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ازالة الملوثات من العينات المائية باستخدام مسحوق الاطارات الطبيعي و المعدل == Removal of pollutants from aqueous samples using normal and modified tire powder

Author name: ايمان فاضل وصار
Supervisor name: ماجد شنون خلف
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad

دراسة تاثير تركيز انزيم السايتوكروم ب 450 3ا4 على سرطان الثدي قبل انقطاع الطمث وعلاقته مع التاموكسيفين == Study the effect of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) enzyme activity in breast cancer premenopausal and its relation with Tamoxifen drug

Author name: ابراهيم وليد مهدي
Supervisor name: فراس عبد الله حسن
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad

دراسة الجهد التاكسدي في يرضى التهاب المفاصل الرثوي باستعمال بعض المؤشرات الكيموحيوية == Study of Oxidative Stress in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients using some Biochemical Parameters

Author name: وئام فاضل حسين
Supervisor name: وسام كاظم حمادي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad

التثبيت الضوئي للبولي فنيل كلوريد باستخدام بعض معقدات القصدير الرباعية الجديدة المشتقة من السيبروفلوكساسين == Photostabilization of PVC Using Some New Organotin(IV) Complexes Derived from Ciprofloxacin

Author name: دعاء محمد غازي
Supervisor name: عماد عبد الحسين يوسف السراج
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad

طريقة جديدة لتحوير مركبات السلاين وبعض الجزيئات العضوية على سطح السليكا المستخلصة من قشور الرز == New Method for Immobilizing Silica from rice husk ash with Saliting agent and Organic Molecules

Author name: احمد عباس ابراهيم
Supervisor name: جواد كاظم شنين | قاسم محمد حلو
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad

تاثير بعض المعادن الثقيلة على وظائف الغدة الدرقية == Impact of Some heavy metals on thyroid gland functions

Author name: سارة جواد كاظم
Supervisor name: علاء حسين جواد
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad

مستخلصات حرير الذرة كمثبط للانزيم اليوريز في بكتريا Klebsiella في مرضى حصى الكلية العراقيين == Corn Silk Extracts as Urease Inhibitors of Klebsiella Bacteria in Iraqi Patients with kidney Stones

Author name: رفاه هلال اسماعیل
Supervisor name: سلمان علي احمد
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad

تنقية المياه الاسنة الناتجة من ابار النفط خلال عملية التكرير باستخدام مواد نانوية == Purification of waste water resulted from oil Refining using Nanomaterials

Author name: ساره عدنان هادي
Supervisor name: ماجد شنون خلف
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad

الطلاء المعدني الوقائي لمعدن المغنيسيوم باستخدام السوائل الايونية == Metallic Protective Coatings of Magnesium Metal in Ionic Liquids

Author name: رشا حسين علوان
Supervisor name: هادي محمد علي عبود
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad

تشخيص مستخلصات قشور التفاح والرمان الاحمر كمثبطات لتاكل سبيكة الفا (نحاس - خارصين) في الوسط الحامضي == Characterization of Red Apple and Pomegranate Peels Extracts as Corrosion Inhibitors for ? - Brass in Acidic Media

Author name: مصطفى صبري جياد
Supervisor name: تغريد علي سلمان
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad

تحضير و تشخيص مركبات حلقية غير متجانسة كمثبطات للتاكل في الوسط الحامضي == Synthesis and Identification of Heterocyclic Compounds as Corrosion Inhibitors in Acidic Media

Author name: عقيل فاضل مطلك
Supervisor name: مهدي صالح شهاب
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad

تخليق وتشخيص وتقييم الفعالية البايولوجية لمعقدات مشتقات البنسيلين مع بعض ايونات الفلزات == Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Penicillin Derivatives Complexes with some Metal ions

Author name: ياسر حسام صباح
Supervisor name: عمار جهاد صادق العبدلي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad

دراسة نظرية طيفية لمجموعة من مشتقات 1 , 3 , 4 - اوكسادايازول == Theoretical Spectroscopic Study for a Series of 1,3,4 - Oxadiazole Derivatives

Author name: حسن فائز حيدر
Supervisor name: شذى فاضل السعيدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad

تحضير ودراسة الفعالية المضادة للاكسدة لبعض المركبات الحلقية غير المتجانسة الجديدة من الجالكون == Synthesis and Study the Antioxidant Activity of some new Heterocyclic Compounds from chalcone

Author name: اريج معتز حيدر
Supervisor name: احمد عبد الرزاق احمد
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad

تحضير و تشخيص مشتقات البنزمايد ثنائية و ثلاثية التعويض كميزوجينات ذات نهايات منتفخة == Synthesis and characterization of di - and tri - substituted benzamide derivatives as bis - swallow - tailed mesogens

Author name: دنيا مالك هادي
Supervisor name: نسرين رحيم جبر
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad

الترسيب الكهربائي للانديوم,القصدير,الانتيمون على النحاس من السائل الايوني == Indium, Tin and Antimony electro deposition from ionic liquid on copper substrate

Author name: ازل اسامة احمد
Supervisor name: هادي محمد علي عبود
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad

تحضير بعض مشتقات املاح البريدين كمضادات لتاكل الفولاذ الطري في حامض الكبريتيك == Synthesis of some N - pyridinium salt derivatives as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in sulfuric acid

Author name: احمد عماد جواد
Supervisor name: مهدي صالح شهاب
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad

تخليق وتشخيص بعض مشتقات الحوامض الامينية ودراسة الفعالية المضادة للبكتريا == Synthesis and Characterization of Some Amino Acid Derivatives and Studying Its Antibacterial Activity

تقييم التاثير المنخفض لفرط سكر الدم لمستخلصات وريقات نخيل القنطار ضد مرض السكر == Evaluation of Hypoglycemic effect of Phoenix dactylifera Ganthar Leaflets Extracts Against Diabetes Dise

Author name: رنين سالم سوادي
Supervisor name: عباس دواس مطر المالكي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah

دور العناصر النزره والاسمة في خصوبة نساء متلازمة تكيس المبايض في الناصرية == The role of trace and toxic elements in productive of female with polycystic ovary syndrome in AL - Nasiriyah

Author name: نبا نعمة حميد
Supervisor name: ساجد حسن كزار | ايناس صالح الخياط
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar

تخليق وتشخيص ودراسة مضادات الاكسدة لبعض المشتقات الجديدة (لداي هايدروبرميدين/ثايون) == Synthesis, characterization and Antioxidant Study of some new Dihydropyrimidine - 2 - (1H) - ones /thion derivative

Author name: نور ريسان علي
Supervisor name: محمود شاكر مكطوف
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar

تخليق وتشخيص ودراسة الفعالية البايولوجية لبعض مشتقات الموناسترول ثايونس الجديدة == SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTRIZAITION AND STUDY BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF SOME NEW MONASTROL THIONES DERIVITATIVE

Author name: احمد احسان فليح حسن
Supervisor name: محمود شاكر مكطوف
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar

تحضير وتشخيص بعض مركبات ازو - ازوميثين واستخدامها في استخلاص ايون الكاديميوم الثنائي بطريقة استخلاص نقطة الغيمة == Synthesis and characterization of some Azo - Azomethine compounds and using them in could - point extraction of Cadmium Ion

Author name: ميعاد نكاد عوض
Supervisor name: ساهر عبد الرضا علي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar

تحضير وتشخيص مشتقات جديدة ين 4,3,1 - اوكسادايازول و 4,2,1 ترايازول ومعقداتها مع بعض ايونات العناصر الانتقالية == Preparation and Characterization of new Derivatives of 1,3,4 - Oxadiazol and 1,2,4 - Triazole and its complexities with some transition metal ions

Author name: امنة نعيم هليل الركابي
Supervisor name: ابراهيم عبود فليفل
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar

تاثير المستخلص الفيولي لدرنات السعد المستدير ومركب التايورين على بعض المعايير الكيموحيوية في اناث الجرذان المصابة باحتشاء عضلة القلب == Effect of Tubers Cyperus rotundus Phenolic Extract and Taurine Compound on Some Biochemical Parameters in Induced Myocardial Infarction in Female Rats

Author name: علياء ماجد مناي الكناني
Supervisor name: محمد عجة عودة | خالد كاطع الفرطوسي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar

استخلاص وعزل وتشخيص المركبات متعددة الفينول اكاسيتين كلايكوسيدات من بذور نبات الحلفا السبخبة ودراسة الفعالية الحيوية للمستخلص كمضاد فطري وبكتيري == Extraction, Isolation and identification of poly phenols compounds (acacetin glycosides) from Cladium Mariscus seeds and study of their biological activity of extract as antifungal and antibacterial agent

Author name: رحاب حاتم بريج الشمري
Supervisor name: حسام محمد كريدي | محمد تركي خثي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar

دراسة سريرية جينية لحالة اكسدة مضادات الاكسدة لدى النساء المصابات بالعقم غير المفسر والنساء المصابات بعقم تكيس المبيض == Clinical and Genetic Study for Oxidation - Antioxidation in Women with Unexplained Infertility and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Author name: خنساء عودة حسين الجبوري
Supervisor name: رادد معلك حنون الصالح | ساهر عبد الرضا علي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar

تحضير و تشخيص و دراسة فيزيوكيميائية و حيوية لبعض معقدات الروثينيوم II والبلاتين مع بعض القواعد النتروجينية == Synthesis, Characterization Physicochemical and Biological studies of some Ruthenium(II) and Platinum(II) Complexes with some of nitrogenic bases

Author name: سهى يوسف نصار
Supervisor name: محمد جاسم بدر الاسدي | اقبال جاسم بدر الاسدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Inorganic Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah

تحضير وتشخيص بعض مركبات البنزوثايوزول ودراسة صفاتها البلورية السائلة == Synthesis and Characterization of some Benzothiazole compounds and study their Liquid Crystalline properties

Author name: سجى عبد الحسين طالب
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah

تحضير وتشخيص ودراسة الفعالية البيولوجية لبعض المركبات العضوية والعضوية لفلزية الجديدة المتضمنة النتروجين

Author name: زينب كاظم الخزرجي
Supervisor name: بشرى كامل السلمي | عادل علي الفريجي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah

تحضير وتشخيص ودراسة الفعالية البايولوجية لبعض مشتقات الثايزولدين الجديدة == Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activity Study of Some New Thiazolidine Derivatives

Author name: ايات ناجـــي حســــــن عــلي
Supervisor name: داود سالم عبد
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah

تحضير وتشخيص ودراسة طيفية وكهربائية لبعض معقدات الفثالوسيانين واشباهها وتشويبها بمشوبات عضوية ولاعضوية == Synthesis, Spectroscopic and electriecal studies for some Phthalocyaninen and Semiphthalocyanine complex and their doping with organic and inorganic dopants

Author name: ايات جودت كاظم مجيد
Supervisor name: نزار عبد الامير حسين
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah

تحضير وتشخيص ودراسة الفعالية البايولوجية وكمضادات اكسدة لبعض مشتقات الغابابنتين ومعقداتها مع [Zn(II), Cu(II)] == Synthesis, Characterization, Biological Activities and Antioxidant Study of Gabapentin Derivatives and their complexes with [Cu(II), Zn(II)]

Author name: اسامة حسن سالم البدران
Supervisor name: ظافر محمد حسين المظف | لي حسين الموالي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah

تخليق انابيب ثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم و جسيمات الفضة النانوية وتطبيقها في التحرر الدوائي و الفعالية الحيوية == Synthesis of Titanuim dioxid and Silver Nanoparticles and their applications in Drud Release and Bioactivity

Author name: احمد مكي صداع
Supervisor name: زينب طه ياسين
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah

تحضير وتشخيص دايمرات متناظرة وغير متناظرة ودراسة صفاتها البلورية السائلة == Synthesis and Characterization of Symmetric and non - Symmetric Dimers and Study their Liquid Crystalline properties

Author name: ابتهال حميد شهيب
Supervisor name: عهود جبارعبيد الحمداني
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah

دراسة العلاقة بين هرمون مخزون المبيض واضطرابات الغدة الدرقية لدى النساء والمصابات بمتلازمة تكيس المبيض في بغداد == A case study of the relationship between AMH and thyroid disorders in female patients with poly ovarian syndrome in Baghdad

Author name: سماح مشعان عبد ا لله
Supervisor name: نوال محمد جواد الشماع
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad

دراسة مقارنة للايسيل اوكسيد يزلدى مرضى تضخم الاطراف العراقيين المصابين وغير المصابين بالسكري == A Comparative Study of Lysyl Oxidase in Diabetic and Non - Diabetic Iraqi Acromegalic Patients

Author name: صهيب نايف محسن
Supervisor name: ايمان عبد علي عباس
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad

عزل وتشخيص وتعيين السليلوز و النانوسليلوز واللكنين لسيقان نبات زهرة النيل في العراق == Isolation, characterization, and determination of cellulose, nanocellulose and lignin of dried stems of water hyacinth in Iraq

Author name: ياسر فتحي محمود
Supervisor name: محمد حسن عبد اللطيف
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad

تحضير وتشخيص مركبات حلقية غير متجانسة من مشتقات الفانيلين == Synthesis and Characterization of Heterocyclic Compounds from Vanillin Derivatives

Author name: مراد كدر مناحي نويف
Supervisor name: خضير جواد كاظم
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Babylon

دراسة نمذجة جزيئية لعقار الجنتاميسين وبعض مشتقاته الجديدة == Molecular Modeling Study of Gentamicin Drug and Some of Its New Deriv

Author name: مروة كامل جليل احمد
Supervisor name: عباس عبد علي دريع الصالحي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Babylon

دراسة ازالة صبغة السلستين الزرقاء من محاليلها المائيه بالامتزاز على الاوكسيد المركب NiO - MgO النقي والمشوب == Study The Removal of Celestine Blue Dye from their Aqueous solutions by adsorption over mixed oxides NiO - MgO pure and doped

Author name: هدى سلام غني محمد السامرائي
Supervisor name: صادق جعفر باقر
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon

طريقة طيفية جديدة لتقدير ايونات النحاس II والحديد III باستخدام المركبات الدوائية الاموكسيسلين صوديوم والسيفيكزيم ثلاثي الهيدرات == New Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Cu(II) and Fe(III) using Drug Compounds(Amoxicillin - Sodium and Cefixime Trihydrate)

Author name: علي سعدون ناجي دحام
Supervisor name: عباس نور الشريفي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Babylon
Abstract: This thesis consists of three methods : | Describes three simple and sensitive methods for the determination of copper (II), iron (III) ions and Cefixime trihydrate drug. | The first method based on determination of copper ion in aqueous so-lution, in its pure form, pharmaceutical preparations and in fungicide sam-ples, by oxidizing phenol group in Amoxicillin drug in oxidative coupling reactions, coupled of two molecules of Amoxicillin, these oxidized by cop-per (II) ion as oxidized agent in alkaline medium pH 11.5 to give a violet coloured product, soluble in water, has maximum absorption at wave-length (540) nm at 30 ᵒC. Beer's law was obeyed between (5-32) μg.ml-1, a molar absorptivity (5× 104) L.mol-1cm-1, Sandell's sensitivity (0.12)μg cm-2, the LOD was (0.29) μg.ml-1 , LOQ was (0.97) μg.ml-1. | The second method includes determination of iron (III) depends on reduced iron (III) to iron (II) by Cefixime trihydrate as reducing agent, the iron (II) react with three molecules bipyridyl to form red coloured product complex, soluble in distilled water in acidic medium PH 3.3 that has max-imum absorption at wavelength 520 nm. Beer's law was obeyed between (0.5-11) μg.ml-1, a molar absorptivity (1.02 × 104) L.mol-1.cm-1, Sandell's sensitivity (5.49 ×10-3) μg.cm-2, the LOD was (0.013) μg.ml-1, LOQ was (0.045) μg.ml-1. This method was applied successfully for the determina-tion of iron (III) in pure state and in pharmaceutical formulations (Tablets, Syrup), the analytical results were compared with the standard method was used for determination of iron (III), | The third method has been described a reversible determination of Cefixime trihydrate based on the same above second method, the iron (III) as oxidizing agent in acidic medium, under the same optimum conditions at wavelength (520) nm. Beer's law was obeyed between (1-18) μg.ml-1, a | molar absorptivity (5.55 × 103) L.mol-1.cm-1, Sandell's sensitivity (1.01×10-2) μg.cm-2, the LOD was (0.032) μg.ml-1, LOQ was (0.106) μg.ml-1. This method was applied successfully for the determination of (CEFI) in phar-maceutical formulations (Tablets and Syrup). | Evaluating the proposed methods results by using F and t- test. It was found that results experimental F and t value at 95% confidence level did not exceed the critical values. This means the proposed methods have no different significally in accuracy and precision with standard method. The effect of interference ions (Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Ag(II), Hg(I), Cd(II), pb(II)) on copper(II), and iron(III) also has been studied.

