عرض: 25 50 75 100 النتائج

نتائج البحث: 6 من أصل 6

معاملة بذور الذرة الصفراء Zea mays L. بحامض السالسياليك واثرها في تحمل الشد المائي المستحث بمادة الكلايكول متعدد الاثلين == The treatment of Corn seeds (Zea mays L.) with salicylic acid and its effects on drought tolerance induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG)

اسم المؤلف: وسن فوزي عبد الحسین
الموضوع العام: علوم الحياة
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: علوم الحياة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The study was conducted in Plant physiology laboratory, department of biology, college of education for pure sciences, University of Basrah from 1/6/2015 till 10/7/2016 in order to evaluate the effect ofpretreatment (soaking) seeds of corn (Zea mays L.) cv. Baghdad 3with salicylic acid (SA) on germination, early seedlings growth and to minimize the effect of water stress induced with poly ethylene glycol (PEG). The study included the following experiments : 1 - Effect of SA and PEG on germination using a hydroponic culture and Hoagland solution in which corn seeds were soaked in three concentrations (0.1,0.3,0.5) mMof SA in addition to control treatment with distilled water for six hours. Water stress were induced with PEG at concentrations of 0 (distilled water),1%,2%,3%,6%,9% and 12%. This experiment indicated that the optimum soaking concentration with SA was 0.5 mM and that there was no germination at 12% PEG.2 - Effect of interaction between corn seeds pretreatment with DW, 0.5mM of SA for six hoursand PEG at all previous concentrations except 12%, on early corn seedlings growth using hydroponic culture and Hoagland nutrient solution, for three weeks.3 - Effect of interaction betweencorn seeds pretreatment with DW, 0.5 mM of SA for six hoursand water stress induced with PEG at 3% and 6% on vegetative growth using pots filled with a mixture of sand and peat moss for three months.The parameters were evaluated after each of the previous experiments, also , Biochemical test . Plant height, leaves number, root length and number, dry and fresh weight for shoot and roots, while the followingparameters were evaluated in corn leaves after pots experiment : 1 - Biochemical tests included : proline and glycine betain concentrations, total carbohydrates, total chlorophyll, sodium and potassium ions concentrations.2 - Leaves anatomical study to compare the effect of PEG inducedwater stress and the role of its interaction with pretreatment with SA on thegrowth and development of internal structure of corn leaves.The following results were estimated : 1 - Germination percentage : increasing water stress in the nutrient media reduced the % germination significantly when compared with control treatment. Seeds pretreatment with SA enhanced the germination percent and the highest percent was at interaction between PEG at 1%, 2% and SA at 0.5 mM.2 - Growth parameters for seedling at hydroponic culture indicated that plant height, fresh and dry weight for shoot and roots have increased significantly when seeds were pretreated with 0.5 Mm SA All theprevious parameters were reduced significantly under PEG induced waterstress especially at 9%. Interaction between SAand PEG caused apositive significant increases in all studied parameters especially atconcentrations less than 6% and 9% PEG.3 - Growth parameters for corn plants grown at pots have showed a significant increase when pretreated with SA compared with that treated with DW. PEG caused a significant decrease in the growth parameters IIIespecially at 6%. Interaction between DW and 6% PEG recorded the lowest growth in all studied parameters. 4 - Biochemical tests : There was a significant increase in total carbohydrates and total chlorophyll content in leaves of corn plants pretreated with SA in compare with that pretreatdwith DW while the content of proline and glycine betaine were higher significantly in leaves pretreated with DW.In case of PEG induced water stress, the highest total carbohydrates content was at 6%, highest chlorophyll content at 3% while proline and glycine betaine highest content were at 6% PEG. 5 - Sodium and Potassium Concentration : The highest potassium concentration was at plant treated with SA while the highest sodium concentration was at plant treated with DW. Increasing PEG concentrations caused a significant increase in potassium concentration and a significant decrease in sodium concentration. Interaction results revealed that the highest potassium and the lowest sodium concentrations were at interaction between SA and PEG at 6%. 6 - Anatomical study results revealed that increasing water stress effected the leaves tissues structures and this were cleared at vascular bundles tissues (xylem and phloem tissues) and bundle sheath. Upper and lower epidermis, polliform cells were also affected by increasing water stress.The anatomy of leaves also showed that there was a positive enhancement in the structure of leaves tissues in the plants grown from pretreated seeds with SA.

