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الاليات الدولية لاسترداد الممتلكات الثقافية : دراسة تطبيقية على الممتلكات الثقافية العراقية == International mechanisms for the restoration cultural property an applied study on the Iraqi cultural property

Author name: علي وطن عنيد عاتي
Supervisor name: محمد ثامر مخاط السعدون
General topic: Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The study dealt with the definition of the concept of the recovery of cultural property, in accordance with a precise presentation of the most important international conventions that defined this concept. It then proceeded to put forward the principles governing restitution, especially the principle of international law, the principle of territoriality and their impact on the principle of restitution. In view of the existence of formal and objective conditions to complete the implementation of this principle, while acknowledging the existence of criticism of each of these conditions, which may lead to the release of the condition or the whole subject of its content, that the suspicion of Iraq from the illegal trading of cultural property and difficulties In restitution This shows the multiplicity and diversity of means of recovery, which shows the urgent need to indicate the way for governments, organizations and stakeholders to contribute to the recovery of Iraqi cultural property by determining the mechanisms that can be followed for the recovery of such property, in the chaos of legislation and the lack of knowledge of the mechanisms and means that Through which the Iraqi state can restore its lost heritage as the international legislations concerned have agreed on the right of Iraq to recover its cultural property through national and international means. The legal necessity is to activate the UN Security Council resolutions and regulations. Competent in order to prevent the trafficking of Iraqi cultural property and work to bring it back, and the conclusion of bilateral agreements in order to recover as much as possible from our property located abroad, because some states provide for the need for reciprocity, in order to overcome the obstacles facing the recovery process.

الحماية الجنائية لسلامة الملاحة البحرية للسفن : دراسة مقارنة == Criminal Protection For the safety of maritime navigation of ships

Author name: رنا عبد الرحيم مردان
Supervisor name: محمد علي عبد الرضا عفلوك السلمان
General topic: Law
Specific topic: International Criminal Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Pat terrorism widespread phenomenon knew no boundaries can limit its scope, the transmission of the scourge of the land to the sea, to threaten the interests of the countries through compromise its security and safety as well as the threat of maritime trade, since compromising the integrity of the safe navigation of ships while sailing became obsessed with fear and anxiety threatens international trade in which the maritime constitute the bulk of national income economies, prompting the international community to stalking to suppress this phenomenon, the criminalization of all illegal acts that affect the safety of maritime navigation of ships planned serious criminal sanctions through legal provisions into national legislation That Iraq is one of those countries that keen on navigation safety of ships maritime terrorist acts threatened her, one of the parties was to ratify the Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful threatened the Safety of Maritime Navigation of 1988, but the problem is sometimes that Iraq, despite its accession to the International Convention of the Organization of navigation marine (IMO), but he did not issue any special legal legislation the safety of maritime navigation after the ratification of the Convention for the criminalization of terrorist acts contained in the Convention and ratified by Iraq, and at other times we find that Iraq has so far lacked a maritime law regulating the rules and provisions of maritime navigation and everything related exploitation sea, in addition to the cancellation of the Iraqi government in the final phase of the days of the US occupation of a number of laws relating to maritime navigation as a law Maritime Authority, as well as inadequate prescribed nationally in pass criminal protection of the safety of maritime navigation of ships and integrated level required by the international Organization for the safety of Maritime navigation criminal legislation . In front of this importance was the motive in choosing the subject of criminal protection for the safety of maritime vessels and its search navigation following the curriculum induction and analysis of the legal texts with the help of the cited legal texts of other nations, and to find out the criminal protection of the safety of maritime ships navigation details will divide my research in accordance with the structure based on three chapters, the first of the concept the safety of maritime navigation of ships, which includes the first two sections allocated first to introduce the safety of maritime navigation of ships, The second was the legal framework for criminal protection of the safety of maritime ships navigation, and dealt with in the second chapter of criminal protection for the safety of maritime navigation of ships, divided separation models for the two sections is also the first annexation of offenses against the safety of the ship and marine facilities, while the second section was for crimes urgent safety of people and protecting the marine environment. The third chapter annexation of the legal implications for offenses against the safety of maritime navigation of ships, divided the class into two sections, the first dealt with the criminal responsibility for offenses against the safety of maritime ships navigation, while the second section has reviewed the international responsibility for offenses against the safety of maritime navigation and the sanctions resulting from it, then followed the conclusion I have reviewed them what our findings and recommendations on the subject of the study

فكرة التعويض العقابي واثرها في المسؤولية المدنية : دراسة مقارنة == The Idea Of Punitive Damages & Its Effect On Civil Liability (Compararative study)

Author name: مها ناجي جاسم
Supervisor name: ظافر حبيب جبارة
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Civil Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Compensation shall always be proportionate to the damage caused by the defendant. Therefore, one of the conditions for compensation is to be equal to the damage. Punitive damages, on the other hand, does not consider the damage to the extent that it considers the mistake. Punitive damages is an exception of the principle of full compensation, for it aims to punish the perpetrator and deter others from doing the same thing. A punitive damages was created by British Common Law. It is described as one of the features of the British judiciary, for the British legislator realized that there are legal cases in which the compensation does not adress the justice. Therefore, the perpetrator deserved more than just a compensation for causing damage, but he must be getting a punitive damages. Meanwhile, this act did not reach the level of crime, which is punishable under the liability system in the criminal law; thus, it was necessary to invent a punitive damages system. Aware of the shortcomings of the civil liability system in some cases, this legislation has legitimized this type of compensation in order to impose it on any reckless behavior that conducted by the defendant, rather than to compensate the plaintiff. Courts believe that composing the plaintiff for the actual damage that he suffered of is insufficient and that the defendant must be punished financially as a result of his bad behavior, and deterring anyone who intends of committing similar behavior in the future. For the purpose of the subject , We divided our research into two sections, In the first chapter, we discussed the concept of punitive compensation and its distinctive characteristics. In the second chapter, the subject of punitive damages in English law and the problems raised by the subject of the research, and we devoted The second of the field of application of punitive compensation in Iraqi law divided into two chapters, we discussed the field of application compensation punitive in the Iraqi judiciary as the first chapter, and allocated the second chapter to the field of application of punitive compensation in Iraqi legislation.

التنظيم القانوني لعقد الدلالة في التشريع العراقي : دراسة مقارنة في ضوء قرارات محكمة التمييز الاتحادية == Legal Regulation Of Brokerage Contract In Iraqi Legislation A Comparative Study In The Light Of Decisions Of The Federal Court Of Cassation

Author name: احمد عكار نزال
Supervisor name: ظافر حبيب جبارة
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Civil Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Brokerage works have a distinct position in economic life, given the need of people, from traders and others, to who is looking for someone be a party to a particular contract, and he shall intervene, as appropriate, in the negotiations necessary for its conclusion, and this is the essence of a broker's work.The broker in this case is doing just a physical act, so he do not conclude the contract which he has mediated on behalf of his client, neither in his name, nor in the name of his client, which is a work exercised by the broker freely, and independently, for his own account, without being subordinate to his client. The Broker's undertaking to work on facilitating the conclusion of the transaction that the Client wishes to complete creates a legal relationship, regulated by a contract, called the brokering contract, it is one of the specific consensual bilateral contracts, which gained a commercial character and entered in to the scope of nominated contracts after the legislator assigned out to regulate its provisions in a special law, namely the Brokerage Act 1987.Although the general rule, is the liberty of will to conclude the contracts, but the Iraqi legislator, preferred to restriction this will to a large extent, whether in the liberty to choose the person who take over the task of mediation of, or in the liberty of arrangement of obligations arising from the contract, as the brokerage is not permissible for all those who wish to practice it, because the law restricts its practice to people of integrity from Iraqis, who have completed the twenty - fifth year of age, and must be fulltime to practice in a commercial place, after getting a commercial name, and obtaining a permit from the competent authority. These conditions of public order, violation of them shall result in invalidity of the contract, and depriving the party pledged in brokering of any right to commission or indemnity resulting from the impossibility of returning the situation to what it was as a result of nullity. In spite of the ordinary terms of brokerage contract which imposes parallel obligations on the contracting parties, the Iraqi legislator obliged the broker to perform the transaction faithfully, as well as the Iraqi legislator obliged him to keep maintain the documents relating to the transaction. The breach of theses duties involve the broker's criminal and civil responsibility.,On the other hand, the Iraqi legislator determined a fixed amount for the remuneration of broker, which the contracting parties can not be agree to the contrary, and he restricts its entitlement by two conditions : concluding of contract which mediated by the broker, and the existence of a link of causality between this conclusion and the broker's efforts, in which, without these efforts, the contract would not have been concluded. But the practical application of the rules governing the remuneration of broker, showed two problems, led to the prejudice towards broker, to the extent that his rights were wasted.The first problem, Relating to broker's remuneration in scope of formal contracts, however he deprive of his remuneration for just undoing completion the formality required by law by one of the parties, the Courts embed this prejudice, by depriving the broker of any compensation for his efforts to conclude the contract, without a legal justification.The second problem relates to the official tariff, which is no longer compatible with the value of transactions that broker mediates in their conclusion, due to the devaluation of the Iraqi currency, compared to its value at the time of the enactment of the law, who as appointed the ratios, on the basis of which the broker's remuneration, and must not exceed one thousand and five hundred dinars, exceeding the commission of the broker, the maximum limit of the remuneration, is considered a criminal offense and administrative, resulting in a fine and the withdrawalof this permit.However, the Iraqi judiciary has subjected the broker's remuneration to its discretionary power, based on a general principle that decides the possibility of changing the provisions, which based on custom or interest, if that custom or interest changes in view of the requirements and variables of life. Undoubtedly, the texts that organized the broker's remuneration, were put in the interest represented by, the reducing the overvaluation, this interest has changed by changing the value of the currency, thus, the Official tariff became an inappropriate standard to exaggeration, on the contrary, it has become a trivial amount, not commensurate with the transactions that are determined according to their value.

مسؤولية المورد المدينة عن مخاطر نقل التكنولوجيا == Civil Liability For Risks of Technology Transfer

Author name: عبد الحسين لوكي زاجي
Supervisor name: طارق كاظم عجيل
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Commercial Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: In the technological world we live in, transfer of technology is of great importance. Technologies transferred all over; from an advanced and industrialized country to a poorer developing country, from a developed country to another developed country and among firms in a developed market. The primary means of technology transfer is by imitating and making copies, which are sold on to purchasers. However, there are cases, as I will discuss further, where copying is impossible, or other cases where copying is prohibited. In those cases, technology transfer involves contracting. Agreements of technology transfer may have several methods. For example, license agreement, supply agreement for products protected by intellectual property rights, technical assistance agreement relating to the training needed to use a specified technology and acquisition of a technology based firm.One of the most new dilemma in the 21th century is the rising of technologies, and these type of modern human innovation have a complex side at its invisible hazardous, by its waste or the products that made by using of technology.That mad there is Avery important challenge in some new technologies as well as the flowing : - 1 - Biotechnology, refer to classic bio technology, and nanobiotechnology2 - Nanotechnology, means the nanorobots technology and nanomaterial technology, that deal with atoms and all tiny thing, Nanotechnology has marked its presence in various fields of science and technology. After the first and second generation nanotechnology applications it has open up the door for the possibility of applying in almost any sector of science and technology. Thus with its progress into diverse sectors, it's uses and applications are also diverse, serving a wide range of purposes like food, health and fitness, electronics, medical. Nanotechnologies refer to “technologies of the tiny”. They span domains as diverse as computing, material science, medicine, energy production and storage, etc., bring together fields as varied as physics, chemistry, genetics, information and communication technologies, and cognitive sciences, and should become virtually ubiquitous before long.Nanotechnologies are with us already. Indeed, consumers are already being offered products manufactured with nanotechnologies including cosmetics, clothing, and sporting goods. But, while technology and market analysts alike expect the very small to become very big, nanotechnologies are still emerging.3 - Informationtechnology, the important of this technology is appear at individual actives but it our info at a general web, for that reason it must be regulated in Iraq, By regulation of transfer of technology. As follow : - Bi - Simply put, technology transfer is the process by which a technology, expertise, knowhow or facilities developed by one individual, enterprise or organization is transferred to another individual, enterprise or organization. Effective technology transfer results in of a new product or service or in the improvement of an existing product or process.Depending on the nature of technology and the capacity of the recipient, the process of technology transfer may be simple and straightforward but usually is iterative, collaborative, and fairly complex. In the latter case, it may require the users to acquire new information and skills and change old habits and ways of doing things.ii - It may even require changes in the technology being transferred, to improve the chances of “fit” and optimal performance in the new situation. Technology transfer may happen from country to country, from industry to industry, or from research laboratory to an existing or new business. It may be facilitated by financial or other types of assistance and support that may be provided by government or other agencies at national, regional, local or institutional levels. This article deals with issues such as how is technology transferred; what are the main types of legal contracts for the transfer of technology and what will determine the type of agreement that is entered into by the two parties involved in the technology transfer.The creation or absorption of new technology has become a vital component for companies to improve or maintain their competitive position in the market place. Companies operating in sectors where competition takes place on the basis of price alone, such as the extraction or commercialization of raw materials, may rely on new technologies to improve their efficiency in the extraction of raw materials by improving their productive processes or acquiring new machinery and equipment. They may also use new technology to better commercialize their products or to improve their management structure, control and communication.In other sectors, where the market evolves incessantly as new products with new functions or designs appear on a regular basis, companies are forced to innovate by acquiring or developing new technologies. Technological innovation is therefore a crucial element ofiii - the competitive strategy of any enterprise, big or small, high - tech or low - tech. The ongoing integration of domestic and international markets through continuing deregulation and liberalization of markets has enhanced competitive pressure for all firms, and especially increased the technological needs of small enterprises worldwide while also improving their access to new technologies and capital goods.iv - technology in - house or to obtain it from others. While investing in technology creation may be expensive and risky, as there are many uncertainties linked to the innovation process, it has the advantage ofCpreventing technological dependence on other companies and enables the company to enhance its technological capability and to innovate according to its own specific needs.IN briefly and a finally viewing A technology transfer is any transaction which involves the acquisition of, or the right to lawfully use, specified intellectual property assets developed, owned, and/or controlled by another. Depending on the circumstances, such a transaction will involve not only the intangible legal rights associated with the specific assets, but also will require a transfer of the relatively tangible technology and other confidential information necessary for the legal rights to be properly used and exploited. Simply put, technology transfer is the process by which a technology, expertise, knowhow or facilities developed by one individual, enterprise or organization is transferred to another individual, enterprise or organization. Effective technology transfer results in commercialization of a new product or service or in the improvement of an existing product or process.Depending on the nature of technology and the capacity of the recipient, the process of technology transfer may be simple and straightforward but usually is iterative, collaborative, and comple

ضمانات محاكمـة المتهم فـي القضاء العسكري العراقي : دراسة مقارنة == Guarantees of the Hearing of the Accutane in the Iraqi A Military Judiciary A Comparative Study

Author name: قاسـم ناظـم سلمان الجنابـي
Supervisor name: عماد فاضل ركاب المالكي
General topic: Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اصبحت المحافظة على حق الانسان في حماية قانونية لحقوقه اثناء المحاكمة من اهم المبادئ التي تشغل المجتمع الدولي والداخلي, الا ان هذا الحق يحتاج الى وسيلة لفاعليته خصوصا في النظام العسكري, من هنا يظهر موضوع ضمانات محاكمة المتهم في مرحلة المحاكمة الجزائية, اذ تتجلى اهمية تلك الضمانات في ان الاطار العام يقتضي المساس بحقوق المتهم وحرياته من خلال المحاكمة الجنائية, مما قد يعرضه لمخاطر التجريم والعقاب ثم ما يصيبه من اجراءات تنفيذ ذلك العقاب, ومتى ما تم مراعاتها يمكن تفادي تلك المخاطر او التقليل منها على اقل تقدير, لذلك لجات الدول الى تبني قضاء خاص بها واسند اليه مهمة النظر في القضايا المتعلقة بالقوات المسلحة وافرادها, او قد تمتد في حالات استثنائية معينة الى المدنيين, حيث يقوم القانون الاجرائي العسكري بتنظيم هذه النوع من القضاء, وبيان اجراءات التقاضي امامه مراعيا في كل ذلك تحقيق التوازن بين مصلحتين, مصلحة القوات المسلحة عموما التي وجد لحمايتها بما تتضمنه من المحافظة على الاسرار العسكرية, وسرعة تنفيذ الاوامر من جهة, والحفاظ على القدر اللازم من الضمانات التي يجب ان يتمتع بها المتهم امامه من جهة اخرى.وتطبيقا لما تقدم جاء الدستور العراقي لسنة 2005 في المادة (99) منه بان( ينظم بقانون, القضاء العسكري, ويحدد اختصاص المحاكم العسكرية التي تقتصر على الجرائم ذات الطابع العسكري, والتي تقع من افراد القوات المسلحة وقوى الامن...) وقد ارتئينا ان نسلط الضوء على موضوع ضمانات محاكمة المتهم في القضاء العسكري العراقي من خلال تقسيمه الى ثلاثة فصول, حيث تناولنا في الفصل الاول التعريف بالمتهم في القضاء العسكري, اما الفصل الثاني فقد عني بضمانات المتهم العامة في القضاء العسكري, وفي الفصل الثالث تطرقنا الى ضمانات المتهم الخاصة في القضاء العسكري, وانتهينا بخاتمة تتضمن اهم ما توصلنا اليه من نتائج ومقترحات. | The Juridical Fiqh and bodies concerned with human rights, whether nationally or globally, have paid much attention to guarantees of the accused during the criminal court. This matter has received a huge amount of attention of those who call for human rights, as it maintains dignity and humanity of an individual. The significance of guarantees lies in the fact that the general framework allows prejudicing the accusant's rights and freedom by a criminal hearing. The accused could be vulnerable to risks of conviction and punishment and consequences of executing this punishment. Therefore, States have resorted to adopting their own jurisdiction, which is responsible for considering cases related to the armed forces and their personnel, or may extend, in certain exceptional cases, to civilians, where the military procedural law regulates this type of judiciary. Also, this jurisdiction works on disclosing litigation procedures taking into accounts achieving balance between two interests : the interest of the armed forces, which is generally found to protect it, including the preservation of military secrets, the rapid execution of orders on the one hand, and the preservation of the necessary guarantees that the accused must enjoy, on the other hand. In accordance with the above - mentioned, the Iraqi Constitution of 2005 states in Article (99) that " The martial justice shall be regulated by law, and should determine the jurisdiction of military courts whose function is limited to crimes of a military nature, committed by the personnel of the armed forces and the security forces." The researcher has decided to highlight the subject of " Guarantees of the Hearing of the Accused in the Iraqi Martial Justice" through partitioning it into two chapters, preceded by an introduction. The first chapter has dealt with the general guarantees of the accused in the military judiciary. In the second chapter, the special guarantees of the accusant in the military judiciary have been discussed. The stud has closed up with a conclusion containing important findings and proposals.

المحاكم المختصـة في دعاوى الجنسيـة العراقيـة == The competent Courts in the disputes of Iraqi nationality