تخليق وتشخيص والتقييم البايولوجي لبعض مشتقات السبروفلوكساسين == SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF SOME CIPROFLOXACIN DERIVATIVES

Author name: نادية صادق مجيد البوعبيد
Supervisor name: ناظر نجم عبد الله
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Babylon
Abstract: الفصل الاول : يصف الاهمية الدوائية لدواء السبروفلوكساسين ومشتقاته كدواء مضاد للالتهابات ونبذه تاريخية لكل ما يتعلق بتحضير الامايدات والاسترات والثايواستر والهيدرازايد بالاضافه الى تفاعل سازوكي بطريقة حديثة وذلك باستخدام طريقة التشعيع باستعمال المايكرويف (MWI) في التحضيروتم التطرق ايضا الى اهم التطبيقات البايولوجية. | الفصل الثاني : تطرق بالتفصيل الى الجزء العملي وطرق التحضير العامة وكذلك تضمن التحليل لاطياف الاشعة تحت الحمراء FT-IR واطياف الرنين النووي المغناطيسي للبروتون 1 1H-NMR ونظيرالكاربون13 13C-NMR اضافة الى التحليل الدقيق للعناصر (CHNS). | الفصل الثالث : تطرق بالتفصيل الى النتائج ومناقشتها وتفسيرات الاطياف كما تطرق الفصل الى الفعالية البايولوجية للمركبات المحضرة من خلال ست مسارات : - | المسار الاول : يضم تحضير مشتقات استرية للسبروفلوكساسين (2-6) عن طريق تفاعل السبروفلوكساسين مع خمس انواع من الكحولات الاليفاتية بالتعاقب (الميثانول, الايثانول, البروبانول | البيوتانول والبنتانول) بوجود حامض الكبرتيك المركز كعامل مساعد في التفاعل وباستخدام تقنية MWI) ). مخطط (1) | المسار الثاني : تضمن تحضير مشتقات الثايواستر للسبروفلوكاسين (7-11)من تفاعل السبروفلوكاسين مع مركبات عديدة للثايو بوجود DMF كمذيب وباستعمال تقنية MWI . مخطط (2 ) | المسار الثالث : تضمن تحضير مشتقات الهيدرازايد للسبروفلوكاسين (12-15) من تفاعل السبروفلوكاسين مع مشتقات الهيدرازين بعد تحضير الاستر(3) كمركب وسطي في التفاعل باستخدام تقنية (MWI). مخطط (3 ) | المسار الرابع : يضم تحضير مشتقات امايدية للسبروفلوكساسين (16-29) باستعمال تقنية (MWI) مع مشتقات الامين الاليفاتية والاروماتية بعد تكوين مشتق الاستر (3) كمركب وسطي في التفاعل. مخطط (4 ) | المسار الخامس : تطرق الى تخليق مشتقات جديده لدواء السبروفلوكاسين من تفاعل ازدواج سازوكي (30-43) والتي تم تحضيرها من تفاعل مشتق السبروفلوكاسين (17) مع مختلف حوامض البورون الاروماتية المعوضة وباستعمال palladium-tetrakis(triphenyl phosphine) كعامل مساعد بواسطة التفاعل النيوكليوفليي البسيط . مخطط ( 5 ) | ان جميع هذه المركبات قد تم تحليلها وتشخيصها بواسطة طيف الاشعة تحت الحمراء وطيف الرنين النووي المغناطيسي للبروتون 1 ونظير الكاربون 13 وكذلك بواسطة التحليل الدقيق للعناصر (CHNS) كما وتم متابعة سير التفاعلات الكيميائية باستعمال تقنية TLC بوجود نوعين من المذيبات Hexane : Ethyl acetate) ) بنسبه (2 : 3) باستعمال جهاز الUV عند الطول الموجي 254 نانوميتر. | المسارالسادس : تم قياس الفعالية البايولوجية للمركبات المحضره على اربعة انواع من البكتريا المرضية (staphylococas aurans and Grantice tella adiacens) gram positive and (E.coli, protens mirabilis) gram negative | واظهرت جميع المشتقات فعالية بايولوجية عالية تجاه هذه الانواع من البكتريا تفوق فعالية دواء السبروفلوكساسين الاصلي. | == First chapter described the pharmacological importance of ciprofloxacin drug and its derivatives as anti-inflammatory drug and the literature review about the most significant process of synthesis amides, esters, carbothioate and carbohydrazide as well as Suzuki reaction by new method using microwave irradiation technique, Some of the biological applications of these compounds were studied | Second chapter described all compounds (2-43) in details the experimental work and the general procedures of preparation as well as including the analysis of FT-IR, 1H-MMR, 13C-NMR and C.H.N.S analysis. | Third chapter described in details the results and discussion for all prepared derivatives as well as explaining the result of biological activity and included six paths : | First path contains the synthesis of ester Ciprofloxacin derivatives (2-6) by reacting Ciprofloxacin drug with five types of aliphatic alcohols (Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Butanol and Pentanol) respectively in the presence of sulphuric acid as a catalyst by using MWI. Scheme (1) | Second path contains the preparation of carbothioate derivatives of Ciprofloxacin (7-11) by reaction Ciprofloxacin with various thio compounds in the presence of DMF as solvent by using MWI. Scheme(2) | Third path includes the preparation of carbohydrazide derivatives of Ciprofloxacin (12-15) by reacting Ciprofloxacin with different substituted | hydrazine compounds after synthesis of Ciprofloxacin derivatives (3) as an intermediate compound in this reaction by using MWI. Scheme (3) | Fourth path contains synthesis of amide Ciprofloxacin derivatives (16-29) by using microwave irradiation with aliphatic and aromatic amine derivatives after forming ester derivative (3) as intermediate compound in this reaction. Scheme (4) | Fifth path describes the synthesis of new Ciprofloxacin derivatives by Suzuki coupling reaction (30-43) during treatment ciprofloxacin derivative (17) with different substituted aryl boronic acid by using pd(pph3)4 palladium-tetrakis(triphenyl phosphine) as a catalyst via oxidation, transformation and reduction steps. Scheme (5) | All these synthesized compounds(2-43) were analyzed by the FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectra and (C.H.N.S) analysis as well as the follow up the progress of chemical reactions by using TLC technique. | Sixth path included the assay of biological activity of the synthesized compounds against four types of bacteria (staphylococcus aureus, Granutice tella adiacens) gram positive and (E. coli, Proteus mirabilis) gram negative the results exhibited excellent biological activity of all these synthesized compounds of these microorganisms much higher than the effectiveness of Ciprofloxacin drug. |

مقاومة الانسولين في مرضى التحصي الكلوي (حصى الكلية) والعلاقة مع ايون السترات == Insulin resistance in patients with renal stone (nephrolithiasis) and relationship with citrate ion

Author name: كـرم اكــرم محمــــود
Supervisor name: مـفـيـد جلـيــل عــوض | عـماد حـســـن محمـــود
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Clinical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Babylon
Abstract: اظهرت الدراسات الوبائية زيادة في انتشار حصى الكلية قد تصل الى 15٪ في بعض المناطق. اشارت العديد من الدراسات الى العلاقة ما بين متلازمة التمثيل الغذائي وتحصي الكلية. خصوصا زيادة الوزن ، ارتفاع ضغط الدم، الارتفاع في مستوى الجلوكوز في الدم و الاهم هو مقاومة الانسولين. ومع ذلك، فان ميكانيكية عمل المسببات لا تزال غير واضحة. هدفت الدراسة الحالية الى تقدير مقاومة الانسولين على النحو الذي يحدده تقييم نموذج التوازن ( (HOMA-IR وتقييم مستوى ايون سترات في البول باستخدام كروماتوغرافيا التبادل الايوني . بالاضافة الى ذلك، تم تحديد الجلوتاثيون المختزل و الديهايدات المالونيل الثنائية لوصف التغيرات بين الاصحاء والمرضى ودراسة مقدار الاختلافات في المعادن والعناصر النزرة بين المجموعات قيد الدراسة . | تضمنت الدراسـة جمع عينات الدم من 40 (25 رجلا و 15 امراة) شخص من المتطوعين الاصحاء ، و 80 (50 رجلا و 30 امراة) مريض من الذين يعانون من تحصي الكلية. | تم جمع البيانات عن مؤشر كتلة الجسم ومحيط الخصر، تاريخ عائلي من حصى الكلى، عدد وحجم وتكرار من تكون الحصى، وسجلت ضغط الدم ايضا، و شملت تحاليل الكيمياء الحياتية للدم و هي اختبار مستوى السكر ومستوى الانسولين في الدم لحساب قيمة مقاومة الانسولين (HOMA-IR)، وحامض اليوريك، المعادن، العناصر النزرة، الجلوتاثيون المختزل و الديهايدات المالونيل الثنائية .تم قياس درجة الحموضة البول وافراز البول من سيترات على عينة البول(24 ساعة) وبالتالي تم تصنيف المرضى الى مجموعتين. | كانت نتائج فحص مقاومة الانسولين (HOMA-IR) , مستوى حامض اليوريك في مصل الدم , مستوى السكر في مصل الدم, و مستوى ثنائي الديهايدات المالون عالية بصورة ملحوظة في مرضى حصى الكلية سواء من الذين يعانون و الذين لا يعانون داء السكري النوع الثاني عند المقارنة مع مجموعة الاصحاء قيمة ال p<0.05 . و كانت نتائج مستوى ايون السترات في الادرار و مستوى الجلوتاثايون المختزل في الدم منخفضة بصورة ملحوظة عند المقارنة بين المرضى و الاصحاء قيمة ال p<0.05 . و كانت نتائج فحص عنصر الكالسيوم الايوني و الكلي, و عنصر الصوديوم, عنصر الزنك في الدم متغير لكن بصورة غير ملحوظة. لوحظ ان علاقة مستوى مقاومة الانسولين HOMA-IR مع مستوى حمض اليوريك في الدم بشكل ايجابي , و كانت علاقة مستوى مقاومة الانسولين في الدم مع مستوى ايون السترات في الادرار و مستوى الجلوتاثيون المختزل علاقة سلبية . | يمكن الاستنتاج من الدراسة الحالية الى ان مستوى حدوث الحصى الكلية غالبا في منتصف العمر يتراوح بين (36-45) سنة و في الرجال اكثر من النساء. معظم المرضى لا يعانون من تاريخ عائلي في حصى الكلى. معظم المرضى عانوا من حصية واحدة ومع حجم (≥16 ملم). تكرار الحصى و الحصى الثنائية الموقع في عدد قليل من المرضى. | ملاحظة زيادة مقاومة الانسولين وحمض اليوريك في الدم ومستوى السكر في الدم ومالونديالدهيد في مرضى الحصى الكلوية. وانخفضت ايونات السيترات البولية وجلوتاثيون في مرضى حصى الكلى. وقد تغير المصل الايوني والكالسيوم الكلي، الصوديوم في الدم، ودرجة الحموضة البولية والزنك في الدم. | مقاومة الانسولين قد تشارك في زيادة خطر تشكيل الحجر عن طريق خفض افراز سترات البول وزيادة الحموضة من البول. هناك تغييرات في انخفاض الجلوتاثيون والمالونديالدهيد بين المرضى الذين يعانون من حصى الكلى والمواضيع الصحية | == The epidemiological studies had shown an increase in the prevalence of nephrolithiasis (renal stones) may up to 15% in some areas. Also, there were many studies suggested association of metabolic syndrome and nephrolithiasis, specially overweight, hypertension, glucose intolerance and the main important one was insulin resistance. However, the mechanisms still unclear. This study aimed to estimate insulin resistance as determined by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) and evaluate the level of citrate ion in urine by using ion chromatography. Additionally, reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde were determined to explain the changes between healthy and patients in oxidative stress and study the differences in some minerals between groups. | A case control study of 40 (25 men and 15 women) healthy control groups, 80 ( 50 men and 30 women)patients with renal stones. Data about body mass index, waist circumference, family history of renal stones, number, size and recurrence of stones, blood pressure were recorded, also, serum biochemistry including fasting blood glucose and insulin were determined to calculate HOMA-IR value. Serum uric acid, calcium (ionic and total), sodium, zinc, reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde also measured. Urine pH and urinary excretion of citrate were estimated on 24 hour urine samples and accordingly the patients were grouped into two subgroups. | The results of insulin resistance, serum uric acid , fasting bloode glucose level and serum malondialdehyde had significant increased both patients sub groups with and without diabetes with (p<0.05). The urinary citrate ion and serum reduced glutathione had significant decreased in patients sub groups with (p>0.05). While serum ionic and total calcium, serum sodium, urinary pH and serum zinc had changed but not significantly. The HOMA-IR was related to serum uric acid positively and related negatively to urinary citrate ion and serum reduced glutathione. | In conclusion, the incidence of renal stone was mostly occurred in middle age ranged between (36-45) years old and in men more than women. The most patients with negative family history of renal stone. The most patients with single stone and with stone size (≥16mm). The recurrence of stone and bilateral stone position in the little patients . | The insulin resistance, serum uric acid, fasting blood glucose level and serum malondialdehyde were increased in renal stones patients.The urinary citrate ion and serum glutathione were decreased in renal stone patients . The serum ionic and total calcium, serum sodium, urinary pH and serum zinc had changed . | The insulin resistance may participate in increase risk of stone formation by lowering urinary citrate excretion and by increase acidity of urine. There are changes in reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde between patients with renal stone and healthy subjects |

تحضير و تشخيص و تقييم الفعالية الحيوية لبعض المركبات الحلقية الغير متجانسة الجديدة لمشتق5.5 ثنائي مثيل ايميدازولدين دايون == Synthesis,Characterization and Biological activity of Some New Heterocyclic Compounds For 5,5 - dimethylimidazolidine - dione

Author name: محمد رضا عبود الحيدري
Supervisor name: شيرين رضراسول
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
Abstract: The work reported in this thesis involves synthesis of 26 new heterocyclic compounds of 5,5-dimethyl imidazolidinedione.All the prepared compounds have been studied phesical properties and identified by using( FT-IR, 1H-NMR ( Schemes 1, 2 and 3 summarize the preparation steps. | The ester derivatives of the 5,5-diethylhydantoin have been prepared M1 compound has highest percentage yield(Scheme 1). | The carboxylic acid derivatives of imidazolidandione M2 have been synthesized either by hydrolysis of M1 using hydrochloric acid or by alkylation of the nitrogen of M by fusing it with bromo acetic acid in basic medium. The reaction of M2 with thionyl chloride gave compound M3 as shown in (Scheme1). | Synthesis of hippuric acid derivative M4 have been done by the reaction of M3 with glycine in the presence of 10% NaOH, followed by a cyclization reaction to M4 with different substituted aldehydes in the presence of acetic anhydride/acetic acid to get 1,3-oxazole in M5 and M6 derivatives as shown in (Scheme1). | The synthesis of 1,3-imidazole M7 and M8 have been conducted using hydrazine 80% with 1,3-oxazole derivatives (M5 and M6) as shown in (Scheme2). | Synthesis of imidazole esters M9 and M10 by the reaction of M7 and M8 with ethylbromo acetate in basic media then used in reaction with hydrazine 80% to prepar M11 and M12 as shown in (Scheme 2) | Also, the M11 and M12 have been used to prepare two different types of derivatives as follows : - | Firstly;by treating with carbon disulfide in basic media and cyclization to prepare 1,3-oxadiazole derivatives substituted by thiol group M13 and M14. | Summary | II | Secondly;synthesis of triazole M15 and M16 from M11 and M12 by reaction with carbon disulfide in basic media followed by addition of hydrazine 80% as shown in (Scheme2). | On the other hand, synthesis of M17 and M18 by reacting of M5 and M6 with ethyl acetoacetate in basic medium as shown in (Scheme3). | The M17 and M18 used to prepare two different types of derivatives : Firstly; synthesis of pyrazole derivatives M19 and M20 by reaction of M17 and M18 with hydrazine hydrate 80% during ten hours. | Secondly; synthesis of hydrazide derivatives M21 and M22 by reaction M17 and M18 with hydrazine hydrate 80% during five hours as shown in (Scheme3). | Synthesis of new Schiff base derivatives M23 and M24 by addition new aldehyde p-bromobenzaldehyde and N,N-dimethylamino benzaldehyde to M21 and M22 and finally cyclization by acetic anhydride to prepared M25 and M26 as shown in (Scheme3). | For some prepared compounds M1-M26 the λexcitation, λemmition, intensity and absorbency at the same concentration were studied and quantum yields are calculated. | Also biological activity of some of the prepared compounds are studied by using two type of bacteria( Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) and most of them showed good antibacterial activity

تحضير بعض مشتقات السكرين الحاوية على 3,2,1 - ترايازول و 3,2,1 - ترايازولين ودراسة الفعالية البايلوجية ومضادات الاكسدة == Synthesis Of Some Saccharin Derivatives containing 1,2,3 - Triazole And 1,2,3 - Triazoline And Studying Antibacterial And Antioxidant

