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الفصل الكروموتوكرافي لبعض الاحماض الامينية بواسطة طريقة كروموتوكرافيا السائل العالية الاداء باستعمال طور ثابت جديد == Chromatographic Separation of Some Amino Acids by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method Using A New Stationary Phase

اسم المؤلف: علي عباس رسول
الموضوع العام: علوم الكيمياء
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: الكيمياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: New stationary phase for high performance liquid chromatographyhas been prepared by the reaction of Neutral red solution with Weaklyacidic cation exchanger resin . The stability of the new attachedfunctional group on the resin was studied against different solvents suchas benzene, ethanol, acetonitrile, acetone, methanol, chloroform, andpetroleum ether as well as NaOH and HCl solutions. The new preparedresin was found stable and no depletion of the Neutral red moiety fromthe resin was noticed with the above materials .The FTIR analysis hasconfigured the attachment of Neutral red on the resin as well as thephysical appearance of the new resins.The new stationary phase has been packed into stainless steel column. The pKa value for new resins has been calculated. The pKa for Weakly acidic - Neutral red resins were 7.15. The chromatographic performance of the packed column was characterized. The number of plate numbers N, height equivalent of a theoretical plates H, capacity factors Ḱ, selectivity factors α, and peaks asymmetry, and Resolution RRsR were measured by analyzing different analytes on the new columns using different mobile phase compositions and flow rates.These parameters were measured from analysis of some amino acids such as Histidine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, and Tyrosine. The analysis of amino acids using Weakly acidic - Neutral red column has performed using %10 acetonitrile in buffer phosphate as mobile phase.The average value of plate numbers N was (316.59) . The plate heights H was averaged (0.085) cm , capacity factors Ḱ were ranged from (1.8 - 2.86). Separation factors α were ranged from (0.21 - 1.17), and peak asymmetry value were range from (0.99 - 1.09). Resolution RRsR were ranged from (0.93 - 3.77).IIThe analysis of amino acids using a new stationary phase has performed using buffer phosphate as mobile phase . The average value of plate numbers N was (234.79) , plate heights H was (0.107)cm , capacity factors Ḱ were ranged from (1.13 - 4.73) , separation factors α were ranged from (0.23 - 1.22) , peak asymmetry value were range from (1.10 - 1.18) and resolution were (0.93).R.S.D were ranged from(0.04 - 1)% , recovery were ranged from (93.8 - 97.12)% , The relative errors were ranged from ( - 2.88 - - 6.2) % .Calibration curves for all analyzed compound were linear from their detection limits to at least 50 ppm with correlation coefficient ranged from(0.9991 - 0.9996).The detection limits were ranged from(0.05 - 0.25) ppm at signal to noise ratio of three or more.

هرمونات الغدة الدرقية والكورتيزول والبرولاكتين ومؤشر كتلة الجسم لدى مرضى السكري من النوع الثاني == The Profile of Thyroid Hormones, Cortisol, Prolactin and Body Mass Index in Patients with Diabetes Type 2

اسم المؤلف: محمد صفاء شوكت النجار
اسم المشرف: سلمان علي احمد
الموضوع العام: علوم الكيمياء
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: الكيمياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Diabetes is a group of disorders that produce elevated levels of blood glucose. The two main forms of diabetes are type 1and type 2. The cause of diabetes was associated with some endocrine hormones and obesity. This study was focused on diabetes type 2 and its effects on thyroid hormones (TSH, T3, T4), prolactin and cortisol and with body mass index. To achieve this aim 68 diabetic patients type 2 with ages of 35 - 70 years and 34 healthy people with ages of 35 - 70 years (control group) were enrolled. These hormones (TSH, T3, T4, PRL and Cortisol) were estimated by an enzyme immunoassay method with final fluorescent detection (MiniVidas).The results demonstrated significant increase of T4 (p<0.05), Cortisol (p<0.05) levels, and significant decrease of TSH (p<0.05) levels. A non significant increase was shown in prolactin (p>0.05) levels, and non significant decrease in T3 (p>0.05) levels.Obesity is the most important modifiable risk factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, however, racial factors seem to be important in the relationship between body mass index and glucose in patients with diabetes type 2.The linear regression analysis revealed significant negative correlation (r= - 0.310, p<0.01) in cortisol levels with BMI, and significant positive correlation in fasting serum glucose (r=0.293, p<0.05) and TSH (r=0.275, p<0.05) levels with BMI in patients with diabetes type.The linear regression analysis revealed significant negative correlation (r= - 0.249, p<0.05) in cortisol levels with fasting serum glucose, and positive correlation in TSH (r=0.258, p<0.05) levels with fasting serum glucose in patients with diabetes type 2.The linear regression analysis revealed significant negative correlation (r= - 0.469, p<0.05) in T4 levels with Cortisol levels in patients with diabetes type 2.

عمود فصل جديد لتقنية الكروماتوكرافيا السائلة عالي الاداء (HPLC) == New column for high performance Liquid chromatography (HPLC)

اسم المؤلف: احمد مرزة حمزة
الموضوع العام: علوم الكيمياء
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: الكيمياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: New stationary phases for high performance liquid chromatography has been prepared by the reaction of Bromophenol blue salt solution with Amberlite CG - 400 (ClP P) resin . The stability of the new attached functional group on the resin was studied against different solvents such as benzene, ethanol, acetonitrile, acetone, methanol, chloroform, and petroleum ether as well as NaOH and HCl solutions. The new prepared resin was found stable and no depletion of the Bromophenol blue moity from the resin was noticed with the above materials .The FTIR analysis has configured the attachment of Bromophenol on the resin as well as the physical appearance of the new resins.The new stationary phase has been packed into stainless steel column.The resin capacity of newly prepared resin has calculated. The resin capacity for the Amberlite - bromophenol blue salt was found to average 5.27 meq./g which is more than the Amberlite resin, 3.95 meq./g.The chromatographic performance of the packed column was characterized. The number of plate numbers N, height equivalent of a theoretical plates H, capacity factors Ḱ, selectivity factors α, and peaks asymmetry, and Resolution RRsR were measured by analyzing different analytes on the new columns using different mobile phase compositions and flow rates.These parameters were measured from analysis of some amino acids such as Histidine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophane, and Tyrosine. The analysis of amino acids using Amberlite - Bromophenol blue column has performed using %10 acetonitrile in water as mobile phase.The average value of plate numbers N was192.085. The plate heights H was averaged 0.089 cm , capacity factors Ḱ were ranged from 1.8 - 2.42. Separation factors α were ranged from 0.86 - 1.3 , and peak asymmetry value were range from 1.02 - 1.98 . Resolution Rs were ranged from 0.92 - 4.15 . R.S.D were ranged from(0.06 - 0.10)% , recovery were ranged from (95.84 - 96.88)% , The relative errors were ranged from ( - 3.12 - - 4.64) % . Calibration curves for all analyzed compound were linear from their detection limits to at least 50 ppm with correlation coefficient ranged from 0.9989 - 0.9996. The detection limits were ranged from 0.05 - 0.25 ppm at signal to noise ratio of three or more.

تصنيع اقطاب انتقائية جديدة لتقدير كل من الكلور امفينيكول صوديوم ساكسينيت والحديد الثلاثي وتطبيقاتها في المستحضرات الصيدلانية == Construction of new Ion Selective electrodes for Determination Chloramphenicol sodium succinate and Iron(III) and their applications in pharmaceutical samples

اسم المؤلف: وئام رعد عزيز
اسم المشرف: خالدة حميد محمد السعيدي
الموضوع العام: علوم الكيمياء
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: الكيمياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Two kinds of electrodes were prepared in this study based on PVCmatrix. Four ion selective electrodes for Chloramphenicol sodiumsuccinate which based on chloramphenicol palmitate (CPP) and sodiumtetraphenylborate (TPB) as additive, Another Four ion selectiveelectrodes for Iron(III) based on Chloramphenicol sodium succinate - Iron(III) [CPSS - Fe(III)] ion - pair complex as the electro - active material,.Many plasticizers used :  Di - butyl phthalate (DBPH) Di - butyl phosphate (DBP) Di - octyl phthalate (DOP) Tri - butyl phosphate (TBP)The electrodes parameters were include, linear concentration range,Nernestian slope, limit of detection, response time, life time, working pHrang and selectivity were evaluated. Also the statistical treatments wereapplied for the results that include : relative standard deviation (RSD),relative error (RE), error and confidence limit for concentration. The resultsshowed : 1 - ISES for Chloramphenicol sodium succinate : CPP+TPB+DBPH (membrane A1), CPP+TPB+DBP(membrane A2),CPP+TPB+DOP (membrane A3), CPP+TPB+TBP (membrane A4), givesthe slopes (53.98, 51.45, 49.66 and 48.98 mV/decade), linear range from(1x10 - 4 - 1x10 - 1, 5x10 - 4 - 1x10 - 1, 1x10 - 4 - 1x10 - 1, 5x10 - 4 - 1x10 - 1), withdetection limit (5x10 - 5M, 2x10 - 5 M, 3x10 - 5 M and 1x10 - 5 M), responsetime of 10 - 3M (15, 18, 20 and 35 second) and the lifetime were about (50,15, 23 and 21 day ). The working pH ranges were ranged from (2 - 7.5).The electrode A1 (CPP+TPB+DBPH) has been used to determineVIChloramphenicol sodium succinate in the pharmaceutical samples of(Chloramphenicol sodium succinate injection).2 - ISES for Iron(III) : CPSS - Fe(III)+DBP (membrane B1), CPSS - Fe(III)+DBPH (membraneB2), CPSS - Fe(III)+DOP (membrane B3) and CPSS - Fe(III)+TBP(membrane B4), gives the slopes (19.79, 26.60, 16.01 and 13.82), linearrange from (1x10 - 5 - 1x10 - 2 M, 1x10 - 5 - 1x10 - 2 M, 1x10 - 6 - 1x10 - 2 M and1x10 - 5 - 1x10 - 2 M), with detection limit (9×10 - 6 M, 7×10 - 5 M, 2×10 - 6 Mand 9×10 - 5 M), response time of 10 - 3 M (10, 35, 15, 35 and 30 second),lifetime were about (37, 41, 23 and 16 days). The working pH rangeswere ranged from (2 - 6) by using electrode (CPSS - Fe(III)+DBP), andthis electrode has been used to determine Iron(III) in the pharmaceuticalsamples of (Feroglobin Capsules).The selectivity coefficients (KpotA,B) of ISES have been studied for thefollowing interference ions (Na+, K+, Mn+2, Cu+2, Zn+2, Fe+3, Al+3,Chloramphenicol palmitate, folic acid , Sucrose and Gelatin) by usingseparate solution method and fixed interfering mixed method.The UV - spectrophotometric method which includes : - The derivative spectra, the first - derivative (1D) spectra for Chloramphenicol sodium succinate solutions (2 - 64 mg/L) in wavelength equal 258 nm with (r2=0.99925). The analytical methods results showed to be simple, rapid and with a good accuracy by comparing between FirstDerivative (1D) and direct method of Ion selective electrode by using Ftest.The results shown, that the Chloramphenicol sodium succinate can be determined by using Ion selective electrode method because the value of the (F) experimental less than the value of the (F) theoretical at 95% confidence limit. Since Fcalculated‹ Ftable, we oncluded that there is nosignificant difference in precision between two methods

تحضير بعض حفازات الالكلة من الاطيان الطبيعية واستخدامها في انتاج الكيلات البنزين الخطية == Preparation of Some Alkylation Catalysts from Natural Clays and their Uses in the Production of Linear Alkyl Benzenes (LAB

اسم المؤلف: رغيد يوسف غزال يوسف الطائي
اسم المشرف: عمر موسى رمضان | رجب عواد بكر
الموضوع العام: علوم الكيمياء
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: الكيمياء الصناعية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة الموصل
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: الموصل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: ان ما يحصل اليوم في العالم من تطورات هائلة على مستوى التعداد السكاني والتقدم الصناعي، ادى الى زيادة الطلب على المنتجات والسلع الخاصة بمواد التنظيف والتجميل، مما ادى الى زيادة الطلب على المواد الاولية الرئيسة التي تدخل في تصنيع هذه المنتجات وتعد الكيلات البنزين الخطية (LAB) المادة الاولية لانتاج سلفونات الصوديوم لالكيلات البنزين الخطية التي تعد المادة الاولية الرئيسة في خلطة المنظفات ومعظم مواد التجميل، التي يتم تحضيرها باساليب انتاج مختلفة وباستخدام حفازات معينة مثل حامض الهيدروفلوريك (HF) وكلوريد الالمنيوم (AlCl3) وتعد هذه المواد ملوثة بيئيا ولاسيما حامض (HF) فضلا عن تكلفتها الاقتصادية وكلفة المعدات المستخدمة فيها، لذا فقد اتجه حديثا الى استبدال هذه الحفازات المستخدمة بحفازات اخرى صلبة يتم تصنيعها من مواد طبيعية مع بعض المضافات لانها اقل تكلفة وتلوثا للبيئة.وقد تم في هذه الدراسة تحضير حفازات صلبة بالاستفادة من الخامات الطبيعية (البوكسايت والبنتونايت) التي تحتوي على كميات جيدة من الالومينا والسيليكا غير البلورية بعد ازالة المكونات غير الضرورية منها، اذ تم دراسة هذه الخامات والتعرف على محتواها من خلال التحليل الكيميائي وقياس حيود وفلورة الاشعة السينية والتحليل الحراري. وبعد الحصول على الحفاز بشكله النهائي تم تطعيمه بالفلوريد بنسبة (%2 و%4) محسوبة على هيئة F2 باستخدام فلوريد الامونيوم من اجل تحسين وزيادة خصائصه الحامضية، ثم اجريت التحاليل والقياسات للحفازات الثلاثة المحضرة وهي التحليل الحراري الوزني (TG) وحيود الاشعة السينية (XRD) وفلورة الاشعة السينية (XRF) والمساحة السطحية (S.A.) وطيف الاشعة تحت الحمراء (IR). وقد اثبتت التحاليل ان للحفازات صفات بلورية وخصائص حامضية ومساحة سطحية عالية بلغت (6500) سم2/غم وهذه الصفات تجعلها مناسبة لاستخدامها كحفازات، لذلك فقد تم تحويلها الى حبيبات واستخدمت في تحضير الكيلات البنزين الخطية من خلال تفاعل البنزين مع (1 - اوكتين) و(1 - هكساديكين) والهكسانول ومزيج الاوليفينات (C14 - C8) المنتج في الشركة العربية لكيمياويات المنظفات المعروفة اختصارا بـ (ARADET) باستخدام مفاعل الاوتوكليف سعة (300) سم3. وقد تم تحديد الظروف المثلى لهذا التفاعل وكانت كالاتي : درجة الحرارة (250)م ونسبة الحفاز (%2) وزمن التفاعل (2 ساعة) ونسبة (البنزين الى الاوليفين) (1 : 5) وقد تم تشخيص النواتج باستخدام تقنية كروماتوغرافيا الغاز(GC) وطيف الكتلة(MS) وقد اثبتت النتائج الحصول على نسب تحويل عالية تجاوزت (%95) بالنسبة للاوليفينات عموما، الا ان الحفازات لم تعط نتائج جيدة عند استخدام الهكسانول في عملية الالكلة مثل الاوليفينات نظرا لتحرر الماء في التفاعل الذي اثر سلبا على اداء الحفاز، وقد تم تعزيز النتائج بقياس طيف الاشعة تحت الحمراء(IR) والاشعة فوق البنفسجية (UV) التي اثبتت حصول تغييرات واضحة من خلال قيم الامتصاصات التي اظهرتها لنواتج التفاعل. | The case with today's world of major developments at the level of the census of population and industrial progress, Led to increase the demand for products and commodities with materials for cleaning and cosmetics ,which led to increase the demand for main raw materials which is used in the manufacture of these products.Linear Alkylbenzene(LAB) is considered as raw material for production of sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate which is the main material in the ingredients for detergents and cosmetics,(LAB) is prepared by productivity methods using catalysts such as hydrofluoric acid and aluminium chloride but these substances are environmentally pollutants, Eespecially hydrofluoric acid as well as economic cost and the cost of equipment used, So has recently researchers try to replace these catalysts with solid catalysts which are obtained from natural clay materials with some additives due to the low cost and less pollution ability to the environment.In our study, The solid catalysts have been prepared from natural ores (Bauxite and Bentonite), which contain good amounts of alumina and amorphous silica after removal of unnecessary components. These natural ores were studied to identify their components through chemical analysis, X - ray fluorescence, X - ray diffraction and thermal analysis.After preparing the parent catalyst and in order to improve the surface area and acidic properties treated with Ammonium fluoride solution(2 - 4)%. The three catalysts were analysed using gravermetric thermal analysis, XRD, XRF, Surface area and infrared spectroscopy.The study reveals that the catalysts have crystalline structure and suitable acidity. The surface area of the parent catalyst and the fluorided catalysts is given in fluoride 4%>flourided 2%> parent catalyst. The prepared catalyst have converted into granules and used to prepare linear alkyl benzene (LAB) from the reaction of benzene with olefins and n - Hexanol using stainless autoclave reactor that has capacity (300)cm3.Optimal conditions have been specified for this reaction these were as follows : Temperature (250C), Catalyst ratio (2%). Reaction time (2hrs.) and the ratio of benzene to olefin (5 benzene : 1 olefin). The products of reaction were identified using Gas Chromatography (GC) and GC/MS, The results improved high percentage of conversion is about and over (90%) for olefins, But the results of hexanol don’t give a good results as in the case of olefins because of formation of water in the reaction which decrease the catalyst activity, The results were enhanced by measurement of infrared and ultra violet spectroscopy that showed a clear changes from absorbing values

تحضير وتشخيص بعض المركبات الميزوجينية ودراسة تاثير التراكيب اجيئي على صفاتها البلورية السائلة == Synthesis and Characterization of Some mesogenic Compounds and Study the Effect of molecular Structure on their liquid ?? crystalline properties

اسم المؤلف: مروة عدنان ناصر الامين
اسم المشرف: عهود جبار عبيد الحمداني
الموضوع العام: علوم الكيمياء
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: الكيمياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This thesis consist of three chapters : The first are contains of the general characteristics , classification, structure and mesomorphic properties of liquid crystals.The second chapter describes the synthesis of two series of Schiff bases and the compounds 1 - 5 and which have the general formulas : R=CnH2n+1 n=1 - 10 3 - hydroxy - 4 - (p - tolylimino)methyl)phenyl4 - (alkyl thio)benzoate R=CnH2n+1 n=2 - 6,8 4 - ((4 - acetyl pheenylimino)methyl) - 3 - hydroxyphenyl 4 - (alkylthio) benzoate 3 - hydroxy - 4 - (p - tolylimino)methyl)phenyl 4 - mercaptobenzoate 4((p - tolylimino)methyl)phenyl4 - (alkylthio)benzoate 4 - ((4 - acetyl pheenylimino)methyl) - 3 - hydroxyphenyl 4 - ( octayloxy)benzoate 4 - ((4 - acetyl pheenylimino)methyl) phenyl 4 - (heptythio)benzoate 4 - hydroxy - 3 - (p - tolylimino)methyl)phenyl 4 - mercaptobenzoat The characterization of the above prepared compounds was a chieved by 1H,13C,DEPT - NMR, IR as well as elemental analysis.The third chapter contains the study of liquid crystalline properties of the prepared compound using polarized optical microscope (POM) and differential scaning colametry (DSC).The Results of the above study revealed that both series [I] and series [II] as well as the compound 2 - 4 a nemac phase of marbled texture with heang and schl ier en wi th cool ing except comp ound 1 and 2 changed to the liquid phase directly .while series [II] shows a smectic phase in addition to the nematic phase of focal conic shape with heating and battonets with cooling .

