant constellation had a great outputs of poems , language and grammar books that enriched Arab Islamic library in this scientific field .. 9 - Iraqi were interested in social sciences, including Arabic language, history like other nations, they had a wonderful contributions in this field and about our blind scientist , they had a special contributions may be summed up on the books of biography or autobiography lost them like other missing books , as well as geo - science, which shortened it to the world Galilee Saadane bin Othman bin Mubarak and his works, which unfortunately did not reach us,.. 10 - we Can conclude one of reasons of the absence of many scientists in applied science from blinds and science which based on viewing the preview and experience, unlike what we know about Linguistic science that based on hearing information, and the ability of memorize like medicine and zoology , which was characterized by its fewer number of scientists in their works.11 - Iraqis interested in arts, music like other sciences , and blind scientists has a great impact in those sciences, Ishak Musli was known in music and singing, and he added to the music a curriculum, thus we find that the loss of sight did not detract from the scientific and technical insight. 12 - The intellectual approach and method of education, which was known before Islam depends primarily on conservation and memory in the transfer of science and its negotiation , that helped the development of science when blind people who depended on their education on conservation and memorize, has benefited them in the development of their knowledge and in the formation of their works

بنو عمار البجلي دراسة تاريخية تحليلية في مروياتهم == Banu Ammar AL Bajali Historical and Analytical Study in their NARRATIONS

Author name: عباس نصيف جاسم العبودي
Supervisor name: ناهضة مطير حسن
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The research deals with tales of Banu Ammar ALbajali who are family has very well reputation in the field of science in their residence city of AL Kufa and the surroundings in the period from the second half of the first century to the last decade of 3rd Hijri century which is consequent to the 7th century B.C.The name of the family is derived from the name of their grandfather "Ammar bin Khubab AL Bajali", it consists of his five sons Hakeem, Abdallah , AL Kasim, Muaweyah, and Munet . The grandfather also has accentor from the first layer like Hakeem, ALkasim and Mohammd.He also has accentors from the second layer who are Muaweyah and Mohammed The family life had been discriminated by emption and acidity .The work in the trade of Tea tiles which contribute with other factors to support their scientific trend because of their continuous travelling between AL KUFA and AL Madina AL Munawarah and the meeting with their lords especially Ahlulbait ( ), so they gained high degrees of confidence amongst the scientists of Islamic Nation, that approved by this research . They enhanced the Islamic library with a lot references in science and Knowledge, but unfortuntly most of them are hided and the only remaining is the titles of their publishes fragmented among Islamic literates . In this research a lot of their publication are collected and approved according to the subjective and historical occurrences. The historical Narrative of Banu Ammar are discussed , the history of the prophets and Nations before Islam are also discussed , to make from the experiments of the ancient Nations. The research covers the early period of Islam while the live of the prophet Mohammed (pbvh) and his companion and his patience on the harm done by the prophet Mohammed to deal with his enemies during the war and peace which considered the prophet sunrah which it must be followed by all Muslims and if considered as religious legislative . this compulsory implementation considered on of the merits of the Islamic history which depends on the historical eve dents enhanced by scientific analysis , which leads to controversy of all fakes and the voids. The Narratives of Banu Ammar deals with a lot of issues of AL Rashidi era, AL Amawy era, and AL Abbasi era too. They make benefits from the Kalefs situations toward some occasions to explain their political , managerial , and economical trends to construct the aimed Islamic system based on the principles of justice and wisdom .Banu Ammar also emphasized on building the social system and financial system to keep the family unity using some guidance and restrictions derived from the opinion of Ahlulbayt(ra). They gave a lot of Narratives in the fields of science, health, education of society and improve the commitment toward Allah and to wand the people. All that gives many indications to Banu Ammar Maturity and promotion based on their scientific evidence and tools to approve their opinions.

تاريخ اسبارطة السياسي 1100 - 404ق. م == Sparta's political history 1100 - 404 B.C

Author name: خلود حبيب كريم الحسناوي
Supervisor name: سعد عبود سمار
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: After studying the subject named (( The Political History of Sparta 1100 - 404 B.C )) is considered one of the most important subjects of the old Greece homeland History. Because of Sparta had a great political position and its influence on the Greek homeland.Historians emphasized on that Sparta was an ambiguous state in establishment and birth for these factors classic and modern views were different.As well Sparta had a great influence on the Bilsowinizian cities because it has a great military power and in the sixth Century it followed a policy of alliances instead of expanding policy which is followed in the eighth century before Christ.Sparta had a great role in defending Greece lands against Persia invasion . it stood for Ayonion cities by sending delegate to Korsh in the beginning of the Fifth century Sparta defended Greece homeland and led the Greek alliance in 481 B.C.It fought against Persia two bloody battles named Thermopylae in the year 480 B.C in which Sparta lost many heroes and the king Leanedas .As well the battle of Palatia in 479 B.C in which Sparta could kill the General Mardinos and Persia declined in Greece lands.After the end of Persian war in 478 B.C the war named (( cold war )) started that lasted for fifty years between Athena's and Sparta which ended in about 431 B.C with armed clash .This war lasted twenty - eight years Sparta won this battle in about 404 B.C and become the head of Greece .