Author name: مصطفى كطان شنيشل
Supervisor name: سعدون عبد الله عودة | احمد وحيد ناصر
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Babylon
Abstract: يتضمن البحث تحضير بعض المركبات الجديدة من 3,2,1-ترايازول و 3,2,1-ترايازولين المحضرة ابتداءا من سكرين الصوديوم (1) هذا المركب تفاعل مع كلوريد البروبرجيل والاليل ليكون سكرين البروبرجيل (2) وسكرين الاليل (3). | البحث يقسم الى ثلاثة اجزاء، خطوات كل جزء ملخصة كما يلي : | الجزء الاول : تحضير مشتقات 3,2,1-ترايازول المخطط (1) ويتضمن : | 1) تحضير N-[(1-alkyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl] saccharin (1a,b) من تفاعل سكرين البروبرجيل (2) مع ن-هبتيل ازيد و بنزيل ازيد حسب (click conditions). | 2) التحلل المائي للمركبات (1a,b) مع 10% هيدروكسيد الصوديوم كون مشتقات الحامض الكربوكسيلي (2a,b). | 3) تحضير مشتقات الاستر (3a,b) من خلال تفاعل مشتقات الحامض الكربوكسيلي (2a,b) مع كحول الايثانول المطلق بوجود حامض الكبريتيك. | 4) تحضير مشتقات البنزويك هيدرازايد (4a,b) من خلال تفاعل مشتقات الاستر (3a,b) مع الهيدرازين المائي بتركيز (80%). | 5) تفاعل المشتقات (4a,b) مع كلوريد البروبرجيل ليكون مشتقات (N'-propargyl benzoic hydrazide) (5a,b). | 6) تحضير مشتقات ثنائي-3,2,1-ترايازول (6a,b) حسب (click conditions) وذلك من خلال تفاعل المشتقات (5a,b) مع ن-هبتيل ازيد وبنزيل ازيد. | 7) تحضير مشتقات 5-امينو-3,2,1-ثايادايازول (7a,b) بتفاعل غلق حلقي للمشتقات (2a,b) مع ثايوسيمي كاربازايد بوجود اوكسي كلوريد الفوسفور. | 8) تحضير قواعد شف (8a,b) و(9a,b) و(10a,b) من خلال تكاثف المشتقات (4a,b) مع بعض الالديهايدات الاروماتية (بنزالديهايد و 4-مثيل بنزالديهايد و 4-ميثوكسي بنزالديهايد) بوجود بعض القطرات من حامض الخليك التلجي. | الجزء الثاني : تحضير مشتقات 3,2,1-ترايازولين المخطط (2) ويتضمن : | 1) تحضير N-[(1-alkyl-1,2,3-triazolin-4-yl)methyl] saccharin (1c,d) من تفاعل سكرين الاليل (3) مع ن-هبتيل ازيد و بنزيل ازيد. | 2) التحلل المائي للمركبات (1c,d) مع 10% هيدروكسيد الصوديوم كون مشتقات الحامض الكربوكسيلي (2c,d). | 3) تحضير مشتقات الاستر (3c,d) من خلال تفاعل مشتقات الحامض الكربوكسيلي (2c,d) مع كحول الايثانول المطلق بوجود حامض الكبريتيك. | 4) تحضير مشتقات البنزويك هيدرازايد (4c,d) من خلال تفاعل مشتقات الاستر (3c,d) مع الهيدرازين المائي بتركيز (80%). | 5) تفاعل المشتقات (4c,d) مع كلوريد الاليل ليكون مشتقات (N'-allyl benzoic hydrazide) (5c,d). | 6) تحضير مشتقات ثنائي-3,2,1-ترايازول (6c,d) وذلك من خلال تفاعل المشتقات (5c,d) مع ن-هبتيل ازيد وبنزيل ازيد. | 7) تحضير مشتقات 5-امينو-3,2,1-ثايادايازول (7c,d) بتفاعل غلق حلقي للمشتقات (2c,d) مع ثايوسيمي كاربازايد بوجود اوكسي كلوريد الفوسفور. | 8) تحضير قواعد شف (8c,d) و(9c,d) و(10c,d) من خلال تكاثف المشتقات (4c,d) مع بعض الالديهايدات الاروماتية (بنزالديهايد و 4-مثيل بنزالديهايد و 4-ميثوكسي بنزالديهايد) بوجود بعض القطرات من حامض الخليك التلجي. | المركبات الجديدة المحضرة تم تشخيصها بالوسائل الطيفية (طيف الاشعة تحت الحمراء، طيف الرنين النووي المغناطيسي، طيف الكتلة). | الجزء الثالث : دراسة الفعالية البيولوجية للمركبات المحضرة (مضادات البكتيريا ومضادات الاكسدة) بعض المركبات كانت ذات فعالية في حين البعض الاخر لم تكن ذات فعالية | == Throughout this work some of novel 1,2,3-triazole and 1,2,3-triazoline derivatives have been synthesized from sodium saccharin (1) as a starting material. This compound upon reaction with propargyl chloride and allyl chloride afforded N-propargyl saccharin (2) and N-allyl saccharin (3). | This work is divided into three parts; the steps for each part are summarized as shown below : | Part (1) : Synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole derivatives scheme (1) and involves : | 1) Synthesis of N-[(1-alkyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl] saccharin derivatives (1a,b) via click reaction of compound (2) with n-heptyl azide and benzyl azide. | 2) Hydrolysis of (1a,b) compounds using 10% NaOH to get carboxylic acid derivatives (2a,b). | 3) Synthesis of ester derivatives (3a,b) via the reaction of carboxylic acid derivatives (2a,b) with absolute ethanol in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid. | 4) Synthesis of benzoic hydrazide derivatives (4a,b) via the reaction of ester derivatives (3a,b) with 80% hydrazine hydrate. | 5) Reaction of (4a,b) compounds with propargyl chloride to afford N'-propargyl benzoic hydrazide derivatives (5a,b). | 6) Synthesis of bis-1,2,3-triazole derivatives (6a,b) via click reaction of (5a,b) compounds with n-heptyl azide and benzyl azide. | 7) Synthesis of 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives (7a,b) form the cyclization of (2a,b) compounds with thiosemicarbazide in the presence of phosphorous oxychloride. | 8) Synthesis of Schiff's bases (8a,b), (9a,b) and (10a,b) via the condensation of compounds (4a,b) with some aromatic aldehydes such as benzaldehyde, p-methyl benzaldehyde and p-methoxy benzaldehyde in the presence of few drops of glacial acetic acid | Part (2) : Synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoline derivatives scheme (2) and involves : | 1) Synthesis of N-((1-alkyl-1,2,3-triazolin-4-yl)methyl) saccharin derivatives (1c,d) via reaction of compound (3) with n-heptyl azide and benzyl azide. | 2) Hydrolysis of (1c,d) compounds using 10% NaOH to get carboxylic acid derivatives (2c,d). | 3) Synthesis of ester derivatives (3c,d) via the reaction of carboxylic acid derivatives (2c,d) with absolute ethanol in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid. | 4) Synthesis of benzoic hydrazide derivatives (4c,d) via the reaction of ester derivatives (3c,d) with 80% hydrazine hydrate. | 5) Reaction of (4c,d) compounds with allyl chloride to afford N'-allyl benzoic hydrazide derivatives (5c,d). | 6) Synthesis of bis-1,2,3-triazoline derivatives (6c,d) via reaction of (5c,d) compounds with n-heptyl azide and benzyl azide. | 7) Synthesis of 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives (7c,d) form the cyclization of (2c,d) compounds with thiosemicarbazide in the presence of phosphorous oxychloride. | 8) Synthesis of Schiff's bases (8c,d), (9c,d) and (10c,d) via the condensation of compounds (4c,d) with some aromatic aldehydes such as benzaldehyde, p-methyl benzaldehyde and p-methoxy benzaldehyde in the presence of few drops of glacial acetic acid. | The newly synthesized compounds have been identified by using FT.IR, 1-HNMR 13C-NMR and mass spectra. | Part 3 : Study the anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant activities : | The synthesized compounds were tested in vitro for their anti-oxidant (reducing activity) and anti-bacterial activity against one strain of Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus Aureus), and one strain Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and some of them were active while the other were not.

تحضير و تشخيص انابيب الكاربون النانوية من بعض الكحولات و التطبيقات الضوئية == Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes from some Alcohols and Photo Applications

Author name: غسان جاسم محمد علي
Supervisor name: فلاح حسن حسين
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Babylon
Abstract: هذه الرسالة ركزت على تحضير انابيب الكاربون النانوية (CNTs) من انواع مختلفة من الكحولات (الايثانول, 1- بروبانول و 2- بروبانول) باستخدام طريقة الترسيب الكيميائي للبخار(CVD) بوجود وعدم وجود العامل المساعد. العامل المساعد المستخدم في هذا التحضير هو الحديد المحمل على اوكسيد المغنيسيوم (Fe/MgO). | ظروف تجربة تحضير انابيب الكاربون النانوية تضمنت نوع المصدر الكاربوني و نوع الغاز الناقل و سرعة المرور و نوع الساند ونوع المحفز و حرارة النمو و زمن التحضير للنمو. تم الحصول على انابيب الكاربون النانوية من هذه الطريقة وباتباع هذه الضروف التي تضمنت : استخدام الكحولات كمصدر للكاربون في ثلاثة اشكال ( ايثانول, 1- بروبانول و 2- بروبانول). ان نوع المحفز والساند كانت مزيج من معدنين Fe/MgO عند نسبة ثابتة 1-10. ان وقت التحضير كان 1 : 30 ساعة, حرارة النمو كانت 750 درجة مئوية وان نوع الغاز الناقل كان النايتروجين مع سرعة مرور 100 مل\الدقيقة. | تقنيات مختلفة استخدمت لتشخيص انابيب الكاربون النانوية المحضرة. التقنيات المستخدمة هي انعكاس الاشعة السينية (XRD) و اطياف رامان و المجهر الالكتروني النافذ(STEM) و المجهر الالكتروني(SEM) ومجهر ايون الهليوم (HIM) و طاقة الاشعة السينية المتشتتة (EDX)و التحليل الوزني الحراري .(TGA) | التحليل بتقنية XRD و EDX استخدم للحصول على معلومات حول هيكل لانابيب الكاربون النانوية ومكونات العناصر الموجودة في العينة. استخدم مطياف رامان للتحقق من تكون انابيب الكاربون النانوية وكذلك جودة هذه الانابيب. تشير نتائج اطياف رامان الى انه تم الحصول على الحزم الرئيسية لانابيب الكاربون النانوية والتي تؤكد على تكون هذه الانابيب. تشير صور HIM وSEM و STEM الى ان انابيب الكاربون النانوية المحضرة لديها متوسط اعلى طول 10 مايكروميتر واقل قطر يتراوح بين 5-8 نانوميتر ومع عدد طبقات يتراوح بين 3-6 طبقة. | درست الفعالية الضوئية للعامل المساعد P25/CNTs باستخدام مركب الكوبال امين. العديد من العوامل العملية المؤثرة هي مثل وزن العامل المساعد المستخدم CNTs/TiO2 (175\5, 175\15, 175\25) ملغم و نوع الغاز المستخدم و مع تركيز 40 ppm من صبغة الكوبال امين. | هذا التفاعل يبين ان المزيج 15 و 175 ملغم من CNTs و P25 على التوالي اعطى افضل كفائة ازالة مقارنة مع المزيجين الاخرين وهو يتساوى مع كفائة ازالة P25 175 ملغم لوحده. | == This thesis focuses on the synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from different types of alcohols (ethanol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol) via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method in the presence and absence of catalyst. The catalyst used in the synthesis is iron loaded over magnesium oxide (Fe/MgO). | The conditions of experiment of synthesis CNTs include : type of carbon source, type of carrier gas, flow rate, type of support, type of catalyst, growth temperature and synthesis time of growth. CNTs were obtained from this method and by following these conditions which include : using alcohols as carbon source in three forms (ethanol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol). Type of catalyst and support were mixture of two materials Fe/MgO at fixed ratio 1 : 10. The synthesis time was 1.5 hr, growth temperature was 750 oC and the type of carrier gas was nitrogen gas with flow rate 100 ml/min. | Various experimental techniques were used for characterization of the synthesized CNTs. The techniques used are x-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), helium ion microscopy (HIM), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). XRD and EDX analysis were used to obtain information about structure of CNTs and the composition of elements in the sample. Raman spectroscopy was used to investigate the confirm of CNTs and the quality of the tube. The result of Raman spectra indicate that the main band of CNTs was obtained and which it investigates the confirm of CNTs. The STEM, SEM and HIM images indicate that the synthesized CNTs that has average highest length around 10 μ and lower diameters for synthesized CNTs ranged from 5-8 nm and with number of layers ranged from 3-6 layers for CNTs. | The photo-efficiency of P25/CNTs catalyst is studied using cobalamine as a model compound. The effect of several operation parameters, such as the effect the weight of the catalyst used P25/CNTs (175/5, 175/15, 175/25) mg, the type of gas used (air and nitrogen gas) and with 40 ppm of cobalamine dye. | This reaction shows that the mixture of 15 and 175 mg of CNTs and P25 respectively gave best removal efficiency as compared with the two mixture and equal to the removal efficiency of P25 (175 mg) alone |

تاثير بعض مكونات القهوة على فعالية انزيم ? - Galactosidases المستخلص من بكتريا الفم المرتبطة بالبخر الفموي == Effect of Some Coffee Components on The Activity of ? - Galactosidase Isolated From Oral Bacteria Associated with Halitosis

Author name: اميرة مريبي زرزور عبد الفضلي
Supervisor name: عودة مزعل الزاملي | قاسم نجم ثويني
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Babylon
Abstract: This study includes extraction and purification of α-galactosidase enzyme from Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae associated with halitosis infections & estimating the inhibition behaviors of some coffee components (caffeine and chlorogenic acid) on the activity of this enzyme. These isolates were collected from outpatients attending Dental Clinical in Al-Zahra Hospital , Al-Kut/ Wasit province, Iraq during (March to October 2014) with age of (21-60 years old ), clinically diagnosed as having halitosis; from 100 patients (30 : 30%) had positive bacterial culture. Thirteen (43.3%) of these 30 patients were females; (6 : 46.1%) of them with gram negative bacteria whereas (7 : 53.8 %) were having gram positive bacteria, while (17 : 56.6%) were collected from males, (8 : 47.0%) having gram negative bacteria, and ( 9 : 52.9%) with gram positive bacteria. Among the gram negative bacteria isolated, four(20.0%) isolates belonged to Veillonella spp., 3 to Porphyromonas endontalis (15.0%), and 2 to Prevotella intermedia (10.0%). Whereas gram-positive isolates were 4 belonged to Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (20.0%), 4 to Streptococcus salivariu ( 20.0%), and 3 to Streptococcus oralis (15.0%). Further identification of these isolates was performed depending on commercial systems (Api20E ), in addition to Vitek2 system which also has the ability to identify the ability of bacteria to produce galactosidase and determine its type (either α-galactosidase or β-galactosidase). So that Vitek2 system helped us to select an isolate with ability to produce α-galactosidase. | Identification of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiais was based on gram staining, colonial morphology, hemolytic and biochemical properties. Identification of the isolates was confirmed by Api20E system and automatic Vitek2 system. These 4 isolates were designated by the | II | researcher as E. rhusiopathiae IrqA1, E. rhusiopathiae IrqA2, E. rhusiopathiae IrqA3, and E. rhusiopathiae IrqA4. | Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae IrqA2 was used for extraction and purification of α -galactosidase. This isolate was selected because it had a higher enzyme activity (730 U/ml). α-galactosidase enzyme has been extracted from a selected Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae IrqA2 isolates and its concentration of protein was estimated to be 19.56 mg/ml as a crude protein. The activity of the enzyme was measured using ( p-nitrophenyl- α -D-galactopyranoside) as substrate , then purification steps included precipitation by 40% ammonium sulfate ( yielded 4.74mg/ml protein) with activity 515.2U/ml ,dialysis , DEAE- cellulose chromatography of partially purified α-galactosidase after ammonium sulfate precipitation showed one peak with maximum activity 331.15U/ml ( 0.537mg/ml of protein) .After ion-exchange chromatography, SDS-PAGE showed protein band at 55KDa) represented subunit of the partially purified enzyme . Kinetics parameter were calculated , Km (5.5 mM )& Vmax (8.3 μmol /min). The enzyme showed maximum activity at 45°C at pH 6.5 . | The effect of caffeine on partially purified α -galactosidase activity revealed non-competitive inhibition (decrease Vmax 6.2μmol/min, unchanged Km value 5.5 mM ). However, the effect of chlorogenic acid showed an uncompetitive inhibition on enzyme activity .Which reflected that the enzyme has a single catalytic site since the change in Km (3.1 mM ) & Vmax (4.1 μmol/min) was observed . Worldwide and based on literature review, this is the first study for extraction of α-galactosidase enzyme from this bacterium.

دراسة مقارنة تاثير عقاري كلابنكلامايد والميتفورمين على فعالية اراجدونيت 15 لايبوكسيجينيز واكسدة الدهون الفوقية في امصال بعض المرضى العراقين المصابين بالسكري النوع الثاني

Author name: حيدر خابط عبود القيسي
Supervisor name: محمود حسين هدوان
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Babylon
Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders described with chronic hyperglycemia arising from disorders in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. The presence of these consequences in chronic hyperglycemia led to damage, dysfunction, and failure of some organs, principally eyes, kidneys, heart, nerves, and blood vessels. | Enzymatic lipid oxidation comprises an enzyme as a catalyst, and provides very specific stereo and regiospecific compounds. Non-enzymatic does not produce specific compounds, many stereo-and positional isomers produced. There are three families of enzymes implicated in the oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid. These involve the lipoxygenases, which form leukotrienes (LT), hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HPETEs), hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), and hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (HODEs). | The aims of the study are : | - Determining the effects of glibenclamide and metformin on the following parameters : lipid profile, lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant capacity, α-tocopherol, total oxidant status and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase activity | - Developing a new precise method for assessment catalase activity and compared it with ordinary methods. | The study included a hundred and twenty patients with diabetes type II aged between (44.5±9.2) years old models were obtained from patients in a clinical study in Al-Najaf Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology (Al-Najaf City, Iraq) additionally to sixty individuals representing a healthy control group aged between (42.4±7.2) years old within the period of March 2015 to the end of December 2015. | ABSTRACT | ii | The study includes the following groups : | 1- Patients with diabetes type II (30males & 30 females) were treated with metformin (Glucophage). | 2- Patients with diabetes type II (30males & 30 females) were treated with (Daonil) Glibeneclamide. | 3- Healthy subjects (30males & 30 females) were selected as a control. | Subjects have been diagnosed with diabetes, according to World Health Organization (WHO) standards, which include that all patients within the study does not suffer any of the cases high blood pressure, not smoking, not abusing alcohol or any treatment. All cases outside of these criteria were excluded from the study, the use of serums and blood as models for the study were obtained on serums from the blood of patients and healthy controls to be measured levels of both glucose blood in the case of fasting cholesterol , triglyceride and lipoproteins (HDL-c, LDL-c, VLDL-c,) as well as the measurement of hemoglobin level glycated HbA1c in the blood and so were measured concentration malondialdehyde MDA as an indicator of lipid peroxidation way spectrofluorometer , total reactive oxygene species as an indicator total oxidant status, also have been measured total antioxidants and measuring the concentration of vitamin E, the development of a new way to measure the effectiveness of an catalase enzyme through add correction factors to the equation first Order Reactions to increase accuracy and precision , measure the levels of enzyme Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase , it was shown that there were significant differences and other variables were not significant for all the different types of diabetes-related treatment. It was found by studying the effectiveness of the enzyme 15- lipoxygenase not changed with the male patients treated with mtformin and glibenclamide compared with healthy | ABSTRACT | iii | controls, but there were significant decrease in the efficiency with female therapists with glipenclamide and mtformin there is a significant increase in the concentration of MDA in each of the male and females treated with metformin and glibenclamide in contrast, a decrease in the ability of antioxidants in both males and females treated with glibenclamide but this ability does not change with both male and female therapists patients with metformin . | Conclusion | oxidation of lipids enzymatic and non enzymatic leads to the formation of lipid peroxides that have a direct impact on the diabetes and that the lipoxygenase enzyme the source of enzymatic sources that reduce antioxidants and increase the concentration of free radicals. glibenclamide reduces concentration of the enzyme as well as increase antioxidants capacity and reduces lipid peroxides and reduce HbA1C In addition Show that the patients were treated with metformin or glibenclamide had non-significantly changed in serum α-tocopherol levels than the control group. | The results show decrease HDL levels; when compared with healthy subjects, but incresed LDL, VLDL, TC, and TG ; that is may be related to increased oxidative stress.

