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القضية الفلسطينية وانعكاساتها على احداث الوطن العربي 1970 - 1982 == The Palestinian Issue And Its Impact On The Events Of The Arab World 1970 - 1982

Author name: اروى نوري نديم المياحي
Supervisor name: هلال ثجيل جلوي الخفاجي
General topic: History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The message deals with the Palestinian issue …reflection on the events of the Arab world , for the period from the events of September 1970 AD , in Jordon , And the October war with Israel first , and followed the camp David treaty and its repercussions onthe Arab world and the conclusion of the Lebanese and their impact on the overall Arab history of war and also the Israel occupation of Lebanon in 1982 AD. The message had been reached among the results , but the most important is that the Palestinian.Issue has a dual effect on Arab situation and events either directly or indirectly. As well as the most prominent Israeli army defect in the fact of guerrilla war fare , Which the Israeli army is not fluent in dealing suffered big losses as the peace process led by Egypt did not come to a comprehensive peace did not stand in dependent of the chain wars swept the region. As Lebanon came under two bread categories in the year 1978 AS and 1982Ad , but Israel did not achieve its targets of these attacks , either militarily shaken the prestige and power of the Israeli army to the public , The Israeli and international public opinion. criticism of the regime's policies. Numerous journalists were dropped from the party or arrested last month. In February Sadat launched his diplomatic initiative, the main elements of which were Hafiz Ismail's visits to the Soviet Union and the United States. Sadat was roundly criticized in some Arab circles for opening a dialogue with the United States, especially after the news leaked that the US was preparing to continue supplying Israel with large quantities of arms and production facilities for aircraft.The Content of the Speech Sadat began his two and one - half hour speech by 124 Foreign Relations, 1969 - 1976, Volume XXV 50. Memorandum From Director of Central Intelligence Schlesinger to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger)iWashington, April 16, 1973. SUBJECT : Israeli Estimates of Egypt's Present Military Intentions Recent assertions regarding the probability of Egyptian military moves against Israel are in conflict with the assessment the Israeli military intelligence has provided the United States as recently as the end of last week. Other indicators of Egyptian military intentions remain negative. On 12 April 1973, General Shalev, Deputy Chief of Israeli Military Intelligence, told the American Defense Attache' in Tel Aviv that he does not believeEgyptian President Sadat has made a decision to renew hostilities against Israel or that he will decide to do so in the near term. Shalev outlined at considerable length his reasons for reaching this conclusion despite certain recent developments in the Egyptian military, notably the transfer from Libya to Egypt of Libyan Mirage V aircraft, which have given rise to questions about present Egyptian intentions. A copy of the Defense Attache"s report of this conversation with Shalev is provided as Attachment A2 to this memorandum. Attachment B 118 Foreign Relations, 1969 - 1976, Volume XXV (Memorandum of conversation, March 8; ibid.) Regarding the Soviet paper handed to Kissinger by Brezhnev during Kissinger's April 1972 visit to Moscow, see Foreign Relations,1969 - 1976, volume XIV, Soviet Union, October 1971 - May 1972, Document 141, footnote 5. On March 14, Brezhnev sent Nixon a message describing his talks in Moscow with Egypt's Minister of War, Ahmed Ismail, who had expressed the Egyptian Government's serious concern with the absence of any progress toward a peace settlement. Egypt had been subjected to Israeli aggression for six years and Arab lands were still occupied by Israel. Ismail had declared that although it preferred a peaceful settlement , the Egyptian Government was coming to the conclusion that military confrontation with Israel might become unavoidable. Therefore, Egypt had to prepare itself for the possibility of a new military clash. Brezhnev concluded his message by saying that he wanted to emphasize again the seriousness of the developing situation in the Middle East and to draw the President's attention to the necessity of taking constructive steps in order to prevent such a confrontation. Brezhnev argued that such a turn of events would not only cause irreparable damage to the countries in the region but hurt other countries as well. Therefore, much depended on having the Soviet Union and the United States take "agreed steps directed at settlement of the Middle East situation."(National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Kissinger Office Files, Box 70,5 Country Files, Europe, USSR, Exchangeof Notes Between Dobrynin and Kissinger, Vol. 5) January 2 - October 5, 1973 123 42. Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixom Washington, March 30, 1973. SUBJECT : Fuller Analysis of President Sadat's Speech The Daily Brief has contained the main points in President Sadat's speech of March 26. This memo includes a more extensive discussion and analysis, and excerpts of the section on foreign policy are attached.2Background Sadat has been struggling with troublesome domestic problems since last fall. Student riots in January were followed by press 1. Memorandum From Richard T. Kennedy of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger)l Washington, January 2, 1973. SUBJECT : Secret Jordan - Egyptian Negotiations At Tab A2 is a memorandum from Director Helms conveying detailed information on secret negotiations between a representative of King Hussein andPresident Sadat which took place on 17 December. The key item is Sadat's assertion that he has decided Egypt must launch a war of attrition against Israel. Zayd Rifai represented King Hussein at the talks which took place in Cairo. In essence, the King proposed that Egypt and Jordan resume diplomatic relations and that they work together through political efforts to force a settlement on Israel. Rifai stated that the Arabs cannot risk another full scale war with Israel. He argued that the Soviets, having reached an understanding with the U.S. , do not wish to do anything that might jeopardize their newly - established working relationship with the Americans.Thus, according to Rifai, the United States is the only country in a position to break the present impasse and force the Israelis to withdraw from occupied Arab territories. Rifai informed Sadat that it is for this reason that on King Hussein's last visit to WashingtonS he attempted to take the problem out of State Department channels and bring it to President Nixon's office. Sadat expressed pleasure at Hussein's initiative in sending an emissary to meet him. He denied having any direct contacts with President Nixon's representatives but he said that he had received letters from President Nixon, all of which he had answered. Sadat told Rifai that he disagreed with Hussein on the Soviet role in the Middle East, asserting that Moscow does have a role to play inbringing about a solution to the Middle East problem , even though it is secondary to the role played by the United States. Sadat informed Rifai that his major disagreement with Hussein's views is in regard to the question of war versus political pressure on Israel. Sadat stated that he is absolutely convinced that the only way to force Israel to surrender the occupied territories is by renewing a war of attrition. He said that he had carefully calculated the cost to Egypt of starting such a war and he believes that it can be sustained. By hitting hard and deep inside Israel and by inflicting a sizeable number of civilian casualties on a regular basis, Egypt could force Israel into deciding that it is better to surrender the occupied territories. Sadat also told Rifai that under no circumstances should Jordan in any way become involved in Egypt's war of attrition because the Israelis would quickly overrun the East Bank and destroy the Jordanian army. Sadat also pushed aside Rifai's question about resuming normal diplomatic relations betweenJordan and Egypt. Sadat closed by telling Rifai that he would have some thoughts to convey to Hussein on what he could say to President Nixon about Egypt.
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الامام علي في تفسير القرطبي : دراسة تاريخية == Imam Ali In The Qurtobi Interpretation