اثر الالهة الاناث في معتقدات الحياة والموت بلاد الرافدين وبلاد النيل - انموذجا == The Impact of Goddess in the Beliefs of Life and Death in Mesopotamia and the Nile Countrie - a Model

Author name: علي جبار عزيز الطائي
Supervisor name: سعد عبود سمار
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: Throughout human history, religion has always been a mirror of the evolution of human and space attracts all spiritual and intellectual activity; the reflections of human philosophy, ethical value and the perceptions metaphysical all are flowing into the religion and expresses itself through mediated beliefs and rituals, so we cannot understand ancient people if we neglect studying them. The first religious beliefs landmarks appeared in the ancient Near East, starting from the Neolithic period, which witnessed the first revolution in human life consisted of agricultural revolution coincided with the emergence of the first beliefs. Women made the first religious perception taken the form of a goddess portrayed with dolls made of clay, so the first idol was associated with fertility, it was paired with land, which is the mother the truth of the human person and of all cosmic manifestations of living; life came out of it and go back to it, for this the female was included the first human to represent beliefs and became foundation base that has become, later on, a source of subsequent beliefs. Society valued Female Goddess along times by literary texts which took the legendary character, as well as works of art from sculptures and pottery ... etc., which were not to put them in the first position, but her presence was an active and eventful beginning from worshiping them as goddess, that have the ability to create and innovate, besides its ability to give life and continuity, this has been the first global appearance and other manifestations sprung from it, and each manifestation of them had characteristics of the former, and took roles with the gods, so they were the first saying the formation of the universe and its organization on its own or along with males, as well as its contribution on earth. And thus goddess have taken a regular role and integrated to the creativity in the ancient people's beliefs.So the importance of the subject is that it is being taught in two important aspects of the ancient beliefs in life and death in the two civilizations : Mesopotamia and the Nile Countrie. This study included an introduction, a review and then four chapters, as well as the conclusions that the study has reached and of course the appendixes. Its review explained an overview of the stages of the importance of the female goddess and stages of decline, it was the early stages of the cult worshipping the female goddess which were the (mother goddess) that appeared in the Neolithic period; then refers to the stages of evolution of religious thought, in Mesopotamia and the Nile Countrie civilizations, in diagnosis of natural phenomena surrounding them, which gave the divinity characteristics. This created the gradual transformation from goddess towards gods. The ages shows the final proof that gods had the higher rank when the goddess had the lower one in deities. The first chapter , entitled ( The Contributions of the Goddess in the Creation ) The chapter sectioned into the three sections. The first one has been dedicated to the reference of the contribution of t Gods multiple females in the creation of the universe and then organized. The second section, talks its contribution in the creation of her sons (the gods) , who came with various forms. The third section is about its contribution to the creation of man in Mesopotamia and Nile Countrie.The second chapter entitled : (The Contribution of Goddess in Cognitive and Professional and Ethical Aspects), this chapter, shows the role of goddess in the professional aspects that were practiced by human whether male or female in society and its impact on goddess. This chapter with its four sections pointed first the educational side and the contribution of goddess in written forms, and the second topic pointed health aspect and the role of goddess who took the role of midwife, while the third topic talks about the role goddess on the battlefield and its role as a fighter, while the fourth section is about its contribution in the moral aspect, representing justice, particularly social justice.The third chapter , entitled : ( A Contradiction and Contrast in the Character of Goddess ), since gods resemble humans in everything except immortality, they carry within them emotions, behaviors and actions which are contradictory and sometimes antagonistic. This chapter included the first two sections under the title ( Between Wisdom and Recklessness), while the second section entitled ( Between Health and Disease ) .The fourth chapter is devoted to the study of ( The Role of Goddess in Death). This chapter has four. The first Sections, has pointed to the first phase of declaration of death to burying the body in cemetery. The second section talks about : The second phase, which begins from the grave to the underworld in Mesopotamia, until it goes to the court gods in Mesopotamia.The thirds section talks about : the third phase; refers to the underworld : its form and description as embodied in Mesopotamia and the divine court and its most important procedures in underworld Nile Country civilization.The fourth section included : a reference to the fourth stage and its contents after the divine court proceedings .