التقدير الطيفي لبعض المركبات الدوائية باستخدام تفاعلات مولدة للون == Spectrophotometric determination of some drug compounds by using a color - producing reactions

Author name: منى اسكندر مهدي هندي
Supervisor name: قاسم حسن كاظم
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
Abstract: تضمن الفصل الاول مقدمة عامة عن الادوية و التحاليل الدوائية وبعض المفاهيم الاساسية عن التحليل بالطرق الطيفية المعتمدة على امتصاص الاشعة فوق البنفسجية والمرئية المستعملة في هذا النوع من التحاليل, اذ اشتمل على مقدمة عن تفاعلات الازوتة -الاقتران واهميتها في التقدير الطيفي للعديد من المركبات الدوائية واهم العوامل المؤثرة على استقراريته. كما تضمن مقدمة عامة عن دواء السلفاديازين واستعراضا للطرائق التحليلية المستعملة في تقديره, كما | وصفت طريقة طيفية بسيطة وحساسة لتقدير السلفاديازين في المحلوله المائي في حالته النقية | و في بعض مستحضراته الصيدلانية, حيث تعتمد على اقتران السلفاديازين مع الكاشف العضوي 2,5-dimethoxyaniline في الوسط الحامضي, واعطائه صبغة ازو مستقرة ذائبة في الماء لها اقصى امتصاص عند الطول الموجي 478 نانوميتر. وجد ان الطريقة المقترحة تتبع قانون بير لامبرت بمدى تركيز (5-0.1) مايكروغرام.مل-1, وبمعامل امتصاصي مولاري 8.264×104 لتر.مول-1.سم-1, وحساسية ساندل 0.003 مايكروغرام.سم-2, وحد كشف 0.023 مايكروغرام.مل-1, وحد التقدير كمي 0.078مايكروغرام .مل-1, ومعدل نسبة استرداد 99.26%, ومعدل الانحراف القياسي النسبي 0.978%. طبقت الطريقة بنجاح لتقدير السلفاديازين في مستحضراته الصيدلانية والتي كانت على شكل (كريم حروق), اذ وجد ان نتائج الطريقة تتفق مع المحتوى الاصلي للمستحضرات الصيدلانية ومع نتائج الطريقة القياسية المستعملة في تقدير السلفاديازين, وتم تقييم نتائج الطريقة المقترحة من خلال حساب قيم اختباري t وF والتي كانت اقل من القيم الجدولية عند مستوى الثقة 95% مما يدل على ان الطريقتين المقترحة والقياسية لا تختلفان بشكل ملحوظ في الدقة والتوافقية. | واشتمل الفصل الثاني على مقدمة عامة عن دواء الثايمول واستعراضا للطرائق التحليلية المستعملة في تقديره, اذ وصفت طريقة طيفية بسيطة وحساسة لتقدير الثايمول في المحلول المائي في حالته النقية و في بعض مستحضراته الصيدلانية. تعتمد هذه الطريقة على اقتران الثايمول مع دواء السلفاديازين ككشاف عضوي مؤزوت في الوسط القاعدي, واعطائه صبغة ازو مستقرة ذائبة في الماء لها اقصى امتصاص عند الطول الموجي 472 نانوميتر. وجد ان الطريقة المقترحة تتبع قانون بير لامبرت بمدى تركيز (10-0.05) مايكروغرام.مل-1, وبمعامل امتصاص مولاري 2.616×104 لتر.مول-1.سم-1, وحساسية ساندل 0.0057 مايكروغرام.سم-2, وحد كشف 0.039 مايكروغرام.مل-1, وحد التقدير كمي 0.129مايكروغرام .مل-1, ومعدل نسبة استرداد 99.30%, ومعدل الانحراف القياسي النسبي 0.74%. طبقت الطريقة بنجاح لتقدير الثايمول في مستحضراته الصيدلانية والتي كانت على شكل (غسول فم), اذ وجد ان نتائج الطريقة تتفق مع المحتوى الاصلي للمستحضرات الصيدلانية ومع نتائج الطريقة القياسية المستعملة في تقدير الثايمول, وتم تقييم نتائج الطريقة المقترحة من خلال حساب قيم اختباري t وF والتي كانت اقل من القيم الجدولية عند مستوى الثقة 95% مما يدل على ان الطريقة المقترحة والقياسية لا تختلفان بشكل ملحوظ في الدقة والتوافقية. | واما الفصل الثالث فتضمن مقدمة عن تفاعلات الاقتران التاكسدي واهميتها في التقدير الطيفي للعديد من المركبات الدوائية واهم الميكانيكيات المتبعة والعوامل المؤثرة على استقراريتها كما تضمن مقدمة عامة عن دواء الرزورسينول واستعراضا للطرائق التحليلية المستعملة في تقديره, ووصفت طريقة طيفية بسيطة وحساسة لتقدير الرزورسينول في محلوله المائي في حالته النقية و في بعض عينات الخام النقية, تعتمد الطريقة على اقتران الرزورسينول مع الكاشف العضوي 2,5-dimethoxyaniline اقترانا تاكسديا بوجود بيرسلفات البوتاسيوم في الوسط القاعدي, واعطاء صبغة مستقرة ذائبة في الماء لها اقصى امتصاص عند الطول الموجي 642 نانوميتر. وجد ان الطريقة المقترحة تتبع قانون بير لامبرت بمدى تركيز (19-1) مايكروغرام.مل-1, وبمعامل امتصاص مولارية 9.414×103 لتر.مول-1.سم-1, وحساسية ساندل 0.0116 مايكروغرام.سم-2, وحد كشف 0.0239 مايكروغرام.مل-1, وحد التقدير كمي 0.791مايكروغرام .مل-1, ومعدل نسبة استرداد 99.44%, ومعدل الانحراف القياسي النسبي 0.939%. طبقت الطريقة بنجاح لتقدير الرزورسينول في بعض عينات الخام النقية للرزورسينول, اذ وجد ان نتائج الطريقة تتفق مع نتائج الطريقة القياسية المستعملة في تقدير الرزورسينول, وتم تقيم نتائج الطريقة المقترحة من خلال حساب قيم اختباري t وF والتي كانت اقل من القيم الجدولية عند مستوى الثقة 95% مما يدل على ان الطريقة المقترحة والقياسية لا تختلفان بشكل ملحوظ في الدقة والتوافقية. | == The first Chapter includes a general Introduction on drugs, pharmaceutical analysis and some basic concepts, based on absorption of ultraviolet and visible that used in this type of analysis. It includes an introduction to the diazo coupling reactions and its importance in appreciation spectroscopy of many pharmaceutical compounds, as well as the most important factors affecting on the stability. Its includes ageneral introduction about Sulfadiazine drug and a review of the analytical methods that have been used for determination of sulfadiazine. This chapter described a simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method for determination of Sulfadiazine in the aqueous media in its pure form and some pharmaceutical compounds. The method depends on the coupling of Sulfadiazine with organic reagent 2,5-dimethoxyaniline in acidic medium to give a stable azo-dye soluble in water that has amaximum absorption at wavelength 478 nm. Beer's law was obeyed between (0.1-5)µg.mL-1, a molar absorptivity 8.264 × 104L.mol-1.cm-1, Sandel sensitivity 0.003 µg.L-2 , the LOD was 0.023 µg.mL-1, and LOQ 0.078 µg.mL-1, average recovery was 99.26%, and the average of the relative standard deviation was 0.968%. The method was applied successfully for the determination of Sulfadiazine in pharmaceutical compounds (cream burns), and the analytical results were compared with the claim content of pharmaceuticals and also with the standard method was used for estimation of Sulfadiazine, evaluating the proposed method results by using F and t-test. It was found results experimental F and t value at 95% confidence level did not exceed the critical values. This means the proposed method do not differ significantly in accuracy and validity with standard method. | The second Chapter includes ageneral introduction about thymol drug and a review of the analytical methods that have been used for the determination of Thymol. It describs a simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method for determination of thymol in the aqueous media in its pure state and some pharmaceutical compounds, the method depends on the coupling of thymol with Sulfadiazine as organic reagent in basic medium, giving a stable azo-dye soluble in water the has | a maximum absorption at wavelength 472 nm. Beer's law was obeyed between (0.05-10)µg.mL-1, with a molar absorptivity 2.616×104L.mol-1.cm-1, Sandel sensitivity 0.0057 µg.L-2 , the LOD Was 0.0389 µg.mL-1, and LOQ 0.129 µg.mL-1, average recovery was 99.30%, and the average of the relative standard deviation was 0.739%. The method was applied successfully for the determination of thymol in pharmaceutical compounds (Mouthwash), and the analytical results were compared with the claimed content of pharmaceuticals and also with the standard method used for estimation of Thymol, evaluating the proposed method results by using F and t-test. It was found results experimental F and t value at 95% confidence level did not exceed the critical values This means the proposed method do not differ significantly in accuracy and validity with standard method. | The Chapter three includes an introduction about oxidative coupling reactions and its importance in spectrometric determination of many pharmaceutical compounds. Also, the most important mechanisms and the factors that affecting on the stability were. Also studied includes a general introduction of Resorcinol drug and a review of the analytical methods that have been used for the determination of Resorcinol. This chapter describs a simple and sensitive method to determination the Resorcinol in the aquas solution and in its pure state. The method depends on the coupling of Resorcinol with organic reagent 2,5-dimethoxyaniline as coupling oxidation in the presence of potassium persulfate as oxidant in base medium , giving a stable dye dissolved in water that has a maximum absorption at wavelength 642 nm. Beer's law was obeyed between (1-19)µg.mL-1, with a molar absorptivity 9.414×103L.mol-1.cm-1, Sandel sensitivity 0.0116 µg.L-2 , the LOD Was 0.0239 µg.mL-1, and LOQ 0.791 µg.mL-1, average recovery was 99.44%, and the average of the relative standard deviation was 0.939%. The method was applied successfully for the determination of Resorcinol in pure samples. The analytical results were compared statistically with the standard method by was evaluating the proposed method results using F and t-test. It was found experimental results F and t value at 95% confidence level did not exceed the critical values This means the proposed standard method do not differ significantly in accuracy and preasion with standard method.

التكسير الضوئية المحفزة لصبغة Orange G بواسطة العامل المساعد المزدوج Nb2O5/Sb2O3 ودراسة الحركيات == Photocatalytic degradation of Orange G dye by using coupled Nb2O5/Sb2O3 and study the kinetic

Author name: مروة محمد علي عبيد حسان
Supervisor name: ندى يحيى فيروز
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Babylon
Abstract: This study includes the preparation of new coupled Nb2O5/Sb2O3 by using dry mixing methods for Niobium pentoxide and Antimony trioxide at different ratios of (0.25 : 0.75 ,0.5 : 0.5 and 0.75 : 0.25) W/W % and calcination at different temperature 400 °C , 500 °C and 600 °C . The prepared catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction , Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Technique (FT-IR) , Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), UV-Vis spectroscopy and measure band gap energy for the prepared coupled catalyst. The photocatalytic degradation of Orange G dye was evaluated under using high pressure mercury lamp after determining the wavelength of Orange G dye at λ max (475 nm). | The result showed that percentage of new coupled Nb2O5/Sb2O3 (0.5 : 0.5) at calcination temperature equal to 600 °C higher activity than other ratio at different calcination temperature. The limited optimum conditions of photocatalytic degradation of Orange G dye by the prepared coupled catalyst have been done using different parameters includes the best of weight of catalyst, initial of dye concentration , effect of pH solution .Also the effect of temperature has been studied to find the active energy (Ea) of photocatalytic reaction by new coupled Nb2O5/Sb2O3 equal to 26.109 KJ/mol . | The dye degradation followed pseudo first order kinetic. Also study effect addition of hydrogen peroxide and recycle of the catalyst.

تحضير ودراسة الخواص التركيبية والثرموديناميكية لليكاندات قواعد شف الجديدة ومعقداتها == Synthesis and study coordination and Thermodynamics properties of new Schiff base ligands and Their Complexes