الاستقواء وعلاقته بتقدير الذات لدى طلبة المرحلة المتوسطة == Bullying Behaviour And Its Relation To The Students Self - Evaluation In The Secondary School

اسم المؤلف: احمد حميد عطوان جابر العبودي
اسم المشرف: عبد القادر رحيم الانصاري
الموضوع العام: علم النفس
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: علم النفس التربوي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: يهدف البحث الحالي سلوك الاستقواء وعلاقته بتقدير الذات, والتعرف على الفروق الاحصائية في السلوك الاستقوائي على وفق متغير الجنس ( ذكور - اناث ) , والتعرف على مستوى تقدير الذات لدى طلبة المرحلة المتوسطة , والتعرف على الفروق الاحصائية في تقدير الذات على وفق مت | The current work aims at investigating the bully behaviour scale and its relation with the self - evaluation, as well as recognizing the statistical differences concerning this type of behaviour according to gender differences (males and females). The study also focuses on identifying the level of self - evaluation among secondary school students and showing the statistical differences according to gender (males and females). The sample included in this study comprises 400 students (males and females) in the secondary schools. Those are chosen according to the level of their study and randomly in Karbala (2015 - 2016). To accomplish the aims of this work, the researcher has done the following : 1. Making a measurement for studying bullying scale including seven branches. The researcher has checked its differentiation strength for its points and its psycho - metric measurement, working out its face validity and construction validity. Also, reliability is worked out via testing and retesting using Pearson correlation coefficient and Alpha Cronbach's equation. The scale in its final state is composed of 34 points distributed to several domains ( the domain of body, the verbal , social , sexual, racial, electronic domains and possessions). 2. Adopting the bullying self - evaluation (2011). The researcher has enquired about its discriminatory strength concerning its points and its psychometric properties. The validity is inspected via two ways : face validity and construction validity. The reliability is gotten via testing and retesting as well as using Alpha Cronbach's equation. The scale in its final state comprises 18 points suitable to measure the students' self - evaluation in the secondary schools. The researcher has applied the two scales to the sample of the study. After analyzing and treating the data statistically using the following statistical methods : T - test for one sample, T - test for two independent samples, Pearson correlation coefficient, Chi - Square, T - test to test the correlation. The researcher has concluded the following : 1. There is an inconsiderable bullying behaviour among the secondary school students. 2. There are statistical differences in practicing bullying behaviour in relation to gender and on behalf of the males. 3. The secondary school students have a high self - evaluation.4. There are statistical differences among the secondary school students in relation to self - evaluation attributed to gender and on behalf of the males. 5. There is a weak relation with no statistical evidence between bullying and self - evaluation. The researcher has suggested and recommended a number of future studies concerning the bullying behaviour and its relation to self - evaluation.
الملخص:
المصادر:

شعر منصور النمري : دراسة موضوعية فنية == Mansour Al - Nimrys Poertry : A The Matic Artistic Study

اسم المؤلف: وسن علي كاصد
اسم المشرف: نضال ابراهيم ياسين
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The Abbasid era had witnessed the emergence of an inspiring poet who represented a unique phenomenon in its vagueness and clarity towards the conflicting poetic streams at that time. Taking this as a standpoint, we found that the thrill to discover the secrets of this vagueness in this poet would make his poetry closer to the hearer to understand his meanings, references and causes. Our study which is entitled as (The Poetry of Mansour Al - Nimry : A Thematic Artistic Study) shed lights on the hidden and revealed attitudes in his poetry. He is a distinctively problematic poet who perplexed old and modern researchers to reach the depths of the essence of his poetry. Vagueness had accompanied him all the period he spent in the palace of Haroun Al - Rasheed. The study fell into two chapters preceded by an introduction and preliminary and followed by a conclusion : The preliminary is entitled (Mansour Al - Nimry and the trends of the Abbasid poetry), in which we dealt with the trends poetry in the Abbasid era and the poet's position towards them. We highlighted Al - Nimry's poetic status and critics and researchers' opinions in his poetry. Chapter one is entitled (Thematic Structures in Mansour Al - Nimry's Poetry). It included a prelude followed by the most important themes of poetry that in his poems collection like; political praise that the poet devoted to praise the Caliph Haroun Al - Rasheed and the ruling personnel of the Abbasid State; shiism for the progeny of prophet Mohammed (Peace be Upon his and his progeny); elegizing and old age complain; description and pride; in addition to other themes like; flirtation; satire and wisdom. Chapter two is entitled as (Artistic Structures in Mansour Al - Nimry's Poetry), it consists of three sections : section one is devoted to study poetic language and poetic lexicon. It also deals with the stylistic patterns like; interrogation, vocation, command and inhibition. Then, we talked about the linguistic patterns that occupied a space in Al - Nimry's poetry. Section two studied the poetic music in its two axes; the inner and outer. Section three is devoted to the study of the poetic image and the styles of artistic imagery that the poet followed like; the figurative image and the declarative one. Depending on what was previously stated, we see the poet's employment of a variety of poetic themes, his high ability to compose the words, in addition to the wideness of his poetic lexicon, rhythmic variety, strength of artistic imagery. All these indicate the poet's culture and his openness on the cultural demands of the Abbasid era. Finally, I pray to Almighty Allah to guide me to what He loves and satisfies with. He listens and responds to the call of whoever calls unto Him.

تقييم كفاءة طرق النقل البرية في محافظة ميسان

اسم المؤلف: خالد حمود مسعد البخاتي
اسم المشرف: اسعد عباس هندي الاسدي
الموضوع العام: الجغرافية
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: جغرافية النقل
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This study deals with evaluating the efficiency of land transportation in Maysan city which is located south of Iraq between (47,30 - 46,15) latitude from the north and between (46,030 - 47,30) longitude from the east. Its population is 1,108,492 according to the 2016 census. Its area is (16072) km2 which is surrounded by Wasit city from the north, Islamic Republic of Iran from the east, Basra city from the south, and Thi - Qar city from the west. The current study is essentially based on the statistics of 2016 in addition to the field study of land transportation roads, using geographical information systems and statistical means. It is also based on the formal data gained from related governmental and institutional offices, in addition to conducting the necessary interviews.

التحليل المكاني لكفاءة الخدمات المجتمعية في مدينة العمارة == Spatial Analysis of the Effectiveness of Social Services in Ammara City

اسم المؤلف: ابراهيم حاجم لازم الحلفي
اسم المشرف: رعد ياسين محمد الحسن
الموضوع العام: الجغرافية
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تعد الخدمات المجتمعية ركيزة اساسية في حياة الشعوب لاسيما في اجزائها الحضرية كونها حاجة رئيسة تدخل في جميع مفاصل الحياة اليومية وهي انعكاس لحالة تطور تلك المدن كما وانها مراة تعكس قدرة البلد في الوصول الى التنمية الاجتماعية والاقتصادية ، لذلك نجد اهتمام واسع من قبل الباحثين الجغرافيين في دراساتهم للمراكزالحضرية لغرض تحديد نوعية الحياة اعتمادا على مدى كفايتها وكفاءتها في المدينة.تناولت الدراسة الحالية واقع حال الخدمات المجتمعية في مدينة العمارة (التعليمية والصحية والترفيهية) وتوزيعها المكاني لعام 2016 مع بيان الواقع الفعلي والتتبع الزمني وفق التغيرات التي طرات عليها من خلال المراحل التاريخية التي مرت بها المدينة وتحديد كفاءتها اعتمادا على عدد من المعايير الاحصائية المحلية المعتمدة من قبلوزارة التخطيط ومعياري المسافة وسهولة الوصول ودرجة رضا السكان عن الخدمات من خلال استمارة الاستبانة الموزعة على جميع احياء المدينة ، فضلا عن ذلك اعتمدت الدراسة على مجموعة من اسس التحليل المكاني ضمن بيئة نظم المعلومات الجغرافية (Arc GIS 10.2 ) لاسيما( الجار الاقرب ، معيار المسافة ، الارتكازية الخدمية والسكانية ) لتحديد درجة تناغم الخدمات من حيث تباعدها او تكتلها ضمن حيز مساحي واحد. واعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج التاريخي في تتبع المراحل التاريخية لتطور الخدمات المجتمعية في المدينة وكذلك استخدم المنهج الوصفي والكمي والتحليلي لاظهار البيانات وتحليلها. تضمنت الدراسة اربعة فصول، اذ تناول الفصل الاول دراسة التطور التاريخي للخدمات المجتمعية في مدينة العمارة وخصائصها السكانية ، في حين تناول الفصل الثاني دراسة التوزيع المكاني للخدمات المجتمعية ، وجاء الفصل الثالث ليسلط الضوء على تقييم كفاءة الخدمات المجتمعية ، اما الفصل الرابع تضمن تحديد احتياجات المدينة الحالية من الخدمات التعليمية والصحية والترفيهيةوكذلك تقديرالحاجة المستقبلية من تلك الخدمات للاعوام القادمةولغاية عام2030.اهم النتائج التي توصلت اليها الدراسة : 1 - كشفت الدراسة عن وجود قصور وخلل واضحين في التوزيع المكاني للخدمات التعليمية( رياض الاطفال والمدارس بكافة مراحلها الابتدائية والمتوسطة والثانوية) في المدينة وهذا مؤشر واضح على سوء التخطيط المكاني لمؤسسات هذه الخدمة وعدم مراعاة توزيعها بشكل متوازن مع اعداد السكان ومساحة الاحياء السكنية.2 - اظهرت الدراسة ان هناك تباين كبير في التوزيع الكمي للخدمات التي تقدمها المؤسسات الصحية في المدينة ، اذ تميز مستشفى الصدر التعليمي عن بقية المؤسسات في الخدمات المقدمة باتساع تاثيرها الاقليمي الخدمي حيث تقدم خدماتها الى سكان المدينة واقليمها الواسع والاقاليم المحلية ، بينما لا يتجاوز مراكز الرعاية الصحية الاولية في حدود تاثيرها الخدمي الحدود الادارية للمدينة ، اذ تقدم معظم خدماتها لسكان الاحياء التي تخدمها ، اما العيادات الخاصة امتازت بامتداد تاثيرها الى حدود واسعة اذ تمتد نطاق خدماتها الى اقضية ونواحي محافظة ميسان.3 - كشفت الدراسة افتقار مدينة العمارة الى مجموع الخدمات الترفيهية من الحدائق العامة والمتنزهات وبالمستوى الذي جعلها لا تتناسب مع الحاجة الفعلية للسكان ، اذ بلغت حصة الفرد الواحد من الحدائق العامة في المدينة (0,6) م2/ فرد ، في حين حدد المعيار المحلي ضرورة تخصيص (6,5) م2/ فرد ، وهذا يدل على وجود عجزا مساحيا قدرت مساحته(841380) م2. | Social service represent a basic pillar in the lives of people especially in its urban parts for it is a primary need that intervene in all aspects of daily life and it is a reflection of the developmental status of these cities and it is a mirror that reflects the country's ability to achieve social and economic development. For all these reasons, we find a great interest in these services on the part of geographic researchers while studying urban centers to determine the type of life depending on its quantity and quality in the city. The present study has studied the social services (educational, health, entertainment) in Ammara city and their spatial distribution during the year 2016. It has shown the actual reality and chronologically traced the changes during the different historic periods. The study also analyzed the effectiveness of these services depending on some local statistical standards that are adopted by the ministry of planning and the two scales of distance and ease to reach and people's satisfaction of the services. The study depended, also, on some principles of spatial analysis within the environment of geographic information systems (Arc GIS 10.2) especially (the nearest neighbor, standard distance, polarization of services and population) to determine the degree of services harmony in regard to distance or polarization within one space area. The study depended on the historic approach in tracing the historic stages of the development of the social services in the city.The descriptive, analytic, and qualitative approaches to show and analyze the results.The study falls into four chapters. Chapter one studied the historic development of social services in Ammara city. Chapter two dealt with the spatial distribution of the services. Chapter three presented an evaluation of effectiveness of the social services. Chapter four identified the educational, health and entertainment needs of the city and estimated the future need of these services as well for the coming years till 2030. The study reached at the following results : 1. The study discovered that there is an obvious deficiency in the spatial distribution of the educational services (kindergarten, and schools of all study stages; primary, intermediate and preparatory). This is a clear indicator of the deficiency of urban planning of the city. 2. The city showed that there is a great variation in the quantitative distribution of the services that the health institutions offer in the city. Alsadar teaching hospital is the most prominent of all institutions for it provides a wide range service that includes the city and the suburbs that surround it. Whereas local health centers provide service to the administrative borders of the city.3. The study discovered that there is a shortage of parks and public gardens that do not satisfy the actual needs of the people, the individual's share of the public parks in the city is (0.6)m2. The local standard has indicated the necessity of raising the individual's share to (6.5) m2. This indicated the deficiency in the individual's share in about (841380) m2

قشتالة : دراسة في احوالها الداخلية وعلاقاتها بالدويلات النصرانية في اسبانيا (منتصف القرن الرابع الهجري/ العاشر الميلادي - 884هـ / 1479م) == CASTILLA Study in its internal conditions and its relations whit the Christian states in Spain Mid - fourth century A.H - 884 / Tenth century A.D - 1479 )

اسم المؤلف: محمود عاشور عبيد الحسيناوي
اسم المشرف: حسين جبار مجيتل العلياوي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تتناول الدراسة تاريخ مملكة قشتالة، وهي احدى الممالك النصرانية في شبه الجزيرة الايبيرية، وقد احتلت مكانة مهمة من حيث الموقع الجغرافي او الدور السياسي والعسكري الذي ادته قشتالة سواء على الجانب النصراني او في تاريخ المسلمين في الاندلس، اذ انها تتوسط شبه الجزيرة الايبيرية، وتغطي مساحتها جزءا كبيرا منها، وان مدة الدراسة غطت مساحة فترة كبيرة ومهمة من تاريخ الصراع السياسي والتحالفات بين الممالك النصرانية الاسبانية ومدى انعكاس ذلك على الطرف الاخر (المسلمين) سواء بالجانب السلبي او الايجابي، ومن هنا تاتي اهمية الموضوع، على الرغم من قيام عدد من النزعات الاستقلالية على الجانبين النصراني والاسلامي لطبيعة المجتمع في كلا الجانبين الذي كان يتصف بالعنف والبحث عن الاستقلال الا ان اغلبها واجهه الفشل، فان قشتالة كانت احدى الحركات الاستقلالية التي حققت نجاحا كبيرا، وعلى الرغم من ان قشتالة انفصلت عن ليون الا انها تفوقت عليها وسادت عليها، وانضمت ليون تحت التاج القشتالي الا ان التسمية استمرت فقط على مملكة قشتالة على الرغم من انتماء ليون اليها، وقد حددت بداية مدة الدراسة من منتصف القرن الرابع الهجري/العاشر الميلادي وذلك نظرا لانه خلال هذه المدة افصلت قشتالة عن ليون امارة مستقلة، وانتهت مدة الدراسة بسنة 884هـ/1479م وهي السنة التي اتحدت بها مملكتي قشتالة واراغون، وقسمت الدراسة الى مقدمة واربعة فصول وملاحق، الفصل الاول موسوما بـ الجغرافية التاريخية لقشتالة، اذ تناولنا فيه الامتداد والطبيعة الجغرافية، وكذلك طبيعة التركيبة السكانية والاقوام التي سكنت شبه الجزيرة الايبيرية منذ القدم وحتى قيام مملكة قشتالة وكيفية تطور التركيبة السكانية وطبيعته بشكل عام، كما تناول الفصل الديانة في مملكة قشتالة موضحين تاريخ الديانة المسيحية في شبه الجزيرة الايبيرية وكيفية دخولها لها، كذلك تناولنا في هذا الفصل اللغة القشتالية اذ درسنا فيه مراحل تطور اللغة القشتالية .ودرسنا في الفصل الثاني كيف نشاة امارة قشتالة ودور حركتي الاعمار والاسترداد في تكوينها، ثم درسنا ظروف واسباب انفصالها عن مملكة ليون، والدور الكبير الذي اداه (فرنان كونثالث) مؤسس قشتالة في تحقيق الاستقلال، ودور ابناء فرنان في ادارتها وعلاقاتهم مع الممالك النصرانية حتى مقتل اخرهم غرسية الثاني سنة 419هـ/1028م وبذلك كانت نهاية سلالة فرنان كونثالث، اذ قام زوج اخته ملك نافار بضم قشتالة الى مملكته .وخصص الفصل الثالث لدراسة الاوضاع الداخلية لقشتالة بعد تحولها من امارة الى مملكة في عهد فرناندو الاول والصراع بين ابنائه، وحركة التوسع التي شهدتها مملكة قشتالة على حساب المسلمين خلال عصر الطوائف، كما درسنا الصراع الداخلي في مملكة قشتالة والذي بدا منذ وفاة اول ملوكها، والحرب الاهلية التي لازمت مملكة قشتالة منذ اعلانها مملكه وحتى قيام الاتحاد السياسي بين مملكتي قشتالة واراغون، وقد بلغت الحرب الاهلية ذروتها منذ اواخر ايام الفونسو العاشر وحتى تولي ايزابيلا الكاثوليكية الحكم، كما تناولنا في القسم الثاني من هذا الفصل التنظيمات الادارية كنظام الحكم وطبيعة مجلس قشتالة من حيث المكونات وطبيعة التمثيل ومهام المجلس، فضلا عن النظم العسكرية والقضاء والنظم المالية .اما الفصل الرابع فكان لدراسة العلاقات السياسية لمملكة قشتالة مع الممالك النصرانية في شبه الجزيرة الايبيرية وهي كل من (اراغون وبرشلونة، نافار، البرتغال، ليون) وقد اتصفت العلاقات بالتباين وعدم وجود اسس ثابتة تقوم عليها فكانت العلاقات السياسية بين الممالك الاسبانية متقلبة وغير ثابتة، لكن الامر المهم في هذه العلاقات ان مملكة قشتالة كانت تمثل المحرك الاساسي في هذه العلاقات، ولعل ذلك راجع الى موقعها الذي يتوسط الممالك الاسبانية حيث لها حدود مشتركة مع جميعها، فهي كانت محور عقد التحالفات بين الممالك الاسبانية اما ضدها او تتحالف معها والامثلة على ذلك كثيرة، ولم يقتصر تاثير التحالفات بين الممالك الاسبانية فيما بينها على شبه الجزيرة الايبيرية بل تعدا ذلك الحدود ودخلت دول اوربية (فرنسا وانكلترا) في هذه التحالفات اي انها انعكست على الصراع القاري الاوربي، ومع ذلك كانت اقوى العلاقات لمملكة قشتالة مع مملكة اراغون على مختلف الجوانب .وقد اعتمدت الدراسة على مصادر متنوعة عربية واجنبية، اهمها مؤلفات ابن الخطيب وابن خلدون، وهما من المؤرخين المسلمين الاوائل الذين اعتمدا الشمولية في تدوين تاريخ شبه الجزيرة الايبيرية الاسلامي والنصراني، كما اعتمدت الدراسة على حوليات ومدونات اسبانية (Chronicle of the Cid) و(Cronica de la Corona de Aragon) وهي من المصادر الاساسية للتاريخ الاسباني التي كانت قريبة من لاحداث الدراسة . | / 10 th century AD - 884 AH / 1479 AD) The study deals with the history of the Kingdo, one of the Christian kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula. It occupies an important position in terms of the geographical location or the political and military role played by Castile both on the Christian side and in the history of Muslims in Andalusia. A large part of it, and that the duration of the study covered a large and important period of the history of political conflict and alliances between the Spanish Christian kingdoms and the extent of the reflection on the other side (Muslims), whether negative or positive, and hence the importance of the subject, The trends of independence on the Christian and Islamic sides of the nature of society on both sides, which was characterized by violence and the search for independence, but most of them faced failure, Castile was one of the independence movements that have achieved great success, and although Castilla separated from Lyon, but overtook them and dominated them, And joined the Leon under the crown of Castile but the name continued only on the Kingdom of Castile despite the affiliation of Leon to it, has been set the beginning of the study period from the middle of the fourth century AH / 10th century AD, because during this period separated Castile from Lyon independent, Year 884 AH Lhasa / AD 1479 , a year in which united the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon,The study was divided into an introduction, four chapters and appendixes. Chapter I is a historical geography of Castile. We discussed the extension and geographical nature, as well as the nature of the population structure and the people that inhabited the Iberian Peninsula from ancient times until the establishment of the Kingdom of Castile and the evolution of the population structure and its nature in general. The religion in the Kingdom of Castile illustrates the history of Christianity in the Iberian Peninsula and how it entered it. In this chapter we also discussed Castilian as we studied the stages of the development of the Castilian language.The role of the sons of Fernan in their administration and relations with the Christian kingdoms until the death of the last of them was discussed in the second chapter. The second was the year 419 AH / AD 1028 , and this was the end of the reign of Fernande Kontalth. His sister - in - law, king of Navar, annexed Castile to his kingdom.The third chapter devoted to the study of the internal conditions of Castile after its transformation from emirate to kingdom under Fernando I and the conflict between its sons, the expansionist movement that took place in the Kingdom of Castile at the expense of Muslims during the age of the sects, and studied the internal conflict in the Kingdom of Castile which began since the death of its first kings, Which has plagued the Kingdom of Castile since the declaration of the Kingdom until the establishment of the political union between the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, the civil war reached its peak since the end of the days of Alfonso X until Isabella Catholic rule, and we discussed in the second section of this chapter administrative organizations as a system The nature and character of the Castile Council in terms of the components, the nature of representation and the functions of the Council, as well as the military, judicial and financial systems.The fourth chapter was devoted to the study of the political relations of the Kingdom of Castile with the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula, namely, Aragon, Barcelona, Navarre, Portugal, and Lyons. The relations differed in contrast and there were no fixed foundations on which the political relations between the Spanish kingdoms were unstable and unstable. The important thing in these relations is that the Kingdom of Castile was the main engine in these relations, and perhaps this is due to its position, which is in the middle of the Spanish kingdoms where it has common borders with all of them,it was the center of the alliance between the Spanish kingdoms either against it or allied with it and examples of But the borders of the European countries (France and England) in these alliances, ie, they were reflected on the continental European conflict, yet the strongest relations of the Kingdom of Castile with the Kingdom of Aragon on different Aspects.The study was based on various Arab and foreign sources, most notably the writings of Ibn al - Khatib and Ibn Khaldun,two of the earliest Muslim historians who adopted totalitarian in codifying the history of the Iberian and Islamic Peninsula. The study also relied on the Chronicles of the Cid and Cronica de la Corona de Aragon), one of the main sources of Spanish history that was close to the events of the study.