صيانة وترميم المظاهر العمارية في العراق القديم في ضوء المعطيات التاريخية == Maintenance and Renovation of ALimariya scenes in Old Iraq in The Light of Historical Facts

Author name: احمد بشار جمعة
Supervisor name: طالب منعم حبيب الشمري
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The old Ammaria appearances one of the Cultural Heritage landmarks that are proud of and cherish it represents the mirror that reflects the historical identity of the ancient civilization rooted for thousands of years, reflected the reality of the life of society carrying various types of difficulties he faced at the beginning of his career, but he stop the towering surpassing that founding oldest civilization in history.The subject of research highlights the maintenance and restoration of the old Ammaria appearances whether religious worship for the purposes of the houses of the holy gods or civilian, represented the city and Accessories, through processing and repair the damage that has been exposed; it that one of the problems faced by the old Iraqi society both in prehistoric times and historical eras devastation and destruction, which affects the appearance Amari for many reasons, including that of simply building constructed in accordance with the limited man who soon succumbed to the forces of the extraordinary nature of the rain and winds and high temperatures thought, that's taking that man looks for solutions, using the simplest means and mechanisms that were available in the surrounding environmental, over time, became friendly accumulation of expertise as a result of repeating this process for failing once again the success in building maintenance.From that came to choose this topic because it represents a historically important crossing of the ideas upon which the man ancient Iraqi civilization in the treatment and repair the damage that affects appearance Amari, reflecting the resilience against risks they faced from natural and human, also highlights research topic Aldua the most prominent achievements rulers and kings of civilization give this aspect a great deal of their time as a result because it represents the importance of relating to one of the most important aspects of life that has to be to make it appear the best, so we find them excelled in the field of maintenance and repair of the manifestations of religious and civil Ammaria.This study has necessitated the division of the thesis into five classes according to the methodology of scientific research and scientific material available. The first chapter titled maintenance and repair in three sections deal with the first part, the term maintenance and repair in the language Sumerian and Akkadian; it focused on addressing the word maintenance, restoration and words synonymous with the Sumerian, Akkadian, cameABSTRACT 2second section under the maintenance and repair title of the language and idiomatically touched it to the meaning of maintenance and restoration in the Arabic language dictionaries live as roads to the meaning idiomatically on according to the opinion of specialists in it. He said the third section to the emergence and development of the idea of maintenance and repair since the beginning of man's stability when the discovery of agriculture and access to the historical stages. He focused the second chapter on the subject of factors and causes of maintenance and repair and came in four sections included the first section, Nature factors including respect of the climate and the environment, nature and extent affected by the construction used in the construction and material, while touched second section to the religious motives as they have a psychological impact on the thought and belief of the community old Iraqi, and the third on the subject of the total of other reasons, including (social, military and political) ie all human motives which led to harm appearances Ammaria and also be used as an incentive to the feet of the maintenance and restoration of what has been destroyed. The fourth section focused on the rituals associated with the maintenance and restoration. The third chapter talking about the maintenance and restoration of the manifestations of religious architecture devoted any he touched to study all the achievements of the rulers and kings of ancient Iraq that relate to the maintenance and restoration of houses of the holy gods in three sections, the first under the maintenance and restoration of the temple title while pointed second section to the maintenance and restoration of the ziggurat, and touched the third section to the maintenance and restoration of the shrine. The fourth chapter came under the maintenance and restoration of the manifestations of civil architecture title focusing on the study of all aspects of civil Ammaria that belong to the palace and members of the community and ordinary, divided into four sections focused first section on the study of the maintenance and repair of houses, while the second section came to dealing with the maintenance and restoration of the cities, said third section to the maintenance and restoration of palaces while ensuring the fourth section maintenance and repair of fences and gates, have been marking fifth chapter titled maintenance materials and repairs and working groups in the two sections focused first section on maintenance and repair materials, while said second section to the workers in the maintenance and restoration. The conclusion of the letter came a set of conclusions reached by the researcher as far as the scientific article contained. Followed by pictures and extension forms and a list of sources in Arabic, English and references.