Author name: ابتهال كاظم كريم دوش
Supervisor name: ساجد محمود لطيف | عباس عبد علي دريع
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
Abstract: اجري العمل في جزئين : الجزء الاول : تضمن تحضير ثلاثة ليكاندات عضوية جديدة غير محضرة سابقا من قواعد شف مشتقة من 4- امينو انتي بايرين و بمسارين رئيسـين, اذ ضم المسار الاول مفاعلة 4- اميــنو انتي بايرين مـــع الازاتين لتحضير مــركب وســـطي 4-DMIA الذي تم مفاعلته لاحقا مع كل من الاثيلين ثنائي الامين و 2- اميـــنو فينول لتحضير قواعد شف النهائيـــة متعـــددة السن L1 و L2 نوع NNO و NO في حين ضم المسار الثاني مفاعلة 4- امينو انتي بايرين مــع 3- امينو فنيل امين لتحضير مركب وسطيDMAA الذي تم مفاعلته لاحقا مع الازاتين لتحضير قاعدة شف النهائيـــة متعـــددة السن L3 نوع NNO و NO . شخصت الليكاندات المحضرة جميعها بتقنيات الرنين النووي المغناطيسي ومطيافية الكتلة والتحليل الدقيق للعناصر و دراستها بمطيافية الاشعة تحت الحمراء فضلا عن مطيافية الاشعة فوق البنفسجية المرئية . حضرت ثلاثة معقدات فلزية كيليتية لكل من قواعد شف المحضرة مع ايونات Co(II) وNi(II)وCu(II) ودرست هذه المعقدات باستعمال تقنيات الاشعة فوق البنفسجية المرئية والاشعة تحت الحمراء والتوصيلية المولارية وشخصت بالتحليل الدقيق للعناصر والامتصاص الذري اللهبي والحساسية المغناطيسية . | وبناء على معطيات التقنيات السابقة تم اقتراح الاشكال الثمانية السطوح للمعقدات المحضرة لايونات كل من الكوبالت (II) والنيكل (II) بينما اتخذت معقدات النحاس (II) هياة المربع المستوي . | الجزء الثاني : الدراسة النظرية لليكاندات المحضرة لقواعد شف ومعقداتها , حيث استعملت طرق الحسابات النظرية لميكانيك الكم ( الطرق شبه التجريبية ونظرية دالة الكثافة ) لغرض اجراء الحسابات النظرية الخاصة بهذه الدراسة . | تم احتساب الفعالية الكيميائية والتاثر الكيميائي لجزيئات قواعد شف ومعقداتها مع الايونات الفلزية قيد الدراسة عن طريق حسابات الشحنة الذرية و الاوربيتالات الجزيئية المشغولة العليا و الاوربيتالات الجزيئية غير المشغولة الدنيا, وذلك لمعرفة المواقع الفعالة ذات الاحتمالية العليا في حدوث عملية التناسق كما تمت دراسة الحالات الانتقالية المحتملة التكون لكل من قواعد شف ومعقداتها بوساطة حسابات سطوح جهد الطاقة الكامنة وطاقة نقطة الصفر والتردد الخيالي لطيف الجزيئة الاهتزازي والتراكيب الفراغية محتملة التكون ,فضلا عن احتساب حاجز الطاقة لتفاعل تجزؤ الحالة الانتقالية المقترحة لتكوين كل قاعدة من قواعد شف قيد الدراسة وحسبت الطاقة الكلية والتغير بمحتوى حرارة التكوين والطاقات الحرة و الانثالبيات والطيف الاهتزازي والانتقالات الالكترونية لكل من قواعد شف و معقداتها المحضرة ومقارنة ما تم التوصل اليه نظريا مع النتائج العملية وملاحظة مدى التقارب الحاصل بالنتائج . | حيث وجد من الدراسة : | الحالة الانتقالية الاولى هي الاكثر احتمالا لقواعــــد شف الثلاثــــــة الجديدة L1 و L2 وL3 بالاعتماد علــى الطاقة الكلية التي كانت قيمتها مساوية الى -101855.120) kcal/mol و-115445.589 و (-112774.114 على التوالي كذلك بسبب امتلاكها اقل قيمة من حاجز طاقة 246.522)kcal/mol و 55.38 و(57.557 على التوالي . | لوحظ ان لمعقدي الكوبالت (II) والنحاس (II) مع قاعــــدة شف L1الحالة الانتقالية الرابعة هـــي الاكثر احتمالا بالاعتماد على الطاقة الكلية التي كانـــت قيــــمتها مساوية الى -207133.815)kcal/mol و(-212897.008 على التوالي في حين كانت الحالة الانتـقاليــة الاولى لمعقـد ايون النيكـل (II) مـــع قاعــدة شف L1 هـــي الاكثر احتمالا بالاعتماد على الطاقة الكلية التي كانت قيمتها مساوية الى -212897.008kcal/mol . | في حين لوحظ امتلاك معقدات قاعــــدة شف الثانية L2 مع الكوبالت (II) و النيكل (II) و النحاس (II) الحالة الانتقالية الثالثة والاولى والثانية هي الاكثر احتمالا بالاعتماد علــــى الطاقة الكليـة التي كانت قيمتها -234311.322)kcal/mol و -240086.528و (-243274.039 على التوالي . | اما معقدات قاعــــدة شف الثالثة L3 فقد لوحظ امتلاك كلا من معقدي الكوبالت(II) والنيكل (II) الحالة الانتقالية الاولى في حين امتلك معقد النحاس (II) الحالة الانتقالية الثانية هي الاكثر احتمالا بالاعتماد على الطاقة الكلية التي كانت قيمتها مساوية الى -228969.454)kcal/mol و -234742.250 و(-237930.119 على التوالي . | تم حساب التغير بالمحتوى الحراري لجزيئة قاعدة شف L1 عند درجة الحرارة القياسية 298.15K والتي كانت قيمتها 104.487kcal/mol وتدل القيمة الموجبة على ان التفاعل كان ماصا للحرارة. وبدرجة الحرارة القياسية نفسها تم حساب التغير في طاقة جبس الحرة والتي تساوي 94212kcal/mol- و القيمة السالبة تدل على ان التفاعل يسير بصورة تلقائية.. ولمعقدات قاعدة شف L1 مع الكوبالت (II)والنيكل(II) والنحاس(II) التغير بالمحتوى الحراري كانت قيمته تساوي kcal/mol(-194.303 و -91.646 و-97.461) على التوالي عند 298.15K وتدل القيمة السالبة لتفاعلات تحضير المعقدات الثلاثة بانها باعثة للحرارة . كما تـم حساب التغـير فـي طاقة جبـس الحرة والتي تساوي kcal/mol( -207157و -212918 و-216120) على التوالي و القيمة السالبة تدل على ان التفاعل يسير بصورة تلقائية . | تم حساب التغير بالمحتوى الحراري لجزيئة قاعدة شفL2 عند درجة الحرارة القياسية 298.15K والتي كانت قيمتها 81.338kacl/mol والقيمة الموجبة دلالة ان التفاعل ماصا للحرارة. وبدرجة الحرارة القياسية نفسها تم حساب التغير في طاقة جبس الحرة والتي تساوي 107795kcal/mol- ومن الملاحظ ان القيمة السالبة للتغيرفي طاقة جبس الحرة يعني ان التفاعل يسير بصورة تلقائية . و لمعقدات قاعدة شف L2 مع الكوبالت (II)والنيكل(II) والنحاس(II) التـــغير بالمحتوى الحراري كانت قيمــــته تساوي الــــى kcal/mol(-22.570 و -131.926 و 68.838) على التوالي عند درجة الحرارة القياسية 298.15K .القيمة السالبة لكل من معقدي الكوبالت والنيكل تشير الى ان تفاعل التعقيد باعث للحرارة في حين ان تفاعل تعقيد ايون النحاس مع قاعدة شف الجديدةL2 ماص للحرارة. وبدرجـــة الحرارة القياسية نفسها تم حساب التغير في طاقة جبس الحرة لتلك المعقـــدات والتي تساوي-234334)kcal/mol و -240109 و -243297) على التوالي وتدل القيمة السالبة للتغير في طاقة جبس الحرة ان التفاعل يسير بصورة تلقائية. | قيمة التغير بالمحتوى الحراري لجزيئة قاعدة شفL3 تم حسابها عند درجة الحرارة القياسية 298.15K والتي كانت 122.171kcal/mol وتدل القيمة الموجبة على ان التفاعل كان ماصا للحرارة .وبدرجة الحرارة القياسية نفسها تم حساب التغير في طاقة جبس الحرة والتي تساوي 105296kcal/mol- ومن الملاحظ ان القيمة السالبة للتغير في طاقة جبس الحرة يعني ان التفاعل يسير بصورة تلقائية . وعنـــد حساب التغير بالانثالبي لمعقدات الكوبالت (II)والنيكل(II) والنحاس(II) مـــع قاعدة شف L3وجــد ان التغيــر بالانثالبي يساوي kcal/mol( -142.222و -49.168و151.238) على التوالي عند درجة الحرارة القياسية 298.15K ونلاحظ ان القيمة السالبة لكل من معقدي الكوبالت والنيكل تشير الى ان تفاعل التعقيد باعث للحرارة في حين ان تفاعل تعقيد ايون النحاس مع قاعدة شف الجديدة L3 ماص للحرارة. كما تم حساب التغير فــي طاقة جبس الحرة لتلك المعقدات والتي تساوي -228980) kcal/mol و -234764 و -237938) على التوالي وتدل القيمة السالبة على ان التفاعل يسير بصورة تلقائية . | تم احتساب فجوة الطاقة Egap∆ لقواعد شف الجديدة L1 و L2 وL3 اذ تظهر قيمة فجوة الطاقة Egap∆ الواطئة لليكاند L2 مقدار فعالية هذه الليكاند تجاه المشاركة في التفاعلات الكيميائية مقارنة بالليكاندين L1و L3في حـين اظهر اللــيكاند L1 استقرارا" عاليا" في تركيبه الكيميائي , نتيجة لقيمة فجوة الطاقة.كما تم احتساب فجوة الطاقة Egap∆ لمعقدات الليكاندات L1 و L2 وL3 مع ايونات كل من الكوبالت(II) والنيكل(II) والنحاس(II) اذ اظهر معقد النحاس (II)مـــع الليكاند L1 قيمة Egap∆ قيمة عالية مقارنة بالمعقدات الصلبة المحضرة الاخر مما يشير الى استقراريته العالية.. في حين ان معقد الكوبالت مع الليكاند L1 يمتلك اعلى فعالية تجاه المشاركة بالتفاعلات الكيميائية ,بسبب القيمة الواطئة لفجوة الطاقة . | | == This work was done in two parts : Part one : includes the synthesis of three new Schiff base organic ligands derived from 4- Amino Antipyrine divided into two routs , the first one includes the reaction of 4- Amino Antipyrine with Isatin to get an intermediate 4-DMIA which reacts later with ethylene di amine and 2- Aminophenol to synthesize the final poly dentate Schiff bases L1 and L2 with different donor atom system type NNO and NO, the second rout depends on the reaction of 4- Amino Antipyrine with 3- Amino phenyl amine to get an intermediate DMAA which reacts later with Isatin to give the final poly dentate Schiff base L3 with different donor atom system type NNO ,NO .All the synthesized ligands were characterized using 1H,13CNMR, Mass Spectra, C.H.N. microanalysis and studied by FTIR, UV.-Vis. techniques. | Three chelating metal complexes were synthesized for each ligand with Co(II), Ni(II)and Cu(II) ions and studied by FTIR, UV.-Vis. and molar conductivity and characterized by C.H.N. microanalysis , magnetic moment effect and Flame atomic absorption . | According to above studies : octahedral geometry was suggested for synthesized complexes of Co(II) and Ni(II) ions and square planer geometry was suggested for Cu(II) complexes as showed below : | |   | Part two : Theoretical simulation of complexes synthesized by the reaction of New prepared Schiff bases with some transition metals. Theoretical quantum methods (like semi-empirical & DFT) have been conducted by using reliable well-known programs (Hyperchem 8.09) , which includes most of quantum mechanics treatments. | Chemical reactivity, and chemical interaction have been studied for new Schiff bases ligands and their Complexes with Co(II) ,Ni(II) and Cu(II) Ions by calculating atomic charge , electrostatic potential and molecular orbital (HOMO and LUMO) to estimate the highest probable active sites in coordination . | The probable suggested transition states for Schiff bases ligands and their Complexes with Co(II) ,Ni(II) and Cu(II) Ions have been studied through surface potential energy, zero point energy, and first negative frequency of molecular vibration spectrum . | Total Energy , Enthalpy, Heat of formation, Entropy, Free energy, and Vibration spectrum have been calculated for Schiff bases ligands and their Complexes with Co(II) ,Ni(II) and Cu(II) Ions . | The Comparative between the theoretical and experimental values has been studied and notes the closeness of the results . | From this study we found that : | The first transition state of three Schiff bases L1,L2 and L3 were the most probable depending on the total Energy which the values were equal to ( -101855.120 , -115445.589 , -112774.114)kcal/mol respectively also had the smallest values of Energy barrier (246.522 ,55.38 ,57.557) kcal /mol respectively. | For the complexes of Cobalt (II) and Copper (II) with Schiff base L1 the fourth transition state was the most probable depending on the total Energy which the values were equal to -207133.815 kcal/mol and -212897.008 kcal/mol respectively . | The first transition state of the complex of Nickel (II) with Schiff base L1 was the most probable depending on the total Energy which the value was equal to -212897.008kcal/mol. | For the complexes of Cobalt (II), Nickel (II) and Copper (II) with Schiff base L2 The third ,first and second transition states were the most probable the complexes depending on the total Energy which the values were equal to -234311.322kcal/mol. | For the complex of Cobalt (II) and Nickel (II) with Schiff base L3 the first transition state was the most probable depending on the total Energy which the values were equals to -228969.454kcal/mol and -234742.250 kcal/mol respectively .While the complex of Copper (II) with Schiff base L3 the second transition state was the most probable depending on the total Energy which the value was equal to -237930.119 kcal/mol. | The change of Enthalpy was calculated for Schiff base L1 molecule at the Standard Temperature Degree 298.15K which the value was equal to 104.487kcal/mol .The positive value refers to Endothermic reaction .at the same Standard Temperature degree the change of Gibbs free Energy was calculated which the value was equal to -94212kcal/mol. the Negative value refers to Spontaneous reaction. | For complexes of Schiff base L1 with Co(II),Ni(II) and Cu(II) The change of Enthalpy was equal to(-194.303 , -91.646 ,-97.461)kcal /mol at 298.15 K .The Negative value refers that the preparation reaction of the three complexes were Exothermic. at the same Standard Temperature degree the changes of Gibbs free Energy were calculated for all complexes which the values were equal to ( -207157,-212918 , -216120) kcal/mol . the Negative values refer to Spontaneous reaction. | The change of Enthalpy was calculated for Schiff base L2 molecule at the Standard Temperature Degree 298.15K which the value was equal to 81.338 kacl/mol. The positive value refers to Endothermic reaction .at the same Standard Temperature degree the change of Gibbs free Energy was calculated which the value was equal to -107795 kcal/mol. The Negative value refers to Spontaneous reaction. | For complexes of Schiff base L2 with Co(II),Ni(II) and Cu(II) The changes of Enthalpy were equal to(-22.570 , -131.926,68.838)kcal /mol at 298.15 K .The Negative values of Cobalt and Nickel complexes refer that the Complexation reaction were Exothermic while the Complexation reaction of Copper ion was Endothermic. At the same Standard Temperature degree the changes of Gibbs free Energy were calculated for all complexes which the values were equal to (-234334,-24010 , -243297) kcal/mol. the Negative values refer to Spontaneous reaction. | The change of Enthalpy was calculated for Schiff base L3 molecule at the Standard Temperature Degree 298.15K which the value was equal to 122.171kacl/mol. The positive value refers to Endothermic reaction .at the same Standard Temperature degree the change of Gibbs free Energy was calculated which the value was equal to -105296kcal/mol. the Negative value refer to Spontaneous reaction. | For complexes of Schiff base L3 with Co(II),Ni(II) and Cu(II) The changes of Enthalpy were equal to( -142.222و -49.168و151.238) kcal /mol at 298.15 K .The Negative values of Cobalt and Nickel complexes refer that the Complexation reaction were Exothermic .While the Complexation reaction of Copper ion was Endothermic. at the same Standard Temperature degree the changes of Gibbs free Energy were calculated for all complexes which the values were equal to ( -228980 , -234764 , -237938) kcal/mol. the Negative values refers to Spontaneous reaction. | The Energy Gap for new Schiff bases L1 ,L2 and L3 . The low value of Energy Gap of L2 refers to the activity value of this ligand against the participation of the chemical reactions comparative with the other two ligands L1 and L3. | While L1 shows higher stability in the chemical reactions as result of Energy Gap value.. | The Energy Gap for the complexes of the ligands L1 ,L2 and L3 with Co(II),Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions were calculated. The complex of Copper with the ligand L1 shows higher value of ∆Egap comparative with the other prepared complexes that refer to the higher stability while the complex of Cobalt with the ligand L1 had the higher activity in the participation of the chemical reactions because of the low value of Energy Gap. |

تحضير وتشخيص ليكاندات جديدة لثنائي ثايوكارباميت ومعقداتها مع بعض الايونات الفلزية ودراسة فعاليتها البكتيرية == Preparation ,characterization of New ligands Dithiocarbamate and Studying their Complexes with Some transition metal ions and Studying Bacteria Activity

Author name: اشواق صالح حسين
Supervisor name: حسين عبد محمد صالح | احمد ثابت نعمان
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
Abstract: تضمن البحث تحضير وتشخيص ثلاث ليكاندات ثنائي ثايوكارباميت جديدة هي : | KL1= Potassium3-acetyl phenyl (3,3-dimethyl-5-oxocyclohex-1-enyl) carbamoithioate | KL2= 5,5-dimethyl-3-oxocyclohex-1-enyl(3- hydroxyphenyl) carbamodithoate | KL3= 5,5-dimdthyl-3-oxocyclohex-1-enyl( pyrimidin-2- yl) crbamodithioate | اشتملت طريقة تحضير الليكاندات علىخطوتين من التفاعل حيث تضمنت الخطوة الاولي تحضير الامين الثانوي من تفاعل ثنائي الكيتون مع الامين الاولي ثم تفاعله مع ثنائي كبريتيد الكاربون بوجود هيدروكسيد البوتاسيوم كقاعدة للحصول على الليكاندات ثنائي ثايوكارباميت . تم تشخيص الليكاندات المحضرة باستخدام طيف الرنين النووي المغناطيسي للبروتون وللكاربون و طيف الكتلة وطيف الاشعة تحت الحمراء وطيف الاشعة فوق البنفسجية والتحليل الدقيق للعناصر. | تم تفاعل الليكاندات المحضرة مع الايونات الفلزية لتحضير المعقدات التي لها الصيغة العامة [M (Ln)2] حيث ان | M= Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) n=1,2,3 | اما معقدات مزيج الليكاند فحضرت بنسبة (1 : 1 : 1) من الليكاندات ثنائي ثايوكارباميت المحضرة مع الليكاند المشارك 8-هايدروكسي كوينولين (Q) والاملاح الفلزية لتصبح الصيغة العامة للمعقدات كالاتي : [MII(Ln)(Q)] حيث M= Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) | شخصت المعقدات المحضرة باستخدام طيف الاشعة تحت الحمراء وطيف الاشعة فوق البنفسجية- المرئية والتحليل الدقيق للعناصروالتوصيلية المولارية والحساسية المغناطيسية وبعض المعقدات باستخدام طيف الرنين النووي المغناطيسي للبروتون وللكاربون وطيف الكتلة . | قيست التوصيلية المولارية لمحاليل المعقدات الفلزية لليكاندات المحضرة في مذيب ثنائي مثيل سلفوكسيد (DMSO) وبتركيز (1× 10 -3) M عند درجة حرارة المختبر وعند ملاحظة قيم التوصيلية المولارية التي تم الحصول عليها للمعقدات المحضرة والمبينة في الجدول (3-18) تبين انعدام الصفة الالكتروليتية لجميع تلك المعقدات المحضرة وجد انها تتفق مع تلك القيم المستحصلة لكثير من المعقدات الفلزية التي لاتمتلك اي سلوك الكتروليتي . | من خلال قياسات المجال المغناطيسي تبين ان قيم العزوم المغناطيسية لجميع المعقدات المحضرة تتفق مع قيمتها في المعقدات رباعية السطوح ماعدا معقدات النحاس ذات شكل مربع مستوي كما تبين النتائج المدرجة في الجدوال (3-20)- (3-22 ) . | تم تقيم الفعالية الحيوية لبعض الليكاندات والمعقدات,[MII(L)(Q)] ,[MII(Ln)2]المحضرة باستخدام طريقة الانتشار diffusion. ولقد اثبتت النتائج ان بعض الليكاندات والمعقدات المحضرة تكون اكثر تثبيطا للبكتريا المدروسة. | == This study deals with the synthesis and characterization of three new of dithiocarbamate (dtc) ligands : - | KL1= Potassium3-acetyl phenyl (3,3-dimethyl-5-oxocyclohex-1-enyl) carbamoithioate | KL2= 5,5-dimethyl-3-oxocyclohex-1-enyl(3- hydroxyphenyl) carbamodithoate | KL3= 5,5-dimdthyl-3-oxocyclohex-1-enyl( pyrimidin-2- yl) crbamodithioate | Two steps synthetic procedures were used to obtain the above free legends and this was based on the preparation of amine precursors that reacted with carbon disulphide in presence of KOH to get the ligands . All the prepared ligands were characterized using 1HNMR,13CNMR,Mass,FTIR, C.H.N.S, UV-Vis. The reaction of the dtc ligands with some metal ions produce complexes of general formula [M (Ln)2] | Where M = (Co(II) ,Ni(II) ,Cu(II) ,Zn(II)) using ethanol as a solvent. | The mixed ligand complexes were also prepared from of ditiocarbamate salts , 8-hydroxyquinoline and metal ion M | Where M= (Co(II) ,Ni(II) ,Cu(II) ,Zn(II)) using ethanol as a solvent and KOH as a base . | The complexes of the composition [M(Ln)(Q)] with (1 : 1 : 1) Molar Ratio and characterized by FT-IR, UV-Vis , elemental analysis (A.A), melting point measurements, C.H.N.S, Conductivity , magnetic susceptibility 1HNMR ,13CNMR and Mass spectrum. | The molar conductance measurements of complexes in DMSO solutions (see Table (3.18), indicating their nonelectrolyte behavior . The data are in agreement of the magnetic moments value of µeff (see Table (3.20-3.22) indicating for tetrahedral geometry complexes and Square planar geometry about Cu (II) complexes. The biological activity of the some ligands and their complexes MLQ and ML were studied using inhibition zone method which showed that some of complexes are more active than the ligands . |

دراسة محاكاة لميكانيكية تفاعل الادرنالين ونمذجة جزيئات دوائية شبيهه == Simulation Study of Reaction Mechanism for Adrenaline and Modulation Analog Moieties Drugs