Author name: سارة احمد عبد الرزاق السنافي
Supervisor name: انسام غضبان عبود الباهلي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The researchers have never been oblivious to the character of the commander of the faithful, Hazrat Imam Ali (AS). Plethora of studies and research have tackled many traits and aspects of his personal and pan - Islamic virtues. For the significance of Hazrat Imam Ali's (AS) character, many false and irresponsible (weak) Islamic narrations were interpolated in the Islamic heritage concerning his life, reputation and sayings. Let alone the Sultan's Preachers who used to tell others false information so as to show that the Sultan or the king was doing irrational behaviors arbitrarily, As Ibn Khaldon (A Muslim Sociologist) has put an emphasis on the importance of substantiating the narration with true evidence.The Qurtubi exegesis, which is an encyclopedia of the Holy Quran, is rich with Islamic information with quantity and good manner. It behooves the researcher to go deeper into the Qurtubi exegesis because it contains many topics that require a critical study, let alone the importance of its Jurisprudence, linguistic science, critical readings, false Israeli narrations and last the Qurtubi's attitude about everything. There is no precise study in the literature that has tackled this issue, namely the false Israeli narrations thatcontain unreasonable and contradictory information about Hazrat Imam Ali (AS).The life, reputation and sayings of Hazrat Imam Ali (AS) have not been studied critically in the Qurtubi exegesis. Rather, only linguistic, studies, the opposition to some readings, the likelihood of Islamic rules, observing the alienated information, criticism of the methodology, and even the studies that have only dealt with cursory exegesis of texts per se that did not present a real historical analysis.It seems to be obvious that the current study sheds light upon references, historical resources, journals, periodicals, theses, and dissertations that contribute to the scientific rigor of the current study with accurate and meticulous information. The current study is based upon intellectual opinions, reasonable thoughts in accordance with the methodology of assessing the historical events, their analyses, and discussion of opinions.
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الامام محمد بن علي الجواد 195 هـ 220 هـ / 810 م 835 م : دراسة تاريخية == In The Name Of Allah The Most Merciful The Imam Muhammad Bin Ali Al - Jawad ( Peace Be Upon Them ) The Im War Of Ahl Al - Bayt