الشيعة ودورهم السياسي في لبنان 1920 - 1958 == Shia and their Political Role in Lebanon 1920 - 1958

Author name: حسين عبد الحسين عباس الزهيري
Supervisor name: خضير مظلوم فرحان البديري
General topic: History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The title, “The Shiites and Their Political Role in Lebanon1920 - 1958” is among thecrucial issues in the political history of Lebanon. For it would explore a key component ofthe Lebanese society which has contributed to building political contemporary Lebanesestate. This is evidenced in the hypothesis of this study. The subject matter of this studyfalls within the socio - political history. Knowing that the researcher has come to pick theyear1920, as the beginning of his study,for it was the year in which the Shiite communalitywas forcedly annexed to the structure of the Lebanese state, the French mandate overLebanon was announced and the State of Greater Lebanon was established. Theresearcher has chosen 1958, as the closing year of the study, because it represented theexpiration of the first Lebanese Republic - an event that can be considered as thebeginning of a new era in Lebanon and one that was in many ways unlike previous eras.The study has been divided into an introduction, five chapters and a conclusionalong with a number of annexes. Chapter Oneis an introductory chapter dealt with thehistorical roots of the formation of Lebanese Shiite community well up to 1920. It containsa number of topics. These are the genesis of Shiite sect and its doctrine, the spread of theShiite sect in Lebanon, status of Shi'ite clerics in Lebanon, the Shiites under the 1516 - 1914 Ottoman Empire and finally, the activities of the Shiites in Lebanon from 1914 - 1920.Chapter Twodeals with addresses the efforts of theLebanese Shia in theestablishment of the State of Greater Lebanon in 1920 - 1926. It touches on several topics : the 1920 Conference of the Lebanese Shiites in Hujayr, their reactions on the 1920French mandate, along with the Niger’s campaign of French military against the Shiites ofLebanon in 1920, as well as the position of Lebanon's Shiites from the declaration of theGreat State of Lebanon in 1920, the inclusion of Lebanon’s Shiites in the 1921 census,the Lebanese representation in the Lebanese representative councils from 1922 - 1926, theShiite’s political anti - moves against the French authorities from 1920 - 1926, and down tothe state of division imposed among the Shiite sect over the 1926 Lebanese constitution.Chapter Threededicates to the attitude Shiites of Lebanon about the Lebaneseinternal situations in 1926 - 1936. The chapter referred to the extent of the participation ofLebanon's Shiites in the parliamentary elections from 1926 to 1936, and their seriousdesiresin the government’s representation for the same period, as well as Shiite orientationAbstractBtowards Lebanon union with Syria during the period of 1927 - 1936, the Shiites’ registrationin the 1932 census. The chapter alsodeals with Shiite reactions to French control overtheiragricultural areas leading to the 1936 uprising of Shiites in BintJbeil. The Shiite - Frenchclashes haveprecipitated the conclusion of the France - Lebanon treaty in 1936 - thetreaty which divided up Shia’s attitudes about it, prompting a segment of Shiites to blendinto the then Lebanese Republic.Chapter Four focuses on unification of the Shiites of Lebanon over the interiorissues of Lebanon 1937 - 1946. It has turned out that the rush of Shiites into theadministration of justice to them in elections, subsequent Lebanese Parliament sessions,and their claim to representation in the Lebanese government at the time as well as theShiites rejection of the coercive policy that was used against them during World War II andtheir objection of decrees 49 and 50 of 1943. The chapter as well goes over the 1943National Pact of Lebanon that helped secure the privileges of the Shiite community andtheir legal rights in the representation, the Shiite’s determination to hold on to the Republicof Lebanon following the Lebanon's independence in 1943 and foreign withdrawal thereof.Chapter Five addresses the role of Shiites in Lebanon's internal politicaldevelopments 1947 - 1958. It encompasses themes, chief of which are the Shiites’ movesto ensure their rights in the parliamentary and presidential elections and theirrepresentation in successive Lebanese governments. Shiites role was not restricted tothere, however. Rather, Shiites demands of reforms drove them to their participation in theLebanese uprising in 1952 and in the Lebanese political parties as well as their prominentnational role in the Lebanese revolution in 1958. As for the conclusion, it includes theoutcomesto which the researcher reached.Throughout the study, the researcher focuses on the position of nothing more thanthe Twelfth Sect of Shiite community in Lebanon and no other Shiite communities, such asthe Nasiri, Alawites and Ismaili scattered around Lebanon. Forthe Twelver is the biggestcommunity in number, exposed to the arbitrariness of the ruling authorities and successiveLebanese governments over the period 1920 - 1958. Not only this, the subject matter itselfhas not had its share of study in a separate and scientific academy way. It is thesereasonsthat would lendprodigiousstanding not on the topic only, but for choosing it as well.What is more, the researcher managed to respect the thematic unity in dealing withAbstractChistorical events encompassed by this study, in particular, the theme of the political partiesaddressed in Chapter Five that has been studied in detail, all at one over the study periodin question.The conclusions of this dissertation prove the following : The tyrannical policy against Shias does not change throughout Ottoman regime.Ottoman State attributes their conflict with Persian State to the Shias in all the places itgoverned. In addition, it does not confess Shia as one of the Islamic four doctrines.Besides, it legitimizes killing Shias and looting their money as well as women. However, thelaw of sects which was produced later by Sublime Porte confesses some of Shia's rights.The reason beyond this law was to increase the number of Muslims over the number offollowers of other religions in the Ottoman Empire who helps the great states in the war.This law lasts to the First World War in 1914 and the submission of Lebanon to the French occupation in 1920.New era of the Shiite sect has begun in 1920 when they rejected the French mandate in Lebanon and resisting it powerfully, particularly when the armed groups that led the armed resistance against the French have strengthened. Only the Shiite sect took this position while the others sects restored to more flexible stance so as to gain political benefits. Maronite and Sunni sects have agreed with the declaration of large Lebanon in1920 while none of the Shiite figures were invited to the ceremony because of their rejection to the French policy in Lebanon.The Shia have lost most of the advantages that other Islamic sects have gained because of the Shiite breakup among their leaders who are the representatives of the sect.this leads to surface representation. Besides, their rejection of the political work causes them to get away of the procedures followed by the French commission. Such procedures include blocking Shia from representation in parliament, to be included in the census in 1920, agreement on writing the constitution or declaring the republic in 1926, and finally the second census in 1932 which aggrieves Shia's rights. As such, Shia occupied the third rank in Lebanon since they were the first.Generally, the Shiite sect have not played its exact role in Lebanon because of the resistance of the French authorities who aligned with the other sects against Shia. This resistance was represented by preventing Shia to occupy sensitive positions in the state.This French policy has lasted throughout the occupation period and then to the independence era. Besides, most of the Shiite representatives served their personal affairs because they were feudalists. Thus, the Shiite suffered severe situations; they did not gettheir full political, economic, cultural rights and services. Accordingly, we suppose that Shia's rights have lost because of their representatives did not strived to gain their rights on a high level.On the contrary, the Shiite sect come to view noticeably through political crises in Lebanon, namely in 1943 when Shia led demonstrations reinforced by armed figures in their towns. First, they fought the French forces in the south, Hermel and Baalbek. Second,they demonstrated against the president, Bechara El Khoury, in1952.These demonstrations were large and covered most of Shiite towns. Their demand was to substitute the president by another one. Their efforts ended with nominating Camille Chamoun as the new presidentfrom 1952 - 1958. This event entered Shia a new era.

