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نتائج البحث: 7 من أصل 207

حول تراص الفضاءات المترية الضبابية المخروطية == About the Compactness of Fuzzy Cone Metric Spaces

اسم المؤلف: عامر عبد الكريم عبد الله
اسم المشرف: فاضل صبحي فاضل
الموضوع العام: علوم الرياضيات
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الرياضيات
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The generalization of metric spaces from ordinary sets to fuzzy set theory and then to the so called cone metric spaces is a promising topics of theoretical mathematics.Therefore, this thesis has two objectives. The first objective is to study cone metric spaces and then constructing the so called fuzzy cone metric spaces using a new direction which is based on fuzzy point. The second objective is to study the compactness of fuzzy sets in fuzzy cone metric spaces and then give the relationship among different types of compactness, such as compact fuzzy sets, pre - compact fuzzy sets, sequentially compact fuzzy sets, countable compact fuzzy sets and locally compact fuzzy set.

الحماية الجنائية للعقار == The Criminal Protection For The Property

اسم المؤلف: كاظم عزيز معيلي الانباري
اسم المشرف: احمد كيلان عبد الله
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الجنائي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: 1 - The Iraqi criminal lawgiver insure the criminal protection for the property for the properties of persons and state, the lawgiver authorize the criminal protection for the properties to the law of punishments No. 111 for year 1969 (amended) according to its items (1,6,7), that its role put a texts of conviction and punishment on it whether this property for the persons such as lands , building , houses ,or for state such as lands , building , establishments, public properties ,special properties , and whether it were done by normal person , employee , or taxpayer of public service such as crimes of invasion of houses , attack on the property , confiscation it by force , damage it by destruction ,burn , flood , or by transfer or remove the border between the properties of the persons , or between the properties of persons and the state whether this property was be pure or charitable entail .This research deal with the crime that touch the security or independence of inside or outside of state such as crimes of external armed military raid or occupation on region of Republic of Iraq by one state or many foreign unfriendly states whether this occupation happen as full by fail regime and put it under the government of direct military occupation or entrance of armed military enemy in the land of Iraqi state region, or entrance in its part , or occupation for city , or village , and full control by direct military , or the neighbor country doing a crimes of transfer , remove, or change the region borders , marks , or official border support for Iraq .The criminal lawgiver for the crimes that were located on the properties of persons and state from the crimes that were seen by criminal judge of property location , and the local court of misdemeanors only specify for the lawsuits of properties if the crime as misdemeanors , but if the crime as felony this lawsuit was deal by court of felony according to the type of crime and danger of guilty .2 - Then the lawgiver authorized to the principles law of the criminal courts No.( 23)for year (1971) (amended) a responsibility of take the necessary criminal procedures to move the lawsuits of properties according to the items(1,2,3,9) starting from direct indictment and the judicial and primary investigation , transferring , pleading , and the decision until executing the decision that was issued for the guilty after this decision was granted the final degree without the objection when finish the legal period by executing the decided punishment by jailing the guilty for complete the decision of guilty .3 - Then the lawgiver authorized to the criminal judgment to take the pleading procedures by the public , facing , and oral method according to the judicial organization No.(160) for year (1969) (amended) item (1/first) to achieve the justice , and making authority of the justice accordance for the natural and moral persons as public and special at the item (3) , and making the pleading as public except the court diced to make this pleading as secret to save the public system and considerateness the public ethics or family sanctity , and spoken of decision as public at the item (5) , then making the decisions have issue and executing vicarious the people at the item (6) .

اداء النخبة السياسية في اقليم كوردستان العراق (1991 - 2013) == Performance of Political Elite in Kurdistan Region of Iraq (1991 - 2013)

اسم المؤلف: ياسين اشور جوهر
اسم المشرف: مها عبد اللطيف حسن الحديثي
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2016
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: مما لاشك فيه ان كل مجتمع ينقسم على شريحتين رئيسيتين، وهما عبارة عن الشريحة الحاكمة والمحكومة، غير ان خصائص وسمات هاتين الشريحيتين تختلف من مجتمع لاخر، وتختلف باختلاف الامكنة والازمنة. وان الاسباب التي تولد تلك المفارقات ترجع الى مسالة تطور المجتمع وتجاوز الظروف السياسية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية والتراثية المتخلفة. لذا نجد ان صفات وخصائص النخبة الحاكمة في المجتمعات المتقدمة والمتحضرة مقارنة بمثيلتها في المجتمعات المتخلفة او المجتمعات النامية، مختلفة. ففي المجتمعات المتقدمة والمتحضرة نجد ان النخبة الحاكمة نتيجة لالتزامها بسيادة القانون وعقلانية ادارة السلطة ومحاولاتها بناء دولة مؤسسات وفصل السلطات والايمان التام بعملية تبادل السلطة بين القوى السياسية وايمانها بمبادئ الديمقراطية والحريات الفردية والجماعية، هي نخبة لها القابلية على التجديد والتغيير من خلال التعبير الصادق والحقيقي عن اهداف وامال الافراد في المجتمع الواحد، هذا من جهة، ومن جهة اخرى، نايها عن احتكار السلطة من اجل الاستمرار بالبقاء على كرسي الحكم لمدة طويلة، فضلا عن عدم قدرتها استغلال الدستور وتغيير القوانين من اجل مصالحها الخاصة. ان الافراد في المجتمعات المتقدمة والمتحضرة ليسوا مكتوفي الايدي تجاه النخبة الحاكمة، بل ان وعيهم السياسي يبلغ مستوى يجعل منهم قادرين على منع الحكام من التهور وارتكاب الخروقات الدستورية والزامهم بالخضوع لبنود القوانين والاحكام المتفق عليها بين الطرفين، ولهذا نلحظ وجود التعاون والتوازن المشترك بين النخبة الحاكمة والمحكومة في تلك المجتمعات من ناحية القوة والشرعية ووسائل الصراع، ونجد باستمرار ان التغيير في تلك المجتمعات يكون مستندا الى القانون والدستور ويكون خاليا من اي عنف او انقلاب عسكري. وفيما يتعلق بالمجتمعات المتخلفة او المجتمعات التي هي في طور الانتقال الديمقراطي، فنجد ان العلاقة بين النخبة الحاكمة والمحكومة هي علاقة غير راجحة مليئة بالمشكلات. ان ما تمتاز به النخبة الحاكمة في تلك المجتمعات، انها نخبة منطوية على ذاتها ومنعزلة لا تفسح المجال للتغيير وتتبادل باستمرار السلطة فيما بينها، ولاجل ذلك يلجاون الى اعتماد شرعية سياسية ضعيفة وخالية من المضمون وانتخابات غير بناءة، او استخدام العنف والظلم بحق المواطنين. من جهة اخرى، ان النخبة الحاكمة في مثل تلك المجتمعات بغية بقائها في السلطة والتمسك بمقاليد الحكم، تلجا الى خطاب قومي او ديني او اشتراكي او ليبرالي او اي خطاب اخر تجذب من خلاله الحس العاطفي للجماهير، وفي الوقت نفسه نجد تلك الخطابات خالية من اي مضمون حقيقي او التزام بالمفاهيم الواردة فيها. ان هذه اللامبالاة والبعد عن الخطوط العريضة لتلك الخطابات تولد شيئا من التشاؤم لدى شريحة المحكومين، فضلا عن ذلك، ان هذه الخطابات لم تفلح في ان تصبح بديلا جيدا لانتماء الفرد للعشيرة او القبيلة او الاسرة او المنطقة، بمعنى اخر لم تستطع ان تؤسس لهوية عليا هي في غنى عن الهويات الفردية او الفرعية الاخرى في المجتمع، حتى يتقيد به الجميع بغض النظر عن الانتماء الديني او القومي او اللغوي او الطائفي او الجغرافي. كل هذه الامور تقف عائقا امام تلك المجتمعات وتحد من قدراتهم على تاسيس سلطة مدنية تتكفل حقوق وواجبات الافراد بلا فارق. في المقابل نجد في اغلب الاحيان ان موقف الجماهير في تلك المجتمعات هو موقف المتفرج اذ لا دور له في بناء القرار السياسي وحضوره السياسي محدود، فينتهي في اغلب الاحيان بالتصويت في الانتخابات فقط، وليس له وعي سياسي كافي بحقوقه ولا يملك وسائل استحصال تلك الحقوق، لذلك نلاحظ ان التغييرات التي تحصل في تلك المجتمعات في الغالب تكون اما بتدخل خارجي او عن طريق العنف او القوة المادية او انقلاب عسكري او ثورة. وفي المحصلة نجد ان تلك المجتمعات تدور في فلك اللاستقرار والازمات السياسية ولا تستطيع ان تصل الى مرحلة المؤسساتية والتصالح الاجتماعي والسياسي التام. هذه الاطروحة الموسومة بـ (اداء النخبة السياسية في اقليم كوردستان 1991 - 2013)تتضمن اربعة فصول، يتناول الفصل الاول مدخل نظري مقسم على عدة موضوعات، اما الفصل الثاني فيتناول الحديث عن تاريخ النخبة السياسية في اقليم كوردستان العراق، وقد قسم على ثلاث مراحل رئيسية، المرحلة الاولى تبدا من (1919 - 1939)، تحدثنا فيها عن بدايات ثورات الشيخ محمود الحفيد وغيره، فضلا عن محاولات بعض المنظمات السياسية والجهات الكوردية التي سعت كثيرا لاستحصال حقوق الكورد في عيراق تلك الفترة. اما المرحلة الثانية فتبدا من تاريخ (1939 - 1979)، تحدثنا فيها عن بدايات التنظيمات السياسية، فنجد ان النخبة السياسية استطاعت ان تنظم نفسها في عدد من الاحزاب السياسية في محاولة منها لنيل حقوق الكورد. وفي هذه المرحلة تحدثنا عن دور ( الملا مصطفى البارزاني) الذي خاض الثورة في بدايتها كشخصية عشائرية ضد الحكومة العراقية انذاك، ثم اصبح قائدا سياسيا وقوميا كورديا على مستوى داخل وخارج العراق. اما المرحلة الثالثة فتبدا من (1975 - 1991)، تحدثنا في بدايتها بشكل مختصرعن تلك السياسات والمظالم التي حلت بالكورد من قبل الحكومات العراقية في تلك الفترة، ثم تطرقنا الى الحديث عن اعادة النخبة السياسية الكوردية لصفوفها في عدة احزاب سياسية مختلفة في ارائها الفكرية والايديولوجية والتنظيمية والجماهيرية. اما الفصل الثالث من هذا البحث فيعد بداية لمنعطف كبير في الكفاح السياسي والعسكري للنخبة السياسية الكوردية والشعب الكوردي على حد سواء. في بدايته تحدثنا عن الجغرافية البشريةوالطبيعية لاقليم كوردستان كمدخل ضروري من اجل فهم اداء النخبة السياسية الكوردية، لغنها بعد انتفاضة (1991) تقلدت السلطة في اطار قانوني ومؤسساتي بصورة فعلية. كذلك تحدثنا عن محاولات النخبة السياسية الكوردية في مسعى منها لتنظيم انتخابات برلمانية بعيدا عن سلطة الحكومة المركزية، وتاسيس برلمان وحكومة ومؤسسات حكومية مستقلة. فضلا عن ذلك، تحدثنا فيه عن التوجه الفكري واهداف تلك النخبة عن طريق الاحزاب السياسية الداخلية التي كانت لها دور وتاثير وثقل في تلك الفترة، اضافة الى الصراعات الداخلية التي نشبت بين الاحزاب كنتيجة لمحاولات كل منها فرض سلطتها الحزبية والمناطقية في اقليم كوردستان. اما في الفصل الرابع فتحدثنا عن اداء النخبة السياسية الكوردية بعد سقوط النظام السياسي في العراق عام (2003)، كيف كانت، وكيف استطاعت ان تؤقلم نفسها مع التغييرات الجذرية التي حصلت في العراق عامة واقليم كوردستان خاصة. تكلمنا ايضا عن دور النفط كورقة اقتصادية مهمة ورئيسة له دور كبير في تعزيز سلطة النخبة السياسية الكوردية في الاقليم. كذلك سلطنا الضوء على التبادل الدوري الحاصل بين النخبة السياسية وبقائها في السلطات التشريعية والتنفيذية. وفي الختام تحدثنا عن دور النخبة السياسية الكوردية في ايجاد الحلول او تفاقم ازمات التنمية السياسية في اقليم كوردستان العراق. توصل البحث الى عدة نتائج منها : ان كل مجتمع يتمتع بنخبة سياسية تقوم بتنظيم شؤونه السياسية على مستوى الداخل والخارج، وتعبر عن امال واهداف افراده. اما فيما يخص النخبة السياسية الكوردية قبل(1991)، فانها كانت باستمرار في جبهة الدفاع وقيام الثورات ضد الحكومات العراقية اذ لم تكن صاحبة سلطة في الاقليم، ولكن هذا لا يغنينا عن الاعتراف بان هذه النخبة، ونتيجة لاسباب داخلية وخارجية، كانت في كثير من الاحيان تقف ضد بعضها، حتى ان احتدام العداء بينها دفعها الى اللجوء لقوى خارجية في سبيل محو الاخر، فضلا عن انها لم تكن نخبة سياسية موحدة وهذا ما اثر سلبا على تحقيق اهدافها السياسية. بعد عام (1991) على الرغم من ان هذه النخبة استطاعت سد فراغ السلطة في اقليم كوردستان العراق، لكن لم يكتب لها النجاح في ذلك، لانها فشلت في ماسسة السلطة، كما لم تفلح في الانتقال بالمجتمع الكوردي الى مرحلة الاستقرار السياسي والاقتصادي والاجتماعي المتين، ولم تستطع ان تنظم السلطة وفق المبادىء الديمقراطية، وفشلت في تثبيت مبدا تبادل السلطة، وتجديد نفسها، وفسح المجال امام القوى السياسية الاخرى حتى يكون لها دور في العملية السياسية وصياغة القرار السياسي في الاقليم، هذا ولم تستطع ان تغني نفسها عن ميراث الاقتتال الداخلي ومحو الاخر من خلال اتفاق سياسي وحزبي فيما بينها بالاعتماد على انفسهم لحسم صراعاتهم وخلافاتهم، ولكن على النقيض من ذلك نجد تلك النخبة ولحد الان تعتمد على القوى الخارجية اكثر من اعتمادها على جماهيرها. بالرغم من ذلك لم تستطع تلك النخبة ان تحسم نفسها ويكون لها خطاب سياسي واضح وصريح توجهه الى الداخل او الى السلطة المركزية في العراق، بل الذي نجده انما هو خطاب سياسي متغير معتمد على اهداف واستراتيجية الاحزاب الكوردستانية وخاصة الحزبين الديمقراطي الكوردستاني والاتحاد الوطني الكوردستاني . ومن النتائج الاخرى التي توصل اليها البحث، ان النخبة السياسية الكوردية بالرغم من تحقيقها بعض التقدم على المستويات السياسية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية في الاقليم، لكنها فشلت في تاسيس اقتصاد قوي يلبي - في الاقل - الاحتياجات الداخلية للاقليم، وبدلا من ذلك، ذهبت الى الاهتمام بتنمية الاقتصاد الاستهلاكي والاعتماد الكلي على قطاع النفط لادارة المجتمع الكوردي في العراق، وهذه السياسة كانت لها تداعيات سلبية مثل : تحطيم البنى التحتية للاقتصاد الزراعي والصناعي، كذلك توسيع القطاع العام على حساب القطاع الخاص، وربط مصادر عيش المواطن بالحكومة ومصادر تمويل الحكومة بالاحزاب السياسية، والاسوا من ذلك، ان هذا النوع من الاقتصاد الى حد بعيد، اصبح سببا من اسباب تقوية الاحزاب من خلال استحصال رؤوس اموال كبيرة والسيطرة على اقتصاد الاقليم. اما من الناحية الاجتماعية، فان هذه النخبة وخاصة بعد عام (1991) اصبحت سببا من اسباب احياء الروح القبلية والعشائرية والاسرية، بدلا من ريادة المجتمع باتجاه العقلانية وبناء دولة مؤسسات، هذا لان المجتمع الكوردي في الاساس هو مجتمع تقليدي وقبلي، وبدلا من تجاوز وكسر هذه العادات الاجتماعية واضعافها، لجات الى تقويتها وتقديسها، كل هذا من اجل بقائها في السلطة والحكم، وفي المحصلة فشلت هذه النخبة في تاسيس هوية واضحة لسكان اقليم كوردستان، وبناء شرعية قوية لها، فضلا عن هذا، لم تستطع تحقيق العدالة الاجتماعية والسياسية والاقتصادية في المجتمع الكوردي، وتوجيهه نحو تحقيق اهدافه وتخليصه من ازماته. ايجازا، نستطيع القول، ان اداء النخبة السياسية الكوردية في فترة حكمها، كان اداء ضعيفا، اذ لم تستطع خلق نموذج ايجابي ومختلف لنظام حكم في العراق والمنطقة، بل اخذت صفات وخصائص المجتمعات المتخلفة التي اشرنا اليها سابقا. | Undoubtedly, each community of humans is divided into two levels : the first level consists of leaders, governmental officials, while the second one is the ordinary citizens. The characteristics of these two levels differ and vary from one society to another, and change from specific place and time to others. This occurs when the communities are stepping toward development in the political, economic, social, and cultural aspects. The characteristics are entirely different in progressed societies rather than those in non - developed ones or newly developed. In the developed ones, and due to the superiority of law, reasoning the authority, having an establishment system in disturbing and handing out the power depending on democratic basics accompanied by society’s and individual’s freedom, it can step forward both into flourishing and renovation. This will be achieved through having a clear public goals and wishes of all the population, and through non - monopolization of power for the sake of lasting longer times as much as possible. On one hand, we notice that all the individuals in developed societies are more cautious about the performance of the government and they do not let them deviate from every segment of the country’s constitution and its authorized power and make them be abided by the law.as a result, we could easily observe that there’s a mature sort of cooperation between the people and government, and even the changes will be done according to legislative processes which are not opposing the items of law and constitution. On the other hand, the non - developed societies or the initial democratic ones face current problems and unhealthy relations in the terms of both the people and the government. Leaders in the government will not allow the throne to flee from them and they try their hard not to be dethroned and not to lose the power, and to sustain this, they rely on misleading election process to deceive the public or to oppress them by using power to force them to be yielded. Sometimes for convincing the public, they announce their false enthusiastic nationalism or their entire faith for religion or their cunning liberal, social policy for running country. Therefore, people would not touch any hopes in their meaningless emblems that could not be even suitable alternatives for the tribal, religious, and regional beliefs in which people had been suffered a lot because of them. All these factors helped not to have serious steps toward establishing a very modern and systematic government that reserves the rights and duties of all without hindrances and injustice. Besides, people sometimes are not aware about the complete items of their official rights, and they act like onlookers only watching and staying disconnected to what are going on. So, a foreign force may interfere to uproot a specific regime as the people are idle in attempting to make changes, or through an internal codetta or an uprising, the change may be happened. And this will bring great damage in a way that security would be lost for longer times and a chaotic state spreads everywhere in country. The dissertation, is entitled (The Performance of the Political Elite in Kurdistan Region from 1991 to 2013), consists of four parts, the first one includes a theoretical entrance to the subject of the project which is divided into several sections, each on has an abstract on what relates to Elitist Theory. The second part explains a historical survey of elitism in Kurdistan region, and it’s graded into three stages, the first stage starts from 1919 to 1939, includes Shekh Mahmud’s revolution and some groups who tried to regain Kurd’s rights from different Iraqi regimes. The second stage, from 1939 to 1975, witnessed an organized way of political system to have some parties for acquiring the national rights of Kurds, and Mala Mustafa Barzani was one of the prominent figures who started first as a tribe leader to revolute against the regime, then he turned to represent Kurds as a political and national leader that affected the political process to certain extends. The third stage, 1975 to 1991, sheds lights on the tyranny of Saddam’s policy and the regime’s oppression against Kurd, also it surveys the reorganization of all the Kurdish political parties to direct people to new ideological trends. The third part, from 1991, elaborates a very important period in the history of Kurds since they achieved their real autonomy and separated from other parts of Iraq, and they started to rule themselves. This will be the core for the project to observe the political elite. In this part, the project elucidates the Kurdish political elite and how they, for the first time and far from Iraqi regime’s threats, were able to hold an election, besides, their being able to establish parliament and government and other governmental directorates. And the political parties tried their best to obtain more popularity in order that they might gain more posts in the authority, and this caused several conflicts and struggles among those parties. The Fourth part explains the Kurdish elite performance after the crashing down of Baath’s regime in 2003, and how they were capable of handling the political role in both Baghdad in Kurdistan. Also, the case of oil as a significant economic and political sector which fostered Kurdish elite. The last pages of this part clarify their positive and negative contributions in decreasing and increasing the obstacles and problems. This project (dissertation) has reached some conclusions like each society has its own elite politicians that organize society’s political affairs as well as representing the wish and needs of people on both internal and external levels. In relation to the Kurdish political elite prior to 1991, they’ve always been in defense and rebellion against the central government in Iraq and with no power in Kurdistan. Due to many internal and external factors, these elite groups have often been in bitter fighting with each other in a way that they sometimes sought help from foreign forces to defeat each other. They have always been in difference and not united which made them unable to achieve their political goals. However, after 1991, despite filling the power vacuum in Kurdistan, these elite were unable to transfer the Kurdish society to the state of political, economic, social and cultural stability. They could neither regulate the power democratically and bring about the bases for peaceful power transfer in Kurdistan nor renew themselves and give way to other political factions to have roles in the process of decision making and the political process in Kurdistan region. Furthermore, instead of making some kind of political agreement and depend on themselves for settling their disputes, they could not rid themselves from deleting each other and the inheritance of the civil war. These elite groups have continuously and still relied on foreign support rather than their people. Moreover, they have not been able to make their mind up and have a clear message to Kurdistan region or the central government in Iraq. What they have is a political message that changes according to the goals and strategy of the parties in Kurdistan especially (P.U.K) and (K.D.P). Another conclusion of the project is that in spite of some progressing that the Kurdish political elite achieved but they failed in founding a very enhancing and strong economic system which conveys the internal needs of Kurdistan region, they depended on oil sector to provide the assumptions, but on the other hand it created a great damage in agricultural and industrial sectors which are considered the most vital bases into development. It led to the declining of private sectors and expanding the public ones, and they connected the people’s earn living with the government and the latter was matched with the political parties. Thus, the Kurdish political elite monopolized all the economic and commercial sectors of the region. In social sense, and for the sake of lasting in the throne as much as possible, they helped the tribal culture to be strengthened again since the Kurdish society was still a very traditional one which reflected negatively in the process of development. They could not make a true, modern, updated, and developed identity for Kurdish people in Iraq and the Middle East, and they were not able to invent a very standardized style of government so as to be taken as a unique sample for Iraq and other countries

دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي وادارة الازمات الاقليمية ازمة : اليمن انموذجا == Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) And Management Of Regional Crises (Crisis Of Yemen As A Model)

اسم المؤلف: دعاء جمعة نعمة
اسم المشرف: مالك دحام الجميلي
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الدراسات الاستراتيجية
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) establishment in 1981 represented a turning point in Arab Relationships as a successful model in restructuring united Arab Frame. The idea of this Council had emerged from the joint point of view and the urgent necessity that cooperation and coordination among six Arab Gulf Countries : ( Saudi Arabia Kingdom - Kuwait - U.A.E - Qatar - Kingdom of Bahrain - Oman) after the continuous development as a result of the close relationships that were enforced many other factors of the joint history, Geographic Neighboring, Faith and Belief in Joint Fate , in addition to the very similarity of these countries in their political , economic, social, and military policies, besides their confrontation against threats and risks as well as overcoming their internal which are.Thus, Arab Gulf States had increased their efforts for the purpose of achieving further cooperation and further rapprochement through holding bilateral and multiple agreements Gulf Cooperation Council was emerged consequently , Council had achieved many of its main targets, it had many great and widely participations at the local, regional and international levels in a changing atmosphere. Council was able to overcome the all the difficulties.There is no doubt that the administration of the Council for the regional crisis were so serious, many factors were actually needed, The Arab Gulf Council several features in order to deal with the troubles in this zone represented by Oil wealth that was well applied by Arab Gulf States so as to develop these States and go on progress for their sake. On other hand, Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) has been able to demonstrate the regional crisis. Besides the disturbed situations that the Neighboring States witnesses, they represented a critical challenge against the security of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), that matter needs to study in very details with stating the solutions through submitting strategies including several elements aiming to limit the crisis and amongst the negative effects against National Security for Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).In this Thesis, Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) was studied with focusing on Crisis of Yemen as a model. Nowadays is passed with sensitive stage and critical turning point , as it witnessed sequent crisis along the time, and returned from long wars up to now. Furthermore, it affirmed on the political , security and fate importance for Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) in protecting security and stability of Gulf Region that makes its study, its analysis and to identify on their future repercussions as an important case in the context of scientific research

صلاحيات السلطة التشريعية في العراق بين النظرية والتطبيق بعد 2005 == Jurisdictions Of LeGISlative Authority In Iraq Between Practice & Theory After 2005

اسم المؤلف: حنان عبد لوتي
اسم المشرف: مها عبد اللطيف حسن الحديثي
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2016
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This thesis researches in the powers of the legislative authority in the Iraqi parliament in theory and practice. The thesis addressed at the outset the parliamentary system as one of the representative democratic regimes prevailing in the world today, where the political power is divided two between, the first bodies to be expressed in the legislature (parliament), which is directly elected by the people, while the second body, the Executive, is being emerged from the parliament. Many countries around the world has adopted Parliamentarism despite the difference of the internal environment, political, economic and cultural life of their societies. Iraq as well has adopted this system according to the Constitution of 2005. Which deserved research and analysis and comparison between the reality of this system and what should be the parliamentary system, in general, and compare it to the constitutional rules according to the Constitution of 2005, in particular, to identify the strengths and weaknesses, and the reasons for the weakness of the legislative authority in the exercise of their constitutional powers. The thesis has reached a set of conclusions, mainly : 1. The existence of many of the imbalances in the parliamentary practice in the Iraqi parliament, the most important of which was the failure of the House of Representatives in the representation of Iraq as a whole and to speak on behalf of the people as a whole.2. The absence of political opposition in the House of Representatives led to overcome the parliamentary procedures.3. The predominance of the executive authority of the parliament which led to the disruption of the rules of parliamentary oversight and the cooperation between the two authorities.4. The weakness of the political culture of parliamentarians and their ignorance of most of the parliamentary rules and procedures adopted by parliamentary systems.5. The weakness of parliamentary oversight.6. The existence of quota confessional that played a role in weakening the powers of the legislature and continued conflict among political blocks in the House of Representatives.7. The continued absence of Members of the House of Representatives and the lack of serious behavior during discussion on some sensitive issues which preclude holding more than half of the meetings because of lack of a quorum.

السياسات التعليمية والتنشئة السياسية في العراق بعد عام 2003

اسم المؤلف: ايلاف حسن جعفر
اسم المشرف: احمد عبد الله ناهي الحمداني
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2016
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: ان التغيير السياسي الذي حصل في العراق بعد 2003 فتح افاقا جديدة في العمل السياسي نتيجة لتبني نظام سياسي ديمقراطي قائم على التعددية مما تطلب بناء تنشئة سياسية جديدة تتلائم مع النظام الجديد على اسس الحرية والديمقراطية وحقوق الانسان وهذا ما تطلب بناء منظومة ت | The political changes that occurred in Iraq2003 has opened new prospects in political work due to adopting democratic political regime based on multiplicity which need construct new policy in harmony with the new regime on democratic and freedom foundations and human rights. This case called for constructing new educational system bearing developing new generation in accordance with those and interact with scientific , psychological , intellectual and constructive foundations and capabilities through education , political growing because education is the main instrument that the individuals get skills that qualify them to be vital members in the political regime and society through harmonizing the new political values to make cultural changes via political awareness that keep pace with democratic process accordingly political regime in Iraq tried after 2003 to build educational system upon new foundations in harmony with democratic changes demonstrated in Iraq. therefore it issued educational philosophy included confirming democratic principles by tolerance spirit , cooperation , consultation , constructive criticism , respect other views , dominant of the law sovereignty , equity , equivalence in opportunities , respect the law and regulations , cooperation with the authorities , confirm humanitarian and moral principles and respect religious and social virtues and translate them to behavior and adhere to these principles.Confirming respect others and their views and freedom , respect tradition of the society ,besides enlightenment application for democratic approaches in educational institutions and in their administration in order to spread democratic behavior among teachers and educated individuals , executing real participation , scientific development , objective Substantive discrimination and selection according to checking , awareness and certainty. In spite of these efforts the educational policy and political development in Iraq after 2003 has faced many problems upon different levels disabled that policy and put obstacles before the education authorities while application in which the success percentage was low due to sect specialization and racial discrimination , multiplicity of parties , different ideologies , besides lack of security and stability , sect events , society polarization , religious policy which constructed other generation rather than educational institution , moreover sometimes intersected with it.The economic factor also played opposite role towards educational policy and political development because the economic role for the families is the main criteria for the income of the people and entering to the educational sector or be away from education , therefore the aggravation of poverty deprive many families from entering schools , and accordingly growing in a different way and policy from the purposes and objectives of educational way , besides of unemployment , low allocations and weak capabilities.Social obstacles were represented by modern Iraqi family which follow authoritarian value style represented by the parents or one of them upon their children which made their respect to democratic values limited , besides the security circumstances that the people of Iraq has been suffering till now affected the Iraq families because most of the children did not learn in new schools or never learn , besides the spread of conservative religious values in some families such as obedience value ,non - discussion , antagonism towards democratic values and modernization which made the Iraqi family cannot play its real role ,but on the contrary they became obstacle element to education. Also illiteracy has played a great role of hindering the Iraqi political upbringing in spite of efforts excreted by Iraq since the seventeenth of the last century to eradicate illiteracy but these efforts ran into problems resulted in successive wars and the blockage imposed by the united nations on Iraq, that leads to increasing the number of dropouts and those do not join education and this hindering the efforts of political upbringing, also popularity of the conservative tribal and religious traditional values as a result of the political powers absence which are able to raising the political awareness for the citizens, led that these values to play a disturbing role of the political upbringing since these values contradicted entirely with the democratic value of the citizens which the educational process aiming at, besides, the problems of modifying of curriculum and exceeding what stirring sedition and deterred the confirm and deepened the idea of citizenship and national identity and political partnership and establishing a state of institutions, and problems related with the teacher being an authority or origin and other problems on which the research is focusing to be understood, analyzing and find ways for confronting them also reducing their negative impact on the upbringing process. The education problem and the political upbringing in Iraq after 2003 has represented by achieving philosophy represented in realizing equity and the political partnership , citizenship and nationality and to found the state of institutions and democracy, is in need of efforts and common sense should be realized to success the educational policy, for realizing that policy and philosophy would lead to upbringing generations on democratic manner contributing in building the society and the state and reforming system and institutions, for individuals are the basic foundation , reforming and strength for the state and society, thus realizing ways of building and developing it mean foundation of a state with bases and standards make Iraq as civil strong civilized state.

استراتيجية مكافحة الارهاب في العراق : دراسة مستقبلية == The Fight Against Terrorism In Iraq Strategy Vision For The Future

اسم المؤلف: ايات ناصر جابر
اسم المشرف: حسين علاوي خليفة
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الدراسات الاستراتيجية
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The phenomenon of Terrorism has made a chalanges for iraqi government after All the changes in specific, therefore the battle against the terrorists one of the most politics task which is developed and raised constantly, the terrorist has keep growing and the strategies growing as well in same time, that one takes from iraq to made a new vision in regard to build strong strategy for fighting the terrorism since 2008 , cuase that strategy has becomes a principle thing to fight the terrorism and also for supporting the natinal security through that same vision , specially by military forces and activate the politics issues in this regard. but the politics conflict is making a big Barrier for keep turning down the terrorism in iraq , the terrorism has several method for look up started from consolidation of jihad , and al qaeda group in iraq up to announce the islamic state in iraq thru isis which is known under the name of islamic state in iraq and sham and finally raised name called islamic Succession in iraq , and then all these terrorism groups has becomes one of the strategic challenges , by here the topic has cleared enough to by under the title of ( the setratigy of fighting the terrorism in iraq , future visibility. ) which going to discussed for the period of time after 2003 till 2016 therefore the futuer going to viewed by Central scenario in predictively. The importance of studying becuase iraq has passing through big challenges against the terrorist and terrorism forces. specially the terrorism effecting the future of iraq government , that's mean the terrorism stay in constantly threat mode agaisnt the state. unless we are going to developing that setratigy through ultimately vision not only keep looking at militery solutions that way the terrorism is going the be one of the most threats to the goverment for among next five years.The main thing to pay attention to, in the correction path of counter - terrorism operation in Iraq is to achieve common ground to find a plan and perform an effective and realistic security that both reflect the total strategic perceptions and security policies framed for the national security strategy that paint on the basis of which the national strategy for counter - terrorism that iclude political,economical,social,military,cultural,civilized and religious values. Security planning should also be reflected on the arrangement on the goals and the national interests of the Iraqi state, the state aims by characterization and achievement of its security to reach a deeper goal , which is to preserve the higher interests.Perhaps the first thing that necessitated this need is to mobilize social and political forces in the variety of its positions in the community in order to participate in a collective response against national security challenges.Also, the pursuit of the Iraqi state to acheive its security must be done through positive interactive relationships with the external environment,especially with neighboring countries through holding bilateral and multilateral security agreements in the field of security coordination and cooperation and exchange of information about cross - border terrorism and prevent the infiltration of terrorists and weapons into the Iraqi lands across borders and Work to dry up the sources of terrorism.The realization of a comprehensive strategy to combat terrorism will be an enhanced element for the Iraqi national security and will achieves stability for the Iraqi state.The Strengthening of anti - terrorism strategy has become a necessity, not an option because terrorism represents one of the baisic challenges that paralyse the capacity of the state , cause terrorist organizations like ISIS , represents one of the strategic challenges in the foreseeable future.
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