العلم العراقي
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التمنيع باضداد الخمل النوع الاول المنتجة من بكتريا الاشريكية القولونية المسببة لالتهاب المجاري البولية ضد استيطان واصابة المثانة == Immunization With Type 1 Fimbriae of Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli Against Colonization And Infection of Bladder

اسم المؤلف: اروى علي شكر
اسم المشرف: رسمية عبد ابو ريشة
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: الاحياء المجهرية
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Between September and November 2013 a total of 140 urine specimens obtained from patients in Al - Kadhmiah Teaching Hospital, Ibn - Al Naffees Teaching Hospital, and Educational Laboratories in Medical city. These midstream urine specimens were obtained from patients clinically suspected to have urinary tract infection (UTI) in sterilized containers. All specimens were processed immediately after collection.A total number of 140 specimens of mid - stream urine were collected from patients suffering urinary tract infection symptoms. These isolates were obtained from 41 male and 99 female patients. They were distributed in the age group of 5 - 60 years old. All specimens were identified using biochemical tests and API 20 E system. 60 (42.85%) of urine specimens was Escherichia coli and 15(10.71%) of specimens growth was Klebsiella spp. and 25(17.85%) growth was Proteus spp. and 40 (28.57%) was G+ve bacteria.The adherence ability of E.coli isolates were evaluated by using Congo red agar and detected their ability to produce biofilm by using methylene blue staining technique in polystyrene microtiter plates and then Optical density was determined at 580 nm.All sixty isolates of E.coli were grown on Congo red agar medium to detect their adherence ability. Twenty (33.3%) isolates were given negative result by forming pink colonies on congo red agar, were as, forty (66.6%) isolates were given positive result by forming black colonies with a dry crystalline. Three isolates give strong results E.coli (13, 8, and 40). Consistency indicated biofilm production by microtiter plate. E. coli 40 which isolated produced the thickest biofilm (O.D. : =3.17).Type 1 fimbriae expression by E.coli 40 isolate was detected by mannose - resistant hemagglutination (MRHA) of human blood group (O) IRBCs in the presence of 2% D - mannose. The isolate showed strong MRHA characteristics of type 1 fimbriae under microscope (40x). The E.coli E.40isolate which produced the thickest biofilm and gave strong MRHA was elected to be the source of type 1 fimbriae.Type 1 fimbriae was extracted by heating and mechanical shearing and partially purified by Ultracentrifugation (48, 000xg for 3hrs). SDS - PAGE with a molecular weight 20, 000 Dalton.Anti - type1 fimbriae antisera were prepared in rabbits. The specificity and titration of anti - type1fimbriae antibodies were determined using IgG protein by radial immunodiffusion plate and bacterial agglutination. IgG antibodies to fimbriae type 1 were also detected in rabbit sera from immunized rabbit and non - immunized. Immunized rabbit test 1 had increases in Fim1 - specific IgG antibodies (9.5) mg/dl. Immunized rabbit test 2 had increases in Fim1 - specific IgG antibodies (8.6) mg/dl. The non - immunized rabbit had no increase in absolute IgG antibodies to Fim1.The antisera agglutinated bacterial cells up to 1/80 dilution confirming the presence and titer of specific antibodies against type1 fimbriae.The microtiter plate method was applied to estimate the role of the prepared anti - type1fimbriae antibodies in reducing the biofilim formation by E.coli. Prevention of bacterial adherence and subsequent biofilm formation to polystyrene microtiter plate was studied by employing different dilutions (1/10, 1/20, 1/40, 1/80, 1/160, 1/320, 1/640) of rabbit sera containing anti - type 1 fimbriae antibodies. The maximum inhibition of biofilm formation in terms of optical density (580 nm) was found in lowest dilution (1/10) (highest concentration of Abs). However, the minimum inhibition was observed in highest dilution of rabbit antisera (1/640) (lowest concentration of Abs). Here the inhibition occurs in a dose dependent manner as the biofilm formation increased dramatically with increasing in antisera dilution. The results also showed that there is a significant difference(P<0.05) among data treated with sera and data without sera and among serial dilutions.General urine examination and culture for urine that absorbed from test 2 and control was done (GUE) show that pus cell in urine was (1 - 2/HPF). There was no growth of bacteria in urine culture.The Histological section show that the Control and test 1 rabbit (have been immunized with fimbriae and adjuvant and injected with E.coli intra muscular) and Test 2rabbit (that has been immunized with fimbriae and adjuvant and injected with E.coli directly in bladder has normal epithelial cells and mucosa.

التقييم الجزيئي لنسخ جين المقاومة الدوائية MDR1 في بعض المرضى العراقيين البالغين المصابين بسرطان ابيضاض الدم الحاد == Molecullar Assessment of Multidrug Resistance Gene (MDR1) Transcript In Some Adult Iraqi Patients With Acute Leukemia

اسم المؤلف: كفاح جبار شاكر اليعقوبي
اسم المشرف: عبد الحسين الفيصل
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: التقنيات الاحيائية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد - معهد الهندسة الوراثية والتقنيات الاحيائية - قسم التقانة الاحيائية
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The present study aims to shed light on the follow up of acute leukemic (AL) patients at initial diagnosis and after treatment to assess the response and early relapse through evaluating the gene expression level of one of the major multidrug resistance genes which is the multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) to investigate the possible association between level of MDR1 gene expression and the clinical outcomes and this may be considered as a potential marker for response to chemotherapy of acute leukemic patients. Furthermore, the current study correlates between the MDR1 gene phenotype and MDR1 genotype in three important coding regions (C1236T, G2677T/A, and C3435T considering the potential influence of altering MDR1 activity and its effect on therapy outcome as well as susceptibility to develop cancer.White blood cells (WBCs) isolated from 106 blood sample of acute leukemic patients were provided by Iraqi hospitals in Medical City. These samples were distributed as follows : 46 newly diagnosed patients with acute leukemia who had not received chemotherapy and follow - up 25 after 1st induction, 17 after 2nd induction and 8 at consolidation, with 10 blood samples of healthy voluntaries. Two comparative groups were taken included 46 sample of peripheral blood (PB) and 26 sample of bone marrow biopsy (BMB) in paraffin blocks to validate the level of gene expression compare to WBCs. For genotyping analysis, 56 of blood sample were taken to study genetic variation of MDR1 gene polymorphism. The samples preservation with TRIzol was done. Samples subjected to total RNA and DNA extraction, then molecular study by using reverse transcription, Quantitative Real Time - polymerase chain reaction (qRT - PCR) and direct sequencing, at Molecular Oncology Unit in Guy´s Hospital - Kings College / London.The study reached at the following results : 1 - The results showed age groups (20 - 39 years) were associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), while (13 - 19 years) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).2 - The level of MDR1 gene expression showed high significant differences with WBCs compared to PB and BMB.3 - The clinical outcomes indicated that the rate of complete response (CR) of newly diagnosed acute leukemic patients was 19(41%), while 27(58.7%) was non - responder (NR).4 - Statistical analysis showed significant differences with NR at initial diagnosis in acute myeloid leukemia, while appeared after 1st induction in lymphoid type.5 - The results of positivity MDR1 gene expression were 10(21.7%) out of 46 newly diagnosed in acute leukemia, while 36(78.3%) were MDR1 - negative depend on (1.1±0.03) cutoff value.6 - The positivity MDR1 gene expression appeared mainly in non - responders patients at initial diagnosis, and with early relapse patients, after complete remission, in consolidation.7 - The MDR1 mRNA expression showed significant differences with high level in NR compared to CR patients at initial diagnosis. During treatment follow up the increased level of MDR1 gene expression in CR patients and appeared non - significantly with NR.8 - The results of MDR1 C1236T genotype and allele frequency showed that 1236CC wild type genotype and C allele were significantly frequent in healthy control. While CT heterozygous genotype frequency was highly significant in AML and no significant difference in allele frequency. ALL showed non - significant difference in genotype and allele frequency of MDR1 C1236T.9 - Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (ORs and 95%CI) analysis showed no evidence associated with risk factor in MDR1 C1236T ALL carriers. While risk factor observed in AML with MDR1 1236CT carriers.10 - The results of MDR1 phenotype - genotype association indicate that MDR1 1236CC wild type was significantly high expression among healthy and it was aprotective genotype. While the MDR1 1236CT showed significant differences with high level of MDR1 gene expression in AML patients. Whereas ALL revealed significant differences in high level of MDR1 gene expression with MDR1 1236TT genotype. Both CT and TT were affected genotypes.11 - The results of MDR1 G2677T genotype and allele frequency indicated that 2677GA genotype significantly appeared with low frequency in healthy control with no significant difference in allele frequency. Both ALL and AML showed high significant frequency in 2677GT genotype. G allele frequency was showed significant differences in AML while non - significant in with ALL.12 - Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (ORs and 95%CI) analysis showed the MDR1 2677GT genotype was associated with risk factor to developing ALL and AML. Whereas the GG appeared associated with AML only.13 - MDR1 phenotype - genotype association, indicate that MDR1 2677GA genotype was significantly high expression in healthy individual. While AML patients showed significant differences with high level of MDR1gene expression in 2677GT genotype. ALL showed significant differences with high level of MDR1 gene expression in MDR1 2677TT genotype.14 - The results of MDR1 C3435T genotype and allele frequency showed significant difference in genotype and allele frequency with heterozygous CT in both control and AML patients and mutant T allele. Whereas non - significant genotype and allele frequency with ALL.15 - Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (ORs and 95%CI) analysis showed that the MDR1 3435CC genotype carriers associated with risk to developing ALL. While no risk factor associate with MDR1 C3435T variants to develop AML.16 - MDR1 phenotype - genotype association, indicate that the wild type 3435CC genotype was significantly high expression in healthy control. The MDR1 3453CT genotype showed high significance with high level of MDR1 gene expression inAML. While ALL showed significantly high level of MDR1 gene expression in 3435TT genotype.17 - The results of MDR1 genotype - phenotype association showed similar impact of MDR1C1236T, G2677T/A and C3435T genotypes in AML clinical outcomes. The MDR1 CT/GT/TT genotypes were associated in NR AML with high level of expression at presentation, compared to significant low level in CC/GG genotype. In contrast, CR patients were observed non - significant with MDR1 gene expression at presentation and significant with low MDR1CC/GG genotypes in post treatment. In regards to ALL patients the MDR1 TT genotype showed significant differences with high level of MDR1 gene expression in NR and CR ALL at presentation and significant only with NR at post treatment. So there was no clear evidence between MDR1 genotypes and clinical outcome with ALL.18 - The haplotype results showed that the three MDR1 C1236T, G2677T/A and C3435T genotype were linkage disequilibrium significantly with heterozygous haplotype B (CT - GT - CT) compared to A(CGC) and C(TTT). Also B haplotype appeared significantly with high level of MDR1 gene expression compared to A and C. According to the clinical outcome, haplotype B was observed significant differences in NR AML patients while other haplotypes were non - significant

تقييم بعض جينات المقاومة للمضادات الحيوية في عزلات الكلبسيلا == Evaluation of Some Antibiotic Resistance Genes In Klebsiella Isolates

اسم المؤلف: زاهد سعدون عزيز
اسم المشرف: عباس شاكر جواد المحنة | سلمان عزيز عدوس
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: الاحياء المجهرية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة الكوفة - كلية العلوم - قسم علوم الحياة
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: النجف
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: هدفت الدراسة الحالية الى تقييم انتشار جينات البيتا لاكتاميز ? - lactamases ومنها جينات البيتا لاكتاميز الواسعة الطيف lactamases - Extended Spectrum ? وجينات اخرى مثل جينات المقاومة للكوينولونات Quinolones المرتبطة بالبلازميدات plasmid mediated quinolones | The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of plasmid mediated ? - lactamases including Extended Spectrum ? - lactamases and non - lactamases and study the horizontal gene transfer. A total of 800 of urine samples were taken from patient suffering from urinary tract infections had been collected during a period from February, to September of 2012, from the hospitals of AL - Najaf province. All the samples were cultured on MacConkey agar. From those 300 samples gave positive bacterial growth , 250 were lactose fermentative isolates, which were submitted to conventional tests including IMVIC and motility tests ultimately lactose fermentative, non motile isolates were candidate to Vitek 2 system to confirm the identification. the results revealed that there were 42 (16.8%) of isolates identified as Klebsiellae represented by Klebsiella pnumoniae ssp pneumoniae, 9(3.6%) of isolates diagnosed as Raoultella ornithinolytica, and 1(0.4%) for both K. pnumoniae ssp.ozeanae and Raoultella planticola. Screening tests were performed , disk diffusion test revealed different pattern of resistance, screening of ESBLS by MacConkey agar medium supplemented with 2 mg /l of Ceftazidime showed that 31 (58.5%) of isolates were initially ESBLS producers.Phenotypes confirmatory tests were conducted to different classes of antimicrobial agents, Disk synergism test revealed that 20(37.74%) of isolates were ESBLS positive, while Disk combination test by Ceftazidime + clav and Cefepime + clav revealed that 28(52.83%) and 43(81.13%) were ESBLS producers respectively, disk replacement test pointed that positive isolates were 26(49%), vitek2 system revealed 33(62%) of isolates were ESBLS producers.Imipenem - Ceftazidime antagonism test revealed that there was no isolate produce induced AmpC beta - lactamase, AmpC disc test revealed that no one of isolates were AmpC producer.The result of MHT(Modified Hodge test) revealed that all isolates were not Carbapenemases producers. Molecular study of different antimicrobial resistance genes were performed, the results reveald high percent of occurence as follow : blaTEM genes (90.6%), blaSHV gene(81.13%), blaCTX - M genes (88.6%), sul genes (88.6%), aac(6')Ib - cr genes (84.9%) and qnr - B genes (41.5%).the study also highlighted an association between studied genes. Finally many attempts to study of gene transfer by conjugation were conducted but all of them were failed, except one isolate (No. 5) was succeeded with frequency of conjugation (0.5×10 - 7). This study concluded that there were high prevalence of some plasmid mediated genes of isolates with clear multi gene resistance patterns as compared with some other genes which propose the high selective pressure of these genes and isolates might acquired resistance by mobile elements such as plasmids and integrons.

استعمال بعض انواع الطحالب والنباتات المائية في المعالجة الحيوية لمياه محطات المعالجة في مدينة الديوانية - العراق == Using of Some Dominant Algae And Aquatic Plants In Bioremediation of Waste Water From Wastewater Plants In Al - Dewaniya City, Iraq

اسم المؤلف: رائد كاظم عبد الاسدي
اسم المشرف: فؤاد منحر علكم | حسين يوسف الركابي
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: البيئة المائية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة القادسية - كلية التربية - قسم علوم الحياة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: القادسية
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: اجريت الدراسة الحالية على نوعين من المياه العادمة الصناعية المطروحة من مصنع نسيج الديوانية والمياه العادمة البلدية من محطة معالجة الديوانية، وللمدة من ربيع 2011 الى ربيع 2012 وهدفت الى اجراء مراقبة فصلية لنوعية المياه الداخلة لمحطتي المعالجة والخارجة منها | The current study has been conducted on two types of waste water, industrial wastewater from Al - Dewaniyah textile factory station1, station 2 and municipal wastewater from Al - Dewaniyah wastewater treatment plant station 3, station 4 in the City of Al - Dewaniyah - Iraq., for the period from Spring2011 to Spring 2012 and targeted monitoring quarterly the quality of water entering and leaving the stations.The study also includes the evaluation of the efficiency of some algae and aquatic plants to improve water quality via bioremediation of some pollutants in the water. The evaluation of water quality includes18 parameters as confirmed on spatial and temporal changes of these parameters, as well as the algal contents of these four stations(S1, S2, S3and S4). The results of physical and chemical analysis show the following ranges of : temperature (12.5 - 41.5°C), total dissolved solids TDS(692 - 1384.6 mg/l), total suspended solids TSS(58 - 277.4 mg/l), electrical conductivity EC(1225 - 2045µS/cm2), pH(7.0 - 7.8), dissolved oxygen DO(0.7 - 8.51mg/l), biological oxygen demand BOD(48.82 - 205 mg/l), total alkalinity (170.7 - 428 mg/l), total hardness TH (412 - 1623.3 mg/l), calcium (89.7 - 204.14 mg/l), magnesium (37.7 - 332.5 mg/l), nitrite (0.43 - 12.25 mg/l), nitrate(6.18 - 63.75 mg/l), phosphate (0.813 - 20.24 mg/l), lead (0.0983 - 1.076 mg/l), chromium (0.007 - 0.045mg/l), cadmium (0.0374 - 0.326 mg/l) and the total algal number(17.00 - 14202 individual/l).The spatial and temporal variations show significant differences at(P?0.05) among studied factors in the different stations.The qualitative study of algae reports that the dominance is to the blue green algae(Cyanophyta)by 46%, then is followed by diatoms(Bacillariophyta) by 26% down with Dinophyta3%, according to Shannon - Wiener index of diversity (H), the fall and winter classified as severely polluted all around the stations 0.377 and 0.669, respectively, while summer and spring are moderate pollution of a category (II) and the values of (H) is1.374 and 1.395 respectively, in situ has been observed that the stations are classified as highly polluted and have been ranked within the category(I) and the stations arranged according to the pollution as S3 <S4< S2< S1.According to Species richness index the first station S1 is the best, follows by S4, S3 while S2 comes the last in order, but in the terms of total abundance has topped the third station S3 among the others, then followed by S4, S2 and finally S1. on the other hand the current study includs laboratory investigation to demonstrate the efficiency of algae and aquatic plants to improve water quality as it has been experimenting with immobilization of algae technique, a new method has been used for the first time at the local level in the current study. The results show that the immobilized algae Stigonema sp.and Cladophora glomerata have lowered the pH of the treated wastewater which began relatively high, as well as increasing dissolved oxygen concentrations at the end of the experiment all transactions free and immobilized treatments , on the other side TSS has been reduced about 61.8% when treated with immobilized algae C.glomerata, nitrite has also been reduced at about 96.7% and 85.5% by Stigonema sp.and C.glomerata respectively, nitrate also has been reduced by 99.9% and 95.2% when treated with Scendesmus dimorphus and C.glomerata respectively, while the removal of phosphate reaches its peak when it has been treated with free Stigonema sp. and immobilized S.dimorphus by 99.92% and 98.35% respectively.The tested algae shows a great ability to reduce heavy metals, when immobilized alga Oscillatoria sp. removes about 94.27% of Lead, while free Stigonema sp. and C.glomerata are the best in Chromium removal about 92.42% and 92.35% respectively, and the C.glomerata is the best in Cadmium processing, a reduced rate of 99.21% followed by immobilized S.dimorphus of 97.13%. The current study also involves a laboratory experiment to evaluate the potential of two aquatic plants duckweed (Lemna minor L.)and water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes Mart.(Solms.) in improving the quality of wastewater the tested plants have been worked at increasing the aeration of treated water by raising dissolved oxygen concentration about 85.26% and 84.4% for duckweed and water hyacinth, on the other hand the relative efficiency to reduce the pollutants by aquatic plants as follows : EC, NO2, NO3(31.66% and 28.45%, 55.7% and 50.01%, 55.7% and 13.3%)for duckweed and water hyacinth respectively, from another side water hyacinth is the most efficient in phosphate reducing at rate of 90.5% comparing with duckweed 49.78%.On the of heavy metals treatment the tested plants show a remarkable removal of lead 88.23% and 80.4% , chromium 97.84% and 95.18% for duckweed and water hyacinth respectively, with respect to cadmium, water hyacinth shows high efficiency in the removal of this metal by 98.14%, while duckweed is the least in the treatment of Cd by 81.8%. From the above results, the current study demonstrates that there are a spatial and temporal variations regarding the factors examined in the stations of wastewater treatment units and confirms that the efficiency of studied wastewater treatment stations is below the required level, which contributes in increasing the pollution of Al - Dewaniyah River, which is the unique source to supply the city with freshwater for all purposes, that receives large loads of pollutants.The study also confirms that the evaluation of the presence of algae in the studied stations.Thus the knowledge of algal composition could give an early warning and accurate assessment about the quality of sewage before dumping into river. In addition to the forgoing, it is concluded that the biological treatment (bioremediation) of wastewater using free and immobilized algae and aquatic plants have improved dramatically and tangibly the benefits of the quality of that water being a promising approach of the wastewater treatment as well as being low cost economically.

حركية بعض العناصر النزرة في النظام البيئي لنهر الديوانية == Kinetic of Some Trace Elements In The Ecosystem of Al - Diwaniya River

اسم المؤلف: حيدر مشكور حسين
اسم المشرف: باسم يوسف الخفاجي
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: البيئة - التلوث البيئي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة القادسية - كلية التربية - قسم علوم الحياة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: القادسية
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The current study was conducted to understand the Relationship among concentration of selected of trace elements(Cadmium, Copper, Nickel, Lead and Zinc) in some trophic levels, water, and sediments, in Al - Diwaniya River. Samples were collected monthly for water, sediments, plant Phragmites australis (Cav.), phytoplankton, zooplankton, and two species of fish. from May (summer) 2013 up to April(spring) 2014 from three sites in Al - Diwaniya river. The current study included determine some physical and chemical parameters such as air and water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, Total dissolved solids, Salinity, Light Penetration, Turbidity, Dissolved oxygen, the Biological Oxygen Demand, Total Organic Carbon of sediment, determined of the soil texture; and some trace elements in abiotic component such as water (dissolved and particulate), and in sediment, and so in biotic component included plant P. australis, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and two species of fish females (Cyprinus carpio) and (Tilapia zilli). The results showed that the air and water temperature ranged between (16.4039.55) ?C; (11.42 - 30.57) ?C respectively. The study also demonstrated that the pH values were neutral tend to light alkaline and ranged between (7.34 - 8.10), the electrical conductivity ranged between (7021 7021 - 7947 7947) µs/cm. while the TDS, ranged between (09.502 09.502 - 729950. 729950.) mg/l, according to the values of salinity ranged between (0.773 - 0.954)‰ the water of the river was classified as Oligohaline, while the values of Light Penetration ranged between (28.81 - 120.61)cm, and the turbidity ranged between (43.26 - 55.78) NTU, also showed dissolved oxygen as its value ranged between (45729 45729 - 7.979) mg/l, while the biological oxygen demand showed value ranged between (1.123 - 2.627) mg/l, The values of total organic carbon in sediments ranged between (0.440 - 1.045)%, While the sediment texture was sandy - silt in the first site, and sandy - clay in the both two and three sites of Al - Diwaniya river. Results of Concentration of trace elements (Cadmium, Copper, Nickel, Lead and Zinc) in dissolved part ranged between (252222. 252222. - 2522724 2522724), ( 252270 252270 - 252200 252200), ( 25227. 25227. - 252290 252290), (252224. 252224. - 2522022 2522022 ) , ( 25279. 25279. - 252010 252010 ) mg/l., whereas in particulate part ranged for between (0.29 - 1.49), (3.46 - 13.04), (12.51 - 20.99), (1.08 - 4.67 ((, (65.54 - 127.51 ) µg/g dry weight. and in sediments ranged between (0.53 - 1.96), (23.93 - 49.65), (136.85 - 166.09), (4.14 - 5.92), (126.69 - 176.64) µg/g dry weight respectively. In the Descending sequence in concentrations of all trace elements in abiotic components was as follow : sediments> particulate part> dissolved part. in producers of Al - Diwaniya river ranged in plant P. australis from (0.07 - 0.20), (5.93 - 16.21), (8.67 - 46.87 ) , (0.89 - 2.93), (26.60 - 103.78) µg/g dry weight respectively. in phytoplankton from (0.40 - 1.77), (8.89 - 25.2), (28.0666.49), (1.47 - 3.59 ) , (103.39 - 159.70) µg/g dry weight respectively. In the Descending sequence in concentrations of all trace elements in producers was as follow phytoplankton> plant P. australis. While the concentrations of trace elements in consumers in (zooplankton) of Al - Diwaniya river ranged from(0.56 - 4.41), (21.89 - 56.08), (51.64 - 152.79), (2.806.06), (137.14 - 183.61) µg/g dry weight respectively. While in two species of fish according to organs in gills of Cyprinus carpio ranged from(0.63 - 2.07) ) ) 3.19 3.90), ) ) 4.04 - 8.96) , (1.95 - 3.76), (182.14 253.89) µg/g dry weight respectively, in liver from(0.41 - 1.78), (6.20 - 32.47 ) , (5.97 - 10.39), (2.06 - 5.37), (136.15 184.75) µg/g dry weight respectively, and in muscles from (0.49 - 3.43و) , (و 2.82 10.40), (7.17 - 11.57 ) , (0.61 - 4.60 ) , (110.96 - 160.46) µg/g dry weight respectively. and ranged in gills of Tilapia zilli from(0.44 - 1.15), (1.06 - 6.83), (8.18 - 13.97 ) , (1.46 2.89) , (99.03 155.33) µg/g dry weight respectively, in liver from(0.571.64 ) , (13.08 - 28.06), ( 8.03 - 18.50), (1.32 - 3.02), (112.68 176.32) µg/g dry weight respectively, and in muscles(0.46 - 1.80), (2.42 2.93), (7.47 - 10.52), ( 0.20 - 3.16 ) , (79.74 - 153.58 ((µg/g dry weight respectively. concentrations of all trace elements in consumers always were higher than with producers and abiotic components In the Descending sequence in concentrations of all trace elements in consumers and producers was as follow : zooplankton> Cyprinus carpio> Tilapia zilli> phytoplankton> plant P. australis., And in the organs of fish was as follow in Cyprinus carpio : gills> liver>muscle, while in Tilapia zilli was follow liver > gills >muscle. While the values of the bioconcentration factor for (Cadmium, Copper, Nickel, Lead and Zinc) in producers of the study area ranged in plant P. australis. From 747542 747542)) - 7200500 7200500), ( 0.7150. 0.7150. - 729445.4 729445.4), (..1750...1750. - 047..59. 047..59.), ( 004540 004540 411507 411507), ( 44.592 44.592 - 4740509 4740509) respectively.In phytoplankton (7027512 7027512 - 000.2522 000.2522), (.704504.704504 - 79...549 79...549), ( 7111.547 7111.547 - 99420594 99420594), ( 7049542 7049542 - .20454..20454.), ( 0110527 0110527 77944502 77944502) respectively. the values of the bioconcentration factor for elements in consumers of the study area ranged in zooplankton from (712.59. 712.59. - .7444544.7444544), (0071504 0071504 - 42914504 42914504 ) , ( 0.004597 0.004597 - 07.700524 07.700524), ( 0..7527 0..7527 - 7709.544 7709.544), ( 4010577 4010577 70744574 70744574) respectively.in fish organs Cyprinus carpio ranged in gills from(197571 197571 - 97922522 97922522), (839.47 - 2808.33), (1704.16 - 4640.00), (1500.00 - 4076.92), (6876.10 - 13873.77) respectively. in liver ranged from (482.35 - 35600.00), (001.522 001.522 - 10075.00), (2473.81 - 6453.33), (1665.00 - 4646.15), (6373.16 - 12568.02) respectively. and in muscles (.14591.14591 - 40422522 40422522), ( 190572 190572 - 0444544 0444544), ( 7049500 7049500 9002500 9002500 - ) , ( 047520 047520 - 1214540 1214540), ( 4220501 4220501 - 9111502 9111502) respectively. while in Tilapia zilli organs ranged in gills (.71549.71549 - 00222522 00222522), ( 000500 000500 - 01015.2 01015.2) , ( 000254. 000254. 4070500 4070500), ( ((00475.0 00475.0 - 40.504 40.504 , (.40050..40050. - 0901541 0901541 ) respectively. in liver (4125.0 4125.000022522 00022522 ) , (.02.504.02.504 - 00000500 00000500), ( 0017590 0017590 - 77.405.2 77.405.2), ( 09457. 09457. - 9044500 9044500) , (499.5.0 499.5.0 - 0420592 0420592 ) respectively. and in muscles ranged from (.97571.97571 - 00022522 00022522), (771.05 - 0744544 0744544) , ( 7414574 7414574 - 401.522 401.522), ( ( ( 0.44500 0.44500 - 700502 700502, ( 5414.28 - 7354.09) respectively. results showed that the aquatic organisms (Consumers, Producers) have ability to bioconcentration of trace elements. and showed the descending sequence in concentrations of all trace elements in consumers and producers was as follow : zooplankton> Cyprinus carpio> Tilapia zilli> phytoplankton> plant P. australis. The result of this study confirms the biomagnification phenomenon (the increase of trace elements concentration with elevation in trophic levels of the food web) in study of Al - Diwaniya river ecosystem, as it's the case in other region of the world

التنوع الوراثي لبعض الانماط الوراثية للطماطة باستعمال واسمات الـ RAPD وSSR في العراق == Genetic Diversity of Some Tomato Genotypes Using RAPD And SSR Markers In Iraq

اسم المؤلف: اطياف جميل ثامر التميمي
اسم المشرف: علي حمود السعدي | محسن جلاب عباس
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: النبات - الوراثة
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة الكوفة - كلية العلوم - قسم علوم الحياة
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: النجف
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: قدر التنوع الوراثي لـ 19 من الانماط الوراثية للطماطة (المحدودة وغير المحدودة النمو) المستزرعة في العراق باستخدام اثنين من واسمات الدنا (DNA Markers) المعتمدة على تفاعلات البلمرة المتسلسلة Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) وهما واسمات التفاعل التضاعفي العشوا | Genetic diversity of 19 tomato genotypes (determinate and indeterminate) cultivated in Iraq using two polymerase chain reaction based DNA markers (PCR based DNA markers); Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPDs) and Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs).Variation of some growth criteria and morphological traits for each genotype were recorded in the growing season of 2012 - 2013.High variability was observed in plant height, leaf area, number of inflorescence, number of flowers and fruit weight among genotypes To achieve PCR reactions, total genomic DNA was isolated from fresh leaves (2 weeks old). The average yields of DNA were in the range of 100 - 295 ng/?l with a purity ranging between 1.8 - 1.9.RAPDs amplifications were performed for genotypes fingerprinting by testing 27 Operon primers. DNA polymorphisms among genotypes were scored within detectable amplified fragments (their numbers and molecular weight) after agarose gel electrophoresis and staining with ethidium bromide. The 27 primers produced 442 of main bands, out of which 312 were polymorphic bands (70.5%) and 70 were monomorphic (15.8%) across all tested genotypes.Each selected primer produced between 60 bands (OPA - 14) to 290 bands (OPD - 13). DNA amplification products ranged in their size from 250 bp (OPA - 01, OPU - 14, OPX - 15, OPX - 19, OPT - 08 ( to 2755 bp (OPX - 18). The highest number of polymorphic bands (21 bands) was produced by primer OPU - 03, while the lowest number of polymorphic bands (3 band) was produced by both primers OPA - 14 and OPB - 17.The primers varied in their capacity in producing polymorphic amplified profiles among tomato genotypes which individually reflected genotype specific DNA profiles (fingerprints). The most important primers for this purpose were primers that produced more variety specific DNA profiles, such as OPD - 13, OPT - 08, OPW - 04, OPA - 04, OPA - 15, OPB - 18, OPU - 03, OPC - 09.The highest value of discrimination among genotypes in this study was obtained by primer OPU - 03, while the lowest discrimination value was produced by both primers OPA - 14 and OPB - 17. The primer efficiency ranged from 0.13 in (primer OPC - 09) to 0.02 in (primer OPB - 17). The lowest genetic distance was 0.2294 between genotypes Oula and Shady lady, while the highest genetic distance was 0.9459 between genotypes Fotton and Special pack. Cluster analysis (Phylogenetic tree) by un weighted pair - group method of arithmetic means (UPGMA) based dendrogram revealed that they were two main genetic groups (major clusters).The first small major clusters included four (four genotypes) while the second large major cluster included (15 genotypes). A total of 21 alleles were detected among the tested genotypes using five SSRs loci distributed on four chromosomes of tomato. The molecular size of bands obtained from amplification of SSR products ranged from 121 to 247 bp. Alleles ranged from one in (Tom 8 - 9, Tom 41 - 42 and Tom 67 - 68 loci) to twelve in Tom 49 - 50 locus. The values of heterozygosity for each locus ranged between 0.63 for Tom 31 - 32 and 0.89 for Tom 49 - 50 with a mean value of 0.30. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values for the SSR loci ranged from 0.45 in Tom 31 - 32 to 0.58 in Tom 49 - 50 loci with an average of 0.21. Each one of (Tom 8 - 9, Tom 41 - 42 and Tom 67 - 68 loci) produce 0.0 value for both heterozygosity and PIC. The study revealed that, The lowest genetic distance was 0.3244 between varieties Tamara and W arda, while, the highest genetic distance was 0.9177between varieties Helam and Super marimond. The genetic similarity values ranging from 0.0823 to 0.6756 depending upon the genetic distance values that ranging from 0.3244 to 0.9177, indicating the largest diversity with percentage of 32 to 91% among the tested genotypes. The analysis of the results obtained from genetic distances and Neighbor - joining dendrogram (unrooted tree) revealed that, the 19 tested tomato genotypes can be grouped into two major groups : first cluster included nine varieties distributed in two subgroups. The second major cluster included 10 genotypes which in turn divided into two subgroups.The relationship among genotypes was not concern to their morphological characters and geographical origins. The overall analysis of the results show that both SSRs and RAPDs markers are powerful tools in fingerprinting and revealing the genetic relationships among tomato genotypes.

تقيم بعض العناصر النادره ومستوى المالونداي الدهايد والبروتين في الرجال العقيمين == Assessment of Some Trace Elements, (MDA) And Protein Levels In Infertile Men

اسم المؤلف: زهراء فلاح عبد العالي عنوز
اسم المشرف: علاء الدين صبحي محسن السلامي
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: الحيوان
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة الكوفة - كلية العلوم - قسم علوم الحياة
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: النجف
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تم اجراء هذا البحث لدراسه عينات السائل المنوي التي تم الحصول عليها من المرضى المصابين بوهن النطف وعددهم 35عينه كذلك سوي النطف عددهم 40 عينه وتم اخذ مجموعه من الاشخاص الاسوياء (مجموعه السيطره) حيث كان عددهم 20 عينه الذين راجعو مركز الخصوبه في مدينه الصدر ا | This study was performed on human semen specimens obtained from Asthenozoospermic patients (35 specimens) Normozoospermic males (40 specimens), and (20 specimens) Fertile Control group, who were attending to the laboratories of Fertility center in ALSader Hospital of AL - Najaf AL - Ashraf city during the period extended from 1 - 9 - 2013 to 30 - 1 - 2014. The aim of This present study was to estimate the levels of some Trace element (Lead, Copper, Cobalt, Chromium, , and Cademium) concentrations in Asthenozoospermia and Normozoospermia. by atomic absorption method, and comparsion with control (Fertile).Moreover, it tends to estimate the concentration of (MDA) Malondialdehyde , Total protein concentration and to know the viability sperm percent in semen specimens.Also, the relationships between mentioned components and some semen parameters. The results revealed significant increase (P <0.05) in the concentration of examined trace elements in Asthenozoospermia and Normozoospermia when comparsion with control, also a significant increase (P <0.05) in total protein concentration, also in MDA. While The results revealed significant decrease (P <0.05) in the viability sperm percent in semen specimens. Correlation study showed positive relationship between concentration of the trace elements and abnormal sperm morphology percent, also with total protein concentration, and MDA concentration. While negative relationship between concentration of trace elements and percent of sperm motility.It was concluded that the increase in the concentration of the trace elements and it influence on blance and parameter of seminal fluid, also the Correlation between trace element and Protein in semen. All of this lead to arise of cases of Asthenozoospermia and Normozoospermia infertile patients.

العلاقة بين انتاج الانزيم المحلل للكولاجين وتكوين الغشاء الحياتي بوساطة بكتريا Pseudomonas aeruginosae == The Relationship Between Collagenase Production And Biofilm Formation By Pseudomonas Aeuroginosa

اسم المؤلف: امال عزيز كريم السعدي
اسم المشرف: شذى سلمان الطحان
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: الاحياء المجهرية - البكتريا
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: A total of 359 samples divided as 228 clinical and 131 non clinical specimens were collected during 2012 from four hospitals in Baghdad city including : Al - Kadhymia Teaching hospital, Baghdad Teaching hospital, The Burn Specialist Hospital and Al - Imam Ali hospital, for isolation of P.aeruginosa to study the correlation between collagenase production and biofilm formation. Eighty two Pseudomonas isolates were screened for biofilm formation, 28 isolates were classified as strong biofilm formers, 25 as moderate and 27 as weak biofilm former. The 28 isolates were identifid by VITEk - 2 Compact system which confirmed that the isolates were P.aeruginosa. Collagenase production assay was used to screen 28 isolates that were strong biofilm formers inorder to detect the ability of these isolates to produce collagenase, the substrate of collagenase (collagen) was purified localy from bovin tendon and the results showed that just 8 isolates could grow in mineral salt media with collagen after 4 days of incubation. The factors affecting biofilm formation and collagenase production were studied to determine the optimual conditions for their production, those factors included : 1 - Nitrogen sources represented higher influence on collagenase production specialy (yeast extract) in media containing collagen than other media without collagen as a substrate. The specific activity differed between the 8 isolates, biofilm formation also became more pronounced with (yeast extract), while NH4Cl and NaNO3 depressed biofilm formation at the same conditions. The statistical analysis between the two parameters (biofilm and collagenase) according to different nitrogen sources demonstrated highly significance at p?0.01 with yeast extract and casein. 2 - pH, results showed that the best pH for production was 7 for both collagenase and biofilm.The statistical analysis for determination the relationshipe between the two parameters showed highly significance at p ?0.01 for different pH. 3 - The maximum production of the two parameters was at 35?C temperature which gave highly significance at p?0.01 with defferent temperature. 4 - Long incubation periods revealed increasing in collagenase production and biofilm formation which represented highly significance detween them when incubation periods were prolonged at p?0.01. Results of this study showed that collagenase production increases when bacteria switch from a planktonic to biofilm phenotype. This indicates that biofilms and collagenase are more virulent and have a greater ability to cause tissue destruction. The REP - PCR analysis using BOX - primer, showed a clusters genetic relatedness among the isolates. The isolates were grouped according to the REP - PCR in 9 different genotypes, named cluster 1 to 3 which included C1, C2, C3 with relatedness : 8 (80%), 8 (86%), 3 (80%) respectively. A19 and A20 both of them were not included in any cluster, they have 78% similarity.The REP - PCR analysis showed that the genotypic relatedness is consistently high between the 8 producer isolates and non producer isolates (13), showed similarity reached 86

دراسة تشريحية مقارنة للاجزاء الخضرية وبعض الاجزاء التكاثرية لمراتب من العائلة القرعية Cucurbitaceae في العراق == Comparative Anatomical Study of Vegetative And Some Reproductive Parts For Taxa of The Family Cucurbitaceae In Iraq

اسم المؤلف: باسمة محمد رضا كاظم العبيدي
اسم المشرف: عذية ناهي سلمان المشهداني
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: النبات - التشريح
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تناولت الدراسة الحالية دراسة تشريحية مقارنة لتسعة مراتب من العائلة القرعية Cucurbitaceae المستزرعة والبرية والتي زرعت في الحديقة النباتية لكلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة ابن الهيثم والمراتب هي : 1 - Citrullus colocynthis Schrad2 - Citrullus vulgaris Schrad3 | The present study included comparative anatomical study for nine taxa of Cucurbitaceae family for cultivated and wild types, which were planted in the garden of College of Education for Pure Sciences/ Ibn Al - Haitham. These taxa included : Citrullus colocynthis Schrad, Citrullus vulgaris Schrad, Cucumis melo Linnaeus, Cucumis melo var.flexuosus Naudin, Cucumis sativus Linnaeus, Cucurbita maxima Duchesne, Cucurbita pepo Linnaeus, Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl, Luffa cylindrica (Linnaeus) M. Roem. This study focused on some the anatomical characterization as compared study for the first time to these taxa in Iraq. This study included the features of ordinary epidermal cells, leaves petioles, stems, pedicles and sepals of the studied taxa. The results found the appearance of stomata in the stems and petioles in straight line as adjacent planar shape to the epidermal cells and not scattered as found in the leaves, this result was seen for the first time in the current taxa. Furthermore, the stomata have been shown in pedicel and sepals in same type as the stomatal complexes in leaves. The importance of phenotypic variation for the length and types of eglandular trichomes and the presence or not of glandular trichomes were found to carry out the role of indumentum in the different isolated taxa. Additionally, this study included the examination of the cross sections of the roots and also exposed the constituent tissues of it, the variation in the thickness of epidermis, cortex, vascular cambium as well as the arrangement of phloem cells have an important role in the studied taxa. The cross sections of stems, leaves petioles and pedicles showed shape and studied a significant role in the studied taxa and split them into groups.Moreover, this study concluded that the following of above sections from the outside into the inside has an important role to find out their constituent tissue. Thus the results of the study clarified the importance of epidermis tissue through the explanation of the outer and inner tangential walls of their cells and the variation in their dimensions, thickness and kind of stomatal complexes; therefore it has been given the importance of those features in the studied taxa in this study. Cortex tissue showed an extension of angular collenchyma and chloronechyma from stem to pedicel and have shown variation in the thickness in these two layers which was useful in the classification of studied taxa. Vascular tissues differed in the shape of vascular bundle, the number of rows and xylem units and the arrangement of the internal phloem, and all of those characteristics have helped in the studied taxa. In addition, the vascular tissues helped to find their arranged in the stems and found as vascular cylinder shape, while in the petioles and pedicel shown as vascular ribbons were which took the shape of sections petioles and pedicel. The medullar cells and medullary rays have been studied and also their similarity in the morphological characterization and function. Moreover, the anatomical features of the vertical sections of the laminae of leaves in mesophyll tissue have been examined, in the thickness of palaside and spongy layers in midrib, the variation in number and arrangement of vascular bundles have an important role in the studied taxa. In the current study, the ordinary and petal leaves venation and the type of venation have been studied in the studied taxa. Moreover the vertical sections for sepals were examined and also their similarity with laminae of leaves which was useful for studying the constituent tissues of some parts such as pedicel and sepals and anatomical features; and all of the studied characterization helped to study the vegetative parts through following them in studied taxa.

مقارنة نسب الحمل للنساء اللواتي يعانين من توقف الطمث لاسباب ثانويه بعد استعمال ادوية المنشطه للحويصلات المبيضيه باستخدام التمنيه داخل الرحم والطريقه الطبيعيه للحمل == Comparison of Pregnancy Rate Between Intrauterine Insemination And Spontaneous Pregnancy After Ovulation Induction In Women With Secondary Amenorrhea

اسم المؤلف: سوسن كاظم عبد الامير
اسم المشرف: محمد باقر محمد رشاد فخر الدين
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: التقنيات الاحيائية
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة النهرين - المعهد العالي لتشخيص العقم والتقنيات المساعدة على الانجاب
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: انقطاع الطمث لاسباب ثانوية هو انعدام الدوره الشهريه لمدة ثلاثة الى ستة اشهر للنساء اللواتي لهن دوره شهريه منتظمة.واستنادا لمنظمة الصحة العالمية ان انقطاع الطمث يتضمن مجموعة (WHOI) و(WHOII) والتي تكون (30%) من حالات العقم.وتعاني اكثر النساء ممن يكونون من م | Secondary amenorrhea refers to the lack of cycle for three months in a row or for more than six months in a woman who has had regular menstrual periods before, and its associated with conditions classified as World Health Organization (WHO) group 1 and WHO group 2 and has been estimated to represent almost (30%) of all causes of infertility. In clinical practice, WHO group 2 subjects present much more frequently than WHO group 1 subjects and they appear to be much harder to treat successfully. Among women classified as WHO group 2, those diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) constitute the largest group (60 - 85% of cases). These women account for most cases with oligomenorrhea (90%) and represent about (30%) of those with amenorrhea.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to find out the pregnancy rate following intrauterine insemination (IUI) in women complaining of secondary amenorrhea after induction of ovulation and compare it with those achieve pregnancy by natural way.Material and MethodsSeventy five females with secondary amenorrhea were involved in this study, there ages were ranged between (?30, 30 - 39, ?40) years old with infertility duration ranged between (?2, 3 - 4, 5 - 6, 7 - 8, ?9) years. History and medical examination were done for all women, with tubal patency assessment by HSG or laparoscopy.By cycle day two, hormonal assay (S.FSH, S.LH, S.E2, S.Prolactin and S.Testosterone) were done for all females in addition to ultrasonography to exclude any ovarian pathology.Ovulation induction program was applied for all females which include either clomiphene citrate (CC) alone, recombinant Follicular Stimulating Hormone (r - FSH) alone or combined CC and r - FSH. Vaginal ultrasonography was done for all females on day 12 or13 to assess ovarian response (size and number of mature follicles) and endometrial thickness. Meantime all male partners undergo seminal analysis to assess sperm parameters (sperm concentration, sperm motility and morphology).Thirty eight of females participated for natural pregnancy and thirty seven of females participate for IUI. Washing swim up technique was used for sperm activation for all male partner involved in IUI group.Follow up of all these females for pregnancy test to assess the pregnancy rate for both groups (natural and IUI).ResultsThe pregnancy rate achieved by natural way for a women with secondary amenorrhea is (23.7%), and (18.92%) by IUI way.In this study, it was found that female age, infertility duration, hormonal balance and ovulation induction program affect the pregnancy outcome where the young age group and short infertility duration correlate positively with pregnancy rate. Furthermore, early diagnosis of underlying causes of secondary amenorrhea to achieve hormonal balance by suitable ovulation induction program, have an effect on pregnancy rate, were combined CC and r - FSH produce a significant result among females achieve pregnancy by natural way (13.5%) compared with other ways. While ovulation induction by r - FSH drugs produce a significant results (13.5%) among females achieve pregnancy by IUI way.ConclusionFrom results of this study, it was concluded that young female age, short infertility duration, early diagnosis of underlying causes of secondary amenorrhea and the use of r - FSH drugs for ovulation induction produce a high significant pregnancy rate using IUI program.

انتاج انزيم السيليلز من عزلة محلية لبكتريا B167 Streptomyces sp. واستخدامه في انتاج الوقود الحيوي == Cellulase Production From Local Isolate of Streptomyces Sp.B167 And Its Application In Biofuel Production

اسم المؤلف: بنان محمود سليمان
اسم المشرف: ناظم حسن حيدر
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: التقنيات الاحيائية
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد - كلية العلوم - قسم التقانة الاحيائية
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: هدفت الدراسة الحالية الى انتاج انزيم السليليز من بكتريا الستربتومايسس ودراسة تاثير بعض الظروف الزرعية على انتاج الانزيم; انتاج الوقود الحيوي من المخلفات السليلوزية من خلال التحلل المائي للمخلفات بالاحماض والانزيمات المايكروبية. تم غربلة 74 عزلة لبكتريا St | The current study was aimed to produce biofuel from cellulosic waste material degraded by local isolate Streptomyces. Seventy four isolates of Streptomyces were screened for cellulase production in solid and liquid media. The results showed higher capability of isolate Streptomyces sp. B 167 for cellulase production and bioconversion of cellulose. Therefore, it was selected for further studies. The results of optimization revealed that the cellulase enzyme productivity by the isolate Streptomyces sp. B 167 reached to 2.1 and 2.28 U/ml after 48 h of incubation time and pH 7 respectively. Cellulase productions in tested isolate improved (2.57 U/ml) by supplementation of cellulose liquid medium with 1 % of yeast extract as nitrogen source. Additives of carbon sources like (manitol, glucose, maltose, sucrose and starch) to the process of saccharification did not improve the cellulase productivity. The bioconversion of cellulosic waste to reducing sugar was maximum with Banana peels (77.78 %) followed by the rice husk (75.56 %), orange peels (71.11 %), corn steep peels (60.0 %) and lowest bioconversions (53.33 %) were recorded with sawdust. The degradation of cellulosic waste increased with increasing substrate concentration. Maximum cellulase productivity (3.18 U/ml) and bioconversion (86.1 %) was obtained at 3 % (w/v) of cellulosic waste (Banana peels). Saccharification of cellulosic waste with different treatment methods was studied. The pretreatment of cellulosic waste with 1 % HCl and H2SO4 produces 21 and 15.8 g of reducing sugar / 100 g of cellulosic waste. In comparison, hydrolysis with Streptomyces sp. B 167 enzymes resulted a significantly higher amount of reducing sugar yield (25 g / 100 g cellulosic waste). Further fermentation of cellulosic hydrolysates was performed using Saccharomyces cerevisiae using stationary fermentation condition. Maximum yield of ethanol were (0.30, 0.19 and 0.10 g ethanol / g glucose) observed with Streptomyces sp. B 167 enzymes, HCl and H2SO4 hydrolysates respectively after 48 h of fermentation

تقييم بعض المؤشرات المـناعية للتفاعلات الالتهابيـة المتـرافقـة مـع الاصابة بطفيلي الاكياس المائية == Evaluation of Some Immunological Parameters Associated With Echinococcus Grunulosus Infection

اسم المؤلف: حارث برع حسن علي الاوسي
اسم المشرف: نغم ياسين كاظم البياتي
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: علوم الحياة
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة ديالى - كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة - قسم علوم الحياة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ديالى
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: اجريت الدراسة الحالية في محافظة ديالى وشملت الدراسة 184 عينة من الاشخاص الاكثر تعرضا للاصابة بمرض الاكياس المائية. وبعد الكشف تبين ان 16 منهم تاكدت اصابتهم بالاكياس المائية في كل من الكبد والرئتين (12, 4 مريضا على التوالي) وقد تم تسجيل بعض المعلومات من كل | The present study was carried out in Diyala province, and included 184 samples at risk of infection with hydatid cysts. The diagnosis obtained that there were 16 infectied individual with hydatid cysts in liver and lung (12, 4 patients, respectively). Some information were recorded for each individuals. The study included 24 healthy individuals as control. Immunological test was carried out for each group. The results obtained that the rate of infection was higher in female (4.9%) compared with male (3.8%). The highest rate of infection was in 31 - 40 and 41 - 50 age groups and there was no significant difference among age groups. According to occupation there was no significant difference and the student shepherds were not infected with hydatid cyst. When investigation of risk factor, the result showed that (3.26%) of infected individuals were contact with animals while those who eat vegetables were higher (5.43%). The liver was the first infected organ according to distribution of infection in body follow by lung with 75% and 25% respectively and there was no significant difference. According to cytokines, IL - 4, IL - 17A, MIP - 1?, IP - 10, the study were higher in infected individuals compared with non infected and there was significant difference at 0.001 p.value. There was no significant difference in means of IL - 4 and MIP - 1? in both sexes but there was significant difference in IL - 17A and IP - 10 between males and females. The study showed that there was significant difference in IL - 4 according to location of infection and it was higher in lung compared with liver. No significant difference in IL - 17A, MIP - 1?, IP - 10 was shown according to location of infection

دراسة تشريحية لسيقان وسويقات واوراق بعض اجناس العائلة الوردية rosaceae في الديوانية == Anatomical Study of The Stems, Leaves And Petioles For Some Species of Family Rosaceae

اسم المؤلف: حسنى مهدي رياح الفتلي
اسم المشرف: ازهار عبد الامير سوسة
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: النبات
الدرجة: دبلوم عالي
الجامعة: جامعة القادسية - كلية التربية - قسم علوم الحياة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: القادسية
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: شمل البحث الحالي دراسة بعض الانواع العائدة للعائلة الوردية Rosaceae في محافظة الديوانية من الناحية التشريحية, اذ تم دراسة المقاطع المستعرضة للسيقان والسويقات والاوراق لثلاثــــــــــــة انــــواع وهـي المشمـــــش Prunus armenicana L. والكمثـــــــــري.Pyr | Current research involved the study of some species belonging to the family rosary rosaceae in Diwaniyah province of anatomical terms, as has been the study of cross sections of the stems, leaves and petioles for three species apricot Prunus. armenicana L. And pear Pyrus communis L. And apple Malus domestica Borkh. The study has been the separation of these species into groups depending on differences and similarities of the attributes of the obvious anatomical changes were discussed among these species, It turns out that many of these qualities, Especially the form of stem and cutworms as well as the presence or loss of tissue such as textiles Parencyma green Chlorenchyma in the stem as possible discrimination species P.armenicana for the other two species of loss of such a fabric, And also the possible discrimination of this species through the general shape of the clips transverse Soik as it's looks like a horse shoe, While the other two it's like a triangle. As for the indumentum and taxonomic diversity epithet to isolate and diagnose these species from each other, Such as Glandular hairs and the loss of these filaments in the other two species.The study concluded that the possibility of the use of the anatomical characteristics of transverse sections of the Stem, Petioles and Leaves in the diagnosis of the species under study

تقييم التعبير الجيني للجين UGT1A1 لدى حديثي الولادة المصابين باليرقان == Assessment of UGT1A1 Gene Expression In Hyperbilirubinemic Neonates

اسم المؤلف: حسين حميد حسن
اسم المشرف: ظافرة جعفر عبد علي الفتلاوي | صباح نعمة محمد الفتلاوي
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: الحيوان - الوراثة
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة الكوفة - كلية التربية للبنات - قسم علوم الحياة
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: النجف
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: استخدمت في هذه الدراسة 125 عينة من حديثي الولادة لتقييم التعبير الجيني لل UGT1A1 والكشف عن المتغاير UGT1A1*28. استخدمت 85 عينة منها في تقييم التعبير الجيني لل UGT1A1, بينما استخدمت ال 40 عينة المتبقية للكشف عن المتغاير UGT1A1*28. اجريت الدراسة الحالية في | A cohort of 125 neonates enrolled in the present study 85 of which subjected to the UGT1A1 expression analysis and forty (40) independent subjects examined for UGT1A1*28 variant. The project was performed in the laboratory of molecular genetics in the collage of education for women, TSB, UCB, BG and ELISA were performed in ATHOP, Assader teaching hospital and Annajaf private laboratory in the period from may to October 2013. Analysis of the UGT1A1 gene expression showed considerable decrease in UGT1A1 expression with relative risk 1.46. Analysis of regression of UGT1A1 mean against severity showed significant inverse correlation between severity of NH and mean UGT1A1 level (r = - 0.99, p = 0.03). Results showed that UGT1A1 expression in males significantly lower than females. Analysis of UGT1A1*28 showed that 80% of the hyperbilirubinemic neonates were positive while 20% were UGT1A1*28 negative. Concluding that there are a considerable proportion of neonates in our community not expressing UGT1A1 enzyme; therefore, they are a risk group for kernicterus. And must be registered and followed up because they are at risk of carcinogenicity, therefore, irinotecan (an anti cancer drug) and similar compounds toxicity. Expression of UGT1A1gene is higher in female than in male neonates, while neonatal jaundice is less severe in female than in male neonates. Eighty percent of jaundiced neonates are UGT1A1*28 mutants. Defective UGT1A1 is the main underlying cause of NJ in our community.

التحري عن عدد من المعادن الثقيلة والتلوث البكتيري في بعض الخضروات المعلبة والطازجة المستوردة في مدينة بغداد == Determination of Several Heavy Metals And Bacterial Contamination In Some Imported Canned And Fresh Vegetables In Baghdad

اسم المؤلف: حسين خالد نعمان
اسم المشرف: ايثار كامل الميالي
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: البيئة - التلوث البيئي
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تم اخذ ستة وثلاثين عينة من الخضروات المعلبة وخمس عينات من الخضروات الطازجة, وتجميعها من مناطق واسواق مختلفة من مدينة بغداد بشكل عشوائي خلال الفترة من شهر تشرين الاول 2013 الى شهر نيسان, 2014 حيث تضمنت الدراسة التحري عن تراكير بعض العناصر الثقيلة وهي (الرص | In this study, thirty six samples of canned vegetables and five samples of fresh vegetables were collected randomly from different markets of Baghdad city from October 2013 till April 2014. The study included determining of the concentration of some heavy metals (lead, nickel, zinc and iron) by atomic absorption spectrophotometery and the bacterial contamination in samples, also comparing the canned vegetables with fresh vegetables. It was found that the higher concentrations of heavy metals in canned vegetables as the following : lead 1.179 µg/g in olive, nickel 0.908 µg/g in olive, zinc 10.143 µg/g green pea and iron 90.601µg/g in white asparagus. The lowest concentrations were as the following : lead 0.002 µg/g in green asparagus, nickel 0.019 µg/g in mushroom, zinc 0.528 µg/g in white asparagus and iron 4.061 µg/g in green pea. In fresh vegetables, it was found that the highest concentrations of heavy metals were as follows : lead 0.919 µg/g in green pea, nickel 1.108 µg/g in green pea, zinc 4.304 µg/g in mushroom and iron 43.618 µg/g in tomato. The lowest concentrations were as the following : lead recorded 0.011 µg/g in tomato, nickel recorded 0.022 µg/g in tomato, zinc 0.876 µg/g in green pea and iron recorded 11.081 µg/g in green pea. The identification of the bacteria done by some identification tests for gram negative bacteria, the testes include growth on MacConkey agar, growth on EMB agar, IMViC testes and motility test. The identification tests for Gram positive bacteria included growth on manitol salt agar, growth on staph 110 agar and motility test. The bacterial tests ensured that there is no bacterial growth was detected in the canned vegetables, except some samples (white asparagus, green asparagus and mushroom) of December 2013, while it was detected in fresh vegetables. The bacterial species that isolated in these samples were E.coli, Klebsiela pneumoniae, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus.

التغيرات النسيجية في المشايم والاجنة نتيجة الاصابة بداء المقوسات في النساء المفحوصات بقياس الIgG == Placental And Fetal Tissue Structural Changes Resulting From Congenital Toxoplasmosis In Women Diagnosed By IgG

اسم المؤلف: حلا ياسين كاظم
اسم المشرف: طالب جواد كاظم | نغم ياسين البياتي
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: الحيوان - الانسجة
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة ديالى - كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة - قسم علوم الحياة
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: ديالى
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: طفيلي المقوس الكونديToxoplasma gondii هو طفيلي ابتدائي اجباري داخل الخلايا ذات النواة. له القابلية على اصابة جميع حيوانات الدم الحار ويعد هذا طفيلي ذو اهمية صحية نظرا لما له من تاثيرات مرضية. لقد اجريت عدة دراسات بينت التغيرات النسيجية التي اثرت على انسجة | Toxoplasma gondii is an a zoonotic, obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that has the capacity to infect all warm - blooded animals. Many studies done to present the histological changes of the placental and fetal tissue and organs that resulted by Toxoplasmosis infection of pregnant women and about identification of infected fetal organs, but a lot of these studies were done experimentally on laboratory animals, accordingly the present study aims to study the structural changes of the placenta and fetal tissue and to identify the fetal organs in which the organism localized that taken from aborted fetus and embryos from pregnant woman that diagnosed as infected with Toxoplasma gondii. The present study was carried out during the period December 2012 to March 2013. Eighty women who had abortion chosen randomly from that which were revised gynecology theater in hospitals in Baquba city. Their age were ranged between 16 - 45 years, (10) fetuses and (33) samples of them non - infected as control group (c) and (37) samples were infected with Toxoplasmosis (I). The study included serological examination for mothers and Macropathlogical (Gross) , histopatholgical examination and Immunohistochimcal (IHC) stain of the placenta and fetal organs. Toxoplasmosis diagnosed serologically by ELISA (Enzyme Linked immune Sorrbant Assay) test. Immuno - histological techniques are used to detect the antigen and determination of their morphological localization in fetal and placental tissue. Formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues (placenta and specimens of organs from aborted fetus) used to determined the antigen (Toxoplasma gondii) to detect the histological changes in these tissues. The ordinary histopathlogical changes of the tissue taken from aborted fetus showed different infiltration inflammatory cell and necrosis changes in brain, liver, lung, upper and lower limbs, kidney and spleen that may be due to infection of the parasite and not all infected organs localized the parasite (Tachyzoites). The results of the study showed that (46.26%) of the randomly selected mothers among that revised to the delivery theaters and had abortion. The fetal tissue and organs of the age (8 - 24) weeks gave positive (+) result for IHC in fetuses(brain and lung) and tachyzoites was detected in that organs, but fetus tissue of the age (4 - 8) weeks was negative for that test. Macropathlogical study of the placenta showed that the weight of the infected placenta was less than the normal ranges. and calcification was not significant in the infected placenta(45.7%) compared with non infected samples (4.28%). Infarction observed high significant in infected group was 25 (35.71%) compared with control group (2.85%) (p=0.001).Necrotic foci also seen as (40%) in infected group compared with control group (14.28%), differences between the two groups was statistically significant (p=0.001). Also congestion observed high significant (p=0.001) and the congestion was seen in (45.71) in infected group and (5.71%) in control group. Histopathlogical examination for placenta showed hemorrhage, necrosis, fibroniod necrosis and degeneration in trophoblastic cell, in both first and second trimester of pregnancy. Villous vascularity observed decreased as (32.85%) in infected group compared with control group (2.85%). Fibronoid necrosis in villi showed high percentage in villi which have > 3 that observed in infected group as (72.9%) compared with control (12.12%). An increased in villous stromal fibrosis was seen in (70.27%) placenta in infected group compared with control group which was (24.24%)

دراسة شكليائية ونسجية للقناة الهضمية في سمكة الخشني Liza abu Heckel.1843 == Morphological And Histological Study of The Digestive Tract In Liza Abu (Heckel, 1843)

اسم المؤلف: حنان رعد ضياء حسين
اسم المشرف: وجدان بشير عبد
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: الحيوان - الانسجة
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The morphological and histological structure of digestive tract in one species of Iraqi fish that resides in Iraqi inland fresh water (Liza abu) was studied. In this study used (43) fish were in different lengths, the gut of these fish have removed to study the relationship between the length of gastrointestinal tract and the standard body length as well as for morphological and histological study. The value of relative digestive tract length (RGL) was 2.9. Intestine was the longest part of the digestive tract, the average length of intestine was (32 cm). The shape of the folds of the mucous membrane lining the walls of digestive tract showed some differences in different parts of digestive tract, in esophagus the folds were longitudinal running along the wall and it was straight, unbranched and the mean of their number was (9 - 8) folds. In the stomach the folds were longitudinal and (7 - 6) in their number, they were branched into fingerlings structures. In pyloric caeca, anterior and posterior part of intestine and rectum the folds were fingerlings in shape, unbranched and their number were (20 - 19), (27 - 26), (25 - 23), (19 - 18) respectively. Histological study was shown that the wall of the digestive tract is consist of four major coats, from the inside to the outside they were as follows : Tunica Mucosa which characterized by its clear three parts, epithelial tissue, lamina propria and muscularis mucosa. Epithelial tissue in esophagus was thick stratified squamous epithelium, in stomach was thin simple columnar epithelium and gradually increase in length in each of pyloric caeca, intestine and rectum and it was simple columnar epithelial tissue. Mucous which is secreted in esophagus is made of a large proportion of neutral and acidic mucopolysaccharide, while the mucous secreted in the cardiac stomach consist of a large proportion of neutral mucopolysaccharide and less proportion of acidic mucopolysaccharide, either, in the pyloric stomach is consist of very small proportion of both neutral and acidic mucopolysaccharide, in pyloric caeca mucous consist of a small proportion of neutral mucopolysaccharide and less proportion of acidic mucopolysaccharide, and the mucous secreted in an anterior, posterior parts of intestine and rectum consist of small proportion of acidic mucopolysaccharide and large proportion of neutral mucopolysaccharide. Lamina propria consists of connective tissue containing capillaries and lymphoid cells and it represent the basis of the folds, in the cardiac stomach it contains simple tubular glands. Muscularis mucosa characterized by the presence of muscle fibers that are not continuous, the higher thickness of this layer was in pyloric stomach. Tunica Submucosa consists of connective tissue that contains capillaries, the higher thickness of this coat was in the stomach and less thickness of this coat was in the rectum. Tunica Muscularis consists of two layers of smooth muscle fibers, the internal layer has a circular arrangement, the external layer has a longitudinal arrangement in stomach, pyloric caeca, intestine and rectum. either in esophagus tunica muscularis was arranged in inverse manner. The circular and longitudinal muscle fibers in esophagus were skeletal muscle fibers, and they were smooth and non - striated in stomach, pyloric caeca, intestine and rectum. the higher thickness of this coat was in the stomach and less thickness was in the rectum Tunica Serosa is present in all regions of digestive tract.

التمنيع والتحدي لبكتريا Citrobacter freundii فاقدة الجدار المسببة لخمج السبيل البولي == Immunization And Challenge For Walled Citrobacter Freundii And Walled Defective That Causing Urinary Tract Infection

اسم المؤلف: عبد الرسول عويد عداي الشبيب
اسم المشرف: قاسم نجم ثويني
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: الاحياء المجهرية
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة بابل - كلية العلوم - قسم علوم الحياة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Cryptic bacterial infection has been studied in urinary system to Human, where 50 underwent urine samples from patient mostly based consulting auditors Hilla public Education Hospital for the period from November 2012 until Feb. 2013. Patients ranged in age from 20 - 50 years males and females bacterial infection rate was 70% distributed between the cell wall defective bacteria had 38% and 32% cell - wall bacteria and the results showed 30% as negative cases. Amicroscopic examination of the urine sludge Showed clear sovereignty of non - specialized immune response type of mixed cell 34% followed by mononuclear cell 30%. Samples were cultured on routine media (Blood agar , Macchonky agar) and Modified media (Variant agar, Variant broth). Out put diagnosed by bacterial system diagnostics, phen - otypic, microscopically and biochemistry by using the special test for microorganism diagnosis and using API 20 E and the use VITEK 2 to confirm some samples results. Characterized by colonies of cell wall defective bacteria grow on variant agar it resembles fried egg which could seen after staining Deinse stain. Citrobacter freundii recorded 12%, the highest rate among cellwall defective isolates. Sensitivity test for bacterial isolates were screened from U.T.I both two type (CWB & CWDB) showed the highest rate of sensitive to Impinem 100% represented CWDB, as well as the highest rate of resistance to Ampicillin 100% represented by the same group of isolates. experimental study with urinary tract infection by injecting bacterial stuck of Citrobacter freundii to the three groups of rabbits : first group ( 3 Rabbits ) : immunized with viable surface antigen extracted from CWDB, second group : ( 3 Rabbits ) immunized with heat killed surface antigen extracted from CWB, the third group (4 Rabbits) represented control group it been treated with sterile normal saline. the injection process through urethra, and then underwent a histological study, was histological damage to the members of the animal - derived non - immunized (control group) seemed clear was the appearance of symptoms of the total cellular infiltration and disruption of the mucous layer and epithelial and other symptoms. The immunized animals have shown their ability to defy injury. It is the study of serological reactions to bacterial antigens Citrobacter freundii immunized with vaccines for rabbits given high caliber agglutination with its specialized vaccines and low with adversity and that the absorption and the corresponding and variant antigen does not remove the agglutination effectiveness with immune sera prepared suggesting that the absorption is incomplete and that the difference between the wall and a wall defective in terms of antigenic is quantitative and qualitative.

دراسة بعض متغيرات الخطوط الجلدية للبنان ومجاميع الدم لذكور اطفال التوحد

اسم المؤلف: اسراء جعفر صادق السعدي
اسم المشرف: نصر فرحان عبد الله
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: الحيوان - الوراثة
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

التاثير التثبيطي لبعض المستخلصات على فعالية انزيم Angiotensin converting enzyme وبعض المؤشرات الحيوية المساهمة في ارتفاع ضغط الدم == Inhibitory Effect of Some Plant Extracts On Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Activity And Some Biochemical Marker That Associated With Hypertension

اسم المؤلف: رؤى اياد يوسف
اسم المشرف: غازي منعم عزيز | حسن فياض
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: التقنيات الاحيائية
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد - كلية العلوم - قسم التقانة الاحيائية
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The present study was sought to investigate the inhibitory effect of four crude aqueous plant extracts : Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger), Camellia sinensis (Green tea), Olea europaea (Olive) and Hibiscus sabdariffa (Rosella) on key enzyme linked to hypertension, Angiontensin - I Converting enzyme (ACE), and on the oxidant/antioxidants status, lipid profile in vitro and in vivo studies. Study of some biochemical biomarker demonstrated that antioxidant enzyme, oxidant enzyme, liped profile and ACE level for 75 hypertension patients. Antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were shown to have cross relationship with ACE level in hypertension groups, while lipid profile have positive relationship with ACE level in hypertension groups. ACE activity for the four groups G1, G2, G3, G4 were 19.61±3.97, 21.3 ± 1.95, 28.06 ± 5.34 and 32.74±8.19 ng/ml respectively. From these results we concluded that ACE was associated with hypertension and its modulated by drug or herbal extracts. Angiotensin - I Converting enzyme was extracted from sheep lung with specific activity 0.08 U/mg, then the crude ACE extract was concentrated with sucrose by dialysis with specific activity 0.1 U/mg, purification fold was 1.25.The enzyme was purified partly by ion - exchange chromatography using DEAE - cellulose with specific activity 0.5U/mg, yield 30% and purification fold 6.25. ACE activity was determined using N - [3 - (2 - furyl) acryloyl]L - phenylalanyl glycyl glycine (FA - PGG) as a substrate. Results for in vitro ACE inhibitory activity using plant extracts (ginger, green tea, roselle and olive) showed that the all four crude aqueous plant extracts had inhibitory activity in different values when used in the same concentrations about (1 mg/ml), and ginger extract possessed higher inhibitory activity than other three extracts. The ACE inhibitory potency of the ginger extract was found to be significant (P<0.001) when compared with the standard anti - ACE inhibitor drug (Captopril) at the same concentration. The inhibitory activity of ginger extract with different concentration (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) in L - N - ? - nitro - L - arginine methyl ester (L - NAME) induced hypertensive mice was evaluated. Acute oral administration with L - NAME 50mg/kg.b.w causes a rise in blood pressure in normal mice. Administration of aqueous ginger extract (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) for 4 weeks in L - NAME treated mice significantly (P<0.05) reduced the mean arterial blood pressure compared with L - NAME animals without treatment, with decreasing the serum levels of ACE; while the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase(GPx) showed a significant elevation in ginger treated L - NAME induced hypertensive mice. The results suggest that ginger extract could prevent the development of high blood pressure induced by L - NAME probably can be attributed to prevent or reduce the oxidation process and the inhibition of physiological processes of a substance L - NAME and so as it contains ginger compounds of polyphenols, which inhibits the activity of the ACE and prevent oxidation of fats and repair System Antioxident. Our study concluded that ginger might act as a natural alternative to better and safer in the prevention of negative impacts and risk factors such as high blood pressure and lipids.

تاثير انزيم SNase المنقى من العنقودي في الغشاء الحياتي للايشيركية القولونية والكليبسيلا الرئوية == Impact of Snase Purified From Staphylococcus Aureus On Biofilm of Klebsiella Pneumoniae And Escherichia Coli

اسم المؤلف: هند تحسين ابراهيم
اسم المشرف: حارث جبار فهد المذخوري
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: الاحياء المجهرية
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: SDS - PAGE showed that a single sharp band with an approximately 16.8 KDa molecular weight has been seen. A matter indicates that the enzyme is consistently pure. PCR technique was applied to approve the existence of nuc gene in S.aureus Nevertheless, only those which depicted positive results on DNase agar harboured nuc gene, as it is specified by single band appearance of nuc at assumed molecular weight (ca. 255 pb) of marker that being used. The current study findings highlighted the participation of SNase purified from S. aureus in significant (P< 0.05) preventing biofilm formation by E. coli and K. pneumoniae compared with untreated controls. Evidently, the inhibitory effect of SNase on biofilm formation is undoubtedly perceived, indicating the degradation of the structural major component of biofilm formation (i.e. extracellular DNA). Results revealed that SNase was able to significantly (P< 0.05) reduce the number of the uropathogens; E. coli and K. pneumoniae attached to the uroepithelial cells. 1 Chapter one : Introduction and literature Review 1. Introduction and Literature Review 1.1. Introduction Staphylococcus aureus is a persistent human pathogen that is responsible for a range of diseases that vary widely in clinical presentation and severity. The pathogenesis of S. aureus infection is a complex process involving a diverse array of secreted and surface - associated virulence determinants that are coordinately expressed at different stages of infection (Loughman et al., 2009). Escherichia coli is a genetically diverse species that causes a variety of infections which fulfill many or all of the proposed criteria for biofilmassociated infections (Kaper et al., 2004). Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for a wide range of nosocomial infections. One important factor associated with virulence in K. pneumoniae is its capacity to adhere to surfaces and form biofilms (Cruz et al., 2012). Bacteria often exist as sessile communities called biofilms which are exquisite structures caused by a genetically programmed developmental process. It is estimated that biofilms are involved in 65% of human bacterial infections, since cells in biofilms are 1000 times more resistant than cells in the planktonic state, making medical treatments fail (Shal? et al., 2011). Extracellular DNA (eDNA) plays a significant role in biofilm formation, as revealed by studies in several bacteria including E. coli (Nakao, 2012) and K. pneumoniae (Whitchurch et al., 2002); however, there is no definite proof on a cause - and - effect relationship between DNA release and biofilm formation (Beenken et al., 2012) or becomes a key component of the macromolecular scaffold in many different biofilms (Jakubovics et al., 2013). In rare cases eDNA has been shown to inhibit bacterial settlement. Therefore, it is possible that nuclease mediated eDNA degradation would therefore promote adhesion. Consequently, it is not clear whether microbial nucleases contribute to the gross biofilm structure in clinically relevant situations (Sheilds et al., 2013). 2 Chapter one : Introduction and literature Review All previous studies used both commercial bovine and recombinant human DNaseI in the disruption of medically important biofilms; whilst, extracellular nuclease of S. aureus (SNase) was used against biofilm of S. aureus themselves (Benenken et al., 2012b ; Kiedrowski et al., 2014). Thus, to date, the role of S. aureus exonucleases in biofilm of other bacteria remains unclear. However, in the present study SNase is used against biofilm of other bacterial species (viz. K. pneumoniae and E. coli). To address this, the following steps were undertaken : 1 - Investigating the negative impact of SNase extracted from S. aureus on K. pneumoniae and E.coli biofilm formation. 2 - Studying the preventive activity of SNase on the adherence of K. pneumoniae and E. coli on uroepithelial cell.

تاثير المستخلص الكحولي للبروبولس على بعض الفعاليات الحيوية في الارانب المصابة بالداء السكري == Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Propolis On Some Biological Activities In Diabetic Rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus)

اسم المؤلف: دعاء عبد الزهرة دلي الفتلاوي
اسم المشرف: عبد الهادي عباس الابراهيمي | سهاد حميد حسن
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: الحيوان
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة الكوفة - كلية العلوم - قسم علوم الحياة
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: النجف
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: العكبر (صمغ النحل) Propolis هو نتاج نحل العسل الذي اكتسب شعبية في الطب البديل وذلك بسبب خصائصه الحيوية، وقد استخدم بشكل واسع في الاطعمة الصحية. ان الدراسات المتعلقة بتاثير العكبر العراقي قليلة. ولهذا السبب, فان الهدف من هذا البحث هو تحليل تاثير العكبر الع | Propolis is a honeybee product that has gained popularity in alternative medicine, due to its biological properties and it has been intensively used in health foods. Studies concerning the effect of Iraqi propolis are rare. Therefore, the goal of this work is to analyse the effect of Iraqi propolis on some hematological and biochemical parameters in alloxan - induced diabetic rabbits, as well as study the histological observations of the pancreas, liver and kidney. Female local rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were used for this study. The overall number of animals used was 30.They were randomly divided into five groups. Diabetes was induced in all rabbits, except normal control, by a single dose of alloxan (150 mg/kg, i.v.). Development of induced diabetes mellitus was confirmed on first week after alloxan administration by examining the fasting glucose level in the blood taken from marginal ear vein. Rabbits with glycaemia were treated with alcoholic extract of propolis for 23 days. Diabetic control group did not treat with propolis. The treated animals were subdivided into three groups according to the dose of propolis extract. Three oral concentrations of propolis extract were investigated (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day).The following parameters have been studied were changes in weights of body, liver and kidneys ; changes in the hematological values that include erythrocytes, hemoglobin, leukocytes and hematocrit also changes in the biochemical values which included glucose, total protein, triglycerides, total cholesterol, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), blood urea, creatinine and Malondialdehyde (MDA), in addition histopathological study of pancreas, liver, and kidneys. The results indicate a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the body weight of alloxan - induced diabetic rabbits in comparison with control group, while there were significant increases in the weights of liver and kidneys. The present study showed that alloxan induced significant decreases (P<0.05) in all primary blood indices; erythrocytes, hemoglobin, packed cell volume (hematocrit) and leukocytes. Also, serum biochemical changes showed significant increases (P<0.05) in glucose, total protein, triglycerides, total cholesterol, AST, ALT, blood urea, creatinine, and MDA comparison with control group.Histopathological changes in pancreas, liver and kidneys, observed microscopically, revealed degrees of damage in the tissues, while these organs of control groups exhibited a normal architecture. The treatment with alloxan resulted in several forms of histological alterations such as cytoplasmic vacuolation, degeneration, necrosis, cell hypertrophy, nuclear diploid, diffusion of inflammatory cells, dilatation in ducts, stagnation in secretory fluid. in addition, hemorrhage, dilatation and congestion in blood vessels and disorganization of histologic architecture, Generally, the gradual improvement in blood values was noticed with the increase in concentration alcoholic extract of propolis and return back the normal histological shape of pancreas, liver and kidneys. Propolis extract in rabbits had a potent antihyperglycemic effect, antioxidant activities, radical - scavenging capacities, tissue regeneration properties, and that may be due to the high biological activity and nutritive values contents in bee propolis. In conclusion, the results suggest that propolis could potentially contribute for the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus.

دراسة مقارنة بين تاثير سترات الكلوميفين وسترات التاموكسيفين على بعض معايير نطف الفئران == Comparative Study On The Effects of Clomiphene Citrate And Tamoxiphene Citrate On Some Sperm Parameters In Mice

اسم المؤلف: رائد عبد الاله عباس
اسم المشرف: محمد باقر محمد رشاد فخر الدين | محمد عوده سلمان
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: الحيوان - الاجنة
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة النهرين - المعهد العالي لتشخيص العقم والتقنيات المساعدة على الانجاب
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: يعد العقم واحدة من المشاكل الاجتماعية المهمة في معظم انحاء العالم.استنادا الى الاحصائيات الحالية حوالي 15% من المتزوجين يواجهون العقم. يؤدي تقييم السائل المنوي غير الطبيعي للاستروجينات الى تشخيص قلة اعداد النطف ونشاطها وشكلها الطبيعي ومن ناحية اخرى تؤثر | Infertility is one of the most critical social problems in the all of population world. According to the current statistics, about 15% of married couples face with infertility. Assessment of abnormal semen parameters leads to diagnosis of oligoasthenoteratozoospermia, and in others, it leads to isolated abnormalities of sperm concentration, motility, and morphology, due to the lack of differentiable or correctable etiology, Both clomiphene citrate and tamoxiphene citrate, as an anti - estrogen, is the most common prescribed medication for male infertility. In humans, ant estrogens interfere with the normal negative feedback of sex steroids at the hypothalamus and pituitary, thereby increasing endogenous gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion from the hypothalamus and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion directly from the pituitary. Objective : The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of clomiphene citrate (CC) and tamoxiphene citrate (TC) administered to male mice on quality of sperm parameters.Materials and Methods : Ninety six male mice were divided into two major groups, and every one of these groups was subdivided into three minor groups involving control and two treated groups. In the CC study, 48 mice were administrated orally 0, 0.0125 mg and 0.025 mg as control (G 1), low dose (G 2) and high dose (G 3) for 42 days. While, in the TC study, 48 mice were administrated orally 0, 0.01 mg and 0.02 mg as control (G 1), low dose (G 2) and high dose (G 3) for 42 days. Then, the male mice were sacrificed, both vas deferens were collected and assessment sperm parameters involving sperm concentration, sperm motility and activity, and normal sperm morphology. Results : The results of present study appeared that the use high dose of CC or TC significantly increment (P<0.05) sperm concentration as compared to control groups. However, use high dose of CC significantly increment (P<0.05) percentages of sperm motility and normal sperm morphology. Meanwhile, the percentage of progressive sperm motility was increased significantly (P< 0.05) when low CC dose administered as compared to control and high CC dose groups. In this study, percentages of sperm motility, progressive sperm motility and normal sperm morphology showed best elevation when used low TC dose as compared to both control and high TC dose groups. High TC dose causes significant increment (P<0.05) in the percentage of sperm agglutination when compared to control and low TC dose groups.Conclusions : Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the administration of high dose of either CC or TC increases sperm concentration, while administration of low dose of either CC or TC enhances progressive sperm motility.

تقييم مستوى هرموني الجوع والسمنة لدى مرضى فرط ضغط الدم في محافظة النجف الاشرف == Assessment of Obestatin And Ghrelin Levels In Hypertensive Patients In Al - Najaf Al - Ashraf Governorate

اسم المؤلف: زهراء محمد فاخر عطية النفاخ
اسم المشرف: ارشد نوري غني الدجيلي
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: الحيوان
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة الكوفة - كلية العلوم - قسم علوم الحياة
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: النجف
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تهدف هذه الدراسة الى تقييم مستوى الهرمونات المكتشفة حديثا هرمون الجوع ?هرمون السمنةونسبة هرمون الجوع الى هرمون السمنة في مرضى ضغط الدم لمعرفة العلاقة المحتملة بين مستوى هرمون جريلين, اوبستاتين مع عوامل مختلفة بما في ذلك الضغط الانقباضي, الضغط الانبساطي و| The present study aims to assess the newly discovered ghrelin, obestatin hormones levels and ghrelin to obestatin ratio in patients with hypertension disease and to find out a possible relationship between obestatin, ghrelin level with different criteria including, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and body mass index (BMI) in patients with Hypertension disease and compared with healthy controls as a tool for monitoring and even possibly prediction or diagnosis of these diseases. 69patients are diagnosed with hypertension disease (33males and 36 females) and 20 control healthy subjects (10 males and 10 females) having no history of diabetes mellitus, renal failure and other disease enrolled in this study.The patients are selected from both sexes (males and females) their ages ranged between (40 - 70) years old. Patients with hypertension disease are recruited from AL - sader teaching city in AL - Najaf AL - Ashraf Governorate during the period from September to December 2013. Results of the present study in general revealed that there is high obestatin level in patients with hypertension diseases in a comparison with control group, low ghrelin level in patients with hypertension disease comparing with control group and ratio of ghrelin to obestatin ratio was decreased in patients undergo from hypertension when compared with control group.The result showed a positive correlation among obestatin, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and body mass index (BMI) with negative correlation between gherlin, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, and body mass index (BMI) and negative correlation between ghrelin to obestatin ratio with blood pressure. The present study concluded that ghrelin to obestatin ratio might play role in blood pressure regulation

وظائف الغدة الدرقية وبروتين C التفاعلي لدى مرضى العجز الكلوي المزمن المستمرين على الديلزة الدموية ومرضى الزرع الكلوي == Thyroid Functions And C - Reactive Protein In Chronic Renal Failure Patients On Hemodialysis And Kidney Transplantation

اسم المؤلف: احمد جاسم محمد المشهداني
اسم المشرف: نبيل خالد محمد علي
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: الحيوان - الفسلجة
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة ديالى - كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة - قسم علوم الحياة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ديالى
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: يعاني مرضى الغسيل الدموي من امراض مزمنة يعتقد بانها لاتطال الغدة الدرقية, ولتقييم ذلك من خلال كل من الاداء الوظيفي الكلوي والدرقي لدى مرضى الفشل الكلوي المزمن والزرع الكلوي تم : - 1) قياس مستويات اليوريا والكرياتنين والفسفور وبروتين C التفاعلي, الكالسيوم | Patients on regular hemodialysis suffer from a chronic illness that is believed not to involve the thyroid gland. In this study, we evaluated the thyroid and kidney functions in Patients with end - stage renal disease and transplantation from : - 1) measurment levels of urea, creatinine, phosphorus, and C - reactive protein, calcium and albumin in patients and compared control. 2) measurment levels of thyroid hormones fT4, fT3 addition to thyroid stimulating - hormone TSH in the blood serum of patients and compared control. This study was conducted in Baquba teaching Hospital /Department of dialysis, the period from November.1st. 2013 to April.1st. 2014, from which to collect 80 blood samples, 40 samples hemodialysis Patients including (26 males, 14 females), 40 person Renal or kidney transplant Patients (32 males, 8 females) do not suffer from thyroid disease, compared with 40 blood samples for healthy people(control) (32 males, 8 females), within the age range of (20 - 70 years).. The Results of the study revealed a significant increase of probability (p<0.001) in levels of urea, creatinine and phosphorus in hemodialysis patients compared to control (21.932 ±1.072, 4.766 ± 0.122 mmol/L) (413.400 ±29.109, 62.375± 1.142 umol/L) (5.397 ±0.370, 3.875 ± 0.127 mg/dl) respectively. the results also indicate revealed a rise in the concentration of acute phase protein (C - reactive protein) by (50%) in hemodialysis patients, which reflected negatively increase the mortality rate in these patients, and low in glomerular filtration rate in hemodialysis patients compared to control (16.152±1.395, 126.325 ±2.020 ml/min) respectively. while still this significant difference in these levels with the exception of urea and glomerular filtration rate, which continued at the same level in renal transplant patients. The results indicated the presence of a significant decrease of probability (p<0.001) in the levels of calcium and albumin in hemodialysis patients compared to the control (7.857± 0.266, 9.058 ± 0.063 mg/dl) (3.333±0.156, 4.146 ± 0.108 g/dl) respectively. This decrease to become less significant in renal transplantation patients (P<0.01). The Thyroid hormone levels were the results of the statistical analysis show a significant decrease of probability (P <0.001) in Thyroid hormone levels Free triiodothyronine in hemodialysis and kidney transplant patients as compared to the control (3.233±0.151, 4.519 ± 0.100, 5.191 ± 0.137 pmol/l) respectively. While Free Thyroxine levels did not show a significant difference at the hemodialysis group compared to control , while the renal transplant group the results indicated the presence of a significant increase of probability (P <0.01) in hormone levels as compared to control amounted to (16.400 ± 0.778, 14.671± 0.401 pmol/l ) respectively. did not significant affected variations of the thyroid - stimulating hormone among the two groups of patients compared to the control. Notes from the above results presence decrease in thyroid hormone levels Free triiodothyronine fT3 in patients with hemodialysis and kidney transplant.
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