النقد التاريخي عند مؤرخي التراجم الشاميين في القرن الثامن الهجري == Historical criticism when historians translations Shamian(Syrian) in the eighth century AH

Author name: Sifa Sharid Nasir Hussein Al - Rikbi
Supervisor name: فاضل جابر ضاحي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The historic criticism, is truly considered one of the significant subjects which really deserves study and research. It is one of the studies that unveil the historian potency in getting out all ready - made decisions and to search for historic fact according to researchable pillars. that pillars express on the historians directions to correct the historic information and laying on for that the critic decisions and rules.Therefore, the criticism is not the A.H. - eighth century, but there were some historians who did proceed the Esh - shami (Damascus) historians in this scope, and who themselves had been tracking on the historians’ steps who proceeded them.As far as the importance of this abundant subject in criticism which sprang up its fruits by a lot of writings and corrects the track of others, and making straight more.Therefore, we have made up our minds to limit the research sector just during the A.H. eighth century only. paying the attention on the biographical books in the criticism scopes as easily as for revealing through the historians’ tendencies.It is likely a historian may lash out the characters who are against his creed and he may bring on false bibliographies and exaggerated ones against names and characters that might be fabricated and had no relation to reality. Here we have shed some light through narrating historians lives in the A.H eighth century of the same creed and how been effected by the general opinion and authority.It is really considered a good way to know a historian line of working. It is also making questions about the foundation essence which should be relied on, in order to know the historians’ desires and his sect directions. That may be answered through comparing the texts the historian narrated by other historians’ text, to get rid of ambiguity and to know the criticism truth which has been directed to a character and supporting or objecting and clearing the criticism reason.This subject is diverse with characters’ criticism and writers lately and modernized and bibliography criticism. Pointing out that we have limited the historians who dealt with criticism. Also we do mention the rest of Esh - shami historian in this century especially those who did not find out their writings. Also we do not give ahint to those Esh - shami historians in all their writings by just limited to narrating their writings on the bibliography domain due to the abundance of their writings in other specialty which no referred in the research scope.This research contains four chapters preceded by an introduction followed by a conclusion with the most distinguished results. The first chapter deals with describing the Esh - shami bibliography historians in the A.H eighth century. In it we have talked about the criticism concept and its birth. Then we shed lights on the Esh - shami bibliography historians. And we come to know their books and clarify the criticism intents for the bibliography historians.The second chapter deals with criticism of the literature, scientific, managing, and political characters. It is highly proper to say that we relied on comparing what we have mentioned of some of the characters written by the Esh - shami historians in the eighth century corresponding to the A.D. fourth century et cetera of the modern historian or to those who lived of the near period to those characters that criticism directed to.While the third chapter encircles around “the criticism to the writings” and the fourth with “ The historic narration criticism”.Of the most important results reached to here is Esh - shami historians care to the historian criticism as it came of their attention to the modern science. As most of them really care for it but that did not mean that the criticism which has been used is considered as the modernized criticism but as if these various characters has imposed on them using the historian criticism.Most of their writings in bibliography were footnotes about the writings of those who proceeded them such as al - Siqae, al - Katabi, al - Hussaini, al - Barzali, Ibn - Rajab, al - Salami. All those historians their methods are varied in criticism. For an example, al - Mizi who adopted the opinions in his bibliography criticism, without saying his personal opinions positively or negatively in most cases he dealt. While al - Dhahabi was an extreme critic, getting far from being objective so al - Sabki did criticize him.While al - Safadi was rather balanced in his criticism, with a step closed objectivity, but he is considered more as critic than narrating. And al - Salami was not a critic but interested in valuing the bibliography.And a historian has to know the writer sect who has been taking his narrations in case he revealed a character. As this knowledge may provide him how to deal with the texts narrated by the historian dealt with. Therefore, he would acquire an idea about his intents, and opinions then he will compare it with others of the bibliographies. Through criticizing Esh - shami historians to the modern characters they will obtain the truth of these characters especially al - Safadi criticizing to his century elite and those who connected with relations and knew each other’s.

النقد التاريخي عند مؤرخي التراجم المصريين في القرن التاسع الهجري/الخامس عشر الميلادي == Historical Criticism for Historians Translations Egyptians During The Nine Century A.H

Author name: احمد عليوي صاحب
Supervisor name: فاضل جابر ضاحي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:

منهج الكتابة التاريخية لكتب المقتل الحسيني حتى اواخر القرن السابع الهجري /الثالث عشر الميلادي == Evolution of historical writing curriculum books fighter Husseini

Author name: عباس محيسن حريجة اللامـــي
Supervisor name: عطا سلمان جاسم
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: يعد موضوع الاطروحة الموسوم بــ ((تطور منهج الكتابة التاريخية لكتب المقتل الحسيني )) من اهم الموضوعات التاريخية بل حتـــــى العقائديــــــــة التي تستحق الدراسة والتحليل والتحقيق ، علــــــــى طول الفتــــــــــــــــرة الزمنيه ، لســـــــبب واخر حتى انها ارتبطت ارتباطا وثيقا ومـــــؤثرا لدفــع عجلة النشاط الديني والثقافي والسياسي عند المسلمين عامة واتباع مــذهب اهل البيت (عليهم السلام) خاصة ، وقــــــــــد احيط هذا الموضــــوع (المقتل) وعلـــــى مـــــر الحقـــب التاريخية ببعض الشكوك والغمــوض والملابسات من قبــــل بـــــــعض المؤرخين خصوصا وان لهؤلاء توجهات وميول مذهبية وسياسية مختلفة من المؤكد انها تؤثر على كتاباتهم التاريخية عن المقتل وتحرفها عن مسارها الحقيقي . وقد حاولت هذه الدراسة تسليط الضوء على العديد من الروايات والاخبار التي لا تتلاءم مع منهج النهضة الحسينية والمرتكزات التي سارت عليها ، فضلا عن مخالفتها للحقائق التاريخية والمنطق العقلي . كما خرجت الاطروحة ببعض النتائج المهمة والمفيدة والتي منها1ــ كشفت عن انتساب بعض كتب المقاتل الى مؤلفين لم يكونوا قد صنفوها او الفوها ، كمقتل الامام الحسين (عليه السلام) المنسوب لابي مخنف ، ونور العين في مشهد الحسين (عليه السلام) المنسوب للاسفراييني ، وقد اثبت ذلك بالادلة والقرائن العلمية والتاريخية .2ــ كما ان موضوع هذه الاطروحة بين ان كتب المقاتل لها منهج ومحور خاص كبقية الاختصاصات والتقسيمات من قبيل كتب الطبقات والتراجم وكتب التاريخ المحلي وغيرها .3ــ سلطت هذه الدراسة الاضواء عن العديد من اسماء كتب المقاتل الحسينية المفقودة ، وبحثت عن مروياتها المتناثرة في بطون المصنفات التاريخية ، وجمعتها بعد مناقشة رواياتها التي تتطلب التحقيق التحليل .4 ــ اتضح لنا ومن خلال استعراض مؤلفي كتب المقاتل الحسينية المفقودة او التي وصلت الينا ، انها لم تقتصر على مؤلفي الشيعة الامامية فقط ، بل شملت مجمل مؤلفي المذاهب والطوائف الاسلامية.5 ــ لا يوجد قرن من القرون ــ بحدود المدة الزمنية للاطروحة اي حتى القرن السابع الهجري ــ الا والف المؤرخون كتابا عن المقتل الحسيني وهذا يدل على عدم توقف عجلة التاليف والابداع والتصنيف في حادثة المقتل الحسيني وانها تسري في وجدان المجتمع وتتفاعل معه .6 ــ اختلفت احجام كتب المقاتل وذلك يعود لثقافة وعصر المؤلف وطبيعة الضرف الذي دفعه للتاليف ، فهناك الصغيرة كالتسمية فيمن قتل مع الامام الحسين (عليه السلام) لفضيل الرسان ، وهناك المتوسطة الحجم كاللهوف لابن طاووس ومثير الاحزان لابن نما ، وهناك الكبيرة كمقتل الخوارزمي الذي يقع في جزئيين .7ــ لكل مؤرخ من مؤلفي كتب المقاتل منهجا واسلوبا خاصا في مصنفه في عرضه للمادة التاريخية الخاصة بالمقتل وحيثياته ومقدماته .8 ــ مناقشة وتحليل العديد من الروايات والاخبار والتي منها حادثة الدليليين الذين استاجرهما مسلم بن عقيل ليدلاه الطريق الى الكوفة ، وحادثة تجسس معقل وكشف مكان مسلم بن عقيل ، وخبر ضرب ثنايا الامام الحسين (عليه السلام) في مجلس يزيد بن معاوية وغيرها .9 ــ اشارت الدراسة بالقرائن والادلة التاريخية الى وجود العديد من العناصر الغير كوفية التي اشتركت في حرب الامام الحسين (عليه السلام) ، والتي منها شامية ويمنية ومصرية وحجازية ، ولم تكن الكوفة وحدها من شنت الحرب وقاتلة الامام (عليه السلام) ، وانما الاعلام الاموي والعباسي هو من بث فكرة ان الكوفة هي من قتلت الامام الحسين (عليه السلام) واهل بيته الاطهار (عليهم السلام) وان شيعته من قتلته (عليه السلام) | Thesis topic is marked by longer b ((evolution of historical writing books fighter Hosseinieh approach)) of the most important historical themes and even ideological worthy of study, analysis and investigation, the length of time, for some reason, and another until it been closely associated and influential to advance religious, cultural and political activity at Muslims in general and to follow the doctrine of Ahl al - Bayt (peace be upon them), especially, has been the subject contoured (kill off) and over historical periods with some doubts and uncertainty and circumstances by some historians, especially that of those trends and tendencies of sectarian and political different it's certainly affect the historical writings about kill off and detoured from the real track. This study has attempted to shed light on many of the novels and news that does not fit in with the Renaissance approach Husseinia and foundations that goes by, as well as violating the mental and historical logic of the facts.Thesis emerged as some important and useful results and which onesrevealed the enrollment of some books fighter to authors who were not even classified them or Alfoha, Kmguetl Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) attributed to Abe Mkhanv, and Noor Al - Hussein scene (peace be upon him) attributed to Asefraina, has proved that the evidence of scientific and historical evidence.as the subject of this thesis between the fighter wrote her approach and the focus of the rest of the terms of reference and special divisions such as classes and wrote biographies and books of local history and others.This study shed lights on many of the names of the missing Husseini wrote fighter, and searched for Marwiyaat scattered in the wombs of historical works, and collected after discussing the novels that require investigation analysis.It became clear to us during the review authors wrote fighter, Husseini lost or which has reached us, it's not limited to only the authors of the Shiite front, but the authors included the entire Islamic sects and denominations.No - century of the centuries up to the length of time of the thesis is, until the seventh century, but the thousand historians book about kill off Husseini and this indicates a lack of stop wheel authoring, creativity and classification in the incident kill off Husseini and it applies in the conscience of the community and interact with him.different sizes wrote fighter and this is due to the culture and the era of the author and the nature of exchange paid by the author, there is a small Kaltzmah the one who was killed along with Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) to Fadhil Alrsan, there are medium - sized Kallahov to the son of a peacock and sexy grief for the son grew, and there are large Kmguetl Khwarizmi which is located in two parts.for each of the authors wrote historian fighter approach, a style in his work, in his presentation of historical material and Palmguetl own merits and premise.discussion and analysis of many of the novels and the news and which ones incident Aldlelien who Astojarhama Muslim bin Aqeel to Edlah the road to Kufa, spy incident stronghold revealed place Muslim bin Aqeel, and the news hit the folds of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) in the House of Yazid and others.The study presumptions and historical evidence to the existence of many non - muffler elements that participated in the Imam Hussein war (peace be upon him), and which ones mays and a Yemeni, Egyptian, Hijazi, was not Kufa alone launched the war and deadly Imam (peace be upon him), but the media Umayyad and Abbasid It is broadcast from the idea that is of Kufa killed Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) and his family pure (peace be upon them) and that of his followers killed him (peace be upon him

منظمة حلف جنوب شرق اسيا (ســـــياتو) 1954 - 1977 == Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)1954 - 1977

Author name: احمد حاشوش عليوي عبيد الحجامي
Supervisor name: فاهم نعمة ادريس الياسري
General topic: History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: Despite the role played by the South East Treaty Organization (SEATO) in the defence of Western interests in that region during the Cold War, there has to date been no scholarly attempt to examine the development and performance of the organization as a military alliance. This thesis is thus the first attempt to do so and as such seeks to take advantage of the recent release of much SEATO - related official material into the public domain by Western governments. This material throws new light upon SEATO’s aims and achievements, particularly in regard to the first ten years of its existence. Because SEATO was eventually rendered irrelevant by the events of the Second Indochina War (1965 - 1975) a popular perception has arisen that it was always a “Paper Tiger” lacking in substance, and thus easily dismissed. This thesis challenges this assumption by examining SEATO’s development in the decade before that conflict. The thesis analyses SEATO’s place in the wider Cold War and finds that it was part of a rational and consistent response within the broader Western strategy of containment to deter, and if need be, defeat, the threat of communist aggression. That threat was a very real one for Southeast Asia in the aftermath of the First Indochina War and one that was initially perceived in terms of the conventional military balance of power. This focus dominated SEATO’s strategic concepts and early contingency planning and rightly so, as an examination of the strength and development of the PLA and PAVN during this period demonstrates. SEATO developed a dedicated military apparatus, principally the Military Planning Office (MPO), that proved itself to be perfectly capable of providing the level of co - ordination and planning needed to produce a credible SEATO deterrent in this regard. SEATO enjoyed less success with its attempts to respond to the emergence of a significant communist insurgent threat, first in Laos then in South Vietnam, but the alliance did nonetheless recognise this threat and the failure of SEATO in this regard was one of political will rather than military doctrine. Indeed this thesis confirms that it was the increasingly disparate political agendas of a number of SEATO’s members that ultimately paralysed its ability to act and thus ensured its failure to meet its aims, at least insofar as the so - called “Protocol States” were concerned. But this failure should not be allowed to completely overshadow SEATO’s earlier achievements in providing a modicum of Western - backed stability and security to the region from 1955 - 1965.The vision of SEATO expansion disappeared during the Kennedy administration, but the organization did fulfill its primary military purpose in August 1964. Following attacks on US Naval vessels in the Gulf of Tonkin.President Lyndon B. Johnson addressed Congress on 5 August to ask permission for American military action in Vietnam. He justified the request with an invocation of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty and claimed that the treaty and its protocol on the former Associated States "obligated" an American response. Congress responded with the Tonkin Gulf Resolution on 7 August, and the United States soon became embroiled in its longest war since the American Revolution.The Vietnam War subsequently destroyed SEATO. Britain and France refused to give any substantial military assistance, and Pakistan withdrew from the organization entirely .After the war, the need for SEATO disappeared, and the remaining members disbanded in 1977.
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