Author name: وجود خلف لفتة الزيرجاوي
Supervisor name: اياد مطشر صيهود
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Private International Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: الملخصالجنسية الرابطة القانونية والسياسية بين الفرد والدولة، تنفرد الدولة بتنظيم احكامها، ولا سلطة عليها فيما تضعه من قواعد منظمة لهذه المفردة، ولاهميتها اختلفت الدول في اعطاء مرتبة القوة لاحكامها، فبعضها جعلها من اعمال السيادة، ومنع المحاكم من نظرها، في حين ذهب الاتجاه الاخر الى عدها من اعمال الادارة العادية الخاضعة لرقابة القضاء، وهذا الاخير عندما اخضعها للقضاء، ذهب في ذلك مذاهب مختلفة، فبعضها ذهب الى منح الاختصاص للقضاء الاداري، كما في مصر، وجعل كل منازعاتها خاضعة لهذا القضاء، بيد ان بعضها الاخر ذهب الى اختصاص القضاء العادي بها، كما في فرنسا، وهناك اتجاه اخر ذهب الى ان المختص بها هو هيئات او لجان مختصة غير تابعة للقضاء الاداري ولا حتى للقضاء العادي، كما في دولة الكويت وعمان .بعد التغييرات التي حصلت بالنظام في عام 2003، وجد المشرع العراقي نفسه امام قانون جائر للجنسية العراقية، نتج عن تطبيقه حرمان المئات من العراقيين من جنسياتهم بدون سبب، وفي عام 2005 بعد صدور الدستور العراقي، كان قد تضمن احكاما تتعلق بالجنسية العراقية، لم يكن تتضمنها التشريعات السابقة، وبه صدر قانون الجنسية العراقية النافذ لسنة 2006 الذي تضمن الاحكام التي جاء بها الدستور، والتي حرص المشرع فيها على الغاء الاحكام الجائرة الموجودة في القوانين السابقة، ومن ضمن هذه الاحكام نصه على التنظيم القضائي في دعاوى الجنسية العراقية.بيد ان الاتجاه المتبع في العراق غير واضح المعالم كما في تشريعات الدول، بل جاءت النصوص المنظمة لهذا الاختصاص بمصطلحات غير دقيقة، ومعنى غير رصين، لا يبين على وجه الدقة من هي الجهة صاحبة الاختصاص، لذا ثارت الخلافات بين اتجاهات الفقه العراقي، فبعضها ذهب الى ان القضاء الاداري هو المختص، وهو ما متسالم عليه تقريبا، بكون محكمة القضاء الاداري هي من تختص بهذه المنازعات، وبعضها الاخر ذهب الى ان محاكم القضاء العادي هي المختصة بهذه المنازعات، متمثلة بمحكمة البداءة؛ كونها خليفة المحاكم الادارية التي ذكرها المشرع بالنص، هذا من جهة النظر الابتدائي، اما من جهة الطعن في الاحكام الصادرة في دعاوى الجنسية ايضا كان الخلاف سائدا في تحديد الجهة المختصة، فبعضها ذهب على انها المحكمة الاتحادية العليا، وبعضها ذهب على انها محكمة التمييز الاتحادية. | Nationality is a legal relation between the individual and the state. The State has the right and authority to regulate the provisions of nationality and there is no authority over the State to regulate the rules of nationality. For the importance of regulating the provisions of nationality, states different in giving legal force to their provisions. Some countries have considered them from the acts of sovereignty, while others have regard them as normal acts of administration which must be subject to judicial oversight. The jurists have different on the determination of the judicious objection to resolve nationality disputes. Some jurists consider the administrative jurisdiction to be the solution to those disputes as in Egypt. Other jurists consider that the ordinary judiciary is as competent as in France. There is a new trend that assigns the task of resolving disputes to competent committees. These committees are not subject to either the ordinary judiciary or the administrative judicial, as in Kuwait and Oman. The Iraqi legislature has found that the old nationality law is an impartial law that has left many unfair applications. One of those applications, where hundreds of Iraqis are preempted from retaining their nationality for no apparent reason. In 2005, the new Iraqi constitution includes new provisions relating to the regulation of nationality, and accordingly to the Constitution, the Iraqi Nationality Law was issued in force in 2006. The new Iraqi nationality law contains provisions approving the articles of the constitution, in which the legislature is keen to repeal the old unfair verdicts found in previous laws. One of the most important provisions that the legislature referred to is the judicial organization of disputes in cases of nationality. The legal trend applied in Iraq is not clear other than the legislation of other countries. The provisions governing the jurisprudence of sexual disputes are inaccurate and imprecise. Correspondingly, there has been a doctrinal dispute in Iraq. Some jurists consider that the administrative jurisdiction is the judicial competent to resolve disputes, and the Administrative Court is the body authorized to resolve the disputes of nationality. Some of the jurists consider that the court of first instance is the competent court. As for the challenge of judicial decisions relating to the disputes of nationality, there was also a jurisprudential dispute about who is the competent court to receive appearances. Some jurists define the Federal Supreme Court, others choose the Federal Court of Cassation

استبعاد الادلة الجنائية غير المشروعة : دراسة مقارنة == Exclusion of illegal Criminal Evidence (A Comparative Study

Author name: عبد الحسن دويج خفيف
Supervisor name: ناصر كريمش خضر الجوراني
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The leading legal idea in the legislation of criminal procedural laws, is in the balance between the interest of society in the fight against crime, represented by the right of the state to punishment, and the interests of individuals in protecting their rights and freedoms guaranteed by the constitution, these laws take multiple ways to achieve that budget, all of which stem from the principle of criminal legality, that principle that delineates the process of criminal prosecution, which would determine what constitutes acceptable behavior to the parties to the criminal dispute and what is not, and ensure respect for what is imposed by this principle, We have asset of sanctions, come in the forefront of them, exclusion of illegal criminal evidence, through the waste of work contrary to that principle, in terms of its legal effects, and to exclude any potential benefit from that action, the exclusion of illegal criminal evidence in fact is a link between the theory of invalidity on the one hand and the theory of criminal evidence on the other, that is, what is derived from what is contrary to the theory of invalidity can not be accepted in the rules of criminal evidence.The importance of excluding illegal criminal evidence is highlighted by the paucity of the legislative rules governing it, and that they involve as well as substantive a delicate philosophical aspect, the subject of the study is related to many of the principles established in procedural criminal law, the exclusion of illegal criminal evidence is widely applied in the field, the rules of legality of criminal procedure are broad and numerous, and the possibility of violating them is natural and imagined in many cases, it is therefore important to protect the(B(right and freedoms of individuals from the abuse of power, so the subject of the study will be based primarily on what that idea is, through the definition and statement of nature and rationale and legislative status and the most famous discussions on the usefulness and rules and exceptions, this is done by comparing the position of Iraqi law on the one hand, and the United States of America and Egypt on the other.The study concluded that the exclusion of illegal criminal evidence is the basis of the constitution, although not in the explicit texts, as the spirit of the constitution leads to it, because it inters the field of right and freedoms which is the core competence of the constitution, but is the basic goes with it a presence and nothing, when a constitutional legislator establishes a right, the right holder must have access to it, otherwise his words will become, hollow and pointless, it is an increase, the constitutions are distinct from the increase, the exclusion of illegal criminal evidence was the effective means by which the right holder could be entitled to redress, this is based on the fact that the ordinary legislator complies with this basis and ensures that his texts are useful, the study also concluded, that the exclusion of illegal evidence is a means of judicial control, including the penalty imposed on the wrongful procedure and the resulting evidence by stripping it of its legal value, and destroy any effect that results from it, the realization of exclusion also enhances the confidence of individuals in the state, because it ensure that illegal evidence is not accepted, to accepting the defective means before the judiciary to obtain evidence.

قانون رعاية الاحداث العراقي ومعايير حقوق الطفل الدولية : دراسة تاصيلية تحليلية == Iraqi Juvenile Welfare Law and International Standards of the Child's Rights (Constitutive and Analytical Study

Author name: احمد عبد السلام حسن سعيد
Supervisor name: حسين عبد الصاحب عبد الكريم
General topic: Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: ان قانون رعاية الاحداث العراقي رقم (76) لسنة 1983 النافذ بالاسس التي استند اليها، والنصوص التي جاء بها، والاهداف التي يسعى الى تحقيقها , وضع نظاما متكاملا لا يقتصر على اصلاح الحدث الجانح، وانما يسعى الى وقايته من الجنوح وشموله بالرعاية اللاحقة لمنعه من العود الى الجريمة، فقد تبين من هذه الدراسة ان قانون رعاية الاحداث يعد قانونا متطورا ومواكبا للسياسة الجنائية الحديثة سواء في مرحلة التحقيق الابتدائي او في مرحلة المحاكمة في سبيل مراعاة مصالح الطفل الفضلى، وقد تضمن هذا القانون نصوصا تقضي بسريان احكامه على الاحداث الجانحين والمشردين، واورد الحالات التي يعد فيها الحدث جانحا او مشردا، كما وقد بين مسؤولية الاحداث الذي اتموا التاسعة من العمر الى حين تمام سن الثامنة عشرة، وبين التدابير المفروضة عليهم في كل مرحلة. كما وان المشرع العراقي في القانون الحالي رفع سن الحدث الى تسع سنوات بعد ان كان محددا بسبع سنوات في القانون رقم (64) لسنة 1972 الملغى، وان هذا الاتجاه في تحديد سن المسؤولية الجنائية يتلاءم واعتبارات تتصل بعدم ادراك الحدث دون هذا السن الى طبيعة فعله المخالف للقانون وعدم القدرة على الاستبصار، وجاء قانون رعاية الاحداث العراقي بنص متطور يتمثل بالرعاية اللاحقة للحدث بعد انتهاء مدة ايداعه ، هذه الرعاية تمثل الوسيلة المتممة للعلاج وتحول من دون عودته للجنوح، وان ذلك يحقق المواءمة مع معايير حقوق الطفل الدولية. وعلى الصعيد الدولي فان هناك العديد من المواثيق الدولية التي تخص الاحداث او الاطفال وتحديدا اتفاقية حقوق الطفل الدولية عام 1989 ، هذه الاتفاقية شملت الحقوق الاساسية كافة للطفل فقد حددت الكثير من الامور المختلف عليها، ومن ضمنها تحديد سن الطفل لغاية الثامنة عشرة من العمر، وكذلك حماية الاطفال المعاقين، والضمانات القانونية لحماية حقوق الاحداث. ولما تقدم تناولنا المواءمة في البحث الموسوم ( قانون رعاية الاحداث العراقي ومعايير حقوق الطفل الدولية دراسة تاصيلية تحليلية) في ثلاثة فصول، ففي الفصل الاول تناولنا التاصيل التاريخي لحقوق الاحداث، اما الفصل الثاني فقد تناولنا فيه الحماية القانونية للاحداث، وقد خصصنا الفصل الثالث لبيان مدى المواءمة بين قانون رعاية الاحداث العراقي، واتفاقية حقوق الطفل الدولية عام 1989، وقد اختتمنا هذه الرسالة باهم الاستنتاجات والمقترحات، سائلين المولى عز وجل ان يوفقنا في ذلك. | The effective Juvenile Welfare Iraqi law (76) year 1983 with the foundations on which it was based , and the texts whom it brought , and the goals it attempt to reach , has formed a full system that does not only treat the juvenile delinquent but also attempt to protect juveniles from the delinquency and to be covered by subsequent care to prevent them from returning to the crime ,this study shows that the Juvenile Welfare law is a progressive and consistent law for modern criminal policy whether at the investigative stage or at the trial stage in order to take into account the best interests of the child. This law includes provisions to enforce its judgments on juveniles and displaced persons , and this law stated cases in which the juvenile is considered an offender or a homeless person , it also stated the responsibility of juveniles who have reached the age of nine to the age of 18 and the measures imposed on them at each stage . Also, the Iraqi legislator in the current law raised the age of the juvenile to nine years after it was specified by seven years in the canceled law (64) year 1972 , and that this approach in determining the age of criminal responsibility is compatible with considerations related to the unawareness of the juvenile under this age to the nature of his illegal action and inability to foresight. The Iraqi Juvenile Welfare Law also came in the form of an advanced text of post - care of the juvenile after the expiry of the period of his/her welfare. this care represents the complementary means of treatment and preventing from his/her returning to delinquency and this makes it in line with international standards of the child's rights . And at the international level, there are many international agreement concerning juveniles or children , specifically the Agreement of the Rights of the Child for the year 1989. this agreement covered all the basic rights of the child , It has identified many controversial issues, including determining the age of a child up to 18 years of age, protecting children with disabilities and legal guarantees to protect the rights of juveniles . For the above mentioned, we have dealt with harmonization in the research named ( Iraqi Juvenile Welfare Law and the International Standards of the Child's Rights/ a Constitutive and Analytical Study) identified in three chapters, In the first chapter we discussed the historical rooting of the rights of the juvenile , as for the second chapter, We dealt with the legal protection of juveniles , and we have devoted the third chapter to the extent of harmonization between the Iraqi Juvenile Welfare Law and the International Agreement of the Child 1989 , finally we have concluded this thesis with the most important conclusions and proposals, asking the Lord Almighty to help us

اثر القانون الشخصي على قواعد تنازع الاحوال الشخصية == The impact of personal law on the conflict of the personal status rules

Author name: نسرين حسن كوني
Supervisor name: اياد مطشر صيهود
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Private International Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Verily the particular relations amid individuals which are really admixed with foreign element, do need to a conflict rulein self concerning to identifythe required practicable law. It is also including the personal civil affairs which has been selected the personal law to be the required practicable law in it, due to its nature which is definitelycharacterized with stability.That law which has no longer been available after the change which has been carried out by Iraqi nationality law No 26 in 2006 which do ensure the individual right to change nationality. Thus it really imposes on in waytoreorganize the rules concerningthe personal status written down in Iraqi civil law No 40 in 1951 to be in harmony with what are prevailing now.According to that, we herby suggest presenting alternatives and bases dependable for the sake of coping with development and to make conflictrules which are entirely featured with reality and logics.In the past and still therules of conflict of personal statusconcerning marriage located with greatargument in jurisprudence whether between supporter and opponent for two reasons; First of all,that concerned of preferring the husband nationality law to wife's. Secondlyto hold on of the personal nationality law at the time of entering into marriage. Therefore,jurisprudence has suggested presenting alternative laws asfor, will law, and judge law,which a conflict ensued before him.In the same way for theadvantage which is granted by the national law maker to his law whether for the sake forindividuals oreconomy. That may which form a breach to conflict riles which are relied uponpreferring likely best law.Therefore, this is really considered unstable, as for various motives and pretexts behind its confirmation and not be violation in some cases of practicing such as in inheritance which obliged to shift the money of foreigner dead which are existed in a country to the same country incase of no inheritor for him due state is more rightful to any other country, as long as it does not form violation to stableinheritance rules

الحماية الجنائية للعقار == The Criminal Protection For The Property

Author name: كاظم عزيز معيلي الانباري
Supervisor name: احمد كيلان عبد الله
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: 1 - The Iraqi criminal lawgiver insure the criminal protection for the property for the properties of persons and state, the lawgiver authorize the criminal protection for the properties to the law of punishments No. 111 for year 1969 (amended) according to its items (1,6,7), that its role put a texts of conviction and punishment on it whether this property for the persons such as lands , building , houses ,or for state such as lands , building , establishments, public properties ,special properties , and whether it were done by normal person , employee , or taxpayer of public service such as crimes of invasion of houses , attack on the property , confiscation it by force , damage it by destruction ,burn , flood , or by transfer or remove the border between the properties of the persons , or between the properties of persons and the state whether this property was be pure or charitable entail .This research deal with the crime that touch the security or independence of inside or outside of state such as crimes of external armed military raid or occupation on region of Republic of Iraq by one state or many foreign unfriendly states whether this occupation happen as full by fail regime and put it under the government of direct military occupation or entrance of armed military enemy in the land of Iraqi state region, or entrance in its part , or occupation for city , or village , and full control by direct military , or the neighbor country doing a crimes of transfer , remove, or change the region borders , marks , or official border support for Iraq .The criminal lawgiver for the crimes that were located on the properties of persons and state from the crimes that were seen by criminal judge of property location , and the local court of misdemeanors only specify for the lawsuits of properties if the crime as misdemeanors , but if the crime as felony this lawsuit was deal by court of felony according to the type of crime and danger of guilty .2 - Then the lawgiver authorized to the principles law of the criminal courts No.( 23)for year (1971) (amended) a responsibility of take the necessary criminal procedures to move the lawsuits of properties according to the items(1,2,3,9) starting from direct indictment and the judicial and primary investigation , transferring , pleading , and the decision until executing the decision that was issued for the guilty after this decision was granted the final degree without the objection when finish the legal period by executing the decided punishment by jailing the guilty for complete the decision of guilty .3 - Then the lawgiver authorized to the criminal judgment to take the pleading procedures by the public , facing , and oral method according to the judicial organization No.(160) for year (1969) (amended) item (1/first) to achieve the justice , and making authority of the justice accordance for the natural and moral persons as public and special at the item (3) , and making the pleading as public except the court diced to make this pleading as secret to save the public system and considerateness the public ethics or family sanctity , and spoken of decision as public at the item (5) , then making the decisions have issue and executing vicarious the people at the item (6) .

فكرة الاداء المميز واثرها في تحديد الاختصاص القضائي الدولي == The Idea of featured Performance and Its effect Upon Specifying The International Judiciary Specialization

Author name: باسم مبروك عابر حسين الطائي
Supervisor name: سليمان براك دايح الجميلي
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Private International Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Anbar
First pages:
Abstract: BSo long as the law in all its branches are placed by a human intellectuality , so , it does not stop at a specific level of development , the legal thoughts are get developed based on such intellectuality. The purpose of such development is to block the gap in the legislation and sometimes it addresses some defects that could be realized by a human later.Of the legal thoughts that have appeared for developing the special international law , is the distinguished performance though. The latter get appeared in the field of laws dispute and get spread in huge scale in the international agreements and national legislations . Shortly , the idea of distinguished performance has recently appeared in the judicial domain of special international relations when being included by Brussels tablet for the year 2001 , that concerns withorganizing the judicial specialization and carrying out the foreign rules in the commercial and civil relations in the European Union states. The same idea has been transferred to Brussels organization for the year 2012 that could replace the first tablet.The prominent performance's idea that determines the judicial specialization set off from one point indicating that the contract is a set of regulations that possibly could have been distributed on territories of different states . The attempt to gather the contract points could be achieved through concentrating on disputes before a definite court by searching the contracting relations effects for extracting the prominent commitment of the contract. That means , the commitment distinguishes the contract from others , on other word , the commitment gives the contract special aspects and by this, the commitment will be considered as an expressed one and will be acted on behalf of other commitments in respect to specify the judicial specialization before the court where this commitment should be carried out and implemented as to preserve the unity of the contract before courts of other states.Besides , achieving former acquaintance of contractors by enabling them to be acquainted with knowledge about the court specializing in the dispute concerning with their contract.

فسخ الزواج بخيار البلوغ واحكامه في الفقه الاسلامي والقانون الوضعي == Marriage Revocation With the Choice Of Growing Up And Its Rules In The Islamic Jurisprudence And The Positive Law

Author name: سهير قيصر فارس
Supervisor name: حسام عبد الواحد كاظم
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Personal Status Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The Islamic Shari'a (Law) has paid great attention to marriage bondage as one of the most important and most influential certificate in the life of the individual. In addition, it incurs a lot of terms and conditions due to what is legally permissible and impermissible. Among these terms is eligibility. In order to be a valid and effective certificate, it should be issued by an eligible authority as a general rule, though this rule is violated under certain circumstances as to marrying minors by their parents' consent. Such marriages certainly cause harm to minors. In order to achieve the desired goal of marriage, which is affection and compassion and consummation, which cannot be achieved unless the contract is done through a formal proposal of marriage (ijab) and acceptance of the proposal (qabul) of the two parties as chaste and sane adults, having the ability to sign the contract with their free will. When the minors or one of them are unable to set up the contract by themselves but through their guardians(Walis), the contract, despite being correct, is not considered obligatory for lacking the term of the proposal of offer and acceptance of the minor who may have an opinion after passing puberty. Therefore minors under a certain trend of Islamic jurisprudence are entitled to give their opinion of the contract after reaching puberty, either to stay or terminate it. This right is called the "right of puberty".

ضمانات الحدث في الدعوى الجزائية == The Warranties of the Juvenile in the Criminal Action - A Comparative Study

Author name: غسان عبد السادة حسن الحميداوي
Supervisor name: عقيم عزيز عودة
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: This study sheds the light on the most important warranties that should be granted to the juvenile committing a crime when is questioned by the law according to the international conventions from the principles and the bases that should be taken into consideration during action. These principles are concerned in giving a portion of juveniles a special care during the stages of penal action.The penal portion is given to the delinquent juveniles is acquired a great care for being related to an accused who did not reach the age that makes him pose a danger. They are usually victims of circumstances and personal factors as well as the environment and weakness or to the incomplete psychological or physical structure.Therefore, the special procedures of trail of the juvenile on the basis on base that is different from these of the adults’ trail. Then, the penal procedures represent exception from the general rule of the penal procedures. He study shows the attitude legislations from special international trails of juvenile action.The study concludes that among the most important warrantees of the juvenile in the advanced stage of the trail is the existence of the investigation or inspection bodies that are concerned in dealing with the juveniles as well as making personal studies. The arrest of juveniles should be an exceptional procedure for the shortest duration possible. It should be held in places concerned with the juveniles care and rehabilitation. In addition to that, there are special warrantees the juveniles such as the warrantee of the juveniles’ right to his parent’s presence, to appoint an attorney, assuming his innocence and respecting his privacy.The study also concludes the necessity that the juveniles tribunals should be formed mutually combining the legal and the sociological members. The most important warrantees that the juveniles should have in trail is the secrecy of the procedures, and the conduction of organic, psychological and sociological examination of the juveniles before the trial, in addition to other warrantees related to the ensuring his right in defending himself and applying the system of stay of execution and the simplification of procedures of trail as well as not permitting to execute him.For the most important warrantees of the subsequent stage of the juveniles’ trial we conclude in the study is the judicial supervision over the execution of the procedures issued against the juveniles and the necessity of executing the procedures of imprisonment in juvenile - concerned institutions in which they are rehabilitated according to scientific programs, in addition to the importance of applying the system of conditional release of juveniles by the freedom - depriving procedures for the positive results that resulted from applying the system.In addition to the above, there are important warrantees that are related to the subsequent care programs which the juveniles should be subjected to as a complementary treatment of the rehabilitating institution.

المسؤولية الجنائية الناشئة عن التظاهرات : دراسة مقارنة == The Criminal Responsibulity Created by Demonstration A Comparative Study

Author name: ازهار عويني عبد الرضا الحمداني
Supervisor name: عقيل عزيز عودة
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: يتلخص بحثنا الموسوم (المسؤولية الجنائية الناشئة عن التظاهرات - دراسة مقارنة) بان الافراد في المجتمع مهما تنوعت فئاتهم ومستوياتهم انما يجمعهم المصير المشترك والمصلحة العامة ، وهم بحاجة الى التعبير عن رايهم والتصريح بمطالبهم ، فكان الخروج الى الطريق العام في شكل تظاهرات هو احدى طرق التعبير عن الراي, وقد يكون مصحوبا بالهتاف ورفع اللافتات والشعارات كوسيلة للضغط على السلطة الدولة بهدف تحقيق مصالحهم المشتركة , الا ان بعض مظاهر التعبير عن الراي في التظاهرات تشكل جرائم يعاقب عليها لما تتضمنه من تهديد لامن الدولة او قذف او اهانة , او اعاقة المرور , الا ان المشرع قد يبيح بعض هذه الافعال في اثناء التظاهرات وفق ضوابط يضعها ، وبموجبها يتم تحديد متى تتوافر الاباحة، فاذا خالفت تلك الافعال ضوابطها تلك تكون قد جاوزت حدود الاباحة , واكتسب الفعل فورا" صفة عدم المشروعية مما يرتب المسؤولية الجنائية . هذا مما يدفع السلطة العامة الى فض التظاهرات وتفريقها بالقوة وفق ضوابط ومعايير قانونية ، مما قد يتسبب فى وقوع اصابات وقتل وفي المقابل قد تثور مسؤوليتهم في حالة تجاوز الحدود المقررة لاستخدام القوة .ومن هنا تبرز اهمية هذه الحرية في المجال الجنائي , فلا تعد ممارسة حرية التظاهر جريمة ، لان القاعدة وفقا لمبدا الشرعية ان لا جريمة ولا عقوبة الا بنص ، الا ان ما يترتب على الخروج عن الضوابط التظاهرات سواء من قبل الافراد العاديين ام افراد السلطة العامة ، تتمثل بافعال وسلوكيات غير مشروعة ومحظورة يعاقب عليها القانون .وتكمن مشكلة الدراسة في ان التظاهرات وان كانت شكلا من اشكال التعبير فان ذلك قد لايجعل من هذه الالية حقا مشروعا للافراد يتيح لهم التعبير عن مواقفهم وارائهم بكل حرية حيث انه بالمقابل نجد حق الدولة في فرض نظامها وبسط امنها على كافة مواطنيها بواسطة القوانين التي تقنن هذه الحرية وتضع حدا لها, وتتجلى مشكلة البحث في ان هل وجود هذه النصوص كاف لممارستها من قبل الافراد، ام ان هناك واجبا يتمثل بالانصياع الى التشريعات الاخرى ذات الصلة بحرية التظاهر لتحديد مسؤولية من يسئ استخدامها ، وهل كان المشرع موفقا في وضع مثل هذه الخطوات الواجب اتباعها عند ممارسته هذه الحرية .وقد تم تقسيم هذه الدراسة على مبحث تمهيدي وثلاثة فصول , خصص المبحث التمهيدي للبحث في الاساس القانوني للتظاهرات , ومن ثم تناول الفصل الاول ماهية التظاهرات من خلال تعريفها وضوابطها العامة المادية والغائية . اما الفصل الثاني فقد بحثنا فيه المسؤولية الجنائية للمتظاهرين من خلال بيان حدود الاباحة والتجريم في التظاهرات والتطبيقات مسؤولية المتظاهرين. اما الفصل الثالث فقد تناولنا فيه المسؤولية الجنائية لافراد السلطة العامة من خلال بيان استخدام افراد السلطة العامة للقوة في حدود الاباحة والتجريم والتطبيقات المسؤولية افراد السلطة العامة . واخيرا فقد اختتمنا الرسالة بخاتمة اشتملت على اهم النتائج والتوصيات التي رايناها ضرورية لاخذها بالاعتبار عند النظر بمشروع قانون التظاهر في العراق .وقد تم التوصل الى عدة نتائج منها , ان التظاهرات تجمع ثابت او متحرك للافراد في الطرق والاماكن العامة , وان لها طبيعة خاصة تنعكس على التنظيم القانوني , وان التظاهر وفق القانون العراقي لايتم الا بتصريح من الادارة , وان التشريع النافذ في العراق لم ينظم المسؤولية الجنائية للمتظاهرين بشكل واضح ودقيق , ولم يتناول مسؤولية الشرطة بشكل مطلق . اما اهم التوصيات, فتتمثل في تاييد الباحث لنظام الاخطار من دون الترخيص, واللجوء الى جهة محايدة كالقضاء لتقدير خطرها على النظام العام ومنعها , والدعوة الى عدم اقرار مشروع القانون لانه يمس جوهر الحرية ويقيدها , وضرورة اعادة صياغته بالتنسيق مع منظمات المجتمع المدني, بالشكل الذي تحدد فيه مسؤولية المتظاهرين بشكل دقيق , وتنظيم مسؤولية الشرطة والنص على اصدار تعليمات واظحة ومحددة بشان استخدام القوة في التظاهرات .واخيرا ادعو الله تعالى ان اكون قد وفقت في اعطاء موضوع البحث حقه، فان فعلت فنعمة من الله تعالى ، وان لم افعل فبشر يخطئ اكثر مما يصيب , والله ولي التوفيق | Our thesise entitled (The Criminal Responsibulity Create by Demostration - A Comparative Study) Summarized in , The individuals in the society, regardless of their different categories and levels, are united by common destiny and the public interest. They need to express their views and make their decisions. Going out to the public road in the form of demonstrations is one of the most important ways to express of opinion, and may be accompanied by cheering and raising signs and slogans , as a means of exerting pressure on State to achieve your common interests. However, some manifestations of opinion in the demonstrations constitute crimes punishable by the threats it poses to the security of the state or the flagellation or insult, or obstruction of traffic, but the legislator may allow some of these actions during the demonstrations according to the regulations put them. Under which it is determined when the availability is available, and if the violation of those acts its controls that have exceeded the limits of permissibility.And the act immediately gained the status of illegality, which placed criminal responsibility, which forces the public authority to disperse and disperse the demonstrations by force according to legal controls and legal standards. Which could cause injuries and murder and in return may be their responsibility in case of exceeding the limits set for the use of force. Hence, the importance of this freedom in the field of criminalization would not consider the exercise of freedom of demonstration is a crime, because the rule according to the principle of legality that the crime and punishment are only by text. However, the consequences of breaking out of the control of demonstrations, whether by ordinary individuals or members of the public authority, represented by illegal acts and behaviors are punishable by law. - The problem of this study is that the misuse of freedom of protest, which is one of the most dangerous methods used by those who tamper with it, is manifested in how to distinguish between peaceful demonstration as a freedom aimed at improving the situation and demonstrating as a means of demolishing society and opposing any decision or action. To the Constitution and the Law. This study was divided into introductory and three chapters. The introductory course was devoted to research on the legal basis for demonstrations. The first topic studies the core of administration , its definition and its material and non - material general controls. The second chapter, in which we discussed the criminal responsibility of the demonstrators through showing the limits of permissibility and criminalization in the demonstrations, and we devoted to the applications of the responsibility of the demonstrators . Chapter three dealt with the criminal responsibility of the police, through showing the use of force by the police force to the limits of permissibility and criminalization , and the applications of police responsibility.Finally, we concluded the thesis with a conclusion that included the most important conclusions and recommendations that we considered necessary to take into account when considering the draft law of demonstration in Iraq. It has been connected to several results, including that the demonstrations a fixed gathering or a mass of people in the roads and public places, and have a special nature reflected on the legal organization, and that the demonstration under Iraqi law is carried out but by authorization by the administration. And that the in force legislation does not regulate the criminal responsibility of demonstrators as clearly and accurately, and does not address the responsibility of the police absolutely. As for the most important recommendations, is the researc support to the system of notification without authorization, and recourse to a neutral body such as the judiciary to assess the danger to public order and to prevent it. And calling for not to adopt the draft law because it touches the essence of freedom and restrict it, and there is a need to reformulate it in coordination with civil society organizations, in a manner that determines the responsibility of the demonstrators accurately, and regulate the responsibility of the police and the provision of instructions on the use of force in demonstrations.

المركز القانوني للممثل الخاص للامين العام للامم المتحدة : دراسة تطبيقية على ممثل الامين العام للامم المتحدة في العراق == Legal Status Of The Special Representative For The Secretary - General Of The United Nations

Author name: نجدي محي دهيمي
Supervisor name: محمد ثامر مخاط السعدون
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Public International Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The Special Representative will lead the UN Secretary General functions mostly as President of integrated mission, to support him through several agencies, programmes and funds belong to The United Nations in order to achieve goals and objectives determined on which the nature of the mission described as civilian or military nature, noting the evolution and multiple functions and tasks according to the need for them as the international situation, the situation might be related to situations of armed conflict, have regard Promoting peace and support development programs.This was a result of the guide the thinking of the international community to establish better system and effective to substitute what existed before. The most popular mechanism to achieve it was the UN mission and special representative of the Secretary General of the United Nations upon decision of the Security Council as an international officer declares to according to the legal system of the world Organization. Resulting in international mechanism prospered in conjunction with the ongoing transformation of the international system. The International Labor Association, which is a special representation of the Secretary - General of the United Nations as one of its important applications in international events, has many implications and consequences, such as that of the rights and powers of the Special Representative and the obligations and obligations imposed on him. These rights and duties are either determined by the Charter establishing the United Nations and the domestic legislation and regulations of its departments, in particular those relating to personnel matters. Or include the headquarters agreements, declarations and international resolutions commensurate with what distinguishes the Special Representative as an international official with certain characteristics. Thus, these rights and duties are divided into those of an international official who is governed by the provisions of internationalAbstract .......................................................................................... Blaw in view of his or her international character, as well as the nature of the title he holds as an officer performing his functions for the benefit of the United Nations. These rights and duties are varied on the basis of multitasking Which are essentially the same as the obligation of neutrality and impartiality, as well as the mandate of the World Organization.Iraq has been - and still is - one of the Special Representative's most famous fields of work, and has witnessed the relationship Between Iraq and the United Nations has developed significantly in the years following the events of August 1990, after the relations between Iraq and the international community had been generally spoiled during the last three decades preceded 2003, Because of the foreign policies of the Iraqi political system at the internal and external levels, which led to Iraq being subject to dozens of resolutions issued under Chapter VII of the Charter, including comprehensive economic sanctions that resulted in economic and financial burdens, as well as prejudice to the sovereignty of Iraq. However, these decisions took on another dimension after 2003, starting with Resolution No. 1476 of 2003, which included the mandate of the Secretary - General of the United Nations, Mr. Kofi Annan, to administer the oilfor - food program, and Resolution No. 1483 of 2003 to lift the sanctions imposed on Iraq and authorize the Coalition authority to run the political process. Then to the resolution No. (1500) for the year 2003 concerning the establishment of the United Nations Mission and the appointment of a special envoy to the Secretary - General of the United Nations for its administration. These resolutions have mandated the UN to intervene in the various political, economic and administrative fields in the light of some of the mechanisms adopted by the Organization in accordance with international resolutions and covenants. These resolutions ,and covenants made clear the rights and powers of the Special Representative in Iraq, as well as his duties.

الضوابط الدستورية لسياسة التجريم : دراسة مقارنة == Constitutional criterias on the policy of criminalization : Comparative Study

Author name: محمد عبد الحسين شنان الموسوي
Supervisor name: عمار تركي عطية الحسيني
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: لكل دولة نظامها الدستوري الخاص بها, الذي يجب ان يتضمن المبادئ العامة لنظام الحكم, ويبين السلطات في الدولة ويحدد اختصاصاتها, ويحمي الحقوق والحريات, ويعمل الدستور على تحديد الضوابط التي يتعين على السلطات العامة الالتزام بها عند ممارستها لاختصاصاتها الدستورية. وقد ارست الدساتير في الكثير من دول العالم, ضوابط يتحتم على المشرع الجنائي التقيد بها عند ممارسته لسلطته في التجريم, وهذه الضوابط منها مايرد بشكل صريح في صلب الوثيقة الدستورية كمبدا (لا جريمة ولا عقوبة الا بنص), ومبدا (عدم رجعية القانون الجنائي على الماضي), ومنها ما يرد بصورة ضمنية تستشف من خلال الاطار الدستوري العام للحقوق والحريات, كضابط (الضرورة والتناسب في التجريم). ولهذه الضوابط اهمية بالغة في اطار سياسة التجريم, كون ان هذه السياسة تنال من حقوق وحريات الافراد بشكل كبير, وان من شان عدم وجود ضوابط دستورية يتقيد بها المشرع ان تتعرض تلك الحقوق والحريات الى المساس اما بمصادرتها او التقليل من فاعليتها, كما ان الدول, ولاسيما العراق, تشهد حاليا نهضة تشريعية في مجالات عديدة, ولضمان سلامة هذه التشريعات, يجب ان تكون الاخيرة متفقة مع الضوابط والمبادئ الدستورية, ولاسيما ان قانون العقوبات العراقي صدر في عام 1969, واصبحت الحاجة ملحة لتعديل العديد من احكامه بما يتفق والدستور الدائم الصادر سنة 2005. واذا كانت سلطة المشرع الجنائي, تتسم بالتقدير؛ فان سلطته في هذا المجال مقيدة بوجوب الالتزام بمبادئ الدستور الخاصة بالتجريم, ومن هنا تظهر مشكلة الدراسة, اذ قد تتجاوز السلطة التشريعية او التنفيذية حدود اختصاصها, وتحاول المساس بالقيمة الدستورية لحقوق الانسان وحرياته عن طريق التجريم, معتمدة في ذلك على السلطات المخولة لها, هذا من جانب, ومن جانب اخر ان السلطة المكلفة بعملية التجريم قد تمد نطاق التجريم ليشمل افعالا ليست بتلك الخطورة التي تهدد امن المجتمع وسلامته, الامر الذي يدفعنا الى التساؤل عن ماهية الضوابط الدستورية التي يستند اليها المشرع الجنائي في صياغة نص التجريم ؟ وهل واكب الدستور العراقي لسنة 2005 التطورات التي لحقت بسياسة التجريم, او انه بقي على الحال الذي كانت عليه دساتير ما قبل عام 2003؟ وما دور القضاء الدستوري تجاه الضوابط الدستورية لسياسة التجريم, ولاسيما القضاء الدستوري العراقي؟ وقد تناولنا هذه الدراسة من خلال ثلاثة فصول, تطرقنا في الفصل الاول الى اهم المبادئ الدستورية لنص التجريم, والتي يجب على المشرع الجنائي ان لا يحيد عنها في كل الاحوال, واهمها مبدا شرعية الجرائم والعقوبات, تكلمنا عنه في المبحث الاول, ومبدا عدم رجعية قانون العقوبات على الماضي, وذلك في المبحث الثاني , وفي نطاق الفصل الثاني بحثنا الضرورة والتناسب في سياسة التجريم, حيث ان المشرع الجنائي يرتكز على ضابط الضرورة والتناسب وهو بصدد احداث التوازن بين حماية الحقوق والحريات من جهة وحماية المصلحة العامة من جهة اخرى, وقد درسنا في المبحث الاول ماهية الضرورة التناسب في سياسة التجريم, وفي اطار المبحث الثاني تناولنا اثر غاية التجريم ومعياره على الضرورة والتناسب, وبحثنا في اطار الفصل الثالث والاخير ضمانات التزام سياسة التجريم بالضوابط الدستورية, حيث ان ترك تحديد الجرائم والعقوبات لاختصاص السلطة التشريعية لا يعني ان هذه السلطة لها حرية مطلقة في هذا المجال, وانما هي مقيدة بالحدود التي رسمتها المبادئ الواردة في الدساتير, ومن اجل ضمان التقيد بتلك المبادئ, فان الرقابة على دستورية نصوص التجريم تؤدي دورا بارزا في هذا المضمار, وعلى هذا الاساس تناولنا في المبحث الاول حدود سلطة المشرع الجنائي تجاه الحقوق والحريات, وفي نطاق المبحث الثاني, درسنا الرقابة على دستورية نصوص التجريم. وفي نهاية المطاف توصلنا من خلال هذه الدراسة, الى جملة استنتاجات من اهمها : ان المشرع العراقي قد سمح بفكرة التفويض التشريعي في مجال التجريم, في الدستور وقانون العقوبات على حد سواء, كذلك توصلنا الى ان الضرورة في التجريم يراد بها الاسباب او المبررات التي تدور في ذهن المشرع, والتي تدفعه الى تجريم اشكال معينة من سلوكيات الانسان, بهدف حماية المصالح الاجتماعية الجديرة بالاعتبار. اما التناسب في التجريم, فهو العلاقة بين ضرورة التجريم (الهدف من التجريم), والعقوبة المقررة للجريمة (اثر التجريم), بحيث تكون العقوبة ضرورية لمواجهة الجريمة؛ لتحقيق اهدافها المتمثلة بالردع العام والردع الخاص وتحقيق العدالة. وقد اقترحنا في هذه الدراسة على المشرع العراقي ان يتبنى نظام ( ازدواج قانون العقوبات), بدلا من نظام (وحدة قانون العقوبات), اذ يقتصر قانون العقوبات على ذكر الجنايات والجنح, بينما تكون فئة المخالفات في اطار مجموعة مستقلة يمكن ان نسميها بقانون العقوبات الاداري, وكذلك وصينا المشرع الجنائي بان يضع نصوصا جنائية تملك من الكفاية والفاعلية ما يمكنها من مواجهة فاعلية التطور الاجرامي واساليب ارتكابه في ظل الاجرام المستحدث | Each State shall have its own constitutional system, which shall include the general principles of the system of government. It shall set out the powers of the State and determine its competencies. It shall protect the rights and freedoms. The Constitution shall specify the regulations to be complied with by the public authorities in the exercise of their constitutional powers. In many countries of the world, constitutions have established controls that the criminal legislator must adhere to when exercising his authority to criminalize them. Such controls are explicitly included in the constitutional document as a principle (nullum crimen sine lege) and the principle of " ), Including implicitly revealed through the general constitutional framework of rights and freedoms, as an officer (necessity and proportionality in criminalization). These restrictions are of great importance in the context of the criminalization policy, since this policy severely infringes upon the rights and freedoms of individuals. The absence of constitutional regulations that the legislator complies with can undermine or diminish the effectiveness of these rights and freedoms. Iraq is witnessing a legislative renaissance in many areas. In order to ensure the safety of these legislations, the latter must be in conformity with the constitutional rules and principles. In particular, the Iraqi Penal Code was promulgated in 1969 and many of its provisions have been amended to comply with the permanent constitution of 2005. While the authority of the criminal legislator is appreciated, its authority in this area is constrained by the obligation to abide by the principles of the Constitution on criminalization. Hence, the problem of the study is that the legislative or executive branch may go beyond its jurisdiction and attempt to violate the constitutional value of human rights and freedoms through criminalization, On the one hand, and on the other, that the authority in charge of the criminalization process may extend the scope of criminalization to include acts that are not such a threat to the security and safety of society, which leads us to ask what the constitutional controls on which the legislator Jinn In drafting the text of the criminalization? Did the 2005 Iraqi constitution comply with developments in the criminalization policy, or did it remain the same as the pre - 2003 constitutions? What is the role of the constitutional judiciary towards the constitutional controls of the criminalization policy, especially the Iraqi constitutional judiciary? We discussed this study in three chapters. In Chapter 1, we discussed the most important constitutional principles of the criminalization text, which the criminal legislator must not derogate from in all cases, the most important of which is the principle of the legality of crimes and punishments. In the second section, and in the second chapter we discussed the necessity and proportionality in the policy of criminalization, since the criminal legislator based on the officer of necessity and proportionality and is in the balance between the protection of rights and freedoms on the one hand and the protection of public interest on the other, What is the necessity of rotation In Chapter II, we discussed the effect of criminalization on the necessity and proportionality. In the third and final chapter, we examined the guarantees of the policy of criminalization of constitutional restrictions, since leaving the definition of crimes and penalties to the jurisdiction of the legislative authority does not mean that this authority has absolute freedom in this In order to ensure adherence to these principles, the control over the constitutionality of criminalization provisions plays a prominent role in this regard. On this basis, we discussed in the first part the limits of the authority of the criminal legislator towards rights and Reat, and in the scope of the second topic, we studied control over the constitutionality of the provisions of criminalization. In the end, we reached, through this study, a number of conclusions, the most important of which : The Iraqi legislator has allowed the idea of legislative authority in the field of criminalization, both in the Constitution and the Penal Code, and we have concluded that the necessity of criminalization intended for reasons or The mind of the legislator, which leads to the criminalization of certain forms of human behavior, in order to protect the social interests worthy of consideration. The proportionality of criminalization is the relationship between the need for criminalization (the purpose of criminalization) and the penalty prescribed for the offense (the effect of criminalization), so that the punishment is necessary to confront the crime; to achieve its objectives of public deterrence and deterrence. In this study, we have proposed that the Iraqi legislature adopt a system of double criminality instead of the Penal Code. The Penal Code is limited to mentioning crimes and misdemeanors, while the category of offenses within an independent group can be called the Administrative Penal Code. We have also instructed the criminal legislator to put in place sufficient and effective criminal texts to enable it to deal with the effectiveness of criminal development and the methods of committing it under the new criminality.

التدابير الدولية المضادة للفساد الاداري واثرها في التشريعات العراقية == International Regulation of Anti Administrative Corruption and their effect in the Iraqi legislation

Author name: حميدة علي جابر
Supervisor name: محمد ثامر مخاط السعدون
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Constitutional Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Corruption and various forms is an international and internal character of the crime, a phenomenon of countries affected all have not spared any of the communities did not distinguish between a developed country and the other backward has this phenomenon been associated with the presence of humanitarian, an ancient but worsened recently.There is no specific definition of administrative corruption, which means the existence of problematic when researchers in the filming of this term and expression as well as avoid the delegates at the United Nations Convention against Corruption to adopt a comprehensive definition of corruption and limited to business Rea said the course agreement not to give a comprehensive definition of corruption course Mahmoud fearing that lead differences political, economic and cultural relations between countries not to adopt the Convention and to respond to future cases images disclosed administrative system.The research topic of important topics that dealt with the impact of preventive and curative measures adopted by the United Nations Convention against Corruption and other conventions and highlight the importance of this issue in thatthere is no study on this topic specifically which there is not a study looked at the anti - corruption administrative and their impact on legislation and international measures Iraqi precisely in spite of the existence of studies on administrative corruption and its effects and ways to treat some of which dealt with Iraqi legislation which provided for the anti - corruption ways and preventive or therapeutic but did not address the international dimension and the impact of international measures to combat corruption at this legislation. Measures of international anticorruption impact in Iraqi legislation and that the Iraqi legislator with regard to crimes of corruption came in principle compatible with the United Nations Convention against Corruption, whether at the level of general laws or laws did not move away from the provisions of the Convention only as an exception.

المحامي الدولي ودوره في تطوير القانون الدولي الانساني == International Lawyer's Role in Developing of International Humanitarian Law

Author name: مسلم صالح مهنا
Supervisor name: احمد عبيس نعمة عبد الفتلاوي
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Public International Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: تكمن اهمية الدراسة في كونها محاولة بحثية قانونية اصيلة ، خاضت في موضوع قلما كتب فيه على مستوى الدراسات القانونية العراقية والعربية، ما يعني انها ستضيف جديدا لمكتبتنا القانونية، وهي بداية لمشوار طويل اتمنى ان يستمر ليسلط باحثون اخرون الضوء على دور المحامي الدولي وقد يكون من زوايا اخر وان اتفقت من حيث المبدا وهو استكشاف دور المحامي لا في القضايا الدولية الانسانية فحسب، بل في قضايا دولية اخرى، كقانون البحار وقانون المعاهدات الدولية وغيرها.لقد ابدى مختصون في القانون الدولي العام ولدى اجراء الباحث مقابلات شخصية ارائهم حول اصالة الموضوع واهميته ، بل دفع البعض منهم الى التفكير مليا حيال مخاطر البحث فيه ، لكونه يمثل محاولة جديدة في عالم القانون الدولي العام ، والانساني على وجه الخصوص ، ما دفع بالباحث الى اختياره بعد التوكل على الله تعالى .لقد كتبت مؤلفات قديما وحديثا عن المحامي ودوره، ولكن لم يصل الى الحد الذي يكشف عن دوره في تطوير القانون الدولي الانساني، مره في كونه محاميا واخرى خبيرا ومستشارا ، وفي احيان اخرى عضوا فاعلا في منظمات دولية متخصصة في قضايا انسانية مطروحة على منبر البحث القانوني المقارن.ومن اجل البحث في هذا الموضوع، كان من الصعب الركون للدراسات العربية المتوفرة التي ركزت في اغلب الاحيان على دور المحامي على المستوى الوطني وفي القانونين الجنائي والمدني بالذات، ولهذا بحثت الدراسة في احدث الدراسات القانونية الاجنبية المتخصصة، الامر الذي دفع بالباحث الى الاستعانة بمحامين دوليين متميزين بدورهم ، فضلا عن بيان اراء قضاة المحاكم الدولية ، كالمحاكم الدولية لجنائية الخاصة في يوغسلافيا السابقة ورواندا، وغيرها، والمحكمة الجنائية الدولية ، وفيما يطرحه المحامون الدوليون في اثناء المرافعات.ولقد توصل الباحث الى نتائج عدة من اهمها : 1. كشفت الدراسة ان نشاة المحاماة لم تكن قديمة فحسب، بل انها متلازمة مع وجود البشرية، اذ تصدى لها اشخاص عرفوا ببلاغتهم وقدرتهم على الاقناع بالحجج العقلية فاصبحت سبيلا الى المدافعة والحماية لدرء كل ما يمكن ان يغير مجرى العدالة ويطيح بقداستها.2. على الرغم من ان المحاماة نشات وتطورت للتصدي الى المسائل القانونية الداخلية للدول، فقد شهدت تطورا ملحوظا لتتوسع الى نطاق ابعد من اهتمامات المواطن داخل مجتمعه او بلده، ولتصل الى ما يعرف اليوم بالمحامي الدولي وخصوصا في المسائل القانونية ذات الطبيعة الدولية.3. التغيير الملحوظ في المجالات الاصيلة والمرتبطة بدور المحامي، اذ عرف اولا المحامي عموما بانه الموكل في القضايا المدنية والجزائية الداخلية فضلا عن الدفاع عن المضطهدين في العالم، ونقصد بذلك الانتهاكات التي تطال حقوق الانسان وكرامته.اما اليوم فقد عرف المحامي بغير وصف، فهو المشارك في قضايا كان ابعد من ان يتصور المختص في القانون الدولي الانساني ان يكون له شان فيها، ونقصد بذلك تدخله في اثارة الراي العام الدولي ضد الانتهاكات الجسيمة التي تطال المدنيين والمقاتلين في اثناء النزاعات المسلحة الدولية وغير الدولية.4. اتضح من خلال الدراسة ان معظم قضاة المحاكم الجنائية الدولية هم بالاصل محامون بارزون، وهو دليل على ان المحامي الدولي هو الاقدر على ادارة المحاكم تلك وخصوصا في جانبها الاجرائي فضلا عن البحث في قواعد الاثبات.5. اتضح من خلال الدراسة الدور الضئيل للمحامين العرب بالمقارنة باقرانهم من الدول الاجنبية وخصوصا في الترافع امام المحاكم الجنائية الدولية فضلا عن المشاركة في تطويرها.6. كذلك يتضح ان دور المحامين العراقيين يكاد ان يكون معدوما في حقل القانون الدولي الانساني والجنائي منه بالذات، بالمقارنة مع اقرانهم في الدول العربية كمصر ودول شمال افريقيا ولبنان.7. كما يتضح من الدراسة ضعف التنسيق بين المؤسسات الحكومية العربية ونقابات المحامين العرب سواء في مسائل الاستشارة والترافع او في الاشتراك في المفاوضات الدولية المعنية بالاتفاقيات الدولية ذات الطابع الانساني والجنائي.8. اتضح من الدراسة الدور المتميز للمحامي العسكري في تقويم العمليات القتالية وبالخصوص في الولايات المتحدة ، وهو اسلوب ذكي للناي عن اي اتهامات قد تطال القادة او العسكريين في حال ارتكابهم لانتهاكات في اثناء النزاعات المسلحة.9. بلغ دور المحامي ذروته من خلال اعادة التاكيد على مبدا عالمية الاختصاص القضائي الدولي في مقابل الاختصاص القضائي الاقليمي في الجرائم ذات الطبيعة الدولية وبالخصوص نجاحهم في تحريك المسؤولية الجنائية الفردية ضد بونوشيه وايريل شارون.10. من جهة اخرى كان للمحامين الدوليين دور بارز في قضية معتقلي غونتنامو واثارة شرعية عدم احالتهم للمحاكم المختصة وفقا لاتفاقية جنيف الثالثة لعام 1949، بل وفي احراج الادارة الامريكية بشان مستقبل معتقل غونتنامو، وهو ما يعد اسهاما في ردع الدول غير الممتثلة لقواعد اضحت امرة على الصعيد الدولي.

الالتزام بالتسليم في عقد البيع : دراسة مقارنة

Author name: نوفل مشرف حردان
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Civil Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:

التنظيم القانوني للخصخصة ودورها في مواجهة الازمات المالية وتحسين الخدمات العامة : دراسة مقارنة == Legal Regulation of Privatisation and Its Role in Confronting Fiscal Crises and Improving Public Services (Comparative Study)

Author name: رباب خليل ابراهيم الدباغ
Supervisor name: بان صلاح عبد القادر الصالحي
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Administrative Law
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The research deals with the subject "Legal Regulation of Privatisation Its Role in Confronting Fiscal Crises and Improving Public Services" in the comparative law and the how far it could be taotally adobted through utlizing the practices of world countries in this respect. To achieve the report of effective leagal regulation in confronting these fiscal crises to improving Public Services" in Iraq and; to manage the resulting from privatisation in terms of context and reality.Iraq is suffering from a set of issues that affected the citizen's life due to bad services offered by public utilities and being impossible to be offered by administration due some problems : • Lack of lquidity due to drop of world oil prices, being the key source of finance expendture on public utilities.• Admenstrative corruption which leads to spoil most of state resources designated for public services along with the cost of elminating it.• High cost the state bears in fighting terrorism which made huge damges to public utlities, especialy the service ones, which needs large money to remdey its termintaing affects.• Failure of public sector organisations to preform their role in development and to offer public services. Thus, they were registered as loser organisations making fiscal burden over the stated budget. They are even failed to pay to their employees.• The government wishes to reform and what included in its program for the necessity of applying privatisation policy as a choice to confront the crises that Iraq suffers from currently.• The legislations lack in the leagal regulation in Iraq, the need of a pack of new legislations in this respect and modification of others don't match the new idiology and economic philosophy of state. Also, identifying the role of leagal regulation in confronting these fiscal crises to improving public services through expressing the leagl texts regulating privatisation along with ambiguity, conflict or shortge. This is to attain an leagal regulation of privatisation agrees with and support leagal, economic and social security, now and in future.• First Hypotheses : In one hand, Privatisation is capable of prticipation, in a convenient way, in solving and confronting the fiscal crises of Iraq. In the other hand, is capable of prticipation in public services improvement offered to citizens, in terms of quality, fast achievement and resonables costs.• Second Hypotheses : Utilizing compared countries experiments, legislations and admivstrative practices in privatisation operations. This is to support and to enforce Iraq's tendency to privatisatio, i.e. adoption of better and most successful ways and applying them in Iraq to confront the fiscal crises and to improve public services.Getting assistance from available of privatisation applications, in some of the preferable public utilities, to be privatised in Iraq, as seen in comparative countries. The is emphisezed by resoulutions of Cabinet and concerned ministires, especilly the loser state companies along with education, health and energy sectors.Attaining the optimal leagal regulation of privatisation, adentifying its role to get solutions for fiscal crises and to improve the public services in Iraq. This may be done byutilizing comaprative countries practices in this field. Also, it shuold match the security, idiological, social and economic circumstances now and in future.The theoretical and practical significance; and having a real issue which may be suitable for study in terms of sceintific and practical analysis.Lack of leagal studies introducing this subject in terms of local leagal level vs. too many economic studies. This makes a necessity the leagal study since it may clarify its concept, limits and leagal base which entitles the concerned departments to apply.Seventh : the study follows the analatical methodology of leagal texts deals with privatisation in Iraq and projection over the sceintific reality along with the comparative methodology. Thus, determining the extent of success in getting solutions for fiscal crises in Iraq and modifying the optimals leagal regulation fro it.

الجرائم الناشئة عن عمليات نقل وزرع الاعضاء البشرية : دراسة مقارنة == Crimes arising from transfusions and transplantation of human organs (Comparative study )

Author name: عمار سليم هاشم
Supervisor name: الاء ناصر حسين
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Human organ transplants are a type of medical work, and are therefore generally subject to the same rules governing medical work. They have been regulated by the legislator by establishing controls or conditions that ensure that such practices do not depart from their specific legal framework in such a way as to ensure that The human body has respect for its dignity. The Iraqi legislator in the law of human organ transplants and the prohibition of trafficking No. 11 of 2016 prohibits the transfer of a human organ or tissue from the body of a living person for the purpose of implanting into the body of another living human except for a therapeutic necessity and must there is a proportional between the practical risks and benefits of treatment ,must have permission from those eligible to release it after inform them the full risks of the operation and with totally freedom will, The project also banned the transfer and transplantation of organs or genital tissues and that lead to the mixing of genealogies for violating the provisions of Islamic law and public morality, These operations were also prohibited under a special license issued by the Minister of Health, in addition to the general license for the practice of medical work, and the transfer and transplantation of human organs must be voluntary and without any financial compensation, The Iraqi legislator also paid attention first to the organization of organ transplants from the dead to the living quarters and stipulated that the transfer of organs from the dead should be approved by the dead before his death under a will or upon the consent of his heirs.The organization of organ transplantation and transplantation in this manner does not preclude the fact that these processes are still and will remain at the exclusion angle at least from the criminal point of view.The regulation of transplantation and transplantation of human organs in this way does not preclude the fact that these processes are still and will remain at the exclusion angle at least from the criminal point of view. Therefore, these operations must be organized with utmost care and precision, so as not to depart from the exception. To be between the two circles are the circle of exception and the Criminalization Chamber, if these operations came out of the exclusion Chamber, it will inevitably enter the circle of criminalization, violation of any condition of permitting the transfer and transplantation of human organs, these operations come out of the circle of exception and result in the crime of transfer and transplantation of And the imposition of sanctions and precautionary measures against anyone who contravenes the provisions of the Human Organ Transplantation Act.

قواعد الترجيح بين ادلة الاثبات المتعارضة في الدعوى المدنية

Author name: حسين رجب محمد مخلف الزيدي
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Civil Procedure Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

الاضراب المهني للعمال واثاره : دراسة مقارنة

Author name: مصدق عادل طالب حسين
General topic: Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

ثنائية القاعدة الجنائية في القانون العراقي == Duality of Criminal Rule in the Iraqi Law

Author name: عبد الرزاق طلال جاسم السارة
Supervisor name: عمار عباس كاظم الحسيني
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: ان القانون عموما يمثل ظاهرة اجتماعية متصلة في المجتمعات الانسانية المنتظمة ، بحيث يهدف الى تحقيق المصلحة العامة من خلال المحافظة على كيان المجتمع واستقراره وكذلك تحقيق المصلحة الخاصة من خلال المحافظة على حقوق الافراد وحرياتهم . فاذا كان تحقيق المصلحة العامة والخاصة هو هدف القانون بصورة عامة ، فان ذلك هو هدف القانون الجنائي بصورة خاصة باعتباره احد فروع القانون العام الداخلي ، وان القانون الجنائي يتكون من قواعد القانون الموضوعي وقواعد القانون الاجرائي حيث يحدد القانون الموضوعي الافعال المخالفة للقانون وهي الجرائم وكذلك الجزاءات اللازمة لها ، اما القانون الاجرائي فانه يحدد الاجراءات التي يجب اتباعها منذ وقوع الجريمة وحتى صدور الحكم الجنائي فيها وتنفيذه . لذلك فان ثنائية القاعدة الجنائية هي ليست من خصائص القاعدة الجنائية وانما يقصد بها ان القانون الجنائي يتكون من قواعد موضوعية تتمثل بالقانون الموضوعي ( قانون العقوبات ) وقواعد اجرائية تتمثل بالقانون الاجرائي ( قانون اصول المحاكمات الجزائية ) . تتمثل اهمية الدراسة في موضوع ثنائية القاعدة الجنائية في القانون العراقي في اهمية القانون الجنائي بذاته ، وذلك لان القانون الجنائي يتكون من قواعد القانون الجنائي الموضوعي وقواعد القانون الجنائي الاجرائي وهو يهدف بفرعيه الى حماية مصالح المجتمع سواء كانت هذه المصالح هي مصالح عامة تتعلق بكيان الدولة والمجتمع ككل او مصالح خاصة تتعلق بحقوق الافراد وحمايتهم . من اهم الاستنتاجات التي توصلنا اليها من خلال هذه الدراسة هي : اولا : تعد القاعدة الجنائية الاجرائية الاداة او الوسيلة لتطبيق القاعدة الجنائية الموضوعية ؛ وذلك لان هذه القاعدة هي التي تحدد الاجراءات المتعلقة بالكشف عن الجريمة وملاحقة فاعلها وفرض العقوبة عليه مع تحديد السلطات المختصة بالقيام بذلك وتحديد صلاحياتها ، وهذا يعني وجود علاقة ( تبادلية ) بين القاعدة الجنائية الموضوعية والقاعدة الجنائية الاجرائية ، فقانون العقوبات يفقد فاعليته بدون وجود قانون الاجراءات الجنائية وبالعكس فلا مبرر لوجود قانون الاجراءات الجنائية بدون وجود قانون العقوبات .ثانيا : يعد النص الجنائي الاطار الذي يحتوي القاعدة الجنائية ، والقاعدة الجنائية اما تكون كاملة الصياغة بحيث تتضمن شقي القاعدة ( التكليف والجزاء ) ، او قد تكون هذه القاعدة ناقصة الصياغة عندما لا يتضمن النص كل من شقيها .ثالثا : ان تكامل القاعدة الجنائية الاجرائية عن طريق الادعاء العام يكون بموجب نص المادة ( 5 / رابعا ) من قانون الادعاء العام العراقي رقم (49) لسنة 2017 ، والذي اعطى للادعاء العام صلاحية قاضي تحقيق في مكان الحادث عند غياب قاضي التحقيق المختص ، وبذلك فان هذا القانون قد عالج النقص الحاصل ( غياب قاضي التحقيق ) واكمل الاجراءات الجنائية عن طريق الادعاء العام .رابعا : ان تكامل القاعدة الجنائية عن طريق الانابة القضائية الجنائية هو معالجة لقصور هذه الاجراءات في الدولة التي تقع فيها الجريمة ؛ وذلك لان سلطاتها القضائية لا تستطيع ممارسة صلاحياتها على اقليم دولة اخرى لانه يتعارض مع مبدا السيادة الدولية .خامسا : لقد وردت القاعدة الجنائية الاجرائية في القانون الجنائي الموضوعي وهذا يدل على وجود التداخل بين القاعدة الجنائية الاجرائية والقاعدة الجنائية الموضوعية ، كما هو الحال بالنسبة للقواعد الاجرائية المتعلقة بوقف الاجراءات القانونية في الجرائم الاخلاقية والجرائم الماسة بحرية الانسان وحرمته ، والقواعد المتعلقة بتحريك الدعوى الجزائية في الجرائم الماسة بالاسرة وجرائم الاموال بين الازواج وبين الاصول والفروع ، والقواعد المتعلقة بسقوط الجرائم والعقوبات. سادسا : لقد وردت القاعدة الجنائية الموضوعية في القانون الجنائي الاجرائي وهذا يؤكد على وجود التداخل بين القاعدة الجنائية الموضوعية والقاعدة الجنائية الاجرائية ، كما هو الحال بالنسبة للقواعد الجنائية الموضوعية المتعلقة بجرائم الجلسات ، والقواعد المتعلقة بجرائم الامتناع امام المحاكم . | Law in general represents a social phenomenon related to systematic human societies so as to achieve the public interest by preserving the entity and stability of society as well as achieving the private interest by preserving the rights and freedom of individuals. If the realization of public and private interest is the aim of law in general, it is the aim of the penal law in particular due to being a branch of the internal public law. The penal law consists of the rules of the stated law and the rules of the procedural law. The stated law determines the acts contrary to the law, i.e., crimes and penalties while the procedural law defines the procedures that should follow from the time of the crime until the issuance and implementation of the penal judgment. Therefore, the duality of the penal rule is not a characteristic of the penal rule, but it means that the penal law consists of stated rules represented by the stated law (punishment law) and procedural rules represented by the procedural law (law of criminal trials). The importance of the study of the duality of penal rule in the Iraqi Law lies in the importance of the penal law itself. This is because the penal law consists of the rules of the stated penal law and the rules of procedural penal law. Its purpose, in both branches, is to protect the interests of society whether related to the entity of state and society as a whole or related to the special interests of the individuals and their protection. Among the most important results the present work has reached into are the following : First, the penal law consists of two types of rules : stated or procedural. The stated rules are to determine the crimes and the appropriate penaltiesAwhile the procedural rules are concerned with determining the procedures to be followed at all stages of the criminal appeal to determine the competent authorities specialized in applying these procedures.Second, the penal procedural rule is the tool or means of applying the penal stated rule because it is rule that determines the procedures related to the identification of the crime, following the perpetrator and imposing the punishment while determining the competent authorities to do so and to determine its powers. This means that there is a (mutual) relationship between the stated penal rule and the procedural penal rule. This is due to the fact that the penal law loses its effectiveness without the existence of the penal procedures law, and vice versa, that there is no justification for the existence of the penal procedures without the existence of the Penal Law Thirdly, the penal text is the framework that contains the penal rule, and the penal rule is either fully formulated in that it includes the two elements of the rule (assignment and punishment), or this rule may be incomplete when the text does not contain both elements. Fourthly, the integration of the procedural penal rule by means of the public prosecution is done in accordance with Article (5 / four) of the Iraqi Public Prosecution Law No. (49) of 2017, which gave the Public Prosecution the power of an investigating judge at the scene in the absence of the competent investigation judge. As such, the law addressed the shortage (absence of the investigation judge) and completed the penal procedures through the Public Prosecution.Fifth : The integration of the penal rule through the external acting penal justice is to address the shortcomings of these procedures in the state where the crime occurs; because its judicial authorities cannot exerciseBtheir powers on the territory of another state because it is contrary to the principle of international sovereignty.Sixth : The procedural penal rule has been provided in the stated penal law. This refers to the overlap between the procedural penal rule and the stated penal rule, as is the case with the procedural rules related to the cessation of legal procedures in the moral crimes, the crimes against human liberty and deprivation, the rules related to penalty appeals related to family, money crimes between spouses and bases and branches, rules related to crimes and punishments, as well as rules related to exemption from punishment or mitigation in the case of reporting.Seventh : The stated penal rule is within the procedural penal law and this confirms the overlap between the stated penal rule and the procedural penal rule, as is the case with the stated penal rules related to the crimes of hearings and the rules related to abstinence before the court
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