Author name: نداء خضير جبر التويوي
Supervisor name: زاجية عبد الرزاق حسن الابراهيم
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: It is no secret to anyone that the study of the lives of the Imams of Ahl Al - Bayt (peace be upon them) and their impact on the Islamic community which is one of the task studies in the history, because they contributed actively in movement of the events in that time they lived.The Imam Muhammad bin Ali Al - Jawad (peace be upon him) was one of the Imams of Ahl al - Bayt who had the significant impact in the Islamic history, so this study came to highlight on his rich and informative life with science , asceticism and piety.Al - Imam Al - Jawad (peace be upon him) the inheritor of Al - Mustafa (Prays and blessing of Allah be upon him and his family) the master of all the creators of Allah and the final prophet senders and descendant of the pure Imams (peace be upon them all). Al - Imam Al - Jawad He was the son of Imam Al - Reza's (peace be upon him) and the grandson of the good slave of the rage control Al - Imam Musa Bin Ja'far (peace be upon him). His Imamate was brought from a commandment from his guardian and revered predecessors, despite of his young age and his contemporary of the difficult events and the many skeptics of his Imamate whom they did not understand that his early Imamate fall within the divine miracles ofAllah which exceed their countings ability and their non - Muslim divination, The signs of his Imamate was the challenge to the royal inherit which recognized Al - Abbasid rule and before them Al - Umawy rule because his Imamate was of Allah to him that came with written text and probate, opposite to what was opposed by Al - Umawyeen and Al - Abbasyeen rule, who was taking the shape Al - Kosrowia features of obedience and the Caesarean feature of delivery. Kosrah inherite Kosrahs and Caesar replaced Caesar and all of them overlooked the validity of the testator and the eligibility of the heirs. Thus, the Imamate of Ahl Al - Bate are to them the challenge to their authority and to what they tried to focus on the thought of the Islamic. It was the traditional of ownership and the authority customs in those Czars and Al - Kaysar and in those of Al - Umowyeen and Al - Abasyeen , all of them were gathered for the earthly inheritance which is not the divine inheritance as they claim. Therefore, Imamate Muhammad Al - Jawaad (peace be upon him) was representing the challenging for Beni Al - Abbas, and invalidate their lie to inherit Allah's Messenger the Prophet (Prays and blessing of Allah be upon him and his family).We have tried in this study to examine the life of Al - Imam Al - Jawad (Pease be upon him) thoroughly , historically study without leaving any details of information that are supported to us by historical sources. We divided the study into an introduction and four chapters and appendies. The first chapter undertake the life of Al - Imame Al - Jawad (peace be upon him) consist of six researches that highlighted his honorable name , his blessing date of birth, his titles , his surnames, his family, his wives , children , his personal characters , his ring patterns , his conclusion and its virtues … etc.The second chapter demonstrated his Imamate and come in five researchers. We studied in them the concept of the Imamate in language, terminology , concept in the Qur'an Al - Karim , Al - Sunnah of the prophet , Al - Ahadith of Ahlall Al - Bayt (Peace upon them) that recognize their Imamates. Also , discussed his delivery of his Imamate in young age and the texts that demonstrated his Imamate that came of the Honorable House of Messenger ((Prays and blessing of Allah be upon him and his family). We discussed Al - Jawad Imamate impact of the preliminary of Al - Imam Al - Mahdi (Allah shall hurry up his honorable appearance) , And how he tell people about him. The third chapter we touched the intellectual and scientific role played by Al - Imam Al - Jawad (peace upon him) and discussed in his five researches of his position of the teams present at his time , conveys his companions and narrated by his speeches and their impact on the scientific heritage. conservation as we talked about his role in the interpretation of the Koran and his recounted on his father’s (peace be upon them)ended the chaprev talking about the efforts of forward medical and treatment of patients.Chapter four was specialized for the Political impact of Al - Imam Mohammed Bin Ali ( peace be upon him) which came in five investigations discussed the life of Al - Imam (peace be upon him) under the shadow of his father and how he ease his situations and cradle things to lead the nation after him. Also , his relationship with Al - Maamoun Al - Abassy and the contemporary of the events. And turn onto some political events, and position of Al - Alaween rebellions and the safe policy of Al - Mamoun towards them.And ended the chapter talking about the efforts of forward with the political impact of Imam Moammed bin Ali (peace be upon him) in the relation with Al - Mutasim Al - Abassy and conditions and situations he lived with during the role in the reign of the Al - Madenah and his came to Baghdad. Then we ended the chapter with the martyrdom of Al - Imam Mohammed Bin Ali Al - Jawad peace be upon him). Then we take the talke about his killing , and about his honored grave site (peace be upon him).
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العلاقات الهندية - السوفيتية 1964 - 1971 == Indo - Soviet Relations 1964 - 1971

Author name: حسام احمد شوقي
Supervisor name: خولة طالب لفتة الحميداوي
General topic: History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The Indian - Soviet relations during 1964 - 1971 dielnt go on asingle frequency , but influenced by the duration of the study anumber of internal , regional and international factors which hav had an impact on the nature of relations if the relations between the two countries after the Lal Bahadur Shastri judgment continued evolving relations which were at the time of Jawahar Lal Nehru evolution which up to amaximum gradesin September 1964 , when the soviet union gives the deal that aircraft ( MiG 21 ) so that India be the first illegitimate country gives these aircraft by the soviet union that relations soon collided alter the political leader ship in the soviet union October 1964 with the arrival Bretiv to the post of first secretary of the communist parties and Alex Kosygin to the post of primeminister and the dedaration of the new leadership to take the new policy in south Asia and to try timprove relations with Pakistan after the tension that with essed dvring the reign of khro show this policy , which Anzmt evident in the second Kashmir war in 1965 and the pursuit of the soviet union convergence between the two parties and resolve the issue through a meeting sponsored by the soviet and the success of this thin is the success of the new policy that is followed by the soviets in the region. The Study also found the impact of internal events of India on the nature of relations between the two countries and reflected positively or negatively where Ibdia witnessed during the study period afood crisis decimated Ibdia making Indihira Gandhi request economic assistance from the united states thatit reflected on there lations with the soviet union , especially with the after soviet rapprochement with pakitan to withess in 1967 and 1968 strained relations between the two parties ont seen therug hout many ears ago that the tension reached its maximumgrades in July 1968 when the soviet union was awarded ar arms deals Pakistan , which raised poputar discontent and navigation with in India and the voices of rapproch ement with the united states the us response to the soviet rappro chemsnt with Pakistan. This tension quickly goes away in 1969 arrival of soviet relations with china to the stayes of crisis and exploit the united states of America and adopted anew policy china trend known as the ( opening - up policy ) by Pakistan president yahya khan whenhe feared both India and the soviet union from triple - column appearance ( united states - china - Pakistan ) which led to arappro chement between India and the soviet union this convergerce desire soviets that is reflected on the described bilateral treaty between the two countries , but Indira Gandhi refused to do sobecause of its adherence to the policy the Non - Aligned followsd by India after independence , but then Irealized Indhira Gandhi that the lack of tinkering with the treadty will lead to breach the military balance in favor of Pakistan , especially since the situation in East Pakistan was waring caution - pakis tans new this year 1971 withessed ahistoric event India signed abolateral treaty with the soviet union was the first its kind to be held by India with major coutries after independence
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التصوف في كتاب رحلة ابن بطوطة : دراسة تاريخية == Mysticism In The Journey Book Of Lbn Battuta Historical Study

Author name: سارة عبد الرزاق زاجي الاسدي
Supervisor name: جواد كاظم النصر الله
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: After mysticism that has emerged in lslamic history it has played especially during the journey of lbn Battuta serious role as lnclude much looms large in the lives of Muslim and their history in particular that he took a wide area in the studies and lslamic civilization and the various stages of historical and times accounted for interest scholars and researchers and numerous research and studies that have addressed from the point of historical perspective monetary and divergent views on the truth and its impact on the individual and the community and society alike as exposure to each his opposition refused accused of mysticism negativity that undermine the resolve of the muslims and weaken their ambition and limit their activity and their rush is here promised to study mysticism of topics complex and thorny as well as the diversity of sources and plentiful and what it entails because of the sensitivity of confusion between authentic mysticism based approach to the book and the sunnah and the mysticism intruder affected philosophies creek Persian and Christian monasticism. Numerous studies on mysticism without having achieved political and social his dimensions especially through travel literature that Gap msnvoha the countries of the Muslim world and taken their perception of the problems and variables so most researchers have ate mysticism from the point just aprivate idea of view and did not interact objectives or social and symbolic purposes vocabulary and philosophy of its existence and spread of these problems has been unaffected by the hands of researchers posing scientifically clear gap in the understanding of the philosophy of mysticism and social symbolism so was selected mysticism title for the study through the journey of lbn Battuta clarify the seriousness of the historical period in which he lived lbn Battuta and the grapes and the impact of mysticism in the community who passed Banattaf dangerous because of the economic crises and political events and the multiplicity of governments and competition among them to install their judgment sought refuge to support mysticism for being a social movement presence and impact Alajtmaian hauling this movement in most of the institutions and different presence zones carry political dimensions without being aware of the society at the time to its goals and objectives. During the search in the sources of this historical period and found a researcher Information was not bad for the suf movement in the journey of Ibn Battuta but it is spread and scattered need to compare the texts with other sources and make it in a scientific mold contributes to the drawing depicting a neutral so traced researcher historical movels relevant sources related a variety of the most important books of mysticism history and public works Albuldanyen and geographers muslims and wrote biographies of morality and literature
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عبد القادر باش عيان الدور الاجتماعي والسياسي والثقافي في العراق 1894 - 1971 == Abdul Qadir Bash Aian Social, Political And Cultural Role In Iraq (1894 - 1971)

Author name: عبد القادر عبد الرحيم عطــوي الحسانــي
Supervisor name: انور جاسب شنته الطريف
General topic: History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The personal study, and CV of the difficult things, that have the researchers, because the researcher must take all aspects of this character, both private and public.It has been seen walking through the research, said Abdul Qader bash elders determined from an old family with a religious place And social, cultural, prestigious Alli Basra scale, and even categorize the scope of Iraq in general.Great role not his secret bash elders has been featured, among the well - known visual, and its impact in the community Basri, of the coming of this family, and stability in Basra as well as the emergence of the big guns Family, in many areas, including religious, social, political, and bringing these characters Elly positions of political and administrative largest in the state, and Vdilan literary side has reached Family through the emergence of figures including in this area, has emerged a lot of literature special , Especially in the historic area, particularly empty Basra ancient and modern, and this was the most prominent Almttootat (butter dates) of Sheikh Abdul Wahid bash elders, as well as (detailed history Basra Alazmi ancient and modern) of Sheikh Yassin bash elders, and Nri through it, and through the completion of Family and cultural presence library Abbasid big, old house in the family, and of the tobacco industry's own Great cultural legacy through Mathtwe of manuscripts and rare books lend categorize Basra and that cultural ascetic face and Shining. And here comes the personal Abdul Qadir bash elders, and to family affected by the document dramatically, which appeared Role through his family in a lot of fields and fundamental social, cultural, and categorize a personal which I added a lot of prestige and self - confidence. In light of the foregoing and in the display of search events that have passed by, we Pearls Mayati : - alldor Social, religious, cultural and political to the family of the bash elders, religious and cultural heritage of the family in Basra, and the emergence of personalities visual prominent family in the fields. Shall Find Personal Personal were not unusual, but the Senate was personal and not only that, But senior Senate (Bash elders), as well as the decline of a family Abbasseya, have been affected by all Internatioanl respects religious and political. - tmana Abdul Qadir bash elders features and different talents, collected between business and politics and literature And writing, which made him a dynamic personality in the work and responsibility. - tefi Categorize personality, the practical side and that receipt family business after the death of his father at the age of his youth, as well as the emergence of the literary side, the spectrum of his book, a diary in a small age. - anhaddarh In social work in Basra, both in the Pearls for joining the municipal council, Uwe Iraqi Council of Representatives or the Senate, and the emergence of the piece in his participation in the relief committees Exposure of Basra Pearls worst flood in 1946.kzlk a prominent role in the Tigers Association, and its role Prominent in the work of the Assembly and try to strengthen the work of the Assembly in favor of the optical community.The emergence of a characteristically political role at the age of forty, and through his election to the House of Representatives and then Appointed in the Iraqi Senate, Ani.vdila in 1958 for his participation, even in a little while Political parties (to insist - Union and Progress) and then the departure of then Pearls literary work.The emergence of his role in the May revolution in 1941, through the great role of the family of Al Bash elders and glory Especially in the embarrassing period in which they passed by Basra during the term of the security vacuum and the formation of the Commission on Security Procedure, and the transit of Basra those embarrassing period and the return of security and stability. Abdel Kader was bash elders, bold and frank in expressing their opinions and ideas often, Especially in the Senate, did not know the oil, it has Dahr during his speech in the House in 1947 Senate and his criticism of the government and put to a lot of questions Pearls Chief Minister and how to find solutions Her.His posts were outsourced through his membership in the Senate is the most prominent participation in participating in the Inter - Parliamentary Union conference in Cairo delegation, and to participate in its meetings, and thusAt the end of the conference the submission of the report on the Pearls of the Iraqi Senate conference.
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موقف الاتحاد السوفيتي من الحرب الاهلية الصينية 1944 - 1950 == The Soviet Unions Stance On Chinese Civil War 1944 - 1950

Author name: عائدة سامي محمد الهاشم
Supervisor name: حيدر عبد الرضا حسن التميمي
General topic: History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In the aft ermath of the second world war ( 1939 - 1945 - , the wolrd witnessed , particularly in south East Asia , a competition between the Soviet Union and the United states of exercise domination in that area. the government of Moscow however , played an important role on the international area in the aftermath the cold war ( 1945 - 1991 ). This has resulted in changing the maps of so. many superpowers mainly the Republic of China the Soviet Union showed a special concern and due to do many reasons , To embrace this concern , the thesis has come under the title : The Soviet Union's Stance or Chinese Civil War 1944 - 1950.The plan of the thesis dictates that the division is made on the historical sequence of the events of the civic War. The thesis consists of an introduction , tower chapters and a conclusion.Chapter One offers a historical background about the internal political developments in China and their impact on the relations with the Soviet Union. Events in China were traced eversince the 1911 Revolution , and the rise of the revolutionary tendency among the Chinese youths. The most significant results in this respect was the launching of the Chine's Communist party.Moscow , as a result established strong relations with the powerful parnties in Chine. After the death of the founder of the party , aspects of the civil war between the two parties. Significantly , the Soviet policy witnessed a clear change , in the Soviet policy.Chapter Two addresses itself to the task of dealing the Soviet diplomacy and the Chines Civil War 1944 - 1946. The chapter isdivided into two sections , the first tackles the position of the Soviet union on the American attempts to prevent the outbreak of the Chinese civil War , while the second deals with the policy the Soviet union towards the conflict or the rift between the Chinese National and the Communist parties 1945 - 1946.The Soviet union's position on the balance of powers in the interests of the Communists is the topic of Chapter Three , from December 1947 to February 1949. The Chapter includes three sections ranging from the Soviet attitude towards the Chinese Communist Party to the resut of the discussions between those concerned.Chapter Four deals with Moscow's position on victories achieved by the Chinese communists party at the final stages of the Chinese Civil War , and the declaration that the Republic of China was established.The chapter , correspond fly , includes three sections ; the last of which is concerned with the Soviet recognition of the people's Republic of China along with the Soviet China alliance in 1950.
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التطورات السياسية الداخلية للولايات المتحدة الامريكية في عهد الرئيس توماس جيفرسون (1801 ـ 1809) == The Internal Political Developments Of The United States Of America In The Period Of Thomas Jefferson (1801 - 1809)

Author name: محمود عبد المحسن ناصر العلي
Supervisor name: خولة طالب لفتة الحميداوي
General topic: History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: first decade of the nineteenth century holds with it an important stage from the date of the United States of the internal political, During that period had not been passed on the establishment of the U.S. government as the Government of the Constitution ofـ legislative, executive and judicial ـ more than eleven years announcement of the U.S. Constitution 1789 until the beginning of the nineteenth century, but had not on the nation U.S. an independent state of a sovereign their mandates of the three ten more than seventeen. of Day announcement of Independence U.S. from Britain in 1783 until the beginning of the following century. The present study to shed light on an important stage of the life of Thomas Jefferson political and at the level of domestic politics represented in the duration of his position as the third U.S. president in 1801 and even the end of the second term in 1809 after that took consecutive, lies the importance of this period in it is the first time dominated in which the Republican Party Democratic on the legislative and of Congress and executive of the presidency, after that was However, Unionist Party, while the judicial authority has remained in the possession of the party last. It is obvious is also known to all that the different views of the parties opposing reflected on the nature of the work of those parties, so felt researcher that addresses in his reasons for that the dispute from the beginning through the included within the introductory chapter. It is during that details emerge last, what are the measures to the new government of Republican Party Democratic and President Thomas Jefferson, through all this period? This question will be the entire cited study of the details, it has sought to the new president to several measures to mention of them First : to reconcile the parties as much as possible, Second : to achieve his dreams to expand towards the territory Bank by buying new territory, Third : to reconcile the legislative and executive and the one hand and the judicial authority of the other hand. Is it will succeed President Thomas Jefferson in his quest? in spite of that the United States U.S. has become a country with the Constitution of the Government of return to the year 1781, the internal political developments witnessed by the through eight years the first of the nineteenth century( 1801 1809), can be by the concept of( evolution' s New to the United States U.S.), in order to the outcome of him the state of many changes, including its powers of the three( legislative, the Executive, the judicial). On the other hand U.S. President Thomas Jefferson, who took the state presidency during this period, score was the most prominent in the nature of these developments, although he a series of government positions internal and external, its role as had a big impact to change the many of the internal policies
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تاريخ الرسل والملوك لمحمد بن جرير الطبري مصدرا لدراسة سيرة الامام علي عليه السلام : دراسة نقدية تحليلية == History Of The Apostles And The Kings By Muhammad Ibn Jarir Al - Tabari A Source To The Study Of The Biography Of Imam Ali (PBUH)

Author name: ياسمين سالم مطرود سند
Supervisor name: شاكر مجيد كاظم الحواني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Imam Ali (peace be upon him) is an endless sea that no one find its coasts. His followers and supporters wrote about him but did not give him what he really deserved. His enemies also recognized his unable to describe him. for he was as described by prophet Mohammad (PPBOH) where he addressed him " Ali , no one knows me except Allah and you , and no one knows Allah except me and you " There for , nothing is left to add to the importance of this great figure after all the many studies about it not only in history but also in politics , literature , philosophy , philology … etc.Biographies of many important Islamic figures were not correctly and realistically introduced because that information provided in the primary sources of history was not correct due to the deviation and change that the recording of history witnessed as is was directed by the wants and inclinations. Thus that recording changed and mentioned events that did not really exist. The result was a fake history.Imam Ali , the soul of immortal Islam , was main target of such intrigues and forgery. since the application of Islam did all their best to insert and distort the old and the new in this history As a result the error became the standard and the correct disappeared and for some people the correct accounts became something odd. So, there is an insisting need to purify our history of these baseless and incorrect accounts. This study is an attempt to treat such cases and a kind of contribution to this great project. The researcher chose to study Date of the Apostles and the Kings by Muhammad ibn Jarir al - Tabari source to study the biography of Imam Ali (PBUH) had a high statue and his Book was considered as the real Islamic history. we would not exaggerate to say that all who studied and are studying any topic in the Arabic Islamic history till the beginning of the 4th hijri century should behind success and fame of this book were that he collected before him in this single book whereas the other scholars distributed their efforts and materials in different books. consequently , his book remained and theirs were lost or their value was reduced. Besides , his students copied and saved his books because of his high scientific statue. A research should be conducted about this book to answer questions about its significance and how much the historical information mentioned in it is trustworthy. generally , the book contained interesting and serious religious and political historical events.this study attempts to criticize and analyze the texts that were stated in Al Tabaris book about Imam Ali and comparing them with the real history as stated in other sources. The accounts are also criticized and analyzed to falsify all that cannot be accepted in them. Them , the study sheds light on that book to see what history it has introduced as true and as untrue.The study is dividing in to an introduction three chapters and conclusion.the first chapter " imam Ali and his role in life of the prophet Mohammad (PPBUH) " in clouds two sections. The first section emphasizes some important events in the life of the Imam in mecca. section two deals with what the imam witnessed during his life after the death of the prophet till his rule as a khalifa the first section of the chapter discusses the events that the imam witnessed during the era of Abu Baker whereas the second one dealswith the most important questions that the imam witnessed during the era of Omar Bin Al - khattab The third section is a study of the events that the imam witnessed during the era of Othman Bin Aafan. Chapter three studies the events during the rule of imam Ali Bin Abi Talib (POBUH). In the First section of this chapter , the researcher studies the life of the imam from his homage till the Battle of Al - Gamal.section two is about the battle of saffeen. section three tackles the events that Al - Tabari mentioned in his book from Al nahrawan battle till the death of the imam. The most impotant can clusions that the study has arrived at are : Al - Tabari was not honest as a convegor of the historical material. He took from kooks of some authors and he mentioned their names but what he took was not the real product of those authors and manipulated the matirol to show what he wanted to show in his book. We found out in this study that Al - Tabari wrote a special book about the speech of Ghadeer khum in two big volumes , but unfortunately this book was lost. Al - Tabari was not neutral in conveying all the news that were related to a single event as it was expected. Rather , he was selective and chose some news and not the others though those others were agreed a pon.* Al - Tabari neglected the details of the correspondence between Mu, awia and mohammad Bin Abi Bakr when the latter was the ruler of Egypt. Those correspondences shed light on many historical events including aspects in the life of imam Ali.* Al - Tabari was submitted to the pressure of the public opinion in mere then one situation which reflected that he was influenced by a certain political trend or a certain wish or flattery or fear.As an example of this , he confessed that he neglected much of the news that were mentioned in many references about the conflict between Abu Dharr Al - Ghefari and Othman bin Aaffan and Mu,awia and his dependence or the tale of the so - called excusors only as represent by Saif bin Omar. But when he referred to the news that were against the enemies of Abu Dharr Al - Ghefari , he said that they were very news and he hated to mention them. this selectivity had great negative effect on his book " History of prophets and Kings ".*The book " History of prophets and kings " was considered as a reliable source for many of the historians after the time of Al - tabari. Most of them found it enough to depend on this book and very rarely they added to it like Ibn Al - Atheer , Ibn Katheer, Ibn haldun and others who limited them selves to what Al - Tabari selected of the cirtical and important situation that need more research and investing including the life of Imam Ali It is book was considered as the only outlet though which the lies of Siaf Bin Omar passed to the books of Islamic history. Further more , Al - Tabari adopted trans ferring some narratives and not the others. He claimed that the narrators were responsible f what they mentioned and not him. However , the researcher believes that he also should be taken as responsible. * The study also found out that homage of Imam Ali was not forced on people. Rather , they were convinced and satisfied. Besides , the Imam sent his rules to the regions before and after the Battle of Al - Gamal and not only before that battle as it was mistakingly proved.
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معجم البلدان لياقوت الحموي مصدرا عن خطط البصرة واحوالها السياسية والاقتصادية من 14 - 132هـ / 635 - 749م == Yaqut Al - Hamawis Dictionary Of Countries : A Source On Basrah'S Plans And Its Political And Economic Conditions 14 - 621 AH / 635 - 1224 AD)

Author name: احمد وادي صالح الموسوي
Supervisor name: مجيد ماجد محمد الزامل
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: To study the conditions of Basra civilization through books geographical and Albuldaniet in general, and through the book Dictionary of the countries of Yaqut alHamwi (d. 626 AH / 1229 AD) in particular, is the subject of study is of great importance because the book and its author well - known and known a lot among geographers and historians, as is obvious to a fame it enjoyed in medieval Islamic Basra, which still remain to this day. Adding to the importance of the subject use a lot of researchers of the book Dictionary of countries in defining and identifying the names of geographical places in the various university studies. It is during the course of the letter shows us that the article mentioned by Sapphire in his translations of the cities major Islamic is a substance variedand comprehensive study of the conditions of different conditions of these cities, and the most prominent cities of Basra, which occur Sapphire for their conditions of civilization the various centers in more often on the study of geography Basra and other cases their own, such as political, economic and other, and the source of his information on the visit comes through Mainath personal as it relied too much on the book Fattouh countries to Bladhira and others from other sources, and despite these advantages in the study of the conditions of Basra civilization, but I find some of the shortcomings encountered in substance Sapphire Basra on the conditions of civilization, and those issues that Sapphire is talking about the conditions of his time away from the historic era to see who wrote the Dictionary of countries and is the seventh century AH (615 - 621 AH), then it does not work on documenting his information through a series of this bond in the novel the necessary range historic run, but the remaining news for Sapphire Basra cultural conditions are important and valuable and precious, especially those which speak about the geography of Basra.We discussed the letter and chapters to talk about the geography of Basra to its importance for the study first and then we talked about the political conditions of Basra and then there was talk about the conditions of Basra Economic and physical, and dwell in her talk about the site of Basra and names, rivers and what was said in Basra of speeches, poetry and others, and the political situation we have studied the beginnings of the establishment of Basra, up to the end of the late Abbasid era, and As for the economicconditions and physical and we spoke about trade and markets and palaces in Basra and other attractions and other activities.For the sources approved by the message in the course we have here two books are important, benefiting Find a lot the first is a book study, (Dictionary of countries) of sapphire - Hamwi and the second is a book (Fattouh countries) for Bladhira, included the first book to talk about the conditions of Basra, cultural diversity and of the administrative, social and intellectual of Basra a truth information advantage by focusing on the geography of Basra from the terrain and climate and features of natural, such as mosques and thePalace is inclined, rivers, mountains, etc., as it dealt with the talk about the people of Basra and assets, as well as talk about the foreign elements that have provided Basra later, and also touched on the book to talk about the scientists and writers of visitors to Basra for the purpose of study and learning, which shows us the cultural development of Basra in Islamic times of successive, and the book (Fattouh countries) for Bladhira (d. 279 AH) is a valuable book talks about the news Fattouh, Basra and the geography and landmarks Urban, The significance of this book in the transfer of Sapphire for many of the stories and news from Basra about this book, as it is unique to the remembrance of news and stories, may not exist in other sources. The study found significant results on the conditions of Basra civilization of the most important that the accounts of the sapphire in this area minutes, especially those related to adjust the locations of places and places of geographical, as the Sapphire alHamwi was based in some of his novels on the book (the date of Basra) to Abu Yahya Zakaria Alsagii visual Shafei , which is one of the lost books that have not responded to us, as we came to an error to say that the Sapphire fanatic or sectarian in writing about cities andcountries, and finally say that the Basra study the conditions of civilization through the book Dictionary of countries is the study of simple and modest in the matter.
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مدينة ريدان : دراسة تاريخية في احوالها العامة == A Historical Study of The Public Affairs In The City of Raydan

Author name: سلامة عبد الرضا حسين
Supervisor name: ايمان شمخي جابر المرعي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Arab History Before Islam
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Kings , nobles and tribes of old Yemen looked upon the famous city of Raydan as very important and they struggled for a long time to be kings of Saba and owners of Raydan. Accordingly , who could control that land and had the two titles would have very great power. Yemeni researchers who tackled the subject of Raydan were not so specializedand they did not talk about the ancient Raydan because it was originaly part of the old strong kingdom of Saba and had alliance and treaties with the Sabaeen. It was also noticed that this city had tow names : Raydan and Dhafar like , for example , Sanaa ( another Yemeni city ) which was also called Azal.Raydan had an important strategic and economic location because it controlled the most important trade routes and ports ; the most active among which were those on the eastern coast of the Red Sea.Consequently , it was the focus of greed and struggle among internal and external powers to control its territories and get its economic resources. Raydan was also agriculturally distinguished by its gradated plains like hanging gardens.The researcher chose this subject because of the importance of the city in the past and the little study about it and to show its role among other ancient cities , to highlight the stages through which it changed its boarders according to its changing political power , and finally to identify the origin of the name Raydan.The study is made up of four chapters with two sections for each one ( except the third chapter which contains three sections ). In chapter one ( Geographical - Historical Approach ) , the first section deals with the geography of Raydan as far as its name , location and neighbouring cities are concerned. It also describes the nature and location of Raydan in relation to Yemen. Its geographical relief was made of mountains , and valleys. Its climate was that of the whole region. Section tow deals with the history of political history and role in the Sabaa - Hemyar struggle that started at the beginning of the first century when Raydan was weak and divided.Chapter two is devoted to the social affairs in Raydan. The first section ( Social and Administrative Affairs ) is about the population in the old Yemeni society which consisted of the tribes that constituted the people. Besides , the society was divided into two classes : The higher and the lower and the other categories were all between those two.The section also discussed Al - Athwa' and Al - Aqyal within the administrative system of the Yemeni society because it was a social status as well. Section tow sheds light on the structure of the family in old Yemen concerning issues of marriage , divorce , children , the house , furniture , ornamentation , habits and customs including greeting ,hospitality , names , circumcision , medication by plants , crying and lamentation and interest in sorcery and tomb building.Chapter three ( Economic Affairs ) consists of three sections. Section one ( Trade ) discusses land and sea trade routes , the most important old ports , exports and imports , and taxes in Raydan. Section two ( Agriculture ) talks about crops and animals. Section three (Industry ) talks about industries of minerals , textile and some other ones.In chapter four ( Religion ) , section one ( Paganism ) talks bout worship of natural phenomena and of idols.Section two ( Monotheism ) talks about doctrine of monotheism , Judaism and Christianity.The most important conclusions of the study are : 1. Raydan ( Dhafar ) witnessed a struggle between the Raydanian and Al - Ahbash. That struggle was not religious as some tried to show. Rather , it was economic and political in the first place.It was provocated by Bezentia that supported Al - Ahbash to save its economic interests in the area and to maintain its influence and control over the trade route that led to India through the Red Sea (Galzam ).2. Raydan was the first Yemeni city that witnessed massacre of the Christians because it was the centre of Christianity. Christians of Yemen were not the only who were killed and tortured in Yemen.All foreign Christians were also killed and tortured. Due to that , the Christians stood beside Thi Nawas and supported him in his position as a sign to express their nationality.3. All those events led to the fall of state of Hemyar and destruction of Raydan by Al - Ahbash who made use of the weakness and conflicts in the country of the independence of every prince in his area to gain his personal interests , and of the weakness of the central power and the economic detorieration that inflicted the state at the end of the fifth century because of the political disputes and the foreign intervention by Al - hbash and the Bezentians in all affairs of the country.
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الغدر في الدولة العربية الاسلامية مـن صدر الاسلام حتى نهاية الدولة الاموية عام 132 هــ / 749 م

Author name: زينب جاسم حسن البهادلي
Supervisor name: هشام جخيور ميري الربيعي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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الاغتيالات السياسية في الاندلس حتى نهاية دولة الموحدين (97 - 620 هــ / 715 - 1223 م) == Political Assassinations In Andalusia Till The End of Al - Muwahideen (Montheist) (97Ah - 620 Ah / 715 Ad - 1223 AD)

Author name: حيدر عبد الرزاق جعفر العلي
Supervisor name: مؤيد ابراهيم محمد العيداني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The Muslims wereableto reach Andalusia in (711 AD /92 AH) and to rule there for more than eight centuries till fall of Granada (1491 AD/897 AH).That period in Andalusia witnessed the phenomenon of political assassination of many politicians from the ruli
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تاريخ الحركة الرياضية في البصرة بين عامي 1921 - 1958 == The History of Sport Movement In Basra 1921 - 1958

Author name: احمد صفاء سوده
Supervisor name: ياسين طه ياسين الهارون
General topic: History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Sport has gained great importance over the centuries, and formed a distinctive side for its positive returns on the social side.It was a form of deepening the relations between the various segments of society. And the city of Basra, for its of its geograp
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الحياة الاقتصادية في عمان قبل الاسلام : دراسة تاريخية == The Economic Life In Oman Before Islam Historical Study

Author name: وسام خليل ابراهيم الوائلي
Supervisor name: شاكر مجيد كاظم الحواني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Arab History Before Islam
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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Abstract: The historical studies specially on the Arabs before Islam is of a paramount importance in the history of nations in terms of knowing the history of those nations in various aspects.For the importance of the study of the history of Oman which extends int
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اصلاحات شارلمان الداخلية في الدولة الكارولنجية (768 - 814م)

Author name: هناء عبد العظيم صفر
Supervisor name: مشعل مفرح ظاهر العونان
General topic: History
Specific topic: European History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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الامام موسى الصدر ودوره السياسي والثقافي والاجتماعي في لبنان (1960 - 1978)

Author name: هاني عبيد زباري السكيني
Supervisor name: باسم حطاب حبش الطعمة
General topic: History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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المشروع السياسي والاجتماعي للسيد محمد محمد صادق الصدر في العراق من سنة 1991 - 1999 م == Project Political and Social Role To Al - Said Mohammad M. Sadiq Al - Sadar In Iraq (1991 - 1999)

Author name: هاني جواد كاظم النجار
Supervisor name: باسم حطاب حبش الطعمة
General topic: History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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دور تشارلز بلكريف في البحرين بين عامي 1926 - 1957 == Belcrave's Role Charles In Bahrain between 1926 - 1957

Author name: نوال عبد الكاظم خفي البدري
Supervisor name: طيبة خلف عبد الله
General topic: History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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الفكر السياسي عند الخوارج

Author name: منعم عبد الرحيم حميد الزوار
Supervisor name: رعد زهراو مطشر الموسوي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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البيئة الفكرية للمذاهب الفقهية الخمسة حتى 656هـ/ 1258م : دراسة تاريخية == The Intellectual State of the Five Jurisprudential Schools Until 656AHL 1258 AD : A Historical Study

Author name: محسن طعمة يوسف
Supervisor name: هشام جخيور ميري الربيعي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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العلاقات الايرانية - السورية 1979 - 1988 == Iranian - Syrian Relations 1979 - 1988

Author name: فاضل عبد الرحيم عبد الكريم الاسدي
Supervisor name: محمد عبد الله العزاوي
General topic: History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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الحياة السياسية في البصرة من 14هـ الى 132هـ / 634م الى 749 م

Author name: علاء حسن مردان السبتي
Supervisor name: شاكر مجيد كاظم الحواني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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عكا في ظل الحكم الصليبي (497 - 690هـ /1104 - 1291م) : دراسة تاريخية

Author name: عقيل جبار جاسم الاسدي
Supervisor name: مجيد ماجد محمد الزامل
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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الحروب الاخمينية - اليونانية الى معركتي بلاتيا وميكالي عام 479 ق.م == THE AKHMINIDS - GREECE WARS TILL BALATIA & MYCALE BATTLES IN 479 B.C

Author name: عزيز سلمان مطشر السعداوي
Supervisor name: جواد مطر الحمد الموسوي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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