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الهجوم والدفاع في المناظرات الرئاسية الامريكية : دراسة تداولية == Attack and Defense in American Presidential Debates:A pragmatic study

اسم المؤلف: اميمه عبد الرزاق ابراهيم
اسم المشرف: منال جاسم محمد
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2022
الموضوع الدقيق: الانكليزية - اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الكلمات الدلالية:
  • Attack
  • defense
  • presidential debates
  • Biden
  • Trump
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: ABSTRACT The current study is concerned with a pragmatic study of attack and defense acts that are used by Presidents Donald Trump and Joe Biden in the American Presidential Debate in 2020. The attack is an attempt to harm or defeat someone, and it means that the speaker or attacker does not like or disagree with the other opponent. On the contrary, defense means a person responds to an attack of his or her opponent. After an attack, the president either negates or fact-checks claims made by his opponents or tries to set the record straight. Such reactions of presidents to attacks are sometimes referred to as defending, and they are designed to refute accusations made by rivals. The debate is being watched and heard by the audience so that presidents employ their attacks to persuade both the audience and the opponent of their beliefs, opinions, and attitudes. Presidents also use defense to know the reaction of the audience, whether they are satisfied with their words and policies or not. This study aims to fill the gap and reduce its negative consequences. Attack and defense acts are important phenomena and they have negative effects as well as positive effects. The study is expected to answer the following questions: What are the pragmatic aspects of attack and defense used in the political debates of American presidents Joe Biden and Donald Trump? What are the reasons behind attack in the political debates? How do attack and defense acts of both presidents convey, directly or indirectly? What are the most frequent strategies of attack and defense utilized by the two presidents to formulate their speeches? The study aims to identify the usage of attack and defense acts in the American Presidential Debate in 2020 and focuses on the pragmatic analysis of attack and defense concerning illocutionary acts and impoliteness strategies. It also aims to identify the negative impact of an attack and the positive impact of defense and whether the presidents are succeeded in their defense against the attacker or not. In light of the above mentioned aims, the study hypothesizes that: first, both presidents utilize attack and defense acts as helpful tools to achieve specific purposes. Second, direct speech acts are more frequently used in the acts of both presidents than indirect speech ones. Third, President Trump uses attack and defense acts more than Biden. Fourth, the strategies of impoliteness used more frequently by Donald Trump than Joe Biden. Lastly, Trump is more prepared and disciplined than Biden during the debate. To achieve the aims of the study and verify the validity of the hypotheses, an eclectic model is adopted based on two models consisting of Searle’s (1975) "speech acts" and Culpeper’s (2005-2011) "impoliteness strategies". Before analyzing the data, the difference between attack-defense acts, the debates, and previous studies presented under the title theoretical framework. Then, a quantitative and qualitative research analysis with an overview of the collected data and biography of Trump and Biden are presented under the title methodology. The results of the study reveal that there are pragmatic aspects of language that can affect the usage of attack and defense acts in political debates of Trump and Biden like eye contact, facial expressions, and body language. The analysis also shows the acts of attack and defense which are identified to express the function of acts performed by both presidents. It has been noticed that both presidents Trump and Biden perform their acts directly to convey their beliefs, attitudes, and opinions towards each other's policy. Also, they use direct language to represent the factual, supportive and informative nature of the attacker or defender. Furthermore, the results of the analysis reveal that Donald Trump is the real master of impoliteness, but Biden, even when challenged with Trump's attacks directed at his family, frequently smiles, laughs, and shakes his head while closing his eyes. Both of them impose their presence and influence on the audience who watch them and attract their attention to the issues that they discuss during the debate.
الملخص:
المصادر:

ادوات التلاحم في قصائد الحب العربية والانكليزية : دراسة في تحليل الخطاب == Cohesive Devices in Arabic and English Love Poems: A Discourse Analysis Study

اسم المؤلف: نبا باسم عاشور عبد الله
اسم المشرف: بيداء عباس غبن
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2022
الموضوع الدقيق: الانكليزية - اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الكلمات الدلالية:
  • Cohesive
  • Discourse
  • lexical
  • Grammatical
  • devices
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The current study is concerned with discourse analysis of cohesive devices in English and Arabic love poems. Cohesive devices are markers that indicate grammatical and semantic relations between texts’ parts. Hence, a unified text is achieved through using various types of cohesive devices. Thus, the present study aims to investigate different types of cohesive devices in Arabic and English love poems to discover the semantic functions behind using these devices, with an eye of identifying the similarities and differences in the densities of these devices.
Based on these aims, the following hypotheses are proposed: Firstly, cohesive devices used in English and Arabic love poems are similar in types. Secondly, frequencies of cohesive devices are higher in Arabic love poems than in English ones. In order to test the validity of these hypotheses, two English and Arabic love poems are analyzed by adopting Halliday and Hasan's (1976;1985) model of cohesion. And the result of the analysis is set following a mixed methods approach using quantitative and qualitative methods.
To reach the aims and to verify the hypotheses of this study some procedures are followed as offering an account of all types of cohesive devices and providing an overview about the model of the analysis and
presenting the adopted model and specifying the data to be analyzed, contrasting all types of cohesive devices of the English and Arabic poems, pointing out features of similarity and difference. And discussing the results obtained from the analysis of the data .Finally, drawing conclusions, stating recommendations and suggestion for further studies.

Based on the results of the analysis, hypotheses No.1 and No.2 were validated. According to hypothesis No.1, it has been discovered that cohesive devices are similar in types in English and Arabic love poems. As to hypothesis No.2, the statistical analysis has revealed that the frequencies of cohesive devices are seven hundred times (i.e. 700%) higher in Arabic poems than the English ones.
The present study concludes that only reference and conjunction have semantic functions among other types of cohesive devices. The semantic functions of reference is to avoid repetition of previously mentioned items and also there are certain elements in the text that cannot be read semantically on their own unless they are linked to other elements in the text. This semantic relation can either be endophoric or exophoric. In contrast, the semantic functions of conjunction is to connect ideas of the text and to indicate the systematic relationships among sentences. Also, this study reveals that parallelism of various types is the dominant cohesive devices in all the data, Arabic and English alike. Finally, the present study ends with some recommendations and suggestions for further studies.


The current study is concerned with discourse analysis of cohesive devices in English and Arabic love poems. Cohesive devices are markers that indicate grammatical and semantic relations between texts’ parts. Hence, a unified text is achieved through using various types of cohesive devices. Thus, the present study aims to investigate different types of cohesive devices in Arabic and English love poems to discover the semantic functions behind using these devices, with an eye of identifying the similarities and differences in the densities of these devices.
Based on these aims, the following hypotheses are proposed: Firstly, cohesive devices used in English and Arabic love poems are similar in types. Secondly, frequencies of cohesive devices are higher in Arabic love poems than in English ones. In order to test the validity of these hypotheses, two English and Arabic love poems are analyzed by adopting Halliday and Hasan's (1976;1985) model of cohesion. And the result of the analysis is set following a mixed methods approach using quantitative and qualitative methods.
To reach the aims and to verify the hypotheses of this study some procedures are followed as offering an account of all types of cohesive devices and providing an overview about the model of the analysis and
presenting the adopted model and specifying the data to be analyzed, contrasting all types of cohesive devices of the English and Arabic poems, pointing out features of similarity and difference. And discussing the results obtained from the analysis of the data .Finally, drawing conclusions, stating recommendations and suggestion for further studies.

Based on the results of the analysis, hypotheses No.1 and No.2 were validated. According to hypothesis No.1, it has been discovered that cohesive devices are similar in types in English and Arabic love poems. As to hypothesis No.2, the statistical analysis has revealed that the frequencies of cohesive devices are seven hundred times (i.e. 700%) higher in Arabic poems than the English ones.
The present study concludes that only reference and conjunction have semantic functions among other types of cohesive devices. The semantic functions of reference is to avoid repetition of previously mentioned items and also there are certain elements in the text that cannot be read semantically on their own unless they are linked to other elements in the text. This semantic relation can either be endophoric or exophoric. In contrast, the semantic functions of conjunction is to connect ideas of the text and to indicate the systematic relationships among sentences. Also, this study reveals that parallelism of various types is the dominant cohesive devices in all the data, Arabic and English alike. Finally, the present study ends with some recommendations and suggestions for further studies.







The current study is concerned with discourse analysis of cohesive devices in English and Arabic love poems. Cohesive devices are markers that indicate grammatical and semantic relations between texts’ parts. Hence, a unified text is achieved through using various types of cohesive devices. Thus, the present study aims to investigate different types of cohesive devices in Arabic and English love poems to discover the semantic functions behind using these devices, with an eye of identifying the similarities and differences in the densities of these devices.
Based on these aims, the following hypotheses are proposed: Firstly, cohesive devices used in English and Arabic love poems are similar in types. Secondly, frequencies of cohesive devices are higher in Arabic love poems than in English ones. In order to test the validity of these hypotheses, two English and Arabic love poems are analyzed by adopting Halliday and Hasan's (1976;1985) model of cohesion. And the result of the analysis is set following a mixed methods approach using quantitative and qualitative methods.
To reach the aims and to verify the hypotheses of this study some procedures are followed as offering an account of all types of cohesive devices and providing an overview about the model of the analysis and
presenting the adopted model and specifying the data to be analyzed, contrasting all types of cohesive devices of the English and Arabic poems, pointing out features of similarity and difference. And discussing the results obtained from the analysis of the data .Finally, drawing conclusions, stating recommendations and suggestion for further studies.

Based on the results of the analysis, hypotheses No.1 and No.2 were validated. According to hypothesis No.1, it has been discovered that cohesive devices are similar in types in English and Arabic love poems. As to hypothesis No.2, the statistical analysis has revealed that the frequencies of cohesive devices are seven hundred times (i.e. 700%) higher in Arabic poems than the English ones.
The present study concludes that only reference and conjunction have semantic functions among other types of cohesive devices. The semantic functions of reference is to avoid repetition of previously mentioned items and also there are certain elements in the text that cannot be read semantically on their own unless they are linked to other elements in the text. This semantic relation can either be endophoric or exophoric. In contrast, the semantic functions of conjunction is to connect ideas of the text and to indicate the systematic relationships among sentences. Also, this study reveals that parallelism of various types is the dominant cohesive devices in all the data, Arabic and English alike. Finally, the present study ends with some recommendations and suggestions for further studies.







The current study is concerned with discourse analysis of cohesive devices in English and Arabic love poems. Cohesive devices are markers that indicate grammatical and semantic relations between texts’ parts. Hence, a unified text is achieved through using various types of cohesive devices. Thus, the present study aims to investigate different types of cohesive devices in Arabic and English love poems to discover the semantic functions behind using these devices, with an eye of identifying the similarities and differences in the densities of these devices.
Based on these aims, the following hypotheses are proposed: Firstly, cohesive devices used in English and Arabic love poems are similar in types. Secondly, frequencies of cohesive devices are higher in Arabic love poems than in English ones. In order to test the validity of these hypotheses, two English and Arabic love poems are analyzed by adopting Halliday and Hasan's (1976;1985) model of cohesion. And the result of the analysis is set following a mixed methods approach using quantitative and qualitative methods.
To reach the aims and to verify the hypotheses of this study some procedures are followed as offering an account of all types of cohesive devices and providing an overview about the model of the analysis and
presenting the adopted model and specifying the data to be analyzed, contrasting all types of cohesive devices of the English and Arabic poems, pointing out features of similarity and difference. And discussing the results obtained from the analysis of the data .Finally, drawing conclusions, stating recommendations and suggestion for further studies.

Based on the results of the analysis, hypotheses No.1 and No.2 were validated. According to hypothesis No.1, it has been discovered that cohesive devices are similar in types in English and Arabic love poems. As to hypothesis No.2, the statistical analysis has revealed that the frequencies of cohesive devices are seven hundred times (i.e. 700%) higher in Arabic poems than the English ones.
The present study concludes that only reference and conjunction have semantic functions among other types of cohesive devices. The semantic functions of reference is to avoid repetition of previously mentioned items and also there are certain elements in the text that cannot be read semantically on their own unless they are linked to other elements in the text. This semantic relation can either be endophoric or exophoric. In contrast, the semantic functions of conjunction is to connect ideas of the text and to indicate the systematic relationships among sentences. Also, this study reveals that parallelism of various types is the dominant cohesive devices in all the data, Arabic and English alike. Finally, the present study ends with some recommendations and suggestions for further studies.






The current study is concerned with discourse analysis of cohesive devices in English and Arabic love poems. Cohesive devices are markers that indicate grammatical and semantic relations between texts’ parts. Hence, a unified text is achieved through using various types of cohesive devices. Thus, the present study aims to investigate different types of cohesive devices in Arabic and English love poems to discover the semantic functions behind using these devices, with an eye of identifying the similarities and differences in the densities of these devices.
Based on these aims, the following hypotheses are proposed: Firstly, cohesive devices used in English and Arabic love poems are similar in types. Secondly, frequencies of cohesive devices are higher in Arabic love poems than in English ones. In order to test the validity of these hypotheses, two English and Arabic love poems are analyzed by adopting Halliday and Hasan's (1976;1985) model of cohesion. And the result of the analysis is set following a mixed methods approach using quantitative and qualitative methods.
To reach the aims and to verify the hypotheses of this study some procedures are followed as offering an account of all types of cohesive devices and providing an overview about the model of the analysis and
presenting the adopted model and specifying the data to be analyzed, contrasting all types of cohesive devices of the English and Arabic poems, pointing out features of similarity and difference. And discussing the results obtained from the analysis of the data .Finally, drawing conclusions, stating recommendations and suggestion for further studies.

Based on the results of the analysis, hypotheses No.1 and No.2 were validated. According to hypothesis No.1, it has been discovered that cohesive devices are similar in types in English and Arabic love poems. As to hypothesis No.2, the statistical analysis has revealed that the frequencies of cohesive devices are seven hundred times (i.e. 700%) higher in Arabic poems than the English ones.
The present study concludes that only reference and conjunction have semantic functions among other types of cohesive devices. The semantic functions of reference is to avoid repetition of previously mentioned items and also there are certain elements in the text that cannot be read semantically on their own unless they are linked to other elements in the text. This semantic relation can either be endophoric or exophoric. In contrast, the semantic functions of conjunction is to connect ideas of the text and to indicate the systematic relationships among sentences. Also, this study reveals that parallelism of various types is the dominant cohesive devices in all the data, Arabic and English alike. Finally, the present study ends with some recommendations and suggestions for further studies.
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