اثر استراتيجيتين في التعلم التعاوني في الاستيعاب القرائي لدى تلاميذ التربية الخاصة وتنمية التفاعل الاجتماعي لديهم == The Impact Of Two Strategies Of Cooperative Learning in Reading Comprehwnsion By Special Education Pupils And Developing Their Social Interaction

اسم المؤلف: راضي عواد علي ابراهيم
اسم المشرف: احلام اديب داؤد
الموضوع العام: العلوم التربوية
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: التربية الخاصة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: الموصل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: يهدف البحث الى التعرف على اثر استراتيجيتين في التعلم التعاوني في الاستيعاب القرائي لدى تلاميذ التربية الخاصة وتنمية التفاعل الاجتماعي لديهم , وللتحقق من هدف البحث وضع الباحث فرضيتين رئيستين بديلة وتضمنت كل فرضية رئيسة ثلاث فرضيات فرعية بديلة , واستخدم الباحث التصميم التجريبي ذا المجموعات الثلاث المتكافئة , حيث بلغ عدد تلاميذ العينة (27) تلميذا من تلاميذ التربية الخاصة الصف الرابع الابتدائي في مركز محافظة نينوى للعام الدراسي (2009ــ 2010) , بواقع (9) تلاميذ للمجموعة التجريبية الاولى والتي درست باستراتيجية (المجموعات الصغيرة) , و(9) تلاميذ للمجموعة التجريبية الثانية والتي درست باستراتيجية (التعلم معا) , و(9) تلاميذ للمجموعة الضابطة والتي درست بالطريقة الاعتيادية , حيث كافا الباحث مجموعات البحث الثلاث في المتغيرات الاتية ( درجة القراءة العربية للصف الثالث الابتدائي , المعدل العام للتلميذ في الصف الثالث الابتدائي , العمر الزمني محسوبا بالاشهر, تحصيل الاب , تحصيل الام ,والاختبار القبلي لمقياس التفاعل الاجتماعي, وتطلب تحقيق اهداف البحث اعداد اداتين , الاولى اعداد اختبارا للاستيعاب القرائي لقياس مدى استيعاب تلاميذ الصف الرابع الابتدائي تربية خاصة لمادة القراءة العربية , واستخرج الباحث معامل الصعوبة لفقراته ،وبعد اجراء الثبات على الاختبار باستخدام معادلة كودر ريتشارد سون (20) بلغ معامل الثبات (0,82) وهو معامل ثبات جيد ،واصبح الاختبار بصيغته النهائية مكونا من (13) فقرة , وقام الباحث باعداد اداة لقياس التفاعل الاجتماعي , وتم حذف وتعديل بعض فقراته خلال عرضه على مجموعة من الخبراء والمحكمين في اختصاص العلوم النفسية التربوية وطرائق التدريس, للتاكد من صدقه الظاهري , كما استخرج الباحث القوة التمييزية لفقرات المقياس, وتم التاكد من ثباته عن طريق اعادة الاختبار باستخدام معادلة بيرسون, وبلغ (0.84) وهو معامل ثبات عال ،وباستخدام معادلة الفا كرونباخ حيث بلغ معامل الثبات(0.83)وهو معامل ثبات جيد, واصبح المقياس بصورته النهائية مكونا من (39 ) فقرة , وقام الباحث باعداد خطط تدريسية لمجموعات البحث الثلاث وتضمنت (11) موضوعا في مادة القراءة العربية ,بالاعتماد على كتاب القراءة العربية للصف الرابع الابتدائي تربية خاصة وعرض نموذجا منها على مجموعة من المحكمين المختصين للتحقق من صدقهواملائمتهواتغطيتها للمادة العلمية , وهي خطة باستراتيجية المجموعات الصغيرة , وخطـة باستراتيجية التعلم معا ,والطريقة الاعتيادية , وقبل البدء بالتجربة تم اجراء اختبارا قبليا لمقياس التفاعل الاجتماعي , وبعدها تم تطبيق تجربة البحث بتاريـخ 16/2/2010 علـى مجموعات البحـث الثلاث ،واستمـرت التجـربة فصـلا دراسـيا كامـلا, وهـو الفصـل الدراسي الثاني مـن الـعام الدراسـي 2009 - 2010 وفي نهاية التجربة طبق اختبارا الاستيعاب القرائي على تلاميذ المجموعات الثلاثة في يوم 5/5/2010 ،ومقياس التفاعل الاجتماعي (التطبيق البعدي) على تلاميذ المجموعات الثلاث المشمولة بالبحث يوم 9/5/2010, وبعد تصحيح اجابات تلاميذ عينة البحث على الاداتين جمعت البيانات وحللت احصائيا باستخدام ( تحليل التباين ANOVA) واختبار( دنكن Duncan) للمقارنات البعدية واظهرت النتائج مايلي : 1ـ لايوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية بين متوسط درجات تلاميذ المجموعة التجريبية الثانية والتي درست وفق استراتيجية ( التعلم معا ) ومتوسط درجات تلاميذ المجموعة ضابطة والتي درست وفق الطريقة الاعتيادية في الاستيعاب القرائي .2ـ يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية بين متوسط درجات تلاميذ المجموعة التجريبية الاولى والتي درست وفق استراتيجية ( المجموعات الصغيرة ) ومتوسط درجات تلاميذ المجموعة الضابطة والتي درست وفق الطريقة التقليدية في الاستيعاب القرائي, ولصالح المجموعة التجريبية الاولى .3ـ يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية بين متوسط درجات تلاميذ المجموعة التجريبية الاولى والتي درست وفق استراتيجية ( المجموعات الصغيرة) والمجموعة التجريبية الثانية والتي درست وفق استراتيجية ( التعلم معا ) في الاستيعاب القرائي ولصالح المجموعة التجريبية الاولى .4ـ يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية بين متوسط درجات تلاميذ المجموعة التجريبية الثانية والتي درست وفق استراتيجية ( التعلم معا ) ومتوسط درجات تلاميذ المجموعة الضابطة والتي درست وفق الطريقة التقليدية في تنمية التفاعل الاجتماعي ولصالح المجموعة التجريبية الثانية .5ـ يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية بين متوسط درجات تلاميذ المجموعة التجريبية الاولى والتي درست وفق استراتيجية ( المجموعات الصغيرة ) ومتوسط درجات المجموعة الضابطة والتي درست وفق الطريقة التقليدية في تنمية التفاعل الاجتماعي ولصالح المجموعة التجريبية الاولى .6ـ لايوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية بين متوسط درجات تلاميذ المجموعة التجريبية الاولى والتي درست وفق استراتيجية ( المجموعات الصغيرة ) ومتوسط درجات تلاميذ المجموعة التجريبية الثانية والتي درست وفق استراتيجية ( التعلم معا ) في تنمية التفاعل الاجتماعي .وخرج الباحث بالتوصيات الاتية : 1ـ فتح دورات لمعلمي ومعلمات التربية الخاصة للاطلاع على الطرائق التدريسية الحديثة واستخدام التعلم التعاوني واستراتيجياته لتمكينهم من رفع المستوى التحصيلي لتلاميذ التربية الخاصة .2ـ ادخال مواضيع التعلم التعاوني واستراتيجياته ضمن مفردات طرائق التدريس التي تقدم لطلبة كلية التربية الاساسية قسم التربية الخاصة لما تضمنه من نتائج جيدة . 3ـ التاكيد على التشخيص الدقيق لتلاميذ التربية الخاصة حتى يتمكن المعلمين من معرفة قدرات التلاميذ ونقاط الضعف الموجودة .4ـ استخدام التقنيات التربوية المستخدمة في استراتيجيات التعلم التعاوني والتي تساعد تلاميذ التربية الخاصة على فهم المادة واستيعابها خاصة في مادة القراءة العربية .5ـ استخدام النشاطات الصفية واللاصفية والتنوع في اساليب التدريس لتنمية قدرات التلاميذ المعرفية وزيادة تفاعلهم الصفي مع بعضهم ومع التلاميذ العاديين.6ـ على مديرية التربية بالاهتمام بفئات بطيئي التعلم , والتاكيد على تقديم لهم النشاطات داخل المدرسة وخارجها , والبرامج التربوية التي تساعد على تنمية علاقاتهم الاجتماعية .واقترح الباحث اجراء الدراسات الاتية : 1ـ اثر استخدام التعلم التعاوني في تنمية ميول واتجاهات طلبة الصفوف العادية .2ـ اثر برنامج تدريبي لتنمية التفاعل الاجتماعي لدى تلاميذ التربية الخاصة .3ـ اثر استخدام استراتيجيات التعلم التعاوني في اكساب المفاهيم الرياضية لدى تلاميذ التربية الخاصة .4ـ اثر استخدام استراتيجيات التعلم التعاوني المجموعات الصغيرة والتعلم معا في تدريس مادة القراءة العربية في التعبير والاملاء لدى تلاميذ التربية الخاصة .5ـ اثر استخدام استراتيجيات التعلم التعاوني في تعديل السلوك العدواني لدى تلاميذ التربية الخاصة .

اثر اسلوبي التنافس المقارن والاحتواء في تعليم بعض المهارات الاساسية بكرة القدم والاحتفاظ بها == The Effect of Comparative Competition and Inclusion Styles in Teaching and Retention of some Basic Skills of Football

اسم المؤلف: مسلم جعفر جمعة بكر
اسم المشرف: امال نوري بطرس
الموضوع العام: العلوم التربوية
السنة: 2011
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: الموصل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: ان التغيرات السريعة في الميادين التعليمية هي من ميزات هذا العصر التي علينا ان نشجع على تحريكها بالاتجاه الصحيح والتكيف معها، اذ لم تعد العملية التعليمية تركز على كمية المعلومات المقدمة للمتعلم فقط، وانما تعتمد على الطرائق والاساليب التي يعتمدها المعلم لتنظيم مفردات الدرس وتطبيقه بصورة سليمة وناجحة والحصول على المعلومات من مصادر مختلفة.الذي يتطلب تقديم الوسائل والاساليب والامكانات للمتعلم للحصول على هذه المعلومات من مصادر مختلفة. هدفت الدراسة الى الكشف عن : • اثر اسلوبي ( التنافس المقارن والاحتواء) في تعليم بعض المهارات الاساسية بكرة القدم. • المقارنة بين اثر اسلوبي (التنافس المقارن والاحتواء) في تعليم بعض المهارات الاساسية بكرة القدم في الاختبار البعدي . • المقارنة بين اسلوبي ( التنافس المقارن والاحتواء) في نتائج اختبار الاحتفاظ ببعض المهارات الاساسية بكرة القدم .وافترض الباحث ما ياتي : - • وجود فروق ذو دلالة احصائية بين الاختبارين القبلي والبعدي لمجاميع البحث في تعليم بعض المهارات الاساسية بكرة القدم .• وجود فروق ذو دلالة احصائية في الاختبار البعدي بين مجاميع البحث في تعليم بعض المهارات الاساسية بكرة القدم .• وجود فروق ذو دلالة احصائية في نتائج اختبار الاحتفاظ بين مجاميع البحث في تعليم بعض المهارات الاساسية بكرة القدم . واستخدم الباحث المنهج التجريبي لملاءمته وطبيعة البحث، وتكونت عينة البحث من طلاب الصف الرابع الاعدادي في اعدادية الكندي للبنين في مركز محافظة نينوى للعام الدراسي (2009 - 2010) البالغ عددهم (60) طالبا ، قسموا الى ثلاث مجموعات تجريبية (20) طالبا للمجموعة التجريبية الاولى و(20) طالبا للمجموعة التجريبية الثانية و(20) طالبا للمجموعة الثالثة(الضابطة). وتم تطبيق كل اسلوب من الاساليب المستخدمة على كل مجموعة لتعليم بعض المهارات الاساسية بكرة القدم على وفق الاتي : • المجموعة التجريبية الاولى........... اسلوب التنافس المقارن.• المجموعة التجريبية الثانية ........... اسلوب الاحتواء.• المجموعة الضابطة ........... اسلوب الامري . وتم تحقيق التكافؤ للمجموعات الثلاثة في متغيرات (العمر والكتلة والطول) وبعض عناصر اللياقة البدنية المؤثرة في تعليم بعض المهارات الاساسية في كرة القدم . واستغرق تنفيذ التجربة الرئيسة (8) اسابيع بواقع وحدتين تعليميتين في الاسبوع الواحد، وكان زمن الوحدة التعليمية (45) دقيقة، وتم البدء بتنفيذ التجربة الرئيسة يوم الاحد الموافق(21/2/2010) وانتهت يوم الاربعاء (14/ 4/2010).وبعد جمع البيانات وتفريغها تم معالجتها احصائيا باستخدام ( الوسط الحسابي، الانحراف المعياري، معامل الارتباط البسيط، اختبار (ت) لوسطين حسابيين مرتبطين، تحليل التباين باتجاه واحد، اختبار ( دنكن )، النسبة المئوية، نسبة الاحتفاظ، وتم التوصل الى الاستنتاجات الاتية . 1 - ان الاساليب الثلاثة ( التنافس المقارن والاحتواء والامري) هي اساليب فعالة في تعليم المهارات ( الدحرجة والمناولة القصيرة والمتوسطة والطويلة والتهديف القريب والبعيد والاخماد وضرب الكرة بالراس ) في كرة القدم بنسب مختلفة . 2 - تفوق اسلوب التنافس المقارن في تعليم مهارات( الدحرجة والتمريرة القصيرة والمتوسطة والطويلة والتهديف القريب وضرب الكرة بالراس ) في كرة القدم على اسلوبي الاحتواء والامري . 3 - تفوق اسلوب الاحتواء في تعليم اداء مهارتي (التهديف البعيد والاخماد) في كرة القدم على اسلوب التنافس المقارن والامري .4 - تفوق اسلوب التنافس المقارن في نسب احتفاظ اكبر في مهارات (الدحرجة والتمريرة القصيرة والمتوسطة والطويلة والتهديف القريب وضرب الكرة بالراس ) في كرة القدم قياسا الى اسلوبي الاحتواء والامري . 5 - تفوق اسلوب الاحتواء في نسب احتفاظ اكبر في مهارتي ( التهديف البعيد والاخماد) في كرة القدم قياسا الى اسلوبي التنافس المقارن والامري . واوصى الباحث بما ياتي : 1 - استخدام اسلوبي ( التنافس المقارن والاحتواء ) في تعليم بعض المهارات الاساسية بكرة القدم ( الدحرجة والمناولة القصيرة والمتوسطة والطويلة والتهديف القريب والبعيد والاخماد وضرب الكرة بالراس )على طلاب الرابع الاعدادي. 2 - ضرورة اهتمام مدرسي التربية في المدارس باستخدام اسلوب التنافس المقارن والاحتواء في تعليم بعض المهارات الاساسية بكرة القدم والاحتفاظ بها. 3 - عمل دورات تدريبية للمدرسين في الخدمة وتهيئتهم لاستخدام طرق التدريس واساليبه الحديثة ومنها اسلوبي (التنافس المقارن والاحتواء) وتعريفهم بابعادهموافوائدهما.واقترح الباحث : 1 - اجراء دراسات لاسلوبي التنافس المقارن والاحتواء على مراحل دراسية اخرى من البنين للعبة كرة القدم .2 - اجراء دراسات اخرى لاسلوبي التنافس المقارن والاحتواء على مراحل دراسية اخرى من البنين والبنات لالعاب رياضية مختلفة . | Rapid changes in the teaching fields are of the main features of our time that should be encouraged to be suitable used and adopted. Teaching process is no more focusing on information presented for the learner but depends on methods used by the teacher to organize and apply the curriculum suitable and successful to obtain information from various resources. The current study aims at : - Revealing the impact of using comparative competition and inclusion styles in teaching some of the basic skills in football. - Comparing the impact of using comparative competition and inclusion styles in teaching some of the basic skills in football in pre test. - Comparing both comparative competition and inclusion styles in retention of some of the basic skills in football.The researcher has hypothesized the following : - There are statistical differences between pre and post tests for the study groups in teaching some basic skills of football. - There are statistical differences in post test for the study groups in teaching some basic skills of football. - There are statistical differences for the study groups in maintaining some basic skills of football. Experimental approach is used for its suitability to the study approach. The study sample consisted of (60) the fourth secondary stage students at Al Kindi School for Boys in Nineveh for the year (2009 - 2010). They were divided into three experimental groups, (20) students for each and (20) students for the third control group. Each of the methods developed by the researcher was applied to teaching some of the basic skills of football as follows : - 1st experimental group : comparative competition method. - 2nd experimental group : inclusion method. - Control group : imperative method. Equivalence has been achieved for the three groups regarding age, weight and height and some of the physical fitness affecting the development of basic skills in football. The main experiment took about (8) weeks with two teaching units a week, lasting for (45) minutes. The main experiment started on Sunday 21st February 2010 and finished on Wednesday 14th March 2010. Mean, standard deviation, simple correlation factor, T test for two correlated means, one direction variance analysis, Duncan test and percentage were the statistical means used in the study. The study sums up with the following : 1. The three methods, comparative competition, inclusion and the imperative, are efficient in teaching the basic skills (rolling, short, medium and long pass, close and distant shooting, hitting the ball with head) in football with various rates. 2. Comparative method is better than the inclusion and the imperative methods in teaching some of the basic skills in football (rolling, short, medium and long pass, close shooting, hitting the ball with head).3. Inclusion method is better than the comparative and the imperative methods in teaching distant shooting skill in football. 4. Comparative method is better than the inclusion and the imperative methods in maintaining some of the basic skills in football (rolling, short and medium pass, close shooting, hitting the ball with head).5. Inclusion method is better than the comparative and the imperative methods in teaching distant shooting skill in football. The researcher has recommended the following : 1. Using comparative and inclusion styles in teaching some of the basic skills in football (rolling, short, medium and long pass, close and distant shooting, hitting the ball with head) for the fourth secondary stage students. 2. Paying more attention by physical sport teachers to use comparative and inclusion methods in teaching and maintaining some of the basic skills of football. 3. Establishing training courses for the teachers to be qualified for using modern teaching methods, including comparative competition and inclusion. The following are suggested by the researcher : 1. Making other studies using comparative competition and inclusion methods in for other teaching stages for boys in football. 2. Making other studies using comparative competition and inclusion methods in for other teaching stages for boys and girls in various games.

تعليل الاحكام الشرعية عند شيخ الاسلام ابن تيمية في العبادات والمعاملات : كتاب مجموع الفتاوى انموذجا == Justification of Islamic Rules At Islamic Shaik Bin Taimia in worships and treatments The book of Fatwas (prototype

اسم المؤلف: مهند عبد الجبار محمد فتحي الحياني
اسم المشرف: فرحان احمد علي
الموضوع العام: العلوم الاسلامية
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: العلوم الاسلامية
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: ان مسالة تعليل الاحكام في الشريعة الاسلامية من المسائل المهمة والتي تضيف الى الشريعة سمة الاصلاح لكل زمان ومكان؛ ومن هنا كان عملي في هذا البحث المتواضع، والذي يمكن ان يستخلص بما يلي : ان تعليل الاحكام ثابت بالكتاب الكريم، والسنة المطهرة، وافعال الصحابة ، ولا يمكن ان يمنعه احد.ان الكلام الحاصل في مسالة تعليل الاحكام، والاختلاف الذي دار بين المجيزين والمانعين، هو خلاف مبناه على تعليل افعال الله تعالى في مسالة العقائد، والتي جرى الخلاف فيها بين المعتزلة واهل السنة على مسالة التحسين والتقبيح، فادخل اصول الفقه فيما ليس منه، فلا بد من دراسة كل مسالة على حدا.ان الاصل في الاحكام الشرعية التعليل سواء في العبادات، او المعاملات وهذا الذي قال به شيخ الاسلام ابن تيمية (رحمه الله)، وثبت بالواقع العملي لدى الفقهاء جميعا انهم يقولون بالتعليل، ولكن منهم المكثر ومنهم المقل، وعلى العموم نستطيع ان نقول بان جميعهم قال بالتعليل بتطبيقه الفقهي، وان خالف في قوله اللفظي.ان مسالة التعليل هي صلب المقاصد، وركنها الركين، ومراعاتها مراعاة للمقاصد الشرعية التي شرعت لاجلها الاحكام.وعلى هذا يعتبر شيخ الاسلام ابن تيمية (رحمه الله) من الموسعين في مسالة التعليل، حتى انه فاق الشاطبي (رحمه الله) الذي اشتهر بمراعاة المقاصد.ان للتعليل اهمية عظيمة، وفائدة كبيرة تتلخص بجعل الشريعة دائمة ومصلحة لكل زمان ومكان، ومن منع التعليل كان جامدا على ظواهر النصوص مما جعله يتكلف القول في بعض المسائل التي لا تقبلها العقول السليمة مثل مسالة استاذن البكر في الزواج فانها اذا صمتت كان في ذلك اشارة على القبول، واذا نطقت بالقبول منعت بحجة مخالفة ظاهر النص!ولا بد من مراعاة النسب الثلاث (الزمان والمكان وحال الشخص)؛ لان الشريعة راعتها، فاذا تغيرت احدى هذه النسب تغير الحكم الشرعي.وعلى تعليل المسائل فان اخراج القيمة في الزكاة اذا كان لحاجة الفقراء، وتحقيق المصلحة من سد حاجاتهم اكثر منها في الامور العينية وجب اخراج القيمة؛ لتحقيق مقصد الشريعة من تشريع الزكاة. وان من افطر بالاكل، او الشرب في نهار رمضان وهو يريد الجماع، وجبت في حقه كفارة الجماع، ولم يكتفي بالقضاء فقط سدا للذريعة.ومن هذا القبيل ذهب شيخ الاسلام (رحمه الله) الى عدم اشتراط الطهارة في الطواف، وعلى هذا جوز الطواف للحائض عند الحاجة، كذهاب الرفقة، او عدم الاستطاعة للرجوع للحج في العام القابل، ونحو ذلك. والقول الراجح هو جواز الصلاة في اوقات النهي اذا كانت من ذوات الاسباب؛ لان علة النهي كانت سدا للذريعة، وما منع سدا للذريعة يفعل عند حصول المصلحة الراجحة، كصلاة تحية المسجد ونحوها، وقد اول احاديث النهي بالتطوع المطلق التي ليس لها سبب متقدم.وان ابدال الوقف حتى المساجد بمثلها او بخير منها للحاجة او المصلحة وكذلك ابدال الهدى والاضحية والمنذور وكذلك ابدال المستحق بنظيره اذا تعذر صرفه الى المستحق والابدال يكون تارة بان يعوض فيها بالبدل وتارة بان يباع ويشترى بثمنها المبدل.وان العلة في التسعير على الناس متعلقة بتحقيق مصلحة ودفع مضرة عنهم، فمتى تحقق ذلك كان على الامام ان يسعر لهم ليس ثمن الاعيان فحسب، بل ادخله بكل ما يحتاج اليه الناس كاجرة الصناع، فان على الامام ان يسعر لهم الاجرة اذواقع ظلم وحيف على الناس.وختاما : فان التعليل جعل الشريعة متسمة بالخلود، والتيسير والتخفيف، فعل من يتصدر الافتاء، او التعليم ان يراعي هذا الجانب لكي لا ينشا جيل بعيد جامد على نصوص الائمة، او متطاولا عليهم، فلا يكون بين افراط وتفريط، بل ليكن وسطا بين طرفي نقيض.وصلى الله وسلم على سيدنا محمد  وعلى اله واصحابه الكرام، وعلى الائمة الاعلام | The matter of justification of Islamic rules (sharia) is considered to be an important matter which adds to sharia the feature of reification in the both timeand place, from here I started my job in this search , which could be extracted as followed : Justification in rules is fixed in holly Quran , in pure suna and in the followers (sahaba) deals, and nobody could prevent if the speech in rules justification and the difference between Forgivers and preventers , is a difference based on justification of Allah deeds within the matter of creeds by which the difference happened between Al Moatazila and people of Al Suna on the improvement and ugly matter , so that Osul Al fiqh is entered, so each matter should be studied separately .The source of sharia rules is the justification whether in worships or treatments as Shaikh of Islam Ibn Taimia mentioned , and it has been proved practically on injustice that they treat within justification.The matter of justification is the base of intentions .so that , Ibn Tamia is considered to be the extensioner in justification matter , in spite of Al Shatiby surpassing who was well - known in observance of intentions. Justification has a great important which could be briefed as making sharia intrest in both time and place , and who prevents justification is considered to be hard at texts outwards which makes him burden in some matters which fine brains couldn't accept them .We should observe the three proportions (time, place and a person's situation) as sharia observed them , and changing one of them , Islamic rule is changed . justification of matters , the value is extracted for poor people need in giving alms and achieving the interest to satisfy them in kinds , to a chief the purpose of Al Sharia from giving alms legislation.Who eats and drinks too much during the day of Ramadan and at the same time he wants to make a sex ,he has to do the expiation of sex .like , sheikh of Islam goes not to stipulate the purity from roaming , that why he allows roaming for menstruating on need , such as going with follower and so on. The contingent saying is to allow to do the pray in preventing times when she has own whys. The reason in pricing on people is related to achieve an interest and at the same time to pay out a harm from them . whenever this thing is achieved , Imam has to price for them not as a price of chiefs , but he makes it as all people need just like the wages of workers and Imam must price a wage for them when injustice falls on then . Finally : Justification made sharia characterize by immortality , facilitation , so who gives a legal opinion or teaching must observe this side in order not arise generation is far off Imams texts . Allah bless upon Mohamed as well as his followers .

صناعة الفتوى في المناهج الاصولية == Industrg advisorg opinion the curriculum of fundamentalist

اسم المؤلف: كامه ران اورحمن مجيد الشهرزوري
اسم المشرف: محيي هلال السرحان
الموضوع العام: العلوم الاسلامية
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: اصول الفقه
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Praise be to God, we praise Him and seek His help and forgiveness, and seek refuge with Allah from the evils of ourselves, and our evils, from Allah guides not misleading him, and not mislead guide rod , and I bear witness that there is no god but Allah alone with no partner, and I bear witness that Muhammad is His slave and His Messenger ( peace be upon him) either : After being accepted into graduate studies - PhD - I thought a lot to the topic worthy of study and writing, and is the site acceptance science students and researchers, began first stood in relation to the title took place in the heart, but God willing, that I edit it. Then turned to consider the mind to the people of the assets, but after the submission of title and approval, and even collect some of the sources and write it, they told me that the title of the advisory opinion submitted by the former is better and more befitting writing, I decided on : (Industrial fatwa fundamentalism in the curriculum). Have urged me to choose this topic for several reasons, notably : * That the fatwa is the area in which they exercised for you are a member of the advisory board in the town of Halabja in the late nineties. * The importance of the topic, opinion, theory is not a subject, taught as issues purely theoretical, it's about the life in every age and city, the daily need for Muslims. * This story is the subject of convergence between assets and doctrine, and the worker Researcher together. * The search for the Fatwa, is a search for religious texts, the Book of the Year, which is the aim of every Muslim to live with the text, and enter this in the form of worship. * Because the opinion is one of the most important actions of the Prophet (peace be upon him) in his career, was the subject of interest in all the ages can not do without them all. We know that Islamic law is described as timeless and place, the eternal law, it is known that the Islamic texts do not absorb all the details of the provisions, but showed general rules, and thus opened the way for an fatwa and ijtihad And because it is known that the fatwa and ijtihad change with time, place, customs and conditions, it shows us that we should look out for and the importance and role, and the need for people among the Muslims, and that he could not free the earth from the fatwa and ijtihad, and this makes us to look at the issue of fatwa as one of the most important issues that must be taken care of before Darcy forensic science, and this is what prompted me to choose this subject and title. On the other hand the large number of disturbances and contradictions, and even clear breaches of the texts are true and frank and even peremptory, is the other requires us to indicate what the fatwa and terms and is qualified to issue fatwa and accept him the fatwa, and be harsh breaking into the door of the advisory and not the people of her. As well as the politicization of the fatwa by the multiple destinations, is the other requires us to warn Muslims of the serious consequences of such attempts. And many stalactites and developments that are unparalleled in Islamic history, is also a reminder of the need to address the advisory opinion, to abide by the terms of the fatwa. And since I knew that if you are a Muslim Lovers to see the convergence points of the eyes of Muslims, and respect for dissenting views in the Jurisprudence and Fatwa, I hope to serve the research towards this noble goal. Difficulties during the writing : Undoubtedly, there is no student looking for a topic, however, has faced some difficulties, either because of the scarcity of sources and I said, either because of special circumstances the student and his personal situation, or other reasons, but for this research, I had these problems already, in the days collection of resources you need urgent to some sources, what got them no matter the effort made, and for special circumstances, I was at one time studied in college, I worked in writing, not to mention the things the mosque and other problems. The curriculum used in this study is the inductive analytical approach, where I track the issue of content then stand on the positions in question.As for the Syntheses of the topic : The fatwa, as we have said from the topics of the utmost importance, so abounded Syntheses where, by ancient and modern, too, though I did not find many contemporary compositions : Perhaps one of the first who wrote in the fatwa as an independent book - according to my knowledge - is Abu al - Qasim Chimri though his book has been received but that the Ibn al salah, nuclear and others, brought about between augmented and eyeballs. , And Al - Khatib Abu Bakr al - Baghdadi, (al - Faqih, consistent), and then came the Ibn salah He formed his literature Mufti and Liquid , nuclear motion, then : Ethics fatwa and the Grand Mufti and Liquid, and every one of them benefited from his predecessor and said what he sees necessary. Then relay the authoring wrote Jamal al - Din Al Qassimi : Fatwa in Islam, and Ibn Hamdan : Recipe fatwa, Mufti and Liquid, and so on. For the scientists discussed within Tolevathm fundamentalism, Most they reported with the door of ijtihad. I have seen from the appropriate division of research into chapters and sections, and makes in five chapters, each chapter includes three sections or more, and all Study consists of three demands or more, in the first chapter began definitions title search, and compare the vocabulary title including similar, then spoke on the Opinion on the Legality of the book and the year effects, and then talked about the honor of the fatwa and the threat and the need for it. In the second chapter offered tools advisory opinion of the conditions of the fatwa, the mufti, and the Liquid and the respondent, and its corners, and the types of the fatwa, Mufti, including Turning to the question of interruption of diligence and persistence, and Liquid , then spoke about the provisions of the advisory opinion and authority. Devoted Chapter III : Methodology for an advisory opinion from the era of the Prophet (peace be upon him) to the present age. As for the fourth quarter and makes it to search for the sources of opinion, which I spoke on the sources of the mufti mufti, in which I saw fit without boring detail or in violation of a shortcut, and then I pointed to the sources of opinion when teams like the Shiites and the outsiders and the isolationists and the people of the year. And made the Chapter V special attention to examine the effects of the advisory opinion, and influenced by the fatwa, stating that the impact of opinion on politics, and their impact on thought and belief, and on the doors jurisprudence, then the effects on the advisory opinion of the place and time, custom and politics and is on the advisory opinion. Then comes the conclusion, and remember the most important findings during this round of scientific, and ask God Almighty to have maybe all that is to serve Islam and Muslims, and to make this modest effort in the balance of Girati the Day of Judgement, Day whereon neither wealth nor sons, but of God came interpretation of the meaning and intention, sincere work zone. I say finally he said that : the risk of safety error, something is difficult in humans, faster to God and to the Blazers, and forgives those who forgive. Selected response quote

The similarities and differences between the Almawardi And Farra in the jurisprudence of the financial management in their books The provisions bowl a comparative study

اسم المؤلف: عبد الله قورباني كرم
الموضوع العام: العلوم الاسلامية
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: العلوم الاسلامية
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: الحمد لله الذي بنعمته تتم الصالحات، والصلاة والسلام على من ختم الله به النبوات واكمل به الرسالات، نبينا محمد وعلى اله وصحبه اجمعين والتابعين ومن تبعهم باحسان الى يوم الدين. وبعد ان من الله علي بتوفيقه لي على اتمام هذا البحث المتواضع الموسوم بـ ( اوجه الاتفاق والاختلاف بين المواردي والفراء في فقه الادارة المالية من خلال كتابيهما الاحكام ا لسلطانية - دراسة مقارنة ). الذي اشتمل على مقدمة وفصل تمهيدي وثلاثة فصول اخرى. اود ان الخص اهم ما فيه وكالاتي : • اما المقدمة : فقد بينت فيها اهمية الموضوع، واسباب اختياري له، واهم الصعوبات التي واجهتني اثناء اعدادي لهذه الرسالة، وكذلك بينت خطة البحث، ومنهجي الذي سلكته فيه.• وخصصت الفصل التمهيدي للتعريف بالمصطلح ( الاحكام ) لغة واصطلاحا, ثم التعريف بالمصطلح ( السلطانية ) كذلك، ومن ثم تعريف لمصطلح (الاحكام السلطانية) معا. وبينت ايضا مفهوم ( فقه الادارة ) لغة واصطلاحا، كما ذكرت مقومات الادارة باختصار. •وقد تناولت في الفصل الاول ترجمة موجزة لشخصيتي الماوردي والفراء، فبدئت بالكلام عن عصرهما الذي عاشا فيه من الناحية السياسية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية والعلمية والفكرية. ثم بدئت بترجمة الامام ابو الحسن علي بن محمد بن حبيب، الماوردي المتوفى سنة (450هـ )، ومن ثم بترجمة الامام ابو يعلى محمد بن الحسين بن محمد بن خلف بن احمد بن الفراء المتوفى سنة (458هـ). فبينت اسمهموانسبهما، وكنيتهموالقبهما، والبلدة التي ولدا بها، وانتسبا اليها. وقمت بالتعريف باسرتهما، وذكرت تاريخ ولادتهما، وبينت نشاتهما، وابرز صفاتهمواعاداتهما. وتكلمت عن طلبهما للعلوم الشرعية والعربية، وعن رحلتهما في سبيل اخذهوامعرفتها، وتلقيها عن كبار الشيوخ وائمتها حتى بلغا في ذلك الغاية، وادركا المنزلة السامية، وصارا من كبار ائمة الامة. وتكلمت عن مكانتهما العــلمية. وبعد ذلك ذكرت شيوخهمواتلامذتهموااهم مؤلفاتهموااثارهما العلمية، ثم تكلمت عن تاريخ وفاتهما، ومكان دفنهما.• وقد خصصت ايضا الفصل الثاني والثالث لدراسة وبيان اوجه الاتفاق والاختلاف بين الامامين الماوردي والفراء في موضوع ( فقه الادارة المالية ) الذي يشمل : ( الزكاة، والفيء والغنيمة، والجزية والخراج وعشور التجارة ). وفي هذه الدراسة قمت بالمقارنة بينهمواذلك بذكر ارائهمواادلتهما مقارنا باراء فقهاء المذاهب الاسلامية، وادلة كل فريق مع ذكر وجه الدلالة، وما ناقش به كل فريق ادلة الفريق الاخر، وانتهيت في اخر كل المسالة الى ترجيح احد الاراء، وما فعلته من الترجيح لم يكن ناشئا عن هوى او تعصب لمذهب، ولا فوقية على المذاهب، وانما بسبب ضعف دليل او حديث الراي الاخر الذي اعتمد عليه الفقيه، او لكون الراجح في تقديري محققا لمصلحة معاصرة. وفي الختام اقول : لم ادع اني وفيت الموضوع حقه، وحسبي اني بذلت فيه قصارى جهدي، فما كان فيه من صواب فذلك من توفيق الله وحده، وما كان فيه من خطا فمن نفسي، واسال الله المولى جل شانه المغفرة. | Praise God that His grace is righteous, and prayers and peace be upon the seal of God by prophecy and completed by the messages, our Prophet Muhammad and his family and companions and followers, and followed them in truth until the Day of Judgement. After that Allah has bestowed me for doing the completion of this research is marked by modest (the similarities and differences between the Almawardi And Farra in the jurisprudence of the financial management in their books the provisions bowl - a comparative study). Which included an introduction and an introductory chapter and three other chapters. I would like to summarize the most important of which are as follows : • The Introduction : It has demonstrated the importance of the subject, and the reasons for his optional, and the most important difficulties that I faced during my preparation for this message, and also indicated the research plan, and systematically taken by it.• The introductory chapter devoted to the definition of the term (Conditions) language and idiomatically, then the definition of the term (Bowl) as well, and then the definition of the term (provisions Bowl) together.The concept also shown (jurisprudence Administration) language and idiomatically, as I mentioned briefly the elements of management.• The first chapter dealt with in a summarized translation of the characters, talking about their time they had lived in terms of political, social, economic, scientific and intellectual. Then initiated the translation of Imam Abu al - Hasan Ali bin Mohammed bin Habib, Al Mawardi who died in (450AH), and then translating Imam Abu Yaela Muhammad bin al - Husayn bin Muhammad bin Khalaf bin Ahmed bin Al Farra died in (458 AH). Whose names and she stated their parentage, and surname, the town where they born, and belonged to it. And I defined their family, and stated date of their birth, and showed their emergence, and highlighted the qualities and spoke about the request of Forensic Sciences and Arabic, and the trip to be taken and knowledge of, and received by senior elders and imams until they reached the end, and realized the status of the great scholars , and have come from senior leaders and spoke about their scientificpositions And I mentioned their teachers, students and the important scientific implications, then spoke about the history of their death, place of burial.• It has also devoted Chapter II and III of the study and statement of agreement and disagreement between the Imams Mawardi and farra on the subject (the jurisprudence of financial management), which includes : (Zakat, and booty, and the poll tax, levy and (on tenth) Commerce). In this study, I compared them by mentioning their views and evidence for comparing the views of scholars of Islamic sects, and the evidence for each team with an indication of the significance, and discussed by all team guides the other team, and finished at the end of each issue to the likelihood of a consensus, and the action of the weighting was not emerging on or intolerance to the doctrine, nor to the doctrines of superiority, but because of weak evidence or other opinion talk, which was adopted by al - Faqih, or the fact that the correct view in my opinion the interest of contemporary interest.In conclusion, I say : I did not let the right topic and that I made it my best, what was the right of it from the help of God alone, but if it was wrong, it is myself, and I ask Allah the Almighty would forgiveness.The last prayer is praise be to Allah, Lord of the WorldsAnd blessings of Allah be upon our beloved Muhammad and his family and him.

النظام الاخلاقي في مصادر الديانات السماوية الثلاث : دراسة مقارنة

اسم المؤلف: عبد الباسط احمـد حسن الطه
اسم المشرف: وليد عبد الجبار احمد
الموضوع العام: العلوم الاسلامية
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: اديان
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: I finished this research is marked by b (the moral order in the three monotheistic religions) I mean all of these religions, ethics and showed that without it can not be happy with communities, and now is often communities suffer from the actions of non - decent, which is of course contrary to the rules of morality that came prophets or at peace with it scholars and wise men. Reported in this research About Ethics Judaism and Christianity, Islamic, and during this round of rapid heavenly religions mentioned in the first chapter the foundations of moral order in Judaism, and it is based on in the Torah, thenthe Ten Commandments that was brought by Moses stated ethics Jews and their attributes through Koran said about them, and then bear them Vhrvo distortion of what brought and messengers peace be upon themhim the Torah, and attributed to God money Iaklh sane or accepts Blade ignorant . Reported in the second chapter of the moral order in Christianity that Jesus came a letter with bright white, complementary to the message of Moses but the religion of Jesus, as he named the other is the religion of moral Vnit moral care seriously, and a telling example of this : Sermon on the Mount or (Beatitudes), as well as the Ten Commandments in the Christian religion. Stated in Chapter III of the moral order of Islam, which is the Ten Commandments in the AL cattle, or like the other verses where is an isasset for the Islamic regime, but the very mission of the Prophet the completion of manners, but outlined a system of ethics, saying the media asked him : "Do not tell you the best ethics of the people of this world and the Hereafter, up from Qtek, and give the Ahramk, and forgive those who wronged you, not one who wants to extend his age, and simplifies the living pray a mercy "(1). In conclusion, I ask God to make this work purely for Allah's sake, and to help us because He loves and which pleases Him .

المنهج التفسيري عند النحاس في كتابه (معاني القران)

اسم المؤلف: ميس سعد يوسف
اسم المشرف: قوام الدين عبد الستار محمد الهيتي
الموضوع العام: العلوم الاسلامية
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: التفسير
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: After this companionship beneficial and anti in the book (the meanings of the Qur'an), I tried through which to view the lives of copper and its origins, what you can afford it, also tried to uncover its approach in the interpretation of the interpretation of (the meanings of the Qur'an), and the results of this journey, and the writing of this modest research, reached the following results : First : You've received a copper Sciences at the hands of the elders of his day leading, and most notably (Abu Ishaq glass) and (Abdallah Bin Ahmad Nisabori). Second : a student of his hands a large number of students of science and of them (Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Knights of grammar) and (Mohammad Bin Mohammad Azadi). III : revealed his works in various forensic science, including manuscript and printed. IV : The copper on the high scientific standing, as evidenced by scholars praise him, and agreed to the vastness of his knowledge and goodness, which it described as biographical. V : I took copper considerable interest in the interpretation Mathur, through interpretation of Qur'an by the Qur'an, and interpretation of the Koran of the Year, and interpretation of the Qur'an statements companions and followers, and tried to clarify its interpretation of the conversations weak and developed, and weakens the weak hadith, but despite this, has included This book talks on some weak and developed. VI : The copper has mentioned some of the Israeli interpretation, and had never followed them, and so was an emulator for some commentators. VII : The copper care is considerable interest in language and grammar, it has been used too often and to clarify the linguistic detective verses, and the use of language in matters of doctrine, and guidance of the readings and said the existence of localized words in the Koran. Eighth : We care a great interest in copper readings, face readings, where the interpretation of language and manner, and he often gives readings of anomalies in the interpretation. IX : as well as care in some of the Quranic sciences, as reasons to come down, and Mecca and civil. Tenth : The method shown in the burner and copied, as well as when to introduce provisions in the verses of the Koran does not fanatically, but little of the doctrine of several views, was cautious in transport, and the value of scientific evidence for this interpretation of its impact on the interpretations that came after him

المراة بين القيادة والتمرد والاذعان في القران الكريم : دراسة موضوعية == Women between the leadership and rebellion and acquiescence in the Holy Quran : Study objective

اسم المؤلف: ندى مجيد ثلج
اسم المشرف: زياد علي دايح الفهداوي
الموضوع العام: العلوم الاسلامية
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: التفسير
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The Quran is the book of God Almighty, make it a constitution for the slaves, and within those who work by faith and hope of reward, happiness in both realms. From here came the attention of the faithful the book of their Lord, Vkthert around their studies past and present, to draw from sciences and Hdayate precious, still in every age show studies and research show an aspect of the Holy Quran by Any Other incidents, etc. This is nothing but the fact that the Qur'aan is the Book of God eternal good of each time and place. And familiar with the texts of the Qur'an al - Hakim, he finds it is taken up within it some of the verses that talks about women, and these verses describe the different roles carried out by multiple women reminded them the Koran, if they have influence or directly affected including around them such as spouse or the parish, whether this effect or influenced by positive or negative has appeared in our time a lot of literature pertaining to women and their role in society, Fajtfatt around views and a variety of passions, which showed the civic organizations and other rights calling for equality between men and women and lack of commitment to the curriculum Quranic drawn to women and men in this life, which put both in place of its own, and I wanted to make Dlouhy in this topic making the exporters of the foundation the Koran, came here from my research is marked by (women between the leadership and rebellion and acquiescence in the Holy Quran) to be the cause of an optional subject of a study of women's roles different from the perspective of the Holy Qur'an, to show the characteristics and advantages women in the Qur'anic text. And appropriate methodology of the study year to be the message in three chapters, preceded by an introduction and preface, followed by the conclusion included the most important findings of the research. After this round of Quranic blessed with a woman, I would like to recall here the most important findings, I say : 1. Through this study appeared, calls for women to be in the social and educational institutions and away from institutions with hard work and is suitable for the composition and Hacmtha. 2. The inadmissibility of the mandate of women to men, although men are coming into women, and I appreciate them, and incompetent 3. The nature of colonialism, when invading a country, be the first hum corrupt people of the country morally and socially so subject to their power, and then publicly humiliate and supervision so as not followed by their own people, and then be easier for them to lead the people and the exploitation of resources of the country, and to harness their resources to their advantage. 4. There is no obedience to any creature in disobedience to the Creator, and we note that in the work of Ms. Asia Muzahim girl was the wife of Pharaoh's wife was obedient but they know their rights violated when the Pharaoh ordered her husband wanted her to worship and leave the worship of God - the Almighty -

المباحث العقدية في سورة الزمر

اسم المؤلف: كنعان بشير ابراهيم علي الجبوري
اسم المشرف: مكي حسين حمدان الكبيسي
الموضوع العام: العلوم الاسلامية
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: اصول الدين
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

الدكتور حمد عـبـيـد الـكـبـيــســي وجـهــوده الاصـــولــيــة == Dr. Hamad Obaid Al - Kubaisi and his Islamic Fundamentalist Efforts

اسم المؤلف: عمر صائب صالح عداي الحياني
اسم المشرف: بشير مهدي الطيف الكبيسي
الموضوع العام: العلوم الاسلامية
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: اصول الفقه
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This thesis is a scientific research entitled as ( Dr. Hamad Obaid Al - Kubaisi and his Fundamentalist Efforts ) . This thesis deals with a character of a famous Islamic scientist of Islamic Jurisprudence from Iraq and his valuable efforts in Islamic Jurisprudence . This research consists of three parts preceded by an introduction finalized by an ending . The introduction deals with the importance of Jurisprudence science and why did I choose such subject then I mentioned the division of the research .Part one of the research was about the era in which the Dr. Hamad Obaid Al - Kubaisi lived , in terms of political , economical , social , religious and scientific conditions ; all these information were in the chapter one of the part one .Displaying the Biography of Dr. Hamad was in chapter two , whereas his scientific Biography in chapter three. Part two of this study deals with efforts in Islamic Jurisprudence in his books , that was in the chapter one of this part . Then what did he give in Islamic Jurisprudence in his research paper , that was in chapter two of this part .The third chapter of this part deals with his efforts in learning , supervising , discussions and his upgraded researches .The final part of this thesis is about his choices and preponderance in Islamic Jurisprudence . Dr. Hamad’s choices and preponderance are compared with the choice and preponderance of other scientists then I mention what Dr. Hamad preponderated after that I preponderate what I think it is the right choice .At the end of the thesis there is an ending that deals with the results and the recommendations of this research and they are as fellow : 1 - Dr. Hamad lived in hard political and economical events that passed on Iraq , but these events did not affect on his request which was the science till he became a figure in this world .2 - Sheik Dr. Hamad is regarded as an important , global character that supported the Islamic library in more than one science such as the Islamic low , low, Arabic language science , Islamic economy and the Islamic thoughts.3 - His Jurisprudence efforts are distinguished with richness , easiness with taking into consideration the methods of the old scientist of the Islamic Jurisprudence. 4 - Sheik Dr. Hamad took a perfect manner in writing the Islamic Jurisprudence research by mentioning the Islamic Jurisprudence providing from the Islamic low and the low itself ,with the consideration into the era of the students . 5 - Sheik Dr. Hamad used variety of words to clarify his choices and preponderances. Some of them are obvious such as : ( the chosen one ) , ( after searching that is the preponderated one ) and ( according to me that is the preponderated one) ; whereas some others came figuratively like ( this definition - as I think and that is the best definition among the good ones). The recommendations : 1 - Sheik Dr. Hamad left worthy efforts in Islamic low and Islamic economy represented by the researches and preponderances that deserve to be searched and studied , so I advice my fellow researchers to collect these efforts , study them and present them as scientific researches to get the master degrees . 2 - I recommend the researchers of the Islamic Jurisprudence to get benefit of Sheik Dr. Hamad Obaid Al - Kubaisi in writing the Islamic Jurisprudence researches , because his method has the features of clarity , accuracy, and briefness in mentioning the discussions of issues ; his method also combined between the methods of the old and the modern the Islamic Jurisprudence scientists . Finally I can not say that my thesis is perfect , cause no one has the ultimate perfect , but Allah . I ask Allah to get my writings and forgive me about every wrong thing he is the most forgiver. All the praises and thanks be to Allah the lord of worlds and peace and blessing be upon our prophet Muhammad, his family and all his companion

الجوانب الاقتصادية والمالية في سنن ابي داود في كتاب الزكاة == Economic and financial aspects in sunan abi dawud in the Book of Zakat

