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المهاجرون العراقيون في اصفهان : دراسة انثروبولوجية Iraqi immigrants in Isfahan Anthropological study

اسم المؤلف: مرتضى محمد رسول علي
اسم المشرف: جعفر نجم نصر
الموضوع العام: علم الاجتماع
السنة: 2017
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

الطائفة الايزيدية في العراق : دراسة انثروبولوجية في قضاء شيخان Yazidis sect in Iraq (anthropological study Shaikhan district

اسم المؤلف: قاسم جبر عذافة
اسم المشرف: مشحن زيد محمد
الموضوع العام: علم الاجتماع
السنة: 2017
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

الرمز والاشارة في السجن : دراسة انثروبولوجية في سجن الرصافة Symbol and signal in prison An Anthropological study in Rusafa prison

اسم المؤلف: سمير محمد حميد باكي
اسم المشرف: بشير ناظر حميد
الموضوع العام: علم الاجتماع
السنة: 2017
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

القيم العشائرية : دراسة انثروبولوجية في مدينة الصدر Tribal values Anthropological study in Sadr City

اسم المؤلف: رئام محسن عبد السادة
اسم المشرف: رباح احمد مهدي
الموضوع العام: علم الاجتماع
السنة: 2017
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

السبتيون : دراسة انثروبولوجية في مدينة بغداد Seventh Day Adventists Anthropological Study in Baghdad

اسم المؤلف: دينا احمد ضياء الدين الدوغرمجي
اسم المشرف: سناء نجم عبود العباســــــي
الموضوع العام: علم الاجتماع
السنة: 2017
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تعد هذه الدراسة من اولى الدراسات الجامعية في العراق التي تناولت طائفة الادفنتست السبتيين من ناحية انثروبولوجية دينية بالبحث والوصف والتحليل للوصول الى فهم تصورات تلك الطائفة بما يعتقدونه وعلاقتهم مع المقدس ومع بعضهم كافراد ومع الاخر المختلف عنهم عقائديا، حيث تقوم الانثروبولوجيا الدينية على الدراسة المعمقة للشعوب ومعتقداتها، وكيف تعمل تلك المعتقدات في التشكيلة الثقافية لشخصية الانسان في مجتمع البحث، والانثروبولوجيا الدينية ليست بصدد البحث عن دراسة معتقد جماعة بان يكون على صواب او على خطا وانما تذهب الى فهم ما يعتقده افراد مجتمع البحث وما يشكل لهم هذا المعتقد من حقيقة مطلقة، حيث ان الدين او المعتقد ليس اشياء مادية نتعامل معها ونلتمسها للوصول الى فهم تصورات مجتمع البحث، بل هي مفاهيم معنوية لا تعرف الا من خلال ما يعبر عنها صاحب المعتقد نفسه او ما نفهمه منه. | بدات الدراسة بالوصف لهيكلية الكنيسة ووصف ممارساتها كاحدى الخطوات المنهجية بالبحث الانثروبولوجي التي كانت مفتاحا للتساؤل حول الدلالات الرمزية الحاملة للمعاني الخاصة بالطائفة فضلا عن الكلمات والعبارات التي تحيل لفهم تصورات المجتمع من خلال المعايشة الميدانية والتفاعل والاحتكاك مع مجتمع البحث للوصول الى معلومات خدمت الدراسة في الاجابة عن تساؤلاتها فضلا عن الكشف عن الية الانتساب للطائفة ومعرفة الدافع لقيامهم بالعمل(الكرازي) التبشيري من قبل السبتيين من ناحية واسباب تحول الشخص لهذا المعتقد من ناحية اخرى، وما يمثل المعتقد السبتي بالنسبة للشخص المتحول اليه، فاعتمدت الدراسة على ثلاثة مناهج هي المنهج التاريخي والمنهج المعرفي ومنهج الوصف المكثف، ومعبرة عن اهمية الاطر النظرية للدراسة وهي لكل من العالم الانثروبولوجي كليفورد جيرتز لنظريته (حول الدين) وعالم الاديان مرسيا الياد (فكرة العود الابدي) وعالم الانثروبولوجي ارنولد فان جنب (شعائر الانتقال "المرور") في الوصول الى ما تتطابق معه هذه الاطر النظرية مع الواقع الميداني (افراد مجتمع البحث) عن طريق توظيف المناهج الانثروبولوجية مستعينة بادوات بحثية استخدمت بكل خطوة من خطوات الدراسة الميدانية وهي الملاحظة بالمشاركة و المقابلة والاخباريون والصور ومقاطع الفيديو وشبكة التواصل الاجتماعي فمن خلال ما تقدم من مناهج وادوات بحث واطر نظرية توصلت الدراسة الى نتائج عديدة للطائفة | == This study is considered one of the first Iraqi studies tackling Adventists in a religious-anthropological research of descriptive and analytical aspects to understand the concepts of this denomination and their beliefs and relation with the Holy mosque and with one another as individuals and with others of different beliefs. The religious-anthropological research is based on a deep study over people and their beliefs and how such beliefs functions in a personal human cultural structure in concerned society. The religious - anthropology does not seek studying the beliefs of groups whether it's right or wrong, however, it seeks to understand what society members believe in and what these believes are for them where religion or belief is not a concrete material that can be dealt with and felt to understand the concepts of researched society, instead it's the moral ideas that cannot be made known unless by having it identifies by a believer himself or what we could make of such person. | The study started in describing the Church structure and its practices as methodological steps in an anthropological study which is considered a key item to question the symbolic indications of special terms of a single cult in addition to words and terminologies which helps understanding society concepts through cohabitating, living and interacting with the study-at-hand to get information that could benefit the study in answering its questions and discovering the mechanism of joining denomination and knowing their motives 'Cirrus' or preaching acts by Adventists on one hand, and reasons of aposting ,so It was based on three approaches : The Historical Method , The Cognitive Anthropology and the Thick Description Method, and expressing the importance of theoretical frameworks for the study, which is for each of the anthropologist Clifford Gertz's theory (about religion) and the world of religions Mersad al-Eyad (the idea of the eternal) and the anthropologist Arnold van Goven (the rituals of transition "passing") in reaching to match these theoretical frameworks with the reality of the field (members of the research community) through the recruitment of anthropological methods using research tools used every step of the field study is the observation participation ,interview , news ,pictures , video clips , the social network through the above methods and frameworks continued to the head of the results of many to the cult |