Author name: هالة ثامر محمد
Supervisor name: عباس عبد علي دريع الصالحي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Babylon
Abstract: استعملت طرق الحسابات النظرية لميكانيك الكم مثل الحسابات شبه التجريبية (PM3) وحسابات نظرية دالة الكثافة minimal STO-3G)) باستخدام برنامج Hyperchem 8.09 العالمي والذي يحتوي على معظم حسابات ميكانيك الكم. | تضمن العمل جزئين : | في الجزء الاول من البحث تم دراسة سلسلة تفاعلات لتخليق الادرنالين من الحامض الاميني (الفينايل انلاينين) نظريا. حيث تم اقتراح نواتج محتملة مختلفة لكل تفاعل في سلسلة تفاعلات تخليق الادرنالين. تم اختيار النواتج الاكثر احتمالا بالاعتماد على خصائصها الالكترونية لاثبات مسار التفاعلات الخمسه لتخليق الادرنالين في جسم الانسان. | تم حساب الطاقة الكلية وطاقة نقطة الصفر وطاقة الاوربتالات الجزيئية لتقدير طاقة فجوة الحزمة لجميع المركبات. و قيمة طاقة فجوة الحزمة مساوية الى (0.870 و 0.787 و 0.101 و 0.119 و 1.915و eV 0.593) للفينايل انيلين و تايروسين و دوبا ودوبامين و نورادرنالين والادرنالين على التوالي. تم حساب هذه الطاقات باستخدام نظرية دالة الكثافة minimal STO-3G. | تم حساب طاقة التنشيط وثابت سرعة التفاعل و الدوال الثرموديناميكية للتفاعلات الخمسة ولجميع النواتج المحتملة باستعمال الحسابات الشبه التجريبية. حسب ثابت سرعة التفاعل لل فينايل انيلين و تايروسين و دوبا ودوبامين و نورادرنالين والادرنالين وكان مساوي الى 5.554*1012 و 5.572*1012 و 7.857*1012 و 1.331*1013و s-11.116*1013على التوالي. تم الحصول على هذه النتائج باستخدام الحسابات شبة التجريبية. | اما الجزء الثاني تضمن اقتراح عدة ادوية مساعدة لمعالجة مرض الشلل الرعاشي (البريكنسون). | تم حساب الخصائص الهندسية والاطياف الاهتزازية لجميع الادوية المساعدة المقترحة لاختيار الافضل في معالجة مرض الشلل الرعاشي | بواسطة حساب الطاقة الكامنه للسطح و شحنة الاصرة وطول الاصرة وزاوية الاصرة وعزم ثنائي القطبين والمجال الكهربائي و طاقة الاوربتالات الجزئية وطاقة فجوة الحزمة. | توصلت الدراسة الى : | ان افضل دواء مساعد مقترح هو M-6-Sphe لامتلاكه اقل طاقة والتي تساوي--132291.816 kCal/mol و حرارة تكوين مساوية الى -400.534 kCal/mol. وذلك لامتلاكة اقل قيمة لعزم ثنائي القطبين مساوية الى 3.028 Debye, ولهذا السبب يكون محب للدهون اكثر من بقية الادوية المساعدة , وكذلك يمتلك اعلى قيمة لطاقة فجوة الحزمة مساوية الى 8.786 eV, الامر الذي يؤهله ليكون العلاج الامثل من بقية الادوية. | تم دراسة المجال الكهربائي والتوزيع الذري وطول الاصرة والاوربتالالت الجزيئية M-6-SPhe تم اختبار الحالة الانتقالية لتكوين 3, 4-HYM-6-Sphe من خلال حسابات طاقة نقطة الصفرو التردد الخيالي لتشخيص افضل حالة انتقالية ومن ثم اقتراح ميكانيكية التفاعل. تم حساب طاقة التنشيط وثابت السرعة ومسار التفاعل والدوال الثرموديناميكية لتفاعل التكوين. | == Abstract | Quantum methods like Semi-empirical (PM3), and Density functional theory (minimal STO-3G) have been performed by using reliable, well-known programs Hyperchem 8.09, which includes most of quantum mechanics treatments. | The work include two parts : | In the first part, a sequence reactions for Adrenaline synthesis from Phenylaniline have been studied theoretically. Different probable products have been suggested for each reaction in a sequence reaction for Adrenaline synthesis. The most probable products have been selected depending on the electronic properties to prove the pathway of five reactions to synthesizes Adrenaline in the human body. | Total energy, zero point energy (ZPE) and molecular orbital (HOMO&LUMO) have been calculated to estimate the energy gap for all reactions components. The energy gap is equal to (0.870, 0.787, 0.101, 0.119, 1.915, and 0.593 eV) for Phe, Tyr, DOPA, Daopamine, Noradrenalin and Adrenaline respectively. These energy gaps have been calculated by using DFT minimal STO-3G. | Activation energy, rate constant and thermodynamic functions (heat of formation change of reactions, entropy change of reactions, and Gibbs free energy change of reactions) of five reactions were calculated for the different probable products by using Semi empirical methods. The calculations show that the most probable products have rate constant that’s equal to (5.554*1012, 5.572*1012, 7.857*1012, 1.331*1013, 1.116*1013 s-1) for Phe, Tyr, DOPA, Daopamine, Noradrenalin and Adrenaline respectively. These results were obtained by using Semi empirical methods. | In the second part, different prodrugs have been suggested to treat Parkinson&#39;s disease. | Geometrical properties and vibration spectra have been calculated for all the suggested prodrugs to estimate the best prodrugs for Parkinson&#39;s disease treatment by calculating the potential energy surface, atomic charge, bond length, bond angle, dipole moment, electrostatic potential and molecular orbital energy with energy gap. | From this study it found that : | The M-6-SPhe prodrug has -132291.816 kCal/mol less energy than other prodrugs, so it is consider the favorite, and it has -400.534 kCal/mol heat of formation. It also, has the lowest value of dipole moment equal to 3.028 Debye, so become more lipophilic than other prodrugs. It has the highest value of the energy gap that equals 8.786 eV, which is the best conditions to be the perfect prodrug to treat Parkinson&#39;s disease. The electrostatic potential, atomic charge, bond length, and molecular orbital have been studied for M-6-SPhe. | Examination of real transition state of 3, 4-HYM-6-SPhe formation reaction has been tested through the calculations of ZPE and imaginary frequency to investigate the transition state and then suggest the reaction mechanism. Activation energy, rate constant, reaction path and

تحضير ودراسة بعض مركبات الفثالوسيانين المعوضة الجديدة == Synthesis and Study of Some New Substituted Phthalocyanines

Author name: حسين علي محمد
Supervisor name: مهند موسى كريم الحجامي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Babylon
Abstract: المركبات المعوضة الجديدة للفثالوسيانين تم تخليقها من المادتين الاساسيتين 4- نايتروفثالونيترل و 4- امينو فثالونيترل لينتج المركبات رباعي (( 5-(3-دوديسنايل )-2,5-داي اوكسي بيرولدين-1-يل)-2-هيدروكسي بنزويك اسيد) زنك فثالوسيانين (C1) و رباعي (( 5-(3-دوديسنايل )-2,5-داي اوكسي بيرولدين-1-يل)-2-هيدروكسي بنزويك اسيد) نحاس فثالوسيانين(C2) و رباعي (دو ديسينايل سكسينك انهايدريد ) زنك فثالوسيانين (H1) و رباعي (دو ديسينايل سكسينك انهايدريد ) نحاس فثالوسيانين (H2)و ازا- دايمرك سداسي (دو ديسينايل سكسينك انهايدريد ) نيكل-زنك فثالوسيانين(F) بواسطة عدة خطوات وقد شخصت المركبات المحضرة الجديدة بواسطة تقنيات تحليل العناصر, الاشعة تحت الحمراء ، الرنين النووي المغناطيسي , والتحليل الطيفي للاشعة فوق البنفسجية المرئية. | هنالك خمسة مسارات لتخليق المركبات | المسار الاول | 4- نايترو فثالونيترل يتفاعل مع كلوريد الزنك بوجود ثنائي مثل امينو ايثانول كمذيب لينتج المركب 4ʹʹʹʹ,4ʹʹʹ,4ʹʹ,4ʹ-رباعي نايترو زنك فثالوسيانين(A1). الاخير يتفاعل مع 5-امينو سلسلك اسد لينتج رباعي (5-امينو حامض السالسليك) زنك فثالوسيانين (B1). بعد ذالك دو ديسنايل سكسنك انهايدرايد اضيفت الى مجموعة الامين الموجودة في المركب (B1) لينتج المركب رباعي (( 5-(3-دوديسنايل )-2,5-داي اوكسي بيرولدين-1-يل)-2-هيدروكسي حامض البنزويك) زنك فثالوسيانين (C1). | | المسار الثاني | 4- نايترو فثالونيترل يتفاعل مع كلوريد النحاس بوجود ثنائي مثل امينو ايثانول كمذيب لينتج المركب 4ʹʹ,4 4ʹʹʹʹ,4ʹʹʹ-رباعي نايترو نحاس فثالوسيانين(2A). الاخير يتفاعل مع 5-امينو سلسلك اسد لينتج رباعي (5-امينو حامض السالسليك) النحاس فثالوسيانين (B2). بعد ذالك دو ديسنايل سكسنك انهايدرايد اضيفت الى مجموعة الامين الموجودة في المركب (B2) لينتج المركب رباعي (( 5-(3-دوديسنايل )-2,5-داي اوكسي بيرولدين-1-يل)-2-هيدروكسي حامض البنزويك)النحاس فثالوسيانين (C2). | | | | | | المسار الثالث | 4-امينو فثالونيترل تفاعل مع كلوريد الزنك بوجود ثنائي مثل امينو ايثانول كمذيب لينتج المركب 4ʹʹʹʹ,4ʹʹʹ,4ʹʹ,4ʹ-رباعي امينو زنك فثالوسيانين(G1). الاخير تفاعل مع دو ديسنايل سكسنك انهايدرايد لينتج المركب رباعي (دو ديسنايل) زنك فثالوسيانين (H1). | | المسار الرابع | 4-امينو فثالونيترل تفاعل مع كلوريد النحاس بوجود ثنائي مثل امينو ايثانول كمذيب لينتج المركب 4ʹʹʹʹ,4ʹʹʹ,4ʹʹ,4ʹ-رباعي امينو النحاس فثالوسيانين(G2). الاخير تفاعل مع دو ديسنايل سكسنك انهايدرايد لينتج المركب رباعي (دو ديسنايل) النحاس فثالوسيانين (H2). | | المسار الخامس | 4-امينو فثالونيترل و 4-نيترو فثالونيترل تفاعل مع كلوريد الزنك او كلوريد النيكل بوجود ثنائي مثل امينو ايثانول كمذيب لينتج المركب 4ʹʹ,4ʹ,4 ثلاثي امينو-4ʹʹʹ -نايترو زنك فثالوسيانين ((D1 و المركب 4ʹʹ,4ʹ,4 ثلاثي امينو-4ʹʹʹ -نايترو النحاس فثالوسيانين ((D2. المركب ((D1 تفاعل مع المركب ((D2 لينتج المركب ازو- دايمرك نيكل-زنك فثالوسيانين(E) وبعد ذلك دو ديسنايل سكسنك انهايدرايد تضاف لينتج المركب ازو- دايمرك سداسي (دو ديسينايل سكسينك انهايدريد ) نيكل-زنك فثالوسيانين(.(F | المخطط التالي يوضح جميع المركبات المحظرة | == A new substituted phthalocyanines were synthesized from starting materials 4-nitro phthalonitrile and 4-amino phthalonitrile afforded tetra-( (E)-5-(3-(dodec-1-enyl)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-2- hydroxybenzoic acid )zinc phthalocyanine (C1), tetra-( (E)-5-(3-(dodec-1-enyl)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-2- hydroxybenzoic acid) copper phthalo -cyanine (C2), tetra-( dodecenyl succinic anhydride) zinc phthalocyanine(H1), tetra-( dodecenyl succinic anhydride) copper phthalocyanine (H2) and Azo-dimeric hexa substituted dodecenyl succinic anhydride nickel-zinc phthalocyanine (F) by Many steps. The newly synthesized compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1H NMR, UV-Visible and fluorescence spectroscopies techniques. | There are five lines to synthesis the main goals molecules : | First line : | The reaction of 4- nitro Phthalonitrile with ZnCl2 in the presence of dimethyl amino ethanol (DMAE) afforded 4,4ʹ,4ʹʹ,4ʹʹʹ- tetranitro zinc phthalocyanine(A1). Compound A1 was reacted with 5-amino salicylic acid to yield tetra-(5-amino salicylic acid)zinc phthalocyanine(B1). After that, dodecenyl succinic anhydride was added on amine group of benzoic rings afforded tetra-( (E)-5-(3-(dodec-1-enyl)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid )zinc phthalocyanine(C1). | Second line : | Reacted of 4- nitro Phthalonitrile with CuCl2 in the presence of DMAE afforded 4,4ʹ,4ʹʹ,4ʹʹʹ- tetranitro copper phthalocyanine (A2), which was reacted with 5-amino salicylic acid to yield tetra-(5-amino salicylic acid)copper phthalocyanine (B2). After that, dodecenyl succinic anhydride was added on amine group of benzoic rings afforded tetra-((E)-5-(3-(dodec-1-enyl)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid) copper phthalocyanine (C2). | | Third line : | The reaction of 4- amino Phthalonitrile with ZnCl2 in the presence of DMAE afforded 4,4ʹ,4ʹʹ,4ʹʹʹ- tetra-amino zinc phthalocyanine(G1). Compound G1 was reacted with dodecenyl succinic anhydride afforded tetra-(dodecenyl succinic anhydride) zinc phthalocyanine (H1). | Forth line : | Reacted of 4- amino Phthalonitrile with CuCl2 in the presence of DMAE afforded 4,4ʹ,4ʹʹ,4ʹʹʹ- tetraamino copper phthalocyanine (G2), which was reacted with dodecenyl succinic anhydride afforded tetra-(dodecenyl succinic anhydride) copper phthalocyanine (H2). | Fifth line : | The reaction of 4- amino Phthalonitrile with 4- nitro Phthalonitrile and ZnCl2 or NiCl2.6H2O in the presence of DMAE afforded 4,4ʹ,4ʹʹ-triamino-4ʹʹʹ-nitro Zinc phthalocyanine (D1) and 4,4ʹ,4ʹʹ-triamino-4ʹʹʹ-nitro nickel phthalocyanine (D2). Compound D1 was reacted with D2 afforded Azo-dimeric hexaamino substituted nickel-zinc phthalocyanine (E). After that, dodecenyl succinic anhydride was added on amine group afforded Azo-dimeric hexa substituted dodecenyl succinic anhydride nickel-zinc phthalocyanine (F). | The following scheme explains steps of reaction for the prepared compounds |

تصميم منظومة حقن جرياني جديدة لتقدير الكليوكوينول والحديد الثلاثي في مستحضرات صيدلانية == Design of new flow injection unit for determination of Clioquinol and Iron (III) in pharmaceutical products

Author name: نيران حسين علي فرج
Supervisor name: داخـــل ناصـــر طــه
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
Abstract: تضمن الاساس النظري للتحليل بالحقن الجرياني مع عرض لتطبيقاته في التحليل الدوائي وكذلك تناول مقدمة عن الكليوكوينول والحديد وطرق تقديرها بالاضافة الى ذكر اهداف هذه الرسالة. | الفصل الثاني | الاجهزة والمواد الكيميائية المستخدمة في هذه الدراسة و طرق تحضير محاليل المواد الاساسية ومحاليل التطبيقات. | الفصل الثالث | بعد ان تضمن تصمیم منظومات حقن جریاني جديدة بسیطة وقلیلة الكلفة على ثلاث محاور : | المحور الاول/ تضمن تقدير الكليوكوينول بتقنية الحقن الجرياني المستمر عند طول موجي nm 630 باستخدام الحديد الثلاثي ككاشف , بعد تثبيت الظروف الفضلى للتفاعل بلغ مدى الخطية (5-100) مايكروغرام.مل- 1 و بخطية )0.9987 (r2= وحد كشف ( 3 مايكروغرام.مل- 1 ) , تم حساب معامل التشتت لمنظومة تقدير الكليوكوينول وذلك عند التركيزين (30 و 60( مايكروغرام.مل-1 وكانت القيم كالاتي : (2 و1.7( . وقد طبقت الطريقة المذكورة اعلاه وبنجاح لتقدير الكليوكوينول في المستحضر الصيدلاني (كوادريدرم) و بقيم استعادية جيدة. | المحور الثاني/ تقدير الكليوكوينول بتقنية الحقن الجرياني بالمناطق المتلاقية عند طول موجي nm 485 باستخدام الحديد الثلاثي ككاشف, بعد تثبيت الظروف الفضلى للتفاعل بلغ مدى الخطية (10- 100) مايكروغرام.مل- 1 و بخطية )0.9996 (r2 = وحد كشف ( 3 مايكروغرام.مل- 1 ) , تم حساب معامل التشتت لمنظومة تقدير الكليوكوينول وذلك عند التركيزين) 30 و 60) مايكروغرام.مل-1 و كانت القيم كالاتي : 1.5) و (1.66 وقد طبقت الطريقة المذكورة اعلاه وبنجاح لتقدير الكليوكوينول في المستحضر الصيدلاني (كوادريدرم) و بقيم استعادية جيدة. | المحور الثالث/ تقدير الحديد الثلاثي بتقنية الحقن الجرياني بالمناطق المتلاقية عند طول موجي nm 630 باستخدام الكليوكوينول ككاشف, بعد تثبيت الظروف الفضلى للتفاعل بلغ مدى الخطية (0.05-20 ) مايكروغرام.مل- 1 و بخطية )0.9979 (r2 = وحد كشف ( 0.01 مايكروغرام.مل- 1 ) , تم حساب معامل التشتت لمنظومة تقدير الكليوكوينول وذلك عند التركيزين (3 و5( مايكروغرام.مل-1 و كانت القيم كالاتي : 1.31) و (1.69 . وقد طبقت الطريقة المذكورة اعلاه وبنجاح لتقدير الحديد الثلاثي في المستحضر الصيدلاني (فيروسام شراب) و بقيم استعادية جيدة | == is included theoretical fundamentals about flow injection analysis (FIA) and review of its applications in pharmaceutical analysis, introduction about Clioquinol and Iron , and methods of its determination, in addition to the aim of the present work. | The second chapter / | is included all instruments ,tools, chemical materials and their preparation methods which are used during this study. | The third chapter / | consists of three axis's as follows : | The first axis / included determination of Clioquinol by flow injection technique via continuous method at λmax= 630 nm by using Fe(III) as a reagent . After fixing the optimum conditions, linearity was over the range of (5-100) µg.mL-1 , Linearity coefficient (r2) was 0.9987 and detection limit (3 µg.mL-1). The dispersion coefficient values were (2 ,1.7) for the determination of Clioquinol system at two concentrations 30 and 60 μg.mL-1 . All the proposed methods were successfully applied for the determination of Clioquinol in a pharmaceutical sample such as Quadriderm cream with good recoveries and high accuracy. | The second axis / included determination of Clioquinol by flow injection technique via merging zone method at λmax= 485 nm by using Fe(III) as a reagent . After fixing the optimum conditions, linearity was over the range of (10-100) µg.mL-1 , Linearity coefficient (r2) was 0.9996 and detection limit (3 µg.mL-1). The dispersion coefficient values were (1.5,1.66) for the determination of Clioquinol system at two concentrations 30 and 60 μg.mL-1 . All the proposed methods were successfully applied for the determination of Clioquinol in a pharmaceutical sample such as Quadriderm cream with good recoveries and high accuracy. | The third axis / included determination of Fe(III) by flow injection technique via merging zone method at λmax= 630 nm by using Clioquinol as a reagent . After fixing the optimum conditions, linearity was over the range of (0.05-20) µg.mL-1 , Linearity coefficient (r2) was 0.9979 and detection limit (0.01µg.mL-1). The dispersion coefficient values were (1.3,1.69) for the determination of Fe(III) system at two concentrations 3 and 5 μg.mL-1 . All the proposed methods were successfully applied for the determination of Fe(III) in a pharmaceutical sample such as Ferrosam Syrup with good recoveries and high accuracy. |

دراسة طيفية وتحليلية لمعقدات قواعد شف مشتقة من المركب بارا - امينو اسيتوفينون لتقدير بعض العناصر الانتقالية == Spectral and analytical study of Schiff base complexes derived from p - amino acetophenone for the Determination of some transition metals