اسم المؤلف: نهى عبد الرحمن عدنان مجيد امين الطائي
اسم المشرف: احمد ياسين عبد | محمد دفيش محمود الجميلي
الموضوع العام: الادارة والاقتصاد
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: الاقتصاد الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: الحمد لله رب العالمين، والصلاة والسلام على المبعوث رحمة للعالمين نبينا محمد وعلى اله وصحبه ومن تبعه باحسان الى يوم الدين وبعد : نظرا لاهمية الاقتصاد والمال في حياة الانسان والشعوب وتاثيرها فيما يعاني العالم من ارزاء فان اهميتها تظهر واضحة جلية منذ ظهوره.فقد اعتنى الاسلام بالجانب الروحي اضافة الى عنايته بالجانب المادي جنبا الى جنب.فالقران الكريم المصدر الاول للتشريع في الاسلام وضع القواعد والاحكام والانظمة الكلية التي تنظم الحياة البشرية، ثم اردفها الله عز وجل بالسنة النبوية المصدر الثاني للتشريع التي فسرت ووضحت ما في القران من احكام وقواعد كلية وانظمة ومن هذه الانظمة التي ذكرها القران وبينتها السنة نظام فريد من نوعه لم يسبق اليه تشريع سماوي ولا تنظيم وضعي انه نظام الزكاة المالي الاقتصادي الاسلامي.ان الباحث في كتب السنة النبوية يجد انهزااخرة بالاحاديث الحاوية لاحكام الاقتصاد والمال والمعالجة لجميع المشكلات الاقتصادية، ومن تلك الكتب كتاب سنن ابي داود الذي حوى في طياته تلك الاحاديث ومنها احاديث كتاب الزكاة، فارتايت ان ابين من خلال هذه الاحاديث الجوانب الاقتصادية والمالية للزكاة.فالعالم اليوم يعاني من مشكلات اقتصادية ومالية اوقعته في مصائب لا حصر لها من الفقر، والبطالة، والمديونية، وغيرها بسبب التخبط في وضع القوانين والتشريعات والانظمة الاقتصادية، غافلين عن نظام الزكاة الذي لو طبق بشكله الصحيح لتم القضاء على كبرى المشكلات الاقتصادية والازمات المالية.ومن هنا تكمن فرضية البحث على بيان عمق ارتباط الجانب الروحي بالنشاطات والجوانب الاقتصادية الاسلامية اذ لا يمكن باي حال من الاحوال الفصل بين الروح (العبادة) والمادة (الاقتصاد) وهذه هي السمة التي ميزت نظام الزكاة الاسلامي عن باقي الانظمة الوضعية.وتبرز فكرة الرسالة من هذه الفرضية على ان نظام الزكاة نظام تعبدي عقدي من جهة، ومن جهة اخرى نظام اقتصادي مالي.وهذا التكامل بين الجانبين تحاول جهات كثيرة من اعداء الاسلام طمسه، واخفاءه، وتغييبه، حتى لا يستطيع العالم ان يعلم ما في نظام الزكاة الاسلامي من جوانب ونواحي اقتصادية ومالية تحل اعظم الازمات في انظمتهم الوضعية.فاهمية الزكاة الاقتصادية تزداد كلما ازدادت اهمية الاقتصاد والمال نفسه في الحياة، وخاصة في وقتنا الحاضر الذي يعيش فيه عالمنا في ظل التكتلات الاقتصادية الدولية والازمات المالية - المديونية - ولهذا اصبحت الدول الغربية توظف سياساتها الخارجية وعلاقاتها الدولية لخدمة الاقتصاد وليس الاقتصاد في خدمة السياسة.لذا فالتزام المسلمين باداء الزكاة ليس الغاية منه دفع المال للمحتاج في كل سنة كما يظن الكثير من الناس بل الغاية اكبر من ذلك وهي ان للزكاة جوانب اقتصادية كبيرة اهمها انشاء مجتمع اسلامي ذي اقتصاد قوي، ومستقل يحفظ للامة الاسلامية كيانهوااستقرارها.اما اذا لم يلتزم المسلمون بالنظام الاقتصادي الاسلامي وتوجيهاته الدينية والاخلاقية، فسوف يجبرون على قبول تغيرات غير سليمة في انظمتهم الاساسية وذلك نتيجة لاتباع مناهج اقتصادية مفروضة عليهم من الخارج تسعى نحو القضاء على المنهج الاقتصادي المستقل للاسلام.اما المنهج الذي اتبعه الباحث في رسالته، هو ايراد احاديث ابي داود التي وردت في كتاب الزكاة في المتن والتي تشير الى الجوانب الاقتصادية والمالية، ثم ايراد ما يدل على رقم الحديث والصفحة في الهامش وتخريج الحديث من كتب التخريج المعتمدة.وان ورد الحديث في الصحيحين او في احدهما فلا اخرج الحديث لاجماع الامة على صحتهما.ولم اغفل عن الموازنة بين اراء الفقهاء لاسيما المذاهب الاربعة في بعض المسائل.كما قمت باستخدام بعض الرسوم البيانية والجداول وسوق الامثلة التوضيحية لبيان الجوانب الاقتصادية والمالية للزكاة.فضلا عن ذلك وضحت اهم الانشطة والمسائل الاقتصادية التي تهم مجتمعنا الاسلامي في الوقت الحاضر لما يتعرض له من احقاد الدول الراسمالية المستعمرة ومن هذه الانشطة التنمية، والانتاج، والاستثمار، والاستهلاك، وعدالة التوزيع، وبينت دور الزكاة فيها.اما اهم الصعوبات التي واجهتني في البحث فتمثلت بتشعب الموضوع لانه يستمد من كتب الحديث، والفقه، والاقتصاد والمال، وهذه الكتب تحتاج الى دراسة واسعة، وبحث متامل ليتم التوفيق بينها، كما تم اغلاق معظم المكتبات للجرد والاعمار وهذا لا يناسب الطلبة الباحثين بل يؤدي الى تاثر المستوى العلمي للرسائل، والاطاريح.وبفضل الله عز وجل ومع صعوبة الموضوع وقلة ما معي من مصادر حاولت التوفيق بين هذه الكتب لابين الجوانب الاقتصادية والمالية في سنن ابي داود في كتاب الزكاة ولهذراايت ان اقسم الرسالة على اربعة فصول، تسبقها مقدمة وتمهيد وبعدها تراجم بعض الفقهاء والمحدثين، وخاتمة وقائمة في المصادروالمراجع.اما التمهيد : فبينت فيه حياة الامام ابي داود وما يتعلق بها من اسمه، ونسبه، وكنيته وبيئته وعصره الذي عاش فيه، وتلاميذه وشيوخه، وبينت مؤلفاته وتكلمت على اهمهواعن ثناء العلماء عليه، ووضحت شرطه في قبول رواية الحديث.واما الفصل الاول : فبينت فيه (اساسيات فريضة الزكاة في كتاب الزكاة في سنن ابي داود) وما يتعلق بها من احكام وشروط واموال ومصارف ولهذا فقد تضمن الفصل الاول مبحثين : الاول : التعريف بالزكاة واحكامهواشروطها.والثاني : الاموال التي تجب فيها الزكاة واحكامهوامصارفها.واما الفصل الثاني : فيركز على بعض الجوانب الاقتصادية للزكاة والتي من اهمها تحقيق التنمية الاقتصادية، وعلاج مشكلة الفقر والوصول الى حد الكفاية لذا فقد قسمت هذا الفصل على مبحثين : الاول منها : الجوانب التنموية للزكاة.والثاني : دور الزكاة في معالجة مشكلة الفقر.اما عن الانشطة الاقتصادية المتنوعة من استثمار وانتاج وعمل واستهلاك وادخار فكانت من نصيب الفصل الثالث : فبينت فيه الزكاة واهم الانشطة الاقتصادية. وتطلب تقسيمه على مبحثين : المبحث الاول : دور الزكاة في الاستثمار والانتاج.والمبحث الثاني : دور الزكاة في الاستهلاك والادخار.واما الفصل الرابع والاخير فقد تضمن الجوانب الاقتصادية للزكاة في سنن ابي داود في كتاب الزكاة وكان في ثلاثة مباحث : الاول : دور الزكاة في تحقيق عدالة التوزيع.والثاني : دور الزكاة في زيادة الانفاق ومعالجة الاكتناز.والثالث : الضمانات التي وضعتها الشريعة الاسلامية للمحافظة على اداء الزكاة وعدم التهرب منها.اهم النتائج وبعد ان انهينا القول في هذه الرسالة - بعون الله تعالى وتوفيقه - ارى ان ابين اهم النتائج : 1 - ان الامام ابا داود - رحمه الله - يتصف بصفات اهلته ان يكون صاحب المكانة المرموقة في المجتمع وان يكون له الثناء الطيب بين العلماء وخاصة المحدثين وكان من ابرز صفاته حسن خلقه، وسيرته الحسنة، وحفظه، وعلمه، وفقهه، ومعرفته بالاحاديث وعللها، وتواضعه الكبير لله عز وجل، ومن البديهي ان يلقى كتابه - السنن - القبول من كافة الناس وعلى اختلاف الازمان والمذاهب، ويكون ثالث كتب السنن الصحيحة لاحاديث النبي () فضربت فيه اكباد الابل ودامت اليه الرحل ما دام صاحبها يتسم بهذه الصفات والخصال الحميدة والعلم والدراية الواسعة.2 - تعد الزكاة من اهم موارد الدولة المالية والاقتصادية في الاسلام فضلا عن كونها عبادة مالية فرضها الله عز وجل، وان الاصل فيها هو تحقيق النماء والطهارة للمال ولنفس المزكي ولمستحق الزكاة، فلا تفرض الا بعد اكتمال النماء والمتمثل بحولان الحول في النقد، والانعام، وعروض التجارة او وقت الحصاد في الزروع والثمار، ووقت الاستخراج في المعادن.3 - ان الزكاة نظام جديد فريد في تاريخ الانسانية لانها تعد اول مؤسسة شاملة للتكافل الاجتماعي فهي تقوم عن طريق مصارفها الثمانية - التي حددها الله عز وجل في كتابه الكريم وبينتها السنة مفصلا - بتوفير الكفاية لكل افراد المجتمع الاسلامي الذين يتعرضون لظروف طارئة من فقر، او دين، او ازمة، او كارثة. فتضمن لجميع افراد المجتمع المستوى المعيشي اللائق والحياة الكريمة وبهذا تعد الزكاة نظام تامين شامل وكامل ومميز عن كل انظمة التامين في دول الغرب.4 - ان ما يتسم به تشريع الزكاة من اقتصاد في تكاليف الجباية من جهة، وسعة الوعاء من جهة اخرى يوفر موردا مناسبا لتمويل التنمية؛ ولان الفرد هو محور التنمية ذاتها فكان هدفها احداث تطور حضاري شامل عن طريق تفاعل متوازن بين العوامل الاقتصادية، والاجتماعية، والعقدية ولهذا فالزكاة تعمل على توفير المناخ الملائم للتنمية وعلى تنمية الامكانات البشرية ماديا، واقتصاديا، وعقائديا، وحتى سياسيا وعلى تحقيق هدف التنمية النهائي وهو حد الغنى لكل افراد المجتمع الاسلامي.5 - تعمل الزكاة بكونها نظاما اقتصاديا وماليا على مواجهة المعوقات التنموية، وعلاجها علاجا جذريا شافيا.6 - تمثل الزكاة اولى الخطوات الدفاعية التي وضعها الاسلام لمواجهة الفقر، ولو طبقت بالصيغة التي امر الاسلام بهواشرعها في نظامه الاقتصادي المالي، والتزم اغنياؤها الطريق المستقيم في الانفاق والاستهلاك لكانت كفيلة بحل مشكلة الفقر بل لا تكون هناك اي مشكلة او خطر يهدد المجتمعات.7 - ان الزكاة رفعت مستوى الفرد من حد الكفاف الى حد الكفاية وبذلك تكون قد غطت الحاجات الاساسية لافراد المجتمع.8 - ان الزكاة دافع ومحرك اساسي للانشطة المالية والاقتصادية حيث تشجع على الاستثمار من خلال وجوبها على الارصدة النقدية، والمسكوكات الذهبية والفضية، والمدخرات، والمكنوزات بمعدل 2.5% سنويا من شانها ان تحفز راس المال للاستثمارات المجزية التي تؤول الى تحقيق مقاصد الشرع في دوام تنمية المال وديمومة تداوله وتحقيق الرفاهية للفرد والمجتمع.9 - تاثر الزكاة وبشكل ايجابي على الانتاج لكونه محور كل نشاط اقتصادي وله غايات واهداف سامية من ابرزها تحقيق الرفاهية الشاملة، وتحقيق العدالة الاجتماعية وتنمية الثروات التي يحوزها الافراد والجماعات وبلزكاة ستتحقق هذه الغايات والاهداف.10 - تعمل الزكاة في النظام الاقتصادي الاسلامي على شحذ الهمم، ورفع المعنويات، وبعث العزائم للافراد والجماعات بما حرضهم عليه كتاب الله وسنة نبيه محمد () وذلك بايجاب العمل لكل قادر عليه لان العمل اساس الكسب وانه القوة الاساسية التي لا تستغني عنها اي عملية انتاجية ويبرز هنا الجانب الاقتصادي المهم للزكاة بان منعت القادرين على العمل والكسب من الزكاة حتى تبعد عنهم روح الاتكال والتكاسل والاذلال فبالعمل الدؤوب يستطيع الانسان ان يحقق ما يتمناه.11 - تعد الزكاة وسيلة اساسية من وسائل تنظيم العلاقة بين الاستهلاك والادخار لارتباطهما بعلاقة عكسية فزيادة الميل الحدي للاستهلاك يؤدي الى تناقص حجم الادخار، وبالعكس لانها تؤخذ من ذوي الدخول المرتفعة وتدفع الى ذوي الدخول المنخفضة فتكون الزكاة الاداة الفعالة في موازنة الاستهلاك مقارنة مع الادخار، وتحث على مبدا الوسطية في الاستهلاك والادخار.12 - ان للزكاة سمة تميزها عن غيرها من الانظمة وهي سمة التوزيع العادل فهي تؤثر بشكل فعال في اعادة توزيع الدخل وتقلل التفاوت بين الافراد في توزيع الثروات لانها تؤخذ من الغني سنويا وان كان غناه متناقصا طالما انه يملك ما يزيد عن النصاب، وتحقق بلك التوازن العادل في الدخول.13 - ان اساس فريضة الزكاة تحقيق التكافل والكفاية في بلد المال الذي وجبت فيه؛ لكن مع وجود السعة في اموالها، واستغناء اهل البلاد عنها يجوز نقلها الى اقرب البلاد الاسلامية او الى اشدها حاجة، وفي هذا تحقيق لاروع صور التكافل بين اهالي المناطق الاسلامية.14 - ان اخطر ما يؤول اليه المال ان يكون مقصودا لذاته، ويكون قوة تجعل من اصحابه دولة يستطيعون توظيفه في الاساءة ولهذا كانت ايات الانفاق تتكرر في معظم سور القران الكريم والاحاديث النبوية لتذكر الاغنياء بان عليهم فريضة لابد من دفعها ليبقى المال وسيلة تخدم الانسان وتجعل من افراد المجتمع وحدة تضامنية، فالانفاق يؤدي الى زيادة وارتفاع القدرة الشرائية (الانفاق الاستهلاكي) لدى الفقراء ويؤدي الى زيادة (الانفاق الانتاجي) لدى الاغنياء، وهذا يؤدي الى تحقيق عدالة توزيع الدخل بين الافراد.15 - ان اهم جوانب الزكاة الاقتصادية والمالية هي ان جعلت المال متداولا لان اكتناز الاموال من قبل الاغنياء يؤدي الى حجب الثروة عن اوجه الاستثمار، والتنمية، والانتاج وهذا الحجب يؤدي الى نشوء البطالة والطبقية وسيشهد المجتمع فسادا اخلاقيا، وماليا، واقتصاديا، وحتى امنيا.16 - ان الضمانات الموجودة في الزكاة اوفر من تلك الموجودة في الضريبة لانعدام اسباب التهرب الموجودة في الضريبة من جهة ولاعتبارات اخلاقية وعقدية من ناحية اخرى.17 - ان الزكاة يمكنها ان تساهم بشكل فعال في معالجة الكثير من المشاكل الاقتصادية والمالية في دول العالم الاسلامي الامر الذي يجعل التفكير في تنظيمهوااحيائها في شكل مؤسساتي مسالة ذات اولوية خاصة في الوقت الذي تعاني فيه هذه الدول من اختلالات شتى في الحياة الاقتصادية. | After we finished to say in this letter - with God's help and guidance - I see that I put in the conclusion and a summary of what we have said Donah : 1 - The Imam Abu Dawood - may God have mercy on him - is characterized by qualities enabled him to be his prestigious position in society and to have him praise the good among the scholars, especially modern and was of the most prominent attributes of good attitude, and his good, and save it, and knowledge, and his understanding, and knowledge of chatter and ills , and humility the great God Almighty, It is obvious that deliver a book - Sunnah - the acceptance of all people and at different times and doctrines, and is the ) hitting the livers ofthird book of Sunan correct sayings of the Prophet ( camels, as long as the nomadic as long as the owner is these qualities and good qualities and science and extensive knowledge. 2 - is the zakat of the most important resources of the state financial and economic developments in Islam as well as being the worship of money imposed by God Almighty, and the origin of which is to achieve growth and purity of the money for the same recommender and due Zakat, it is imposed only after the completion of development and of Bholan the year in cash, and cattle, and offers trade or in the time of harvest crops and fruits, and the time of extraction of minerals. 3 - The Zakat new system is unique in human history because it is the first institution of comprehensive social solidarity is based through its banks eight - set by God Almighty in the holy book and reflected the year in detail - to provide enough for all members of the Muslim community who are exposed to unforeseen circumstances of poverty, or religion, or crisis, or disaster. Guarantees the all members of the community standard of living decent and dignified life, and this is the Zakat system and fully comprehensive insurance and distinct from each insurance systems in western countries. 4 - What characterizes the legislation zakat from the economy in the cost of collection on the one hand, and the capacity of the receptacle on the other hand provides a resource suitable for financing for development; and because the individual is the focus of development itself was designed to make the development of cultural destruction through a balanced interaction between economic factors, social, and Streptococcus For this Zakaah working to provide the proper climate for development and the development of human potential physically, economically, and ideologically, and even politically, to achieve the final goal of development is fairly rich for all members of the Muslim community.5 - Zakat operating system being economically and financially to cope with developmental disabilities, and treatment of a radical treatment panacea.6 - represent the Zakat first defensive steps set by Islam to cope with poverty, even if applied as is Islam by and prescribed in its economic and financial, and committed Ogneawha the straight path in spending and consumption were strong enough to solve the problem of poverty, but there will be no problem or threat to communities. 7 - The Zakat raised the level of per capita subsistence level to know the adequacy and thus have covered the basic needs of members of the community.8 - The Zakat defended a key engine of the activities of the financial and economic terms, encouraging investment through the obligatory on cash balances, and coins of gold and silver, savings, and Almknosat rate of 2.5% per annum would stimulate capital investment rewarding that accrue to achieve the purposes of Islam in the time development money and the sustainability of trading and the welfare of the individual and society.9 - Zakat and influenced positively on the production for being the hub of all economic activity with the goals and objectives of the sublime, notably the overall well - being, and achieve social justice and the development of wealth held by individuals and groups, through Zakat will be achieved these goals and objectives.10 - work is due on the Islamic economic system of motivation, and morale, and sent only go to individuals and groups, including challenged them, by the Book of Allah and the Sunnah of ) and so positively to employment for all who can afford itProphet Muhammad ( because the work based on earnings and that the primary force that can not be dispensed with by any production and highlights the economic aspect is important here for Zakat that prevented unable to work and earn money from Zakat even away from them the spirit of dependence and laziness and humiliation Only through hard work that we can achieve what he wishes.11 - is the Zakat and essential means of the means of organizing the relationship between consumption and savings as they relate to an inverse relationship increase in the marginal propensity to consumption leads to a decrease in the volume of saving, and vice versa because it is taken from high - income and paid to low - income Vtkon Zakat effective tool in the budget of consumption compared with the savings, and urges the on the principle of moderation in consumption and savings.12 - The Zakat feature distinguishes it from other systems, a feature of equitable distribution, affecting the effective re - distribution of income and reduce inequality between individuals in the distribution of wealth as it is taken from the rich every year though its richness decreasing as long as it owns more than a quorum, and check the black equitable balance to enter.13 - The basis of Zakat to achieve synergy and efficiency in the country of money and traveled in it; but with a capacity in its own funds and dispensing with the people of the country it may be transported to the nearest Islamic country or to the most in need, and in this investigation of the finest images of interdependence between the people of the Muslim regions.14 - The most dangerous construed the money to him to be intended for itself, and be a force to make of his companions, the State can employ in the abuse and this was the verses of expenditure is repeated in most of the Holy Quran and the hadith to remember the rich that they have a duty to be paid to keep the money and means to serve man and make it members of the community solidarity and unity, leading to increased spending and rising purchasing power (consumer spending) of the poor and lead to an increase (capex) for the rich, and this leads to achieve the equitable distribution of income among individuals. 15 - The most important aspect of Zakat economic and financial is that made money trader because the hoarding of funds by the rich result in a denial of wealth from the types of investment, development, production and blockage of this leads to the emergence of unemployment and class and community will corrupt morally, and financially, economically, and even security. 16 - The existing safeguards in the Zakat cheaper than those found in the reasons for the lack of tax evasion in the tax on the one hand and moral and doctrinal considerations on the other hand. 17 - The Zakat can contribute effectively to address many of the economic and financial problems in the Islamic world which makes the thinking in the organization and revived in the form of an institutional priority issue, especially in a time when these countries of various imbalances in economic life

التولي يوم الزحف في الفقه الاسلامي : دراسة مقارنة == Administrating day of the march In Islamic jurisprudence Comparative Study

اسم المؤلف: همام ايوب سليمان
اسم المشرف: سلام محمد علي
الموضوع العام: العلوم الاسلامية
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: الفقه المقارن
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: الحمد لله في البدء والختام ، والصلاة والسلام على المصطفى صاحب البدر التمام ، وعلى اله واصحابه النجوم الزاهرة الاعلام ، وعلى من تبعه وصلى عليه صلاة المحبين الكرام.اما بعد : فبفضل الله قد انتهيت من كتابة الرسالة ، وقد توصلت الى النتائج الاتية : 1) ان التولي عن القتال يوم ازدحام الطائفتين ، والاعراض عن الحرب موبقة من كبائر الذنوب ، فاذا حضر - المسلم المستطيع وكان من اهل القتال - المعركة والتقى الزحفان وتقابل الصفان حرم عليه الفرار؛ لما فيه من ادخال الخلل على صفوف المسلمين02) حكم الفرار باق الى يوم القيامة ، وليس مخصوصا بواقعة معينة بشرط ان لا يكون عدد العدو زائدا على الضعف في حالة ما اذا كانت القوتان متكافئتين من حيث التجهيز والسلاح ، فان لم تكن القوتان متكافئتين جاز الفرار ، وان قل عدد العدو على الضعف.3) امكان وقوف المسلم امام ضعف عدد عدوه ، وليس هذا تكليف للنفس فوق طاقتها ، فالمؤمن يمتاز بانه موصول بالله تعالى ، ولا غالب لامره ، ثم انه الى الله ان كان حيا , والى الله ان كتبت له الشهادة ، فهو في كل حالة اقوى من خصمه الذي يواجهه وهو يشاق الله ورسوله . . 4) اذا حضر العدو بلدا فيجب على اهلها القتال دفاعا عن البلد ، وهذا يشبه من حضر الصف في القتال ؛ لان العدو اذا حضر البلد فلابد من الدفاع ؛ اذ ان العدو سيمنع الخروج من هذا البلد ، والدخول اليه ، وما ياتي لهم من الارزاق ، وغير ذلك مما هو معروف ، ففي هذا الحال يجب ان يقاتل اهل البلد دفاعا عن بلدهم .5) استحباب الثبات للزائد على الضعف اذا كان فيه تحقيق نكاية بالاعداء، او فيه مصلحة اعزاز الدين ، او كانوا يرجون الظفر، فان غلب الهلاك بلا نكاية بالكفار ، ولا يرجوا تحقيق اي مصلحة شرعية من الثبات وجب الانصراف.6) ان حرمة التولي من المعركة لا تقتصر على حالة القتال مع المشركين بل قد يكون القتال مع غير المشركين ، فقد اوجب الشرع الحنيف قتال كل من المرتدين ، والبغاة ، فان كل ما يصدق عليه انه قتال في سبيل الله تعالى ، ومن اجل اعلاء كلمته ، وجب على المسلم عندها الثبات وحرم الفرار.7) استثنت الشريعة الاسلامية من التولي المحرم حالتان هما : الاولى : ان يكون متحرفا لقتال اذرااى ان يكيد لخصمه ويتغلب عليه بمعنى ان ينصرف؛ ليعمل من اجل القتال، كان يستطرد لعدوه فاذا لحقه كر عليه فقتله ، او يقوم بتغيير الخطة سواء اكانت في تغيير المكان ، ام في التراجع ؛ ليسحب العدو وراءه ، ويعاوده بالهجوم عليه الى غير ذلك من خدع الحرب.الثانية : ان يكون منحازا الى فئة يستنصر ويستنجد بها من المسلمين ليتقوى بهم ، ويستطيع بذلك قهر العدو والظفر به ، سواء اكانت هذه الفئة قريبة ام بعيدة. 8) جواز الفرار عند الضرورة في غير الحالتين السابقتين وذلك كان يحيط العدو بالجيش او يقطعوا على المجاهدين طريق المؤنة والغذاء ، وكذلك جواز الفرار لمن فقد سلاحه ، او مرض ، او اصابته جراحة اثناء المعركة.9) لايجوز للمسلم ترك المكان المحدد له في المعركة ، وان كان ذلك بقصد التحرف او التحيز؛لان هذا يعد من الفرار المذموم .10) الواجب عند العجز عن القتال الحفاظ على عباد الله المؤمنين، وحفظهم لا مصادمتهم لعدو يصطلمهم، ويهلكهم بغير مصلحة، فالجهاد لا يعود على مقصوده، وهو اعلاء كلمة الله واعزاز دينه، واهله بالنقض بقتل المسلمين وسبى نسائهم من غير مصلحة للمسلمين. 11) ان عقوبة من فر من المعركة لغير خدعة او مكيدة قد تصل الى حد القتل في بعض الاحيان ؛ لانه اثر حياته على حساب دينه ووطنه، وفي ذلك شر عظيم، فالارواح في الجهاد مبذولة، وفي السلم والامن مصانة ، وشتان بين الحالتين | The Jihad for the sake of God is the pinnacle of Islam, and the best business that bring a person to the king, mark of, and has kept religion and spread the light of Islam in parts of the globe, spreading justice, and there is security, and prevail in prosperity; so it was Administrating day of the march of the enormity of sin, which he warned them Prophet - peace be upon him - by saying : ("Avoid the seven sins, he promised them : Administrating day of the march). The research plan, was from this introduction, preface, and two chapters, and a conclusion It has produced the following results : 1) The Administrating combat congestion on the two communities, and turning away from the war Mobakp a major sin, and when the - the Muslim to do it and if he is fighting - the battle and met Zhvan and corresponding grades haraam for him to flee; for the introduction of a bug on the Muslim ranks 0 2) the rule of escape will remain until the Day of Resurrection, and not just for a few particular fact, provided that the number of the enemy, plus more than doubled in the case of whether the powers unequal in terms of equipment and weapons, were not two powers barter may flee, but the fewer the enemy's weakness. 3) the possibility of parking a Muslim to double the number of the enemy, and this is not mandated for the same overloaded, a believer advantage in that it is plugged in God, and most of his order, then it is to God that he's alive, and to God that I wrote him a certificate, it is in each case is stronger than his opponent facing a verily Allah and His Messenger. . 4) When the enemy countries should be on the people fighting to defend the country, and this is similar to those who attended the class in the fighting; because the enemy if you attended the country must defend; as the enemy will prevent out of this country, and access to, and what comes to them from destruction of livelihoods, and It is known that, in this case should be fighting the people of the country in defense of their country

التحديات العقدية المعاصرة في مقام النبوة

اسم المؤلف: عبد الوهاب احمد حسن
اسم المشرف: عابد توفيق الهاشمي
الموضوع العام: العلوم الاسلامية
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: العقائد
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

البناء الحضاري في الحديث النبوي الشريف

اسم المؤلف: عثمان عبد العزيز محمود الراوي
اسم المشرف: خالد شاكر عواد عليوي الكبيسي
الموضوع العام: العلوم الاسلامية
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: الحديث
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

التلقين ومن رمي به عند المحدثين == Indoctrination and its effect on the people of the modern

اسم المؤلف: نبا طالب عبد النبي
اسم المشرف: جاسم محمد راشد
الموضوع العام: العلوم الاسلامية
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: الحديث
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

النظام القانوني للمعلومات غير المفصح عنها : دراسة مقارنة

اسم المؤلف: اخلاص لطيف محمد
اسم المشرف: غني ريسان جادر الساعدي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون التجاري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Unexpressed information whether commercial or industrial isdistinguished by the feature of security. Thus, it is named insome legal systems as commercial secrets, and then thespecialized rules are applied in this respect to protectcommercial secrets.S

شكل الدولة وفقا للدستور العراقي الدائم : دراسة مقارنة == The State Form Accordi The Ng To Permaent Iraq Constitution : Comparative Study

اسم المؤلف: سهى زكي نوري عياش
اسم المشرف: عقيل محمد عبد جاسم البهادلي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدستوري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: he divergence and numerous of geographical, historical, economical, environmental and security factors has important role towards electing the federal state as a form of state so that federal state or confederal is a federation among territories or state

الاراضي العشرية في صدر الاسلام == Usher Lands In The Early Islamic Age

اسم المؤلف: زياد طارق باهر اسمير الحيالي
اسم المشرف: عبد الوهاب خضر الياس
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: الموصل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Scholars and researchers started to pay a great deal of attention to economic studies. The lands subjected to the state tax (usher) in the early Islamic age are considered that should be given special attention as these lands have a direct relation with the economy of the Arab - Islamic State as well as their tight connection with many administrative affairs in the Arab - Islamic State.Undoubtedly, there are several studies that tackled the Arab - Islamic history in the early Islamic age from the economic and the financial points of view but only in a limited way, while the subject of the lands subjected to the state tax (usher), was not dealt with by economic scholars as this subject is an independent subject in comparison to Kharaj lands which were dealt with independently and in details for various periods of time. So, information about the tenth tax lands is not much in the different historical, geographical, literary and Fiqh references in the different fields of Fiqh including the Arabic And foreign references. Within all this, choosing this subject was because this subject was not tackled with the necessary care by the scholars in addition to its importance in research. The scholar aimed at writing the economic history and he adopted the methodology represented by the induction of the narrations related to this subject as they were mentioned in the Islamic references and making use of the scholars' studies of the researches that is related to the subject of this study to accomplish the objective of the study using the analytical method. The research was not limited to the narrations only, but discussing, analyzing and reaching the results in light of the information submitted by the different references. To serve this study scientifically in a sincere way, the study was divided into three chapters and a conclusion. Chapter one dealt with the Islamic conquests and their impacts on the types of lands ownerships. But chapter two tackled the resources of the tenth - taxed lands possession, while chapter three dealt with the almsgiving diwan and dealing with the tenth - tax and then the conclusion, which tackled the following : 1. The Islamic conquest, which resulted in the expansion of the geographic base of the Arab - Islamic state, was of a vital role in the emergence of different patterns of the agricultural land ownerships. 2. The deeds of prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him) and the caliph Omar Ibn AlKhattab towards the lands which were annexed to the Arab - Islamic have become antecedents to the Islamic state in its different ages.3. The Arab - Islamic state gave the priority to Arabs in paying the tenth for the lands and preferred them over the Kharaj tax payers. 4. Possessing the tenth - taxed lands became more than it was at the beginning on the Islamic state foundation, especially in the Umayyad age. 5. The payment for those cultivated lands for Muslim was not a tax nor a levy but this payment represented almsgiving and charity to the Muslims exchequer.6. Through the study it was clear that most of the tenth - taxed lands in the early Islamic - Arab state were so many and were dominated by the caliphs, leaders and distinguished noble persons from the Arabs. 7. It was also evident that the early Islamic - Arab state had its own institutions, which were independent from each other and that is manifested through the diwan of almsgivings and the collection of funds and their expenditure.8. At the beginning of Islam, the Arab - Islamic state knew and practiced many methods in investing the agricultural lands at that period and the most common one is the method of Muzara'a which was adopted by prophet Mohammed peace be upon him and his companions.9. The owners of many agricultural lands in various locations used to run these lands by their proxies because as these lands are located in various provinces and due to their vast areas and that prevents them from running them.
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المصادر:

دور المعبد السياسي - الاقتصادي - الاجتماعي في العراق القديم 2371 - 539 ق.م == The Political, Economic And Social Role Of The Temple In Ancient Iraq 2371 - 539 B.C

اسم المؤلف: لانا محمد معيوف محمد العجيلي
اسم المشرف: ابتهال عادل ابراهيم الطائي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ القديم
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة الموصل
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: الموصل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The ancient Iraqis were known of being involved in religion and ritualism and of showing adorableness to their idols. They worshipped some phenomenon that affected them before. In addition, they found a public place in which those rituals were practiced collectively, and thus the temple was the most and the largest building in the city.Accordingly, the temple had a significant role in the sense that it had read impacts on general politics as well as on general aspects of the life of ancient Iraqis. Furthermore, many subjects had been discussed in that sacred place. Many activities which were related to the people at that time had been achieved in the temple. Armies set off from there, it drew the borders with neighbor states during war and peace periods or in certain agreements.Economically, the temple was the place from which people borrow money and do certain transactions. It also played a decisive role in education in that many schools were associated with it which helped students to get careers in various aspects of knowledge, like medicine, astronomy, ….etc.Eventually, the present study aims to shed light on the significance of the temple in ancient Iraq from 2371 B.C. to 539 B.C. which represented the period from the Akkadian era till the fall of Babylon. In that specific period, the role of the temple ranges between power and weakness especially in its political role and how it affected in decision making.The study excluded the architectural aspects as well as the religious one since they have dealt with many studies before.
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المصادر:

هنري لايارد ونشاطه الاثاري ودوره السياسي في العراق 1817 - 1894 == Hnery Layard His Archaeological And Political Activity In Iraq (1817 - 1894)

اسم المؤلف: مروة زهير علي النحاس
اسم المشرف: محمد علي داهش
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة الموصل
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: الموصل
الصفحات الاولى:
الملخص:
المصادر:

النبي ابراهيم الخليل (عليه السلام) في القران الكريم : دراسة تاريخية == The Prophet Abraham In The Holy Koran

اسم المؤلف: حيدر حسين حمزة سلمان الشريفي
اسم المشرف: علي صالح رسن المحمداوي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: There is no doubt that Koran is one of the historical sources whereas every thing mentioned is true no thing but true. therefore , we have based on the Koranic texts to study the character of the prophet (Abraham) (God's blessing and peace be upon him). The study included four chapters : - In the first chapter , we have studied the prophet (Abraham) father's name , whether it is Azir or Tarih ? we proved that all the prophets' fathers (God's blessing and peace be upon them) were monotheists , no one of them was a polytheist , also we clarified that " Abuladhiayf " and " Abualbusharatain" are two of his epithets.In the second chapter , we have mentioned his many attributes , whereas he might be the prophet who holds the most attributes , who was afflicted by God in many issues , the preferred friend of his God , the groaned who feared his God in all conditions , the patient who handled the difficult issues with patience , the repentant who invoked God a lot , the good example to other prophets , the veracious not the liar as what was declared that "he lied three times " ? , the sincere and the loyal to his God who was very hospitable to his guests and the prayer who was praying a lot. He was calling people to worship God by performing prayers and asking God to keep him away from idols worshipping and sedition , make people hearts take the side of his progeny and asked God the repentance for him and his parents.We have proved the incorrectness of some of what was attributed to him such as (fear , apprehension and devoutness) by stating that he was sent by God and that intended fear is in the human self and exists in every human being.In the third chapter , we have stated that the prophet (Abraham) was in a good social standing otherwise , how could he married two wives , one lived in Kan'an and the other lived in Mecca. In the fourth chapter , we have stated that the year of his death wasn’t mentioned in the holy Koran but there was a mentioning in the Koran refers to the prophet's (Abraham) will for his sons and grandsons to keep believing in the religion of fathers and forefathers which is religion of Islamic. The second chapter : the progeny of the prophet Abraham We have discussed the subjects of the progeny , its definition and the Koranic verses which stated the concept of progeny , thus , we have divided progeny into two types : good and bad The good progeny are the prophets , sons of Abraham such as Isaac , Esau , Jacob , Josef , Moses , Jesus , Elia , Eliash , Lot and Mohammed (God may bless them ).While the Koranic expositors mentioned no names of the bad progeny and what we have found "transgressors who make mischief and act wickedly on the earth " only. In the view of the fact that the wife is the base for the progeny , therefore we studied Sara 4 and we stated that some of her attributes are performing prayers , giving birth after menopause and also we stated how she buffeted her face after knowing that she was pregnant. Hajir , was the woman whom the prophet Abraham brought her to Mecca to build the Kaaba and perform prayers , therefore she wasn’t the bondwoman as described by the weak - minded who don’t follow proof. By Koranic evidential verses , we have stated many times that his sons are Isaac (the sacrificed - who was about to be slaughtered by his father Abraham as a sacrifice to God) , prophet Esau ( the promising in science ) and Jacob was the grandson of Abraham , thereupon his will of Islam was for them. Furthermore , we mentioned the subject of the descendants of prophet Jacob because they are the progeny (descendants) of Abraham and their father is prophet Jacob.Moreover , we have clarified the concept of descendants , progeny (followers) and the Shiites from his posterity and we stated that they were the Muslims who followed and imitated him and his way of worship , and the worthiest person who has the right to inherit prophet Abraham is prophet Mohammed (God may bless him and his progeny).The third chapter : - Faith of Abraham's father and his people.In this chapter , we studied the subject of Abraham's father's faith , we stated how he argued with his father about his peoples' idols , describing these idols and asking God's forgiveness to his father for not abandoning his people's idols.Also , we referred to proofs refers that the prophet Abraham's father was a believer basing on what were mentioned in the Koranic texts , and we mentioned that all the prophets' fathers are virtuous and purified and not disbelievers.In the subject of his peoples' faith , we mentioned the kinds of deities they had such as idols , images and gods , moreover , we described these deities , their inability to speak where they can't talk , hear , see , help and harm. At the end of his mission , the prophet started to dispute them , when he found that they would not understand him , he destroyed their idols to let them see the fact that their idols are incapable even to defend their selves , consequently they build a high building , piled up wood and burnt him but the God's almighty saved him. The fourth chapter : - prophet Abraham's faith In this chapter , we proved with evidences that he was a Muslim and was believing in God (Allah) , doomsday and Day of Resurrection. then we stated the meaning of uprightness (Hanafiah ) and upright ( Hanafi) , we said that it’s the religion of Abraham which is ( worshiping Allah , staying away and abandoning polytheism , and he is innocent from being a Jew (on the religion of Judaism ) or a Christian (on the religion of Christianity) but he is a Muslim (on the religion of Islam ) Moreover , we stated that the uprights are the people who abandoned their people's belief , idols worship , eat dead animals and submit sacrifice for idols , warn people not to kill the female infants , who said that we worship the God of Abraham and started to dishonor their people for not worshiping God. In addition to that , we clarified that there was a connection between all religions and we said that the prophet Mohammed (God may bless him and his progeny) was on the religion of Abraham.We mentioned in this chapter that he is the obedient slave to Allah , he immigrated by the order of God to the blessing land - Mecca - and his worship to Allah is a worship by nature.We mentioned that he is the disputer prophet who defended prophet Lot and his people , he was described as the prophet whom God sent down books to him and we mentioned what were cited in these books from verses , parables and wisdoms and we stated that it is a self - purification from doubts by performing worships. Further more , we indicated to the prayer , we said that it is the base in all religions and this religious duty was performed by the prophet according to what was mentioned in Koran and Torah. While the Imamate of the prophet was the last thing sent down by Allah to Abraham after praying and invoking Allah. Because of its importance , we said that the prophet wasn’t content with Imamate for himself but he asked it for his progeny and he was the first prophet who held this basic element (Imamate).In the end of this study , we revealed the more illustrated results which are : his father wasn’t a disbeliever but a believer , he is the most attributed prophet in the holly Koran , he was asking a lot God's forgiveness to his father , he disputed with his people about their idols revealing to them that they hear , see , harm and help nothing.He was the first prophet who destroyed his people idols and his religion was Islam
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الاحباس في مصر من القرن الخامس الهجري وحتى القرن الثامن الهجري : دراسة تاريخية == The Endowment In Egypt From The Fifth Century A.H Till The Eighth Century A.H. : A Historical Study

اسم المؤلف: رغيد كمر مجيد الخالدي
اسم المشرف: هيفاء عاصم محمد الطيار
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تتناول الدراسة موضوع(الاحباس في مصر من القرن الخامس الهجري وحتى القرن الثامن الهجري دراسة تاريخية) وهو موضوع متعدد الجوانب، ففي تلك الحقبة الزمنية حكمت مصر ثلاثة دول(الفاطمية والايوبية والمملوكية) انتقلت فيها مصر من حالة عقائدية يمثلها الفاطميون(الشيعة ا | The present study deals with the endowment in Egypt from the fifth century a.h. till the eighth century a.h. as a historical study. This is a multi - level subject. During that period, Egypt was ruled by three different ststes : the Fatimids, the Ayoobids, and the Mamlukis. So, Egypt was transformed from being a religious state represented by the Fatimids into another one having a variation in religious faith represented by the Ayoobids and then the Mamlukis. When such a change of belief had its impact on Egypt, intellectually in specific, it also had its effect in establishing new educational and religious institutions, such as schools and khanqaahat established byn the Ayoobidsin order to put up with the Fatimid thought so as to be replaced by Sunni belief along with its four schools of thought. Those institutions got extended more during the Mamluki era, when to which various endowment and offices were specified by the endowmend donators. In my opinion, the subject is but a single instance within the series of studies of the endowmend from the historical perspective in the Islamic State. Undoubtedly, the society has always been in need to the endowmend since good pious deeds go for ever.In so far as the subject represents a historical follow - up to the system of endowmend in Egypt, it is made clear throughout the study put forward, that the Fatimid State had witnessed the establishment of the pious legacy system. Then, the system advanced more during the Ayoobid State era until it got its full shape in the Mamluki era.Further, the subject has another important aspect which is the study of endowmend institutions. Such a study would make it possible to get more acquaintance with those great achievements of the Islamic State in fields unshared by other non - Islamic States.Also, the endowmend system used to have many positive effects in Islamic state communities in general, and in Egypt in particular. It achieved luxury as well as made extensive the educational and health care in Egypt. What is more, it led to the continuous refurbishment of religious buildings there; it was that system which helped to protect most of the historical relics intact up to now.And due to the importance of those amount of money allocated to the system in so far as being associated with people's lives, the system got the great care of administration practiced by the States which successively ruled Egypt. The goal was to systematise the revenues and expenses in the system because it was considered as one of the financial resources of the State, a situation in which the endowmend became an integral part of the Egyptian economy life.The study has been made into a preliminary and five chapters in addition to an introduction and a statement of conclusions. The preliminary was entitled as : The endowmend in Egypt before the Fifth Century a.h.\ the Eleventh Century A.D.The first chapter studied the meaning, rules, legality, types and reasons of the endowmend. It included three sections : the first showed the linguistic and terminological meanings of endowmend; and displayed some of its rules; the second was devoted to studying the legal evidence of endowmend in the Quran, the Prophetly Sunnah, Ahlul - Bait tradition (the prophet's household ), and the General Consent; the third was made to the exposition of the types of and the reasons behind the establishment of endowmend.The second chapter tackled the administration of the endowmend and its impact on the economical aspect along the challenges it used face. It included three sections : the first exposed the administrative framework of the endowmend Divan; the second showed the impact on the economical aspect; while the third was specified to studying the challenges faced thereof.The third chapter tackled the administration of the endowmend and its impact the religious institutions. It went through three sections : the first studied mosques; the second exposed leagues, khanqaahat, and Small mosques; while the third section was devoted to showing other religious services; and what is more, it presented an account of the effect of endowmend in the continuation of these institutions and the facilities provided thereby.The fourth chapter shed light on the impact practiced by the endowmend on the educational institutions. It fell into three sections : the first displayed the most important institutions, which were schools, a situation yielded because the endowmend used have a great role in the provision of services to students; the second exposed other educational centres; and the third showed the role of pious legacy in supporting the educational institutions via libraries.As for the fifth chapter, it took care of dealing with the influence of the endowmend on health institutions. It consisted of two sections : the first exposed the most important health institutions (Pemarstanat or 'hospitals') where the role there was to support those financially in order to continue working; and the second was devoted to elaborating on the service of health care provided other institutions.Out of all this, we have come with the following : • endowmend, is considered one of the essential types of alms encouraged by Islam.• Due to the variation of Jurists' views concerning endowmend upon all times, where the aim had been to raise people's living standards by giving the chance to those who wished to pay, that standard - raising got deviated away from its natural course, of being a mere all - going charity, via being used by some to achieve unrightfully their personal aims.• Jurists played a distinct role in flourishing endowmend, for had it been not for their firm - standing views against the transgression over endowmend, it would not have continued, and never have been of such a role in the society.• The State took a great care of the endowmend administration in so far as being related closely to society via its relationship with many facility institutions.• The Fatimid State witnessed the systematic endowmend; then, the system developed more during the Ayoobids era when, after that, it took its full shape and spread extensively so as to include all life aspects during the Mamluki era.• Women had their prominent contribution to the endowmend, a state of affairs which included many fields such as religious and educational institutions.• The endowmend contributed in achieving a great role in the establishment of religious institutions which had the role to play in the prosperity of Islamic civilization. • The endowmend took part keeping safe the borders of the Islamic State via supporting al - Jihad bases as well as freeing captives and trying to provide them with facilities at their families' residence places.• The endowmend endowmend included furthermore many other important life aspects which would serve different classes of society, like the educational facilities. They contributed in providing the great financial support on which such institutions depended.• The endowmend took part in supporting health institutions, because the level of health service introduced depended totally on the amounts of money given.Eventually, it could be said that despite the existence of the 'State' and its supplying money to the society facilities, pious humanitarian legacies could also be oriented to serve the community.As well, the 'State' had to find legal forms ensuring the statement - of conditions proposed by endowmend donators, because such a recognition to their conditions would no doubt lead to encouraging good - doers to give up some of their possessions to the pious legacy.If truly we wanted to make use of the endowmend in Islam, we had to go back to the original concept in Islam, as being an all - going charity in order for it to carry out the role it was in basis put to play in the cooperation and solidarity of the community
الملخص:
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التدوين التاريخي ومنهجه في الاندلس من القرن الخامس الهجري حتى نهاية القرن السابع الهجري == Historical Documentation And Its Approach In Al - Andulus

اسم المؤلف: ايمان محمود حمادي العبيدي
اسم المشرف: كريم عجيل حسين الجباوي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: الانبار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Researchers of History paid attention to the study of historical documentation and its approach for such study is useful for specialists in this field. A lot of theses, dissertations, books and papers in the past decades and the first decade of this century have been written dealing with the compilations of Islamic historians and their approach. The present thesis is entitled “ Historical Documentation and Its Approach in Al - Andulus 5th Century to 7th Century of Hijra” and is classified into five chapters. Chapter one deals with the documentations of the people of Andulus in the field of History according to the style of biographies which is one of the old and important approaches done by Islamic historians. It shows the development of the historical documentation and its trends and effects due to the changing circumstances of Al - Andulus. The chapter includes seven sections. In each section, there are three major points, which deal with the documentation of men biography, jurists and judges biography, literary writers and poets biographies, the documentation of princes, caliphs, women biographies, and the documentation of writers and doctors biographies. The last section deals with another kind of biography which is the documentation of sheikhs index (Known as Al - Baramij). Chapter two deals with the documentation of events in al - Andulus (5th century to 7th century). It includes two sections. Each one includes three major points dedicated to the documentation of Al - Magazi and Al - Seyar and the documentation of ancestry and news. We have mentioned at the end of each chapter what the sources mentioned as informational or historian therefore it did not mention his books. Chapter three deals with the approach of Ibn Hazm (died in 456 h.) in the documentation of biographies. We have chosen four letters in biography as models of study. We have studied his approach in each letter and his approach in the organization of each letter and the nature of biographies. Ibn - Hazm wrote in the first letter about the readers of Egypt. He mentioned them in a scientific approach caring to the time and place choen for his biographers. The space of his biographers in each letter was not equal, which was natural. Each writer has his approach in choosing the kind, bases and space of biographies, which lie behind certain reasons known for specialists. Ibn - Hazm dedicated his letter for the famous readers of various places and mentioned the name and death year. His criterion of fame was clear. In the second letter, he mentioned the narrators of Hadith, mentioning the great names of narrators only. He dedicated the third letter to Fatwa sheikhs in various places. The fourth letter deals with the biographies of Al - Rahedeen, Amoyeen and Abbaside Caliphs, ending with Al - Muqtader. He followed a specific approach. The biography includes major pillars which mention the nickname, the name, year of ascending the throne, date of death and name of Caliph’s mother. Chapter four deals wit the study of the approach of ‘Pioneers of Maliqa’ for Ibn - Asaker (died in 636), which is completed by his nephew Ibn - Khamis (died in 639). This book deals with two kinds of biographies : the jurists and literary men of Maliqa. We presented the contents of the book, then we studied the approach of biography of the writer, which is the name, ancestry, nickname, living place ans sometimes death year and their poetry. The chapter presents the approach of the book sources and the written books. Finally, it includes the political, administrative and cultural contents of the book ‘Pioneers of Maliqa’. Chapter five deals with the book of ‘Al - Awasim from Al - Qwasim’ for the judge Abi Bakir Ibn Al - Arabi (died in 543). It talks about his general outline and his approach in organization. He divided his book into two parts. The first deals with the dogmatic and thoughtful crises faced the nation through the statements and opinions of philosophers and various schools of thought. It includes too the solutions and answers for these problems. The second part of the book deals with the historical crises of the nation, especially the death of the prophet Mohammad (peace and blessing upon him), which was a great crisis in the Islamic history. Then the writer talked about the reaction to this crisis which is ended with the selection of Abu Bakir who ended this crisis. We studied the approach of Abu Bakir in systemizing his book, his contents and his sources. He was the first to deal with this approach in dealing with the thoughtful problems and dangerous historical events in the history of the nation when he made his book ‘crises and prevention’. He expressed his personal opinion in these issues, which is an opinion of an Andulusian historian concerning the crises of the nation. He showed his ability and direction in this approach, which he saw as useful to solve these crises. Therefore, he dedicated his book to deal with this issue. The study ends with a conclusion and recommendations. The study concludes that there are certain reasons for the abundance of historical documentation in the decades of the fifth century of Hijra. Among these reasons are the development of Moslems life and the intellectual movement in Al - Andulus. The centralized political rule in Al - Andulus and the establishment of the rule of states helped to prepare the suitable milieu for development and prosperity. The scientific progress is ended in Al - Andulus with the end of the centralized political power. Scientists, literary men and poets deserted Qurtaba city, the Capital of great Andulus because of the lack of security due to the great disturbance. Those writers deserted Qurtaba in 399 H. to the cities, which lie far of the tension. They found the encouragement and status with the princes of these cities. The princes of these states, during the years of disturbance and after the end of the Amoayan Caliphate in Al - Andulus in 422 to attract the scientists, gifted men and craftsmen and make them so close because some of the princes were poets or scientists brought up in a civilized society appreciating knowledge and science. We are not certain that the books mentioned in the two chapters by the Islamic historians are the only two documentations but they reflect part of the development of historical documentation in Al - Andulus till the end of seventh century. It is clear that the documentation continued in the fifth, sixth and seventh centuries more than the fourth century, which was politically and culturally stable though the political fragmentation led to the appearance of many small states known as the states of Al - Tawaaif in a time of political and military retreat of Al - Andulus in the ages of Al - Tawaaif, Al - Murabeteen and Al - Muhadeen. It is clear too through chapters three, four and five that the Andulusian historians are different in their approaches in organizing their books, so it was difficult to compare their approaches for their books are different in their contents too.
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محمد شمس الدين 1936 - 2001 : دراسة تاريخية == Mohammed Mahdy Shames Al - Deen 1936 - 2001 An Historical Study

اسم المؤلف: رنا عبد الرحيم حاتم حسن الشفي
اسم المشرف: طاهر يوسف الوائلي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: النجف
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: study deals with the biography of sheikh Mohammed Mahdy Shames AL - Deen the chairman of the supreme Islamic She`i Council in Lebanon.He was born in Al - Najaf Al - Ashraf in 1936 where his father was there to study the religious sciences. ShamesAL - Deen, in his turn, studied in the Hawza in the Holy Najaf , and later he became one of the men of Hawza who had a great intellectual and reformative role in Najaf.The authorized " Marje`a " Sayid Mohsen Al - Hakeem had chose to be his deputy in the Middle Euphrates for the period ( 1961 - 1969 ),so he had the important reformative in the area ,the most famous one was founding the public library in Diwaniyah.Sheikh Shames AL - Deen returned to Lebanon , his homeland, to play a greater educational and political role.He shared so many political thoughts and visions with Sayid Musa Al - Sader who chose him to be his deputy in the supreme Council in 1975. When SayidMusa Al - Sader disappeared ,in ambiguous conditions in Libya 1978, Sheikh ShamesulDean run the Council affairs as a deputy till 1994 when he became the precedent of the Council till 2001 when he died.During this period he played an important nationalrole in the Civil War in Lebanon ( 1975 - 1990) when he tried to appease and quelled people and tried to get Lebanon out of the crises, he also declared the civil resistance against the Israeli existence in South Lebanon , and this was followed by declaring " Jihad "in the middle of the eightieths. Study This study consists of a n introduction , a preface , three chapters and a conclusion.The preface studied the educational relations between Al - Najaf Al Ashraf and the Islamic World ,where Jabel Amel was an example as it is the sheikh Shames AL - Deen homeland.The first chapter is entitled " Mohammed Mahdy Shames ALDeen, his birth, rise and his educational and reformative role in Iraq" , this chapter is divided into three topic : - "his birth, rise and education", "the educational role of Mohammed Mahdy Shames AL - Deen in Iraq " and " the reformative role of Mohammed Mahdy Shames AL - Deen in Iraq ". " The political and intellectual role of Mohammed Mahdy Shames AL - Deen in Lebanon" is the title of the second chapter which also divided into three chapters : - , the first one includes "a sociological study for the Lebanese society", "a study of the Palestinian issue and South Lebanon and their dimension in the thought of Sheikh Shames AL - Deen" and " the role of Mohammed Mahdy Shames AL - Deen inLebanon in (1978 - 1990) The third chapter of this thesis deals with the concept of history in the thought of Mohammed Mahdy ShamesAL - Deen and his recording method , it is also divided into three topics , the first one is devoted for the concept of history in the thought of Mohammed Mahdy Shames ALDeen , a study of his production about the revolution of Imam Hussain ( P.u.H ), while the third is for his works in the Islamic thought ,it includes a set of the books that are written by him in subjects relating "Nahij AL - Balaghah" for Imam Ali.After that we have the conclusion and the bibliography which has different resources , document , Arab books ,translated role ,magazines , newspapers , documentary programs and other resources.
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دور القبائل الجرمانية في سقوط الامبراطورية الرومانية (395 - 476 م) == The Role of The Germanian Tribes in The Fall of The Roman Empire (395 - 476 A.D)

اسم المؤلف: هند حسين علي التكريتي
اسم المشرف: سلمان خيري محمد الحديثي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: صلاح الدين
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Because of the Fewness of Reseachers in Subject of Germanial tribes and their roles in falling the Western Romanians Empire, this study focused on this subject to cover the important period in European history during European Middle Ages. To identify the
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السياسة المالية للخليفة عمر بن عبد العزيز (99 - 101ه / 717 - 719 م) واثارها الاقتصادية والاجتماعية : دراسة تحليلية نقدية

اسم المؤلف: هبة صفاء حسن العاصي
اسم المشرف: طلب صبار محل الجنابي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: صلاح الدين
الصفحات الاولى:
الملخص:
المصادر:

ال نوبخت ودورهم الحضاري في العصر العباسي

اسم المؤلف: نسرين صالح عباس
اسم المشرف: كريم عاتي لعيبي الخزاعي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
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مجلة العرفان اللبنانية : دراسة في اتجاهاتها الفكرية وموقفها من التطورات السياسية في لبنان 1936 - 1960 م == The Lebanese Erfan Magazine : A Study of Its Intellectual Tendencies And Attitude of The Political Developments In Lebanon 1936 - 1960 A.D.

اسم المؤلف: مجيد حميد عباس الحدراوي
اسم المشرف: جاسب عبد الحسين صيهود الخفاجي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: النجف
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Al - Erfan Magazine represented, during the period(1936 - 1960) A.D., an intellectual illuminative awakening school and a complete intellectual project that was designed and achieved by the elite of the Arab writers and thinkers during the 20th century wh
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سويد بن مقرن المزني واثره في خدمة الاسلام == Siweed Bin - Muqrin Al - Mizni And His Effects In Islam Service

اسم المؤلف: علاء حامد احمد محمود
اسم المشرف: عدنان خلف كاظم التميمي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ديالى
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: In the course of time, Islamic History know prominent figures that no others can be like them. Those people had great achievements which contributed in building Islamic Arabic civilization it is an important matter to write about such prominent figures.
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حسن مهدي الشيرازي جهوده الفكرية واراؤه الاصلاحية (1935 - 1980 م) == Hassan Mahdi Al - Shirazi His Intellectual Efforts And Opinions of Reform (1935 - 1980)

اسم المؤلف: عادل غانم حسن العارضي
اسم المشرف: جاسب عبد الحسين صيهود الخفاجي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: النجف
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The holy city of karbala is considered as the second most important city in Iraq after the holy city of Najaf. That’s because, it contains the holy shrine of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) and the existence of (Al - Hawza) the religious school of Shia
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الدولة العثمانية في عهد السلطان مراد الثاني (1421 - 1451 م) == Ottoman State During The Reign of Sultan Murad Ii (1421 - 1451 A.D.)

اسم المؤلف: سعد قاسم كريم مجيد بك صاري كهية
اسم المشرف: يوسف عبد الكريم طه مكي الرديني
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: صلاح الدين
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This study concerts ottoman history during sultan Murad II`s age (1421 - 1451) who is the most important sultan of early life of ottoman state in 15th century, many interior and foreigner events happened at his rule, which is worth of searching by scienti
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المصادر:

الاوضاع السياسية والعسكرية للدولتين العثمانية والمملوكية اثناء الغزو التيموري 1382 - 1402م : دراسة تاريخية == Political And Military Status Quo in The Ottoman And Mamaleek States During The Timur's Conquest " 1382 - 1402 A.C. " : A Historical Study

اسم المؤلف: زينا عادل خلف شرار العبيدي
اسم المشرف: اسماعيل نوري الدوري
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: صلاح الدين
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The geographical location of Asia Minor has its own effects on the political and military relations in the region. Thos effects can be attributed to two reasons.first, the region has a natural inaccessibility and second, the significance of the emerged po
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البويهيون واثرهم على الحياة الفكرية والثقافية في العراق (334 - 447 هــ / 945 - 1055 م) : دراسة تاريخية == The Buywaihids And Their Impact on The Intellectual And Cultural In Iraq (447 - 334 A.H. / 945 - 1055 A.C.)

اسم المؤلف: رحيم خلف عكلة
اسم المشرف: نعيم دنيان عبيد الغراوي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: البويهيون واثرهم على الحياة الفكرية والثقافية في العراق (334 - 447هـ/945 - 1055م ) دراسة تاريخية.هذة الدراسة تناولت مرحلة مهمة من التاريخ الفكري والثقافي للعراق, مع قصرها من الناحية الزمنية الا ان اثرها كان كبيرا وواضحا على مجمل الحياة الفكرية, فحصلت ف | That study tackle an important in important intellectual and cultural era of Iraq, with its short duration, it effected clearly the total intellectual life. Important development has occurred in the structure of many sciences and knowledge. The study is m
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مدائن صالح : دراسة تاريخية == Madin Salih : Historical Study

اسم المؤلف: حسن ثاجب محيل الركابي
اسم المشرف: سهيلة مرعي مرزوق
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ القديم
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The north west part of Arab peninsula the same great importance, it coming from Arab domination of the trade since the old ages. This part distinguished by being strategic location connation the south of Arab peninsula with its north, and appear in it nu
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القبائل العربية في بلاد الشام والجزيرة الفراتية في القرنيين الرابع والخامس الهجريين / العاشر والحادي عشر الميلاديين : دراسة في العلاقات السياسية والعسكرية == Arabic Tribes in The Levant States And Furati Island in The Fourth And Fifth Centuries A.H. / Tenth And Eleventh A.D : A Study of The Political And Military Relations

اسم المؤلف: انتصار نصيف شاكر عبد الله
اسم المشرف: طلب صبار محل الجنابي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: صلاح الدين
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: One of the biggest problems which many historian of the modern Arab civilization have challenged may be the debate about the relation between ruler and civilized life. That relation has played a major role in constituting the Islamic Arabic history. That
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رفيق الحريري ودوره الاقتصادي والسياسي في لبنان 1944 - 2005 == Rafeeq Al - Hariri And His Political And Economical Role At Lebanon From 1944 Till 2005

اسم المؤلف: حسين علي كردي حمود الجبوري
اسم المشرف: محمد يوسف ابراهيم القريشي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: صلاح الدين
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تاتي دراسة الشخصيات العربية على وفق ادوارها السياسية او الفكرية وفي اطار الفهم الواعي للاحداث التاريخية المهمة, التي شاركت في صنعها والتي تركت اثارها الايجابية الواضحة في مسار الواقع ضمن محدداته الزمنية في الماضي والحاضر والرؤى في استشراق المستقبل. وتبرز | The study of the Arabic characters comes according to their ideological, political roles and according to the clear understanding of the important historical events they participated. They played their positive and clear roles at the past, present and fut
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صفاقس : دراسة في الاحوال الاقتصادية والفكرية في القرنين الثاني والثالث الهجريين / الثامن والتاسع الميلاديين == Astudy of Economic And Intellectual Conditions In Safaqis During The Second And Third Hijri Centuries / 8Th And 9Th A.C Centurie

اسم المؤلف: اثير عبد الكريم صادق عبد الواحد العلوان
اسم المشرف: عصام كاطع داود الشويلي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This study deals with the economic and intellectual conditions in Safaqis.This topic is chosen because there is no independent study of this subject the study is divided into four chapters. chapter one highlights the historical geography of Safaqis and
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سياسة بريطانيا تجاه دولة الامارات العربية المتحدة (1971 - 1991 م)

اسم المؤلف: منى عبد الله فتحي جرجيس الحيالي
اسم المشرف: سلمان خيري محمد الحديثي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: صلاح الدين
الصفحات الاولى:
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عبيد الله بن عبد الله بن عتبة بن مسعود الهذلي : دراسة في سيرته ومروياته التاريخية == Obeidullah Bin Abdullah Bin Otba Bin Masud Al - Hathly His Life And Historical Narration

اسم المؤلف: رشيد علي خضير البياتي
اسم المشرف: سميعة عزيز محمود
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ديالى
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: (May Allah be pleased with them) had Complied with him and they imitated his verbal sayings as well as his actions and doings, yet they have documented nothing during his life time con cerning his life story, conquests war his deects, a fact which pushed
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خارطة رؤيا المتغيرات البصرية الموزونة == Visual Map Of The Vision Variables Weighted

اسم المؤلف: امير عبد الرحمن محمود
اسم المشرف: علي عبد عباس العزاوي
الموضوع العام: الجغرافية
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة الموصل
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: الموصل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تناولت الرسالة الرسوم البيانية ومفهومها واوضحت التراكيب والرسوم البيانية ذات الفائدة (المعبرة) والتراكيب البيانية عديمة الفائدة (غير المعبرة) وسبب عدم فائدتها في عدم قدرتها على كشف مجاميع المعلومات والمشاكل الموجودة ضمن الجداول البيانية وكذلك بين عدم صلاح | The letter included graphs and the concept and made it clear structures and graphs of interest (expressive) and compositions graphs useless (non - expressive) and the reason for not useful in their inability to detect groups of information and problems that exist within the charts as well as between the non - validity of the adoption of these structures in the decision - making processes to address problemsThe letter read to the concept of a map and a map of the perceived and through drawing and explanation qualitative maps. As well as between the drawing of maps that give an answer expressive and comprehensive maps, which suffer from a lack of clarification or that do not reveal all aspects of the problems they contain tables, graphs like graphs are useless. It was also in the letter columns to convert graphs to map aware depending on the data tables provided by the national report of the state of human development in Iraq for the year 2008. And to create columns and maps in the letter was used several computer programs including a program Microsoft Office Excel 2007 to create the tables and bar and also used the program Corel Draw X5 in the order of graphs and the display order of columns by the population and deepen beyond the average deficit for the purpose of showing the proportion of what you need provinces of facilities to raise the deficit in the services provided (education, health, housing, infrastructure) and the creation of graphs with standard compositions useful. The program was also used Arc GIS 9.3 in the creation and issuance of the maps of the letter and that mimic diagrams to clarify the issue of disability and the percentage of what you need from the provincial facilities.

محافظة المثنى : دراسة في الجغرافيا الاقليمية == Al - Muthana Governorate Study In Regional Geography

اسم المؤلف: الاء شاكر عمران موسى الشمرتي
اسم المشرف: بشرى رمضان ياسين الطه
الموضوع العام: الجغرافية
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Geography emphases on studying and examining the places and discover the mutual relationship among them, which will directly effects the natural phenomenon and human being variations. The similarities and differentiations are discovered and revealed by studying the over - all regional walk - through. This considered the main point of focus because its indication of the joint and differentiation the human and natural phenomenon in the same place. Therefore, the regional studies are specialized of distinguishing the special properties of a specific terrain for a single union of both of human and natural phenomenon. The researched in this field in this field would investigate the different phenomenon in single specific terrain whether it is large or small and try to find an explanation for the economical and cultural thru understanding the differentiations among them and divide them into smaller units.The point of this study is to reveal the relationships, mutual and regional, among the different geographic aspects and show the effects of them in determining the significance of the region, in order to prove the similarities and differentiations for the components in it. The 1st part of this study comes with the theoretical wireframes; the 2nd is about the studying of the natural properties of the studied region. Whereas the 3rd is dealing with the properties of Muthanna province populations counting during the past years. The 4th part is about showing the most important economic activities took place in Muthanna province.The study would recommend expanding the scope of regional studies, for its ability to disclose the relationships, wideband data and facts and geographic date inspected and discovered

الامكانات الجغرافية ومدى ملاءمتها لزراعة محاصيل حقلية مقترحة في قضاء شط العرب

اسم المؤلف: ابراهيم علي العيساوي
اسم المشرف: منعم مجيد حمد الحمادة | وليد عبد الرضا جبيل
الموضوع العام: الجغرافية
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The suggested field produces are regarded as strategic economical produces for their importance to fulfill a great deal of food consumption needs of population , and decrease the necessity of import from the outside , via ensuring food security in addition to the provision of raw materials which are involved in most of the industries that can be developed not in Shatt Al - Arab district only , but also in the whole governorate Basrah as well , especially that these produces are characterized by their diversity of uses in food and industry.The current study aims at shedding some light on the geographical , natural and human potentialities of Shatt Al - Arab district. It also investigates whether these potentialities are suitable for planting such produces like cereal produces ( Maze Indialu Corn , grain Sorghum Corn and Porso Millet ) , the Oleic produces (Sesame , Sunflower , and Safflower) , bean produces (Broad Bean , Dry Bean Cowpeas and green gram ) , and feed produces (Oats , Alfalfa , and Birds Foot trefoil ). Moreover , it tackles the most prominent problems that may face the planting of such produce , and the best ways to get rid of the problems for the purpose of developing and expanding the planting of these produces.The study involves three chapters. The first chapter is devoted to deal with the Geographical potentialities of Shatt Al - Arab district , the first chapter has been divided into two sections one the hand. The first deals with Natural geographical potentialities represented by the Geographical Location , geographical formation , surface and climatic properties , soil and water resources. On the other hand , The second section is concerned with the geographical as well as the human potentialities of the district represented by working hands , watering and perforation systems , the planting operations , and the Agricultural policy and transportation.The second chapter has been divided into three sections , all of which handle a certain aspect. The first section has tackled the economic importance of the suggested field produces.the second focuses on the natural necessities of these produces from the light term , The basic heat limits , the quality of the soil up to their watering needs. whilst ,the third section has dealt with the human and agricultural necessities of these produces , in which it involved the best ways of planting and the most significant classes that can suit this district such as the amount of seeds , the fertilizers , and cropping for the purpose of having the best quality and quality of these produce.Concerning the third chapter , it has been divided into three main section. the first has revealed the natural problems that might be effecting the process of the planting of the suggested field produce. Those problems are represented by the climatic problems and the leaving problems that Shat Al - Arab and the surrounding watering channels are suffered from. Also , it is not to forget the human problems represented by the lack of efficiency of the watering systems , as they do not suit the needs of those produces. In addition to that , there is a problem of increasing the rate of saltiness and the rabbis. They are regarded as natural results to the military operations. And these results are regarded as the largest obstruction that face the management of planting the suggested field produces. The second section has been dealt with the best ways to resolve these problems and assist the process of planting of these produce.Finally , I can conclude that Shat Al - Arab district is characterized by a great deal of potentialities. Those Geographical potentialities that qualify the planting of certain produce , especially grain Sorghum Corn , Safflower and Cotton , and also the feed produce as they cannot stand the dryness , the high rates of saltiness in soil , these two problems are regarded as the main problems effecting the process of planting Shat Al - Arab district. Moreover , it become obvious that furrow way of planting can be considered as the perfect way suiting those produces. The reason is typically related to its role to decrease the lost of water , also it declines the saltiness rates except in the case of feed produce. Because in the case of feed produce , it is noticed that wing panels and using the dropping of water can guarantee the expansions in the planting of the suggested field produces.

التركيب الوظيفي لمدينة الحويجة : دراسة في جغرافية المدن == The Functional Structure of Al - Hawija City (A Study in Urban Geography)

اسم المؤلف: صقر محمد احمد دهام الجبوري
اسم المشرف: نعمان حسين عطية الجبوري
الموضوع العام: الجغرافية
السنة: 2011
الموضوع الدقيق: جغرافية المدن
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: صلاح الدين
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تختص هذه الدراسة الموسومة ( التركيب الوظيفي لمدينة الحويجة ) بدراسة التركيب الوظيفي لمدينة الحويجة، اي توضيح الكيفية التي استغلت بها ارض المدينة والانشطة التي اقيمت عليها على مر الزمن مع التركيز على تركيبها الوظيفي الحالي (2011 ). كما تسعى هذه الدراسة | This study, the Functional Structure of Al - Hawija City, is concerned with clarifying how land is used in the city and what activities are held on it, concentrating on its contemporary functional structure. The study is aiming to understanding the standi
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