انماط التربية : دراسة انثروبولوجية مقارنة في الكرادة The Education Patterns Comparative Anthropological Study In Al - Karadh

اسم المؤلف: مها اسعد حمزة
اسم المشرف: ياس خضر عباس العباسي
الموضوع العام: علم الاجتماع
السنة: 2017
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: في الفصل الاول من الدراسة كنا قد عرضنا جملة من التساؤلات التي شكلت الاجابة عنها اهداف هذه الدراسة، وهذه التساؤلات كانت هي : - اولا - ما الوسائل التي تستند اليها عمليات التنميط؟ثانيا - من هم الفاعلين وما الياتهم على المستوى الفردي والجماعي في عمليات التنميط | The current study is divided into two parts : the first of them includes the theoretical side, which is distributed in three seasons, a researcher at the first of them, which is divided into two sections devoted first to introduce the subject of the study and its objective and its importance, as well as to define their areas temporal and spatial and human, while taking second on the most important Mufhomat contained in the addressed study and publicize it on the basis of the glossaries and dictionaries competent Eduard education, anthropology and literature.As we approached the second semester study the concept of style and Achtqaqath in studies anthropological, through the presentation of this concept in studies anthropological to a number of specialists professors anthropological, as well as the definition of the most important links to the conceptual to the concept of style, but in the second section of this chapter Vtm definition of the tools used by the researcher for data collection in the field along with the study.The third chapter is devoted to methodology eating followed by the researcher in the field study, the extent of their relationship Bontropouloggio of Education, as well as cultural and transport Altnaql cognitive processes.With Chapter IV Section II starts from the study dedicated to the field for its part, has this chapter devoted to offer a range of scenes own ethnographic study area.The fifth chapter in the study, the researcher grabbed the analysis and scheduling data that have been monitored in the field side of the study, and then followed by a conclusion
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الجماعات الاثنية والانتماءات السياسية : دراسة انثروبولوجية في مدينة بغداد Ethnic Groups And Political Affiliations An Anthropological Study In The Baghdad City

اسم المؤلف: علي عودة محسن
اسم المشرف: بشير ناظر حميد
الموضوع العام: علم الاجتماع
السنة: 2017
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: لقد تناولت الدراسة موضوعات مهمة سواء على المستوى المحلي او العالمي وهو موضوع الجماعات الاثنية وبواعث ودوافع انتماءاتها السياسية، والتي اصبحت من الاولويات المطروحة في الدراسات الاكاديمية ومراكز البحث، ويحتل العراق موقعا مهما ومتقدما في تصنيف تلك الدراسا | The study dealt with important issues both at the Iraqi National - level global or which is the subject of ethnic groups and the motives of political affiliation, which has become one of the priorities put forward in academic studies and research centers, and the standing of Iraq in an important and advanced position in the classification of these studies to meet the great legacy that belongs to the political and social mobility the multi - ethnic affiliation. Iraq and today stands at a crossroads and in a moment in history is a critical moment in which highlights the role of the ethnic component of the society and multiple components and is trying hard to maintain its presence after he went through difficult periods of exile and attempted denial of existence, by maintaining the boundaries of ethnic and that distinguish them from other ethnic groups and cultural features are frequently used indicators for the edge of the group says researcher anthropologist Fredrik Barth, and because of these features in the process of stage and form, it is possible that the attributes were important in the past could lose its importance and give up its attributes other, and this is what happened after 2003.At the center of the arena shock resurgence of identities and affiliations ethnic strongly we need to study and review those cultural traits specific to the edge of ethnicities, including the political affiliation of those groups until we have to understand more accurate and even enhances the outreach approach is not the intersection, and integration is not jarring, and cooperation not confrontation.This is required to be done by political parties and movements as well as the organizations under the roof of the state, which is the political container that accommodates everyone's role.I want to study that sheds light on the issue in a Gtah important concerns and motives Alantmealssayas when ethnic groups in the city of Baghdad, and ended that affiliation several motives and reasons (identity, social responsibility, utilitarian, ideological and tribal kinship and solidarity.The study has come out Bmahslat : There is a tendency and direction of political affiliation Almzhba.oglbh national orientation on the literature of those parties and movements Alambhoth.oatakaz citizenship as a criterion for affiliation in their internal systems with some other sensory specifications, but reality shows that it is composed of a sectarian color or national one, but Makhla. The motivation strongly present in the utilitarian motives Alantme.olm constitute the ideological motivation, but very little. Social tradition has not gone unnoticed as an affiliation with a group such as companionship Mthela.kma personal loyalty to the party's founder Awaminh public a reason to belong is Alakhar.oan most leaders I have ever been on a long time in power leadership. Feminist organization has not received the attention it commensurate with the role of women in society.
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الجماعات النازحة : دراسة انثروبولوجية في النهروان The Displaced Groups Anthropological Study In Al - Nahrawan

اسم المؤلف: عباس عبد الحسين كاطع العتابي
اسم المشرف: علي زيدان خلف
الموضوع العام: علم الاجتماع
السنة: 2017
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: ان مشكلة النزوح موضوع الدراسة هي مشكلة موجودة قديما بقدم الانسان وهي مرتبطة بتوجيهاته المصلحية التي تستدعي اقصاء الاخر باسلوب قسري للاستحواذ على كل ما يملك لتقوية النفوذ وهي عملية حاصلة لا محالة في ظل غياب القانون والضوابط الاجتماعية الرصينة والوازع الدي | This study aims to identify the nature of internal displacement in Iraq after 2014 and the accompanying fallout from influenced body of Iraqi society as well as cultural and social environment. These consequences affected people's values system where several provinces of our beloved country to fierce onslaught of militant groups in this Community body eroded organization regions in order to dominate and impose criminal policies. This study deals with an issue of vital importance to the future development of great Iraq and facing a set of new challenges (one such challenge displacement) and requiring a quick and decisive solutions involving both the Government and the community and increasing complexities require appropriate economic and political measures and the full participation of all social actors, whether from individuals or public bodies. Hence the importance of this study lies in raising awareness of the importance of the problem in order to enhance the partnership with the Central and regional authorities responsibility for policy and take the decisions required to achieve stability and human security.Part I : Theoretical study consists of three chapters : Chapter One : a component of the study, which contains the elements of the study in the first, problem of the study and its importance, objectives and the full detail of what the study aims and how much importance as it represents a problem or phenomenon of displacement of great importance within the Iraqi society and new variables after 2003 and what has happened to political conflicts general framework and sectarian problems were most prominent on the surface of community events in Iraq.He then entered the study in the second than the first, separated within the same general framework to concepts study of the most prominent and main concepts used for such a topic.The second chapter of the first section includes the same academic guidance and previous similar study of the subject, a problem and take advantage of them as much as possible.Then the third chapter, which included international policies and principles, which focused on displacement and how to treat subjects where he showed the first section of this chapter reality of displaced groups and then the second topic on the international policies and laws to protect those displaced families and how attention and deal with this problem came out, both in the length of stay within the community host or how to pin them to their areas.Then the most prominent third section of this chapter, what are human rights and in particular the displaced and how focused international organizations related to the displacement and how to deal with such a problem.Part II - field work, After the third chapter the end of the intervention study in content to the methodological framework for the study of a field side of which were included this chapter in the first, on measures methodology and appropriate for such a study, then this chapter, he stopped in the second, on the nature of the tools used by the researcher to collect important information from community The study several tools, including traditional and modern ones device and cameras were.He Chapter V of this study to ecological of the study area and how the interaction of these groups with the new environmental realities and their environment is different and how much they adjust to this reality and this is highlighted by the first section of this chapter, where he stressed how this harmony and models that represent it to adapt to the new reality at all levels. Then focus the second section of this chapter on how data and statistical information derived from the analysis of the study population.Then up study in the framework of systematic field to Chapter VI, which included field interviews elected for a group of displaced families on all the different segments and that the focus of the first section of this chapter which included field interviews whole and the smallest details with the recordings and images through which Roy displaced stories that He explained displacement process since its inception, and the amount of the impact of that problem for them both on a physical level or moral level. Then this chapter ends in third on an analysis of those interviews and draw accurate scientific information from them.And then concludes with her in dealing with such a problem with the themes of the findings of the researcher at all levels, and what recommendations would snap a researcher for the treatment and prevention of aggravation of the problem and ways to resolve such a crisis.
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مدينة الاعظميـــة : دراســة انثروبولوجية اجتماعية Al - Adhamiy Study Anthropological - Sociological

اسم المؤلف: نور رعد خلف العزاوي
اسم المشرف: سناء نجم عبود العباسي
الموضوع العام: علم الاجتماع
السنة: 2017
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تعد دراسة قضاء الاعظمية دراسة انثربولوجية اجتماعية من اولى الدراسات في منطقة الاعظمية التي تناولت الانساق المكونة للمجتمع بطريقة تفصيلية واشكالية التغيرات التي حدثت به بعد عام 2003م، اذ كانت الخصائص الايكولوجية نسقا متكاملا يعطي تطورا شاملا عن البيئة الطب | The study of Al - Adhmia district is considered a primary anthropology social study in the district which discussed the society forms constituting the society in a detailed and structured manners past 2003 where the ecological characteristics formed a complete development over natural environment and area divisions and the usage of land and its cultural and religious milestones and its unique location over Dijla river which reflects the society history and its prints over the area as a vital part of Baghdad society and that touching the ecological system which wasn't by chance but more as a vital job of other systems, especially that the relatives and families systems as a social system is studied anthropologically in two special cultural features where each reflects a special cultural pattern such as the general culture of Al - Adhmia in its current state taking into account representing the Hara area as a popular area in its cultural features which represents its relatives and families relationship in continuous manners with this area's history where people know one another and use similar vocabularies. Al - Shiukh area on the other hand is a more civilized area which is developed both social and urban wise reflected in most of its areas the modern life where economic system connected to these two area's nature in professions, educational, cultural and social distribution which makes unique the economic activity in its cultural dimension as the cultural and political systems are related with behavioral patterns each of ecological and relative - wise and patterns where social life is linked and backed up forming a solid social structure. Religious system represents spiritual aspect of life such as historic and cultural pattern especially in Ibi Hanifa Al - Nu'man shrine which gave the ity its spiritual, cultural, and civilized trait and current cultural pattern where it linked with the social, economic and political behavior in this regard of special national and religious trait. The study discussed behavioral patterns of society members according to cultural data which aided such systems in forming a characteristic pattern in the society of Al - Adhmia district and provided a brief anthropological study and what this science means concerning issues and crises. This study carried upon itself the descriptive and analytical aspect as it taught in anthropology in a local civilized community where the study used an anthropological aspect especially in descriptive, contrastive and comparative curriculum expressing the importance of theoretic aspects of studies and derivate from the same theories which can be applied in social reality by such curriculums using special search tools step by step of field study. Most notable tools are the regular meeting by meeting with the researched during the questionnaire distribution and clarifying questions and pointing out its different meanings and the in - depth interview which affects the field work and provides a chance for the researched to answer the questions and using notes by participating where it had an impact in collecting field study data where photographers and broadcasters were used in collecting field study data where the questionnaire was also used through group of diverse questions distributed over main axes where each reflects their own system patterns of social structure in concerned area. The usage of this anthropological study is described as an additional method in getting essential data that could not be obtained otherwise. The theoretical aspect of collecting data was done through questionnaire where each had 62 basic questions and the data was analyzed through field study (fieldwork) and the researcher had pu
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معايير تصنيف الجرائم الجنائية : دراسة انثروبولوجية لمحدداتها الثقافية والاجتماعية Classification Criteria For Criminal Offenses : An Anthropological Study Of Their Cultural And Social Determinants

اسم المؤلف: وئام حاتم جعفر
اسم المشرف: مشحن زيد محمد التميمي
الموضوع العام: علم الاجتماع
السنة: 2017
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The current study deals with the classification criteria of these crimes and their most important social and cultural determinants. The violence increased in all aspects of our lives and the process of living within the community. It negatively affected the elements and traits of the personality which began to show more negative attributes and determinants. This has resulted in an increase in the wave of violence within the community.Accordingly, the distinction between the forms of violence should be between the form of criminal individual or group behavior such as terrorist attacks that are faced by our society. Violence that is caused by criminal behavior is the result of the different social attitudes and cultural values in its feuding general and special contents, the conflict of interests and goals of individuals and then groups, and the consequent Deviations from regulations and familiar norms.The current study has resulted in several conclusions reached by the researcher through its field research. The most important conclusions are : 1. The criminal behavior represents all forms of social terrorism practiced by some members of our society from different social classes and different age groups.2. The spread of violence and crime after 2003 and the policy of openness to the world, which was preceded by a long period of closure.3. In the criminal behavior, conflict takes different forms including class conflict, religious and cultural conflict.
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النوع الاجتماعي : دراسة انثربولوجية في مدينة الصدر Gender An Intherboligical Study In Al Saddir City

اسم المؤلف: رقية سهيل خليل الهويدي
اسم المشرف: مازن مرسول محمد
الموضوع العام: علم الاجتماع
السنة: 2017
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The subject of the gender of the relatively recent topics that have appeared on the surface of the scientific area, which refers to the nature of the potentialities, roles and behaviors they portray the culture and society of both women and men away from the biological characteristics. As it is because most theorists emergence of this concept is clear form the Beijing Conference in 1994 and that he had the beginnings associated with the writings of pioneers such as Simone de Pfoar and that Oakley has been the subject of gender processors came often within the framework of the topics of women, such as social justice, women's rights, violence against women , Islam and women, the employment of women, male domination, Patriarchate power, and the education of women and other topics relating to the status of women General. But on the level of Anthropology was the leading trends Margaret Mead of impact in the foundation stone for the study of gender and classification of gender roles as a cultural industry mode, has addressed our study of the subject of gender through the point of anthropology to the study in response to this kind of trends came to come study titled Gender in a community, it represented in Sadr City, which is one of the most Baghdad province characterized by the traditional and tribal areas. The study is based on the curriculum of ethnography and the methodology of self - understanding, which focuses on understanding my point of view the individuals on the subject, as well as of noteworthy participation and interviews of both types of research tools in addition to the informants, the study reached several conclusions, including that of religious exact specified important and effective in the nature of social relations between sexes in the study population and the behavior of individuals there to be under the influence of the exact terms of this specific paints a kind of gender - based functional specialization as well as socialization play a prominent role in shaping the kind of negative differentiation between men and women based on rural and tribal backgrounds with individuals the study population and also of both women and men participate equally in shaping this negative differentiation social well proven study the importance of economic specified in the drafting of the nature of the behaviors and potentialities and roles of individuals this particular is associated with several factors, including women's education, women's employment, the absence of a breadwinner, represented by wars and political factors persistent bug which leads to chart a new type of social relations between individuals. The study attempted to clarify several issues through its questions raised about the impact of social culture in the formulation of the roles and behaviors of both women and men, and what is the nature of social relations between the sexes in the lost of that culture, and is there some kind of differentiation between the two, and what are the determinants that emerges Culture community for the manufacture of the concept of gender, these questions and other questions came within the classrooms that are considered within the framework of the media for the Humanities, which is divided into two sides (theoretical and field) within five chapters divided on Dell Investigation was including the first chapter covers the first two sections elements of the study and the second study concepts, either Chapter II also came on the two topics included the first section treatises intellectual interpreted the familiar and the second was under the title of field studies of gender in accordance with the cultural perspective the third chapter covered a cultural determinants of type (religious, social, economic) the fourth quarter was only includes ecological study area and methodology finally, Chapter V loss was a practical side to the familiar and came under the determinants of gender title in Sadr city.
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ثقافة الجمهور الرياضي : دراسة انثروبولوجية في ملاعب كرة القدم Culture Of Athletic Audience (Anthropological Study In Football Stadiums)

اسم المؤلف: حسام طارق كاظم
اسم المشرف: بشير ناظر حميد
الموضوع العام: علم الاجتماع
السنة: 2017
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This study aims to find out the sports public culture in football stadiums, and its impact on caught up sports and social, as well as access to a lot of the elements and mechanisms of this culture which is almost inconspicuous among some members of society, culture sports audience is a microcosm of the general culture of the community but it show more on the soccer field between the stands that are accompanied by some of the customs and traditions practiced by the audience, so the role of the sports public culture emerging in the unification of individuals in the community that the fans are from all segments of society and different ages shall communicate them through encouragement is affected by one other. Since the sports public culture often shaped and runs from the global venues ranging from clothes fans in the local stadiums, as well as chants and dances by the public is one of the manifestations that spread in the Iraqi stadiums, why watch them in international journals, as well as to the nature of Iraqi society and its contents public culture of political pressures, social and economic, that is reflected on the sporting public culture in the stadiums because they are part of the general culture of the community, as well as the role of sports organizations in the standardization of sports culture among the public.The researcher found through this study to some results that show the image carried by the sports audience, as follows : 1. linked to the sports culture of the public closely the general culture of the community and are affected by dramatically. As well as the sports audience's behavior is inside the stadium with some events that occur outside the stadium during daily life.2. sports audience behavior in football stadiums the size of sporting competition between clubs affected by the larger the competition between large fan clubs as reflected in the sporting public behavior inside the stadium, which is often violence.3. varied sports culture, according to the public time stages experienced by the community, it was the eighties and nineties of the last century, quieter and more balanced than the first and second decade of this century, it was the presence of well - known, the military and the older artists much more than it is now.4. reflection of many of the events and phenomena that occur in the global playgrounds at local stadiums, through represented by movements or actions or conduct by the sports public.
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