Author name: علي فاهم محمد
Supervisor name: صادق جعفر باقر
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
Abstract: حضر الكاشف العضوي الجديد 4-(1-(2-فنل هيدرازونو)اثيل)فنل ازو-5,4-ثنائي فنل اميدازول (PHEPPI) ، وتم تشخيصه باستعمال تقنيات الاشعة تحت الحمراء والاشعة فوق البنفسجية والمرئية والتحليل الكمي الدقيق للعناصر (C.H.N). | تم مفاعلة الكاشف المحضر مع مجموعة من الايونات الفلزية، واستجاب الكاشف لايونات (Zn2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Ni2+, Co2+) وتم اختيارايوني الخارصين ((II والنحاس ((II في هذه الدراسة ، اذ اعطى قمة امتصاص عظمى عند الطولين الموجيين 520 و498 نانومتر لمعقديهما على التوالي . تم دراسة الظروف المثلى والتي شملت على دراسة تاثير حجم الكاشف والفترة الزمنية ودرجة الحرارة والدالة الحامضية في تقدير المعقدين المحضرين مع ايوني الخارصين والنحاس وتم بناء منحنيات المعايرة لهما وكان المدى الخطي المطاوع لقانون بير يقع ضمن التراكيز 0.5-27 جزء بالمليون بالنسبة لمعقد الخارصين وبمعامل ارتباط (r=0.9996) وقيمة معامل الامتصاص المولاري ε تساوي 2.12x103 لتر.مول-1.سم-1 وحساسية ساندل تساوي 0.0308 مايكروغرام.سم-2, اما بالنسبة لمعقد النحاس فكان مدى الخطية يقع في التراكيز 0.2-18 جزء بالمليون وبمعامل ارتباط (r=0.9989) وقيمة معامل الامتصاص المولاري ε تساوي 1.88 x 103 لتر.مول-1.سم-1 وحساسية ساندل تساوي 0.0338 مايكروغرام.سم-2. تم تحديد نسبة الكاشف الى الفلز في المعقدين بالاعتماد على طريقتي النسب الموليه والتغيرات المستمرة اذ بينت الدراسة ان نسبة الفلز الى الليكاند في المعقدين المحضرين هي 1 : 2, كما تم تقدير ثابت الاستقرارية ودرجة التفكك للمعقدين المحضرين وكانت قيمة ثابت الاستقرارية (Ksta.) لمعقد الخارصين Ksta.= 1012×1.05 لتر2. مول-2 ولمعقد النحاس Ksta. = 1012×5.94 لتر2. مول-2 , مما يشير الى ان المعقدين يتميزان باستقرارية عاليه جدا. | تميزت الطريقة التحليلية المقترحة في البحث بالحصول على دقة وضبط عاليين اذ كانت تساوي (%0.434 = %R.S.D) و(%-0.181 = %Erel) و(%99.81 = %Re) و (D.L = 0.195 جزء بالمليون ) بالنسبة لتركيز (15) جزء بالمليون من الخارصين(II)) , اما بالنسبة للنحاس بتركيز(10) جزء بالمليون فكانت تساوي (%0.5545=%R.S.D ) و(%- 1 = %Erel) و (% 99 = %Re) و ( D.L= 0.166 جزء بالمليون ). | تم حجب الايونات) Hg2+ , Cd2+, Ni2+ , Co2+) التي تتداخل مع ايوني النحاس والخارصين باستعمال عوامل حجب مناسبة. | وتم ترسيب معقدي النحاس والخارصين وقياس بعض الصفات الفيزياوية للرواسب مثل درجة الانصهار وقابلية الذوبان والتوصيلية المولارية للمعقدين المحضرين بعد ان تم دراستهما باستعمال طيف الاشعة تحت الحمراء والتحليل الكمي الدقيق للعناصروبالاعتماد على هذه الدراسة تم اقتراح الصيغة التركيبية للمعقدين المحضرين مع الكاشف (PHEPPI) اذ كانت الصيغة المقترحة هي ثماني السطوح . | تم اجراء تطبيق للطريقة المقترحة لتقدير عنصر الخارصين في نموذج دوائي (zinc sulfate) و لنموذجين من مستحضرات التجميل، وتقدير النحاس في مستحضر صيدلاني (كبسولات فيتامين), وقورنت النتائج مع المستحصلة من مطيافية الامتصاص الذري اللهبي، فكانت النتائج متقاربة . | == A new organic reagent 4-(1-(2-phenylhydrazono)ethyl)phenylazo-4,5-diphenylimidazol (PHEPPI) was synthesized, and characterized using FT-IR, UV-Visible and C.H.N techniques. | The reagent was reacted with the some metal ions. The reagent responds to (Zn2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Ni2+, Co2+) only. Zinc and copper ions were selected for this study, which exhibit a maximum absorption wavelength at 520 and 498 nm for their complexes respectively. | The optimum conditions for zinc and copper complexes with the reagent was studied which involve reagent volume, time, temperature, and pH. Calibration curve was built and Beer's low was obeyed in the concentration range (0.5-27) ppm to the zinc complex with correlation coefficient (r=0.9996), molar absorption coefficient (Ɛ) 2.12x103 L.mol-1.cm-1 ,and Sandell's sensitivity of 0.0308 µg.cm-2. Wherease for the copper complex the linearity range is (0.2-18) ppm with correlation coefficient (r=0.9989), molar absorption coefficient (Ɛ) 1.88x103 L.mol-1.cm-1 and Sandell's sensitivity of 0.0338 µg.cm-2. the ratio of metal to the reagent was determined in the two complexes depending on mole ratio and continuous variation methods. The results show that the ratio of metal to the reagent in the two complexes is 2 : 1. the stability constant (Ksta) and dissociation degree (α) for the synthesized complexes. The result exhibit that the stability constant for the zinc complex Ksta= 1.05 x 1012L2.mol-2 and for copper complex Ksta= 5.94 x 1012 L2.mol-2, the results indicate that the complexes have very high stability. | The proposed analytical method in this study have a high accuracy and precision, which is (R.S.D%= 0.434%), (E%= -0.181%), (Re%= 99.81%), and (D.L= 0.195ppm) for 15 ppm zinc ion (II) solution, whereas for 10 ppm copper ion (II) solution equal (R.S.D%= 0.5545%), (E%= -1%), (Re%= 99%), and (D.L= 0.166ppm). | These ions (Hg2+ +, Cd2+, Ni2+, Co2+) have been masked due to their interference with the copper and zinc ions using suitable masking agents. | Zinc and copper complexes were precipitated and some physical properties for complexes such as Melting point, solubility, and molar conductivity to the synthesized complexes were measured . the complex formation was proved , by using FT-IR and C.H.N analysis. The complex formula was determined depending on these studies which showed that the two complexes have octahedral formula. | The proposed method was applied by determination of Zinc metal in pharmaceutical preparation (zinc sulphate) and for two cosmetics. However, copper metal was determined in the pharmaceutical preparation (vitamin capsules). These results were compared with the results of atomic absorption spectrophotometry, which have shown a close outcome for both methods |

طرائق طيفية جديدة لتقدير ميتاكلوبرامايد هيدروكلورايد والدوكسي سايكلين هيكلية في المستحضرات الصيدلانية == New Spectrophotometric Methods For The Determination of Metoclopramide Hydrochloride And Doxycycline Hyclate In Pharmaceutical Preparation

Author name: مروة هاشم عباس
Supervisor name: عباس نور الشريفي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
Abstract: Include a general introduction, categorization and side effect of drug and | how it affect on the body of human-being. Also the significance of | spectrophotometric methods which include using ultra violet and fluorescence | spectra, in addition to it includes a common introduction and significance of | diazotization and coupling reactions and its application in the determination | of drug in the pharmaceutical preparation as well as the chapter includes a | general introduction, employment and classification of azo dyes, also it involves a common introduction, pharmaceutical importance, side effect, physiscal properties and chemical properties of Metoclopramide hydrochloride (MCP-HCl) and Doxycycline hyclate (DOX-HYC) drugs. | Finally, this chapter contain a brief review for the analytical methods which is used for determination of both drugs. after all the chapter have the aim of research. | Chapter two | Include development a simple and sensitive spectral method to determination of Metoclopramide hydrochloride (MCP-HCl) drug, the method depends on the coupling of diazotized drug with the reagent (DOXHYC) in basic media of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to form a stable, water soluble and yellow azo dye which exhibit a maximum absorption at wavelength (452)nm, the suggested method obey Beer's law in concetration range (0.1-10) μg.ml-1 with correlation coefficient (0.9997), Sandell's sensitivity (0.009) μg.cm2, molar absorption coefficient (3.84*104) L.mol- 1.cm-1, limit of detection (0.0008) μg.ml-1 and limit of quantitation (0.0027) μg.ml-1. The recovery percentage and relative standard deviation is (99.636) (0.379) respectively. The suggested method was applied on some | pharmaceutical preparations which contain (MCP-HCl) drug, this method was compared with standard method which existing in the british pharmacopoeia and found that the experimental value of (t,f) is smaller than of it's table value, whereas there is no difference between the two methods at confidence level 95%. | Include also determination of Doxycycline hyclate (DOX-HYC) drug in the same spectrophotometric method but in reverse way by using Metoclopramide hydrochloride (MCP-HCl) drug as a reagent at maximum absorption wavelength (452)nm and found that the method obey Beer's law in concetration range (0.6-15) μg.ml-1 with correlation coefficient (0.9995), sandell's sensitivity (0.009) μg.cm2, molar absorption coefficient (5.36*105) L.mol-1.cm-1, limit of detection (0.0056) μg.ml-1 and limit of quantitation | (0.0187) μg.ml-1. The recovery percentage and relative standard deviation is (99.554) (0.711) respectively. This method was applied on some pharmaceutical preparations which contain (DOX-HYC) drug, this method was compared with standard method which existing in the US pharmacopoeia and found that the experimental value of (t,f) is smaller than of it's table value, whereas there is no difference between the two methods at confidence level 95%. | Chapter three | Involve determination of Metoclopramide hydrochloride (MCP-HCl) drug in the spectrofluorometric by using (DOX-HYC) as a reagent depending on diazotization and coupling reaction between diazotized Metoclopramide hydrochloride (MCP-HCl) drug and (DOX-HYC) reagent in basic media of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to form a stable, water soluble and yellow azo dye ich reveal a maximum fluorescence intensity at emission intensity wavelength (524) and excitation intensity wavelength is (426) and found that the suggested method is obey Beer's law in concetration range (0.001-0.1) μg.ml-1 with correlation coefficient (0.9998), limit of detection (21*10-5) μg.ml-1 and limit of quantitation (65*10-5) μg.ml-1. The recovery percentage and relative standard deviation is (99.954) (0.826) respectively. The suggested method was applied successfully on some pharmaceutical preparations which contain (MCP-HCl) drug. | Involve also determination of Doxycycline hyclate (DOX-HYC) drug in the same spectrofluorometric method but in reverse way by using Metoclopramide hydrochloride (MCP-HCl) drug as a reagent at emission intensity wavelength (524)nm and and excitation intensity wavelength is (426) found that the method obey Beer's law in concetration range (0.004-0.6) μg.ml-1 with correlation coefficient (0.9996), limit of detection (72*10-5) μg.ml-1 and limit of quantitation (21*10-4) μg.ml-1. The recovery percentage and relative standard deviation is (100.151) (0.599) respectively. The suggested method was applied successfully on some pharmaceutical | preparations which contain (DOX-HYC) drug.

دراسة امتزاز الفينول من المحلول المائي على الكاربون المنشط : توازنا حركيا و ثرموديناميكيا == Adsorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solution on Activated Carbon : Equilibrium, Kinetics and Thermodynamic Study

Author name: فرح سلام دعبول
Supervisor name: فلاح حسن حسين
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Babylon
Abstract: ركزت الدراسة على تحضيرمركب من الكاربون المنشط من نوى النخيل العراقي بواسطة التنشيط الفيزيائي و الكيميائي تحليل الاشعة السينية و تحليل المجهر الالكتروني الماسح اثبتت ان المادة المتكونة هي الكاربون المنشط و تم تحضير مركب من الكاربون المنشط و ثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم ودراسة خصائص هذا المركب باستخدام تقنيات مختلفة. تم قياس قابلية الامتزاز وفعالية التحفيز الضوئي الكاربون المنشط والمركب المحضر من الكاربون المنشط وثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم من حيث سعة الامتزاز والتكسير الضوئي المحفز للمحلول المائي الفينول. | تتكون الرسالة من خمسة اجزاء رئيسة : في الجزء الاول تم تحضير الكاربون المنشط بواسطة التنشيط الفيزيائي و الكيميائي . في الجزء الثاني تم تحضير مركب من ثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم باستخدام طريقة الصول جل من مركبين كلوريد التيتانيوم والتيتانيوم ايزوبريبوكسايد. في الجزء الثالث تم تحضير مركب من الكاربون المنشط وثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم باستخدام طريقة التجفيف والتبخير البسيط. | في الجزء الرابع تمت دراسة الخصائص الكيميائية والسطحية للمركب المحضر باستخدام تقنيات تحليل رامان و تحليل الاشعة السينية وتحليل الاشعة تحت الحمراء و تحليل المجهر الالكتروني الماسح. تم استخدام تحليل رامان لفحص التداخل الحاصل بين الكاربون المنشط وثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم. تشير النتائج الى ازاحة القمم الرئيسية للكاربون المنشط وثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم عن مواقعها الاصليه وهذا يشير بوضوح الى التداخل القوي الحاصل بين الكاربون المنشط وثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم والذي يمكن ان يؤدي الى انتقال الشحنة من ثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم الى الكاربون المنشط وبذلك يمنع عمليه اعادة الاتحاد للشحنات المهمه في عمليه التكسير الضوئي للفينول. | تم حساب معدل الحجوم البلورية لثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم وللمركب المحضر من الكاربون المنشط وثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم من خلال معادلة شرر والتي كانت مساوية الى 22.797 nmو 24.026 nm لثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم وللمركب المحضر على التوالي. | تم دراسة طبيعة تشكل المركب المحضر باستخدام تحليل المجهر الالكتروني الماسح. تشير الصور الناتجة من المجهر الالكتروني الماسح بان الكاربون المنشط توزعت بشكل متجانس خلال حشوة ثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم مع ملاحظة تجمعات من دقائق ثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم. تم حساب معدل حجوم الدقائق وكانت مساوية الى 100 nm والتي تتطابق مع نتائج حيود الاشعة السينية. | في الجزء الخامس تم اجراء تطبيقين على العوامل المساعدة : | اختير المحلول المائي للفينول كنموذج للمياه الملوثة. تم دراسة سعة امتزاز الفينول في المحلول المائي على سطح الكاربون المنشط, وتم التركيزعلى تاثير عدة عوامل على حركيات الامتزاز عند ظروف ثابتة, مثل كتلة العامل المساعد و الدالة الحامضية وزمن الامتزاز و درجة الحرارة. استخدمت ايزوثيرمات لانكماير وفرندلش و تمكن كموديلات للامتزاز. استخدمت موديلات حركيات الامتزاز الثلاثة وهي حركيات الدرجة الاولى الكاذبة وحركيات الدرجة الثانية الكاذبة و موديل انتشار الدقائق لتفسير حركيات الامتزاز. ووجد بان نتائج الامتزاز العملية كانت مطابقة اكثر الى موديل حركيات الدرجة الثانية الكاذبة. وقد تم دراسة تاثير درجة الحرارة لحساب الدوال الثرموديناميكية مثل قيم طاقة كبس والانثالبية والانتروبية . وقد دلت الدوال الثرموديناميكية الناتجة بان طبيعة امتزاز الفينول تلقائي باعث للحرارة. | تم دراسة الفعالية الحفازية الضوئية من خلال الاكسدة الضوئية المحفزة للفينول لجميع النماذج المحضرة بنسب مختلفة بوجود الاشعة فوق البنفسجية نوع A كمصدر للتشعيع وتمت مقارنة النتائج العملية مع النتائج العملية لثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم التجاري (P25). تمت متابعة الانحلال الضوئي الصبغة بواسطة اي عامل مساعد محضر من خلال دراستها طيفيا. تبين النتائج المستحصلة ان الاكسدة الضوئية المحفزة جميعها تطيع معادلة المرتبة الاولى الكاذبة. بينت النتائج تحسن الفعالية الحفازية الضوئية لجميع النسب المحضرة من المركب مقارنة مع ثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم لوحده. كذلك بينت النتائج بان اعلى نسبة انحلال ضوئي كانت في المركب AC (10%)/P25 بواقع 6%5. وكانت نسبة الانحلال الضوئي للفينول لنماذج P25 و AC (10%)/P25 مساوية الى 35 و 56% على التوالي. يبدو واضحا بان فعالية المركب AC (10%)/P25اعلى بحدود 1.14 مره من ثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم لوحده . | == In this thesis, the preparation of activated carbon (AC) by physical and chemical activation from Iraqi date palm seeds has been explored. In particular, optimized growth conditions that allow the production of long, well aligned, high-quality AC are established. The AC was prepared using a temperature of 700 °C for 120 min, using carbonaceous gas to nitrogen flow rate in a 1 : 1 ratio. SEM and XRD analysis of the prepared composite indicate this product is activated carbon and intermediates in the production of AC/TiO2 composites, and analyzing the prepared composite using different techniques. The adsorption capability of the AC and the photocatalytic activity of the prepared AC/TiO2 samples were quantified in terms of their adsorption capacity and the photocatalytic degradation of phenol. | This research consists of five main parts : | 1. The AC was prepared using physical and chemical activation process. | 2. The TiO2 was prepared from titanium isopropoxide (TIP) and | titanium chloride (TiCl4) using simple sol-gel process. | 3. The AC/TiO2 composites were prepared using simple evaporation | and a drying process. | 4. The structural, morphological and chemical properties of the | prepared AC, TiO2 and AC/TiO2 composites were investigated by | different analytical techniques such as Raman spectroscopy, X-ray | XRD, FTIR and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Raman spectroscopy was used to investigate the interaction of the titanium dioxide (TiO2) with the AC. | | | The results indicate that the main bands of the TiO2 and AC shifted, clearly indicating that the strong interaction between the TiO2 and the AC could enhance the charge transfer from the TiO2 to the AC to separate and stabilize the charge and thereby hinder charge recombination. The Scherrer equation was used to calculate the average crystallite sizes of the TiO2 and AC/TiO2 composites via XRD data. According to calculations, the average crystallite sizes of the TiO2 and AC (10%)/ TiO2 composites were 22.797 and 24.026 nm, respectively. | The morphology of the AC/ TiO2 composites was studied using SEM. The SEM images explain that the AC is homogenously distributed throughout the TiO2 matrix with an apparent agglomeration of the TiO2 particles. The average sizes of the catalyst particles are 100 nm, which is in good agreement with the XRD measurements. | | In the fifth part, two models of applications were performed : | The adsorption capacity of an aqueous solution of phenol was used as a wastewater model to study the treatment activity of AC and AC/TiO2. The adsorption capacity of an aqueous solution of phenol on the AC surface was investigated, particularly focusing on the influence of the experimental parameters on the kinetics adsorption at constant conditions, such as AC dosage, contact time, pH and temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms were utilized as the model adsorption equilibrium data. The Freundlich isotherm model was the most adequate. The pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion models were used to explain the adsorption kinetics. The experimental adsorption data fitted with the pseudo-second order kinetic. The effect of temperature was quantified by calculating different thermodynamic factors such as G, H and S changes. Thermodynamic parameters indicate that the adsorption is exothermic and spontaneous in nature. | | The photocatalytic activity of the AC/TiO2 composites with 10% of AC was studied and compared with the TiO2. The UV light photocatalytic activity was evaluated by the photocatalytic degradation of phenol in an aqueous solution. The obtained results are discussed in terms of its photodegredation efficiency The comparisons of photocatalytic activity showed that all prepared AC/TiO2 composites was more active than the TiO2 alone. After 60 minutes of UV irradiation, the AC (10%)/TiO2 demonstrated the highest photocatalytic photodegredation of phenol, of which almost 56% was removed. Phenolic degradation of TiO2, AC (10%)/TiO2, also achieved 35 and 56%, respectively. It was observed that the AC (10%)/TiO2 composite had higher activity of about 1.14 times more than TiO2 (P25). |

اغناء وفصل وتقدير كميات فوق النزرة لبعض العناصر الثقيلة والادوية باستخدام التقنيات الطيفية التفلورية == Preconcentration, Separation and Determination of Ultra Trace Quantities of Some Heavy Metals and Drugs by Spectroflourometric Techniques

Author name: احمد سعدون عباس وتوت
Supervisor name: قاسم حسن كاظم | عباس نور محمد
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Babylon
Abstract: Chapter One : explaining illustration of the importance of surfactants uses and types, and also known on cloud point extraction method in analytical chemistry , selection methods of its surfactant , phase mechanisms of its method and factor affecting on its . It also involves briefly review on the modern research of the cloud point extraction and applications for the determination of zinc, chromium, lead, cadmium, arsenic and organic compound (drugs) such as Doxycycline Hyclate and Furosemide . | Chapter Two : involved known on different instrumental techniques used , general apparatus and chemicals used in the cloud point extraction in the present work under study. The full analytical procedures for CPE which have been designed for the determination of analytes (elements and drugs) under study were made in the present work. | Chapter Three : contains the results and discussion including for the separation and preconcentration. First part , included separation and determination on nano gram amount for the metal ions which selected under study of an extraction method used surfactants environmental friendly and ability for its determination by preconcentration in a small volume of the surfactant rich phase and also its methods doesn't used the organic solvent that high expensive and toxicity , the second part include for the ability of determination of its drugs under study by its ion selected in part one and obtained a very low limit of detection, very high sensitivity and a high value of enrichment factors by using cloud point extraction joined with spectroflurimetric technique . | First part of chapter three, included the use of Doxycycline Hyclate (DOX-HYC) as an complexing agent for the establishment of ions-drug complex of Cr(III), Zn(II) and Cr(VI) in alkaline medium. This reaction was form by presence of a non-ionic surfactant in solution, in place of complexes organic reagents which have used in CPE in large field . Furosemide as an complexing reagent, on the other hand, was used for the formation of ion-drug complex Cd(II), As(III) and Pb(II) in acidic medium as a hydrophobic molecule suitable for its separation and preconcentration by CPE. Therefore , a spectrofluorimetric study for the determination of its ions to be exact (Cr(III),Zn(II) and Cr(VI)) of these forms in CPE system at λex. and λem. were 415nm and 511 nm respectively. Different boundaries have been optimized such as pH effective , surfactant amount, organic drug concentration, equilibration temperature and incubation(heating) time. | Under its optimum conditions , results showed that the enrichment factor of 70.42, 43.00 and 84.22 were achieved for each Cr(III),Zn(II) and Cr(VI) species respectively. The linear calibration curve at a linear range for Cr(III) was 0.025-1.0 ng mL-1 with detection limit of 0.0034 ng mL-1, for Zn(II) was 10.0-100.0 ng mL-1 with detection limit of 0.182 ng mL-1, and for Cr(VI) was 0.1-1.0 with detection limit of 0.0019 ng mL-1. The precision for (n=7) at 0.1, 50 and 0.5 ng mL-1 Cr(III),Zn(II) and Cr(VI) were of 2.40% , 0.63 % and 1.41% . Because of the lowest detection limit obtained , the developed method was applied for the determination micro amounts of Cr(III),Cr (VI) and Zn(II) in tap water , R.O and honey samples respectively. The proposed method is compared statistically with GFAAS technique in our laboratory using paired t-test , F test and the results have shown that no significant differences at p=0.05 in accuracy and precision. | On the other hand , this proposed method was used for determination of nano gram amounts of Pb(II), As(III) and Cd(II) using cloud point extraction technique . This method involved the formation of an ion - complex between its ions and Furosemide drug (FUR) in acidic solution and the complex is extracted into the non-ionic surfactant (Triton X-114) at optimum conditions. The surfactant-rich phase which contains ions-complex is dissolved with solvent and the solution was measured spectrofluorimeterically at λex and λem = 363 and 409 nm respectively. The effects of the several variables which affect the CPE efficiency are optimized and the thermodynamic study was also examined for all complexes in a non-ionic surfactant under study. The enrichment factor of 62.44, 149.00 and 42.34 for each Pb(II), As(III) and Cd(II) respectively obtained leading to detection limits of 0.0953, 0.0000892 and 0.321 ng mL-1 in aqueous solution for each Pb(II), As(III) and Cd(II) respectively . | The concentrations range obey Beers law of 1.25-15.0 , 0.01-0.1 and 6.75-50.0 ng mL-1 for each Pb(II), As(III) and Cd(II) respectively. The precision for (n=7) at 5, 0.08 and 10 ng mL-1 Pb(II), As(III) and Cd(II) were of 1.96% , 1.52 % and 1.73% . The developed method was used for the determination of its ions in honey, and for Pb(II) and Cd(II) in powder and liquid milk samples, and the results were compared statistically with HGAAS, and GFAAS technique using paired t-test and F -test at p=0.05 concluding there are no significant differences in accuracy and precision. | The second part of this chapter includes, a new spectroflurimetric method has been developed for the determination of its drugs, ( Doxycycline Hyclate and Furosemide) by cloud point extraction system. These determinations were obtained under the optimum conditions and the concentration for the selected drugs were measured using spectroflurimetic at each λem. It was found that the enrichment factors of 74.87, 93.47 and 172.69 for Doxy-Zn(II), Cr(III) and Cr(VI) were achieved leading to the very low limit of detection of 2.2×10-8, 1.3×10-9 and 1.1×10-9 ng mL-1 respectively. While for the complexes of Furo-Pb(II), As(III) and Cd(II) were 111.32, 184.33 and 166.80 respectively, were achieved leading to the low limit of detection of 1.1×10-9, 1.4×10-11 and 2.5×10-11 ng mL-1 respectively . | The established method showed linear calibrations in the range for Doxy-Zn(II), Cr(III) and Cr(VI) were 2.0×10-6 -2.0×10-3 , 1.0×10-7 -1.0×10-3 and 2.0×10-7 -2.0×10-3 ng mL−1 respectively. Also for Furo-Pb(II), As(III) and Cd(II) were 1.0×10-7 -1.0×10-3 , 2.0×10-9 -2.0×10-4 and 2.0×10-9 -2.0×10-4 ng mL−1 respectively .The quantum yield for all complexes that extracted in surfactant rich phase were calculated .The developed method was applied for the determination of the Doxycycline Hyclate in blood serum samples |

دراسة مقارنة لتحضير وتشخيص العامل المساعد Ni3O4 - Co3O4 - Al2O3 واستخدامه في الاكسدة الضوئية والامتزاز لصبغتي Reactive Yellow145 و Bismarck brown G

Author name: ايمان جاسم محمد
Supervisor name: عباس جاسم عطية | صالح هادي كاظم
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Babylon
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة تحضير العامل المساعد Ni3O4-Co3O4-Al2O3 بنسب وزنية مختلفة و بطريقة الترسيب المشترك في درجات حرارة 500 و 600 و 700 م⁰ وبفترة زمنية 4 ساعات وتم تشخيص هذه النسب المحضرة بعدة تقنيات وهي حيود الاشعة السينية (PXRD) وطيف الاشعة تحت الحمراء (FTIR) و التحليل الحراري الوزني والمسح المسعري التفاضلي (TGA/DSC) و قياس المساحة السطحية (BET) ومجهر القوة الذرية (AFM) وتحديد الصفات الفيزيائية والتاكد من المسامية والحجم المسامي والكثافة لهذه النسب بطريقة التشبع بالسائل. بعد ذلك تم استخدام جميع هذه النسب المحضرة والمكلسنة بجميع الدرجات الحرارية في الاكسدة الضوئية المحفزة لصبغتي Bismarck brown G و Reactive yellow145 ووجد ان افضل نسبة تعطي افضل تكسير للصبغتين هي النسبة Cat4 المحضرة من (40 : 40 : 20)% والمكلسنة بدرجة حرارة 600 م⁰ . | درست الظروف المثلى للتكسيرالضوئي المحفز لصبغة Bismarck brown G من اختيار الوزن الامثل للعامل المساعد والدالة الحامضية المثلى و والدرجة الحرارية الفضلى. ووجد ان افضل وزن للعامل المساعد المحضر هو 0.2 غم وافضل دالة حامضية هي 3 وافضل درجة حرارية هي 300 كلفن, كما تم حساب طاقة التنشيطE ∆ لتفاعل الاكسدة الضوئية المحفزة وكانت ) 27.89 ) كيلوجول/ مول. تم دراسة ايزوثيرمي الامتزاز لانكماير وفرندلش وقد وجد ان الامتزاز كيميائي اي يتبع امتزاز لانكماير, كما درست حركيات الامتزاز ووجد ان التفاعل يتبع الرتبة الثانية الكاذبة. كما تم دراسة اعادة التدوير للعامل المساعد المحضر مع هذه الصبغة ووجد ان الفعالية تقل بعد الاستخدام الاول للعامل المساعد وتنخفض الفعالية من 92.4% الى 23.2%. | كذلك درست الظروف المثلى للتكسير الضوئي المحفز لصبغة Reactive yellow 145 ووجد ان افضل وزن للعامل المساعد هو0.1 غم وافضل دالة حامضية هي 3 وافضل درجة حرارية للتكسير هي 296 كلفن, كذلك تم حساب طاقة التنشيط E∆ وكانت (18.11) كيلوجول/مول. ايضا تم دراسة ايزوثيرمي الامتزاز لصبغة Reactive yellow 145 ووجد ان الامتزاز فيزيائي اي يتبع فرندلش ايزوثيرم , ودرست حركيات الامتزاز وكان التفاعل يتبع الرتبة الثانية الكاذبة. كما درست اعادة التدوير للعامل المساعد مع الصبغة وقد وجد ان الفعالية تبقى ثابتة لاستخدامين متتاليين في تكسير الصبغة اما عند استخدامه للمرة الثالثة وجد ان الفعالية تنخفض الى 80.1%. | == This study involves synthesis of the co-catalyst Ni3O4-Co3O4-Al2O3 at different ratios by co- Precipitation method with different calcination temperature 500, 600, 700 ⁰C at a heating rate of 10 C/min under normal atmospheric conditions for four. The obtained materials were characterized using powder X-rays diffraction (PXRD), fourier transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimatric analysis (TGA/DSC), surface area determination (BET), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), In addition to that some of physical for properties these ratio were undertaken including measurement of porosity, pore volume, and volume density by impregnation method. Then used all of these ratio that calcinated at different temperature in oxidtion process of both reactive yellow 145 (RY145) and Bismark brown G (BBG) from their aqueous solutions. It was found that the catalyst with a ratio of (40 : 40 : 20) %, which was calcinated at 600 ⁰C (denoted as cat4) it’s the bast ratio. | | Removal of BBG was investigated after optimization of removal conditions such as pH of mixture, amount of the used catalyst , duration time of reaction and reaction temperature. The optimum conditions for this case were pH=3, 0.2 g of cat 4 and temperature equal to 27 ºC. Activation energy was calculated using Arrhenius plot and it was around 27.89 kJ/mol. Kinetics of this process was investigated and it was fitted with the pseudo second order kinetics. In addition to that, adsorption isotherms for this process were applied for both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The obtained results showed that it was agreed with Langmuir adsorption model. recyclization processes were applied for removal of BBG over cat 4, and it was found that the activity of cat 4 was reduced from 92.4% for the first trial to 23.2%. | Removal of RY145 over cat 4 was investigated and the optimum conditions in this case were, pH=3, 0.1 g of the cat 4 and temperature was 23 ºC. Additionally the activation energy was calculated as mentioned above and it was around 18.11 KJ /mol. Kinetics of this processes was investigated and it was similar to that reported for removal of BBG over cat4. Also adsorption isotherms were performed using Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption model and it was found that, it was fitted with Feundlich isotherm model. Cyclization process for RY145 over cat 4 was evaluated and it was found that the activity of cat 4 doesn't change after two successive usages. But the activity of cat 4 was educed third usage and it was declined to reach 80.1%

تحضير وتشخيص معقدات قواعد شف ثنائبة النواة مع ليكندات حلقة كبيرة رباعية السن == Synthesis and Characterization of Schiff Base Binuclear Complexes with Tetra Dentate Macrocyclic Ligands

Author name: طارق حســـــين مغـــــير
Supervisor name: عاشور حمود داود | حسين عبد محمد
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Inorganic Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Babylon
Abstract: تضمن العمل تحضير و تشخيص معقدات ثنائية النوات مختلفة ومتشابهة وبطريقة القالب حيث اعتمد في بداية العمل على تحضير مشتقات هي P1 - P5 مشتقة من ثلاثة مركبات ثنائية الكيتون هي ( البنزويل اسيتون و الازاثين و5و2 هكسات ثنائي الكيتون) حضر ت المشتقات من خلال تفاعل ثنائي الكيتون مع اورثو امينو فينول مرة و مع اورثو امينو ثايوفينول مرة اخرى بعدها تم تحضير نوعين من المعقدات ثنائية النواة النوع الاول هو معقدات ثنائية النواة المتشابهة من خلال استخدام مشتقات مختلفة مع املاح فلزات متشابهة حيث تم تحضير المعقدات بطريقة القالب باستخدام المادة الجسرية مع مكافئين من المشتق و مكافئين من ملح الفلز ليتكون المعقد المطلوب لمعقد ثنائي النواة .. | النوع الثاني من المعقدات ثنائية النواة هي معقدات ثنائية مختلفة النواة اي تستخدم املاح فلزين مختلفين في المعقد الواحد حيث يتم تحضير المعقد المطلوب بطريقة القالب ايضا با ضافة المادة الجسريةهي خماسي اريثرويتول رباعي البروميد مع مكافئين من المشتقات المحضرة و مكافئ واحد من كل ملح من املاح الفلزات المستخدمة و هي النيكل الثنائي و النحاس الثنائي ليتكون المعقد ثنائي مختلف النواة المطلوب . المخططات (1و2و3و4) توضح تلك التفاعلات . | تم استخدام التقنيات الحديثة في تشخيص المركبات المحضرة حيث استخدمت مطيافية الاشعة تحت الحمراء و الفوق البنفسجية - المرئية ومطيافية الرنين النووي المغناطيسي للبروتون و الكاريون - 13 و التشخيص الكمي الدقيق للعناصر ( كاربون نايتروجين هايدروجين كبريت ) و طيف الكتلة كما درست قياسات الحسابية المغناطيسية للمعقدات و توصيل الكهربائية المولارية اضافة الى دراسة الخصائص الفيزيائية للمركبات المحضرة من قياس درجة الانصهار و الذوبانية في مذيبات مختلفة و طيفية الالوان المتكونة. | ومن المعلومات الطيفية و الخصائص الفيزيائية للمركبات المقترحة تم اقتراح الاشكال الفراغية للمعقدات المحضرة كالتالي : | 1. معقدات الكوبلت جميعهراباعي السطوح مع كافة المشتقات المحضرة . | 2. معقدات النيكل هي مربعة مستوية مع كافة المشتقات المحضرة | 3. معقدات النحاس مع P1 هي رباعي السطوح و مربعة مستوية مع بقية المشتقات | == The work covered the synthesis and characterization of homo and hetero nuclear complexes through the template reaction. | The preparation of precursors P1- P5 was carried out via reaction of benzoyl acetone, Isatin and 2,5 hexane dione, the three diones treated with O-aminophenol or O-amino thiophenol. The N2O2 and N2S2 type donor atoms compound was used as | Starting material with metal ions and the bridge penta arythretol tetrabromide | in template reaction to prepare the binuclear complexes. | The first type of complexes was prepared using homo metal ions, the precursors type N2O2 and N2S2 was mixed with pentaerythretol tetrabromide and two equivalents of metal ion salts at the same time stirred and refluxed to produce the complexes in title as homo binuclear macro cyclic compounds . | The second protocol was included the preparation of heterobinuclear complexes, the procedure was carried out via reaction of precursors with bridge compound pentaerythretol tetrabromide with different metal ions salts Cu2+ and Ni2+ to obtains the heterobinuclear complexes as N4S4 and N4O4 Macrocyclic coordination compounds. Schemes (1, 2, 3 and 4) shows all these reactions. | | The prepared compounds and complexes were characterized by different methods. | And the physical properties were studied using FT-IR,UV,1H NMR,13C NMR, mass spectra and C.H.N.S Spectroscopies to identify the prepared compounds. | The solubility of prepared compounds was investigated in different solvents, Molar conductivity was carried out for complexes using DMSO as a solvent The study showed that all complexes were electrolytes with 1 : 4 ratio. | The magnetic susceptibility was measured to determine the magnetic moments of complexes the results showed that the cobalt(II)and copper(II) complexes were Paramagnetic in different values of μeff, while the study shows the Ni2+ | complexes were diamagnetic. | From the spectroscopic and physical studies the suggested geometry of the complexes were as follow : - | 1-The cobalt(II) complexes are tetrahedral with the different precursors. | 2-The nickel(II) complexes are square planar with the different precursors. | 3-The copper(II) complexes are tetrahedral with Precursors P1 ,while the others is square planar |

دراسة التاثيرات الكيموحيوية لمستخلصات نبات الريحان على الارانب المصابه بسمية الكبد من خلال نظام الاكسده - مضادات الاكسده == A Study of Biochemical Effects of Ocimum sanctum L. Extracts on Hepatotoxicity in Rabbits Via Oxidant - Antioxidant System

Author name: سارة صالح مهدي التميمي
Supervisor name: لمياء عبد المجيد المشهدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Babylon
Abstract: تضمن البحث دراسة المكونات الفعالة في المستخلصات المائية(الباردة والحارة) والكحولية (70%) لنبات الريحان الذي جمع من الاسواق المحلية في مدينة الحلة. من خلال التقدير النوعي والكمي لمستخلصات نبات الريحان حيث بينت نتائج التقدير النوعي ان المستخلص المائي الحار والكحولي يحتويان مكونات فعالة اكثر مثل الفلافونيدات ,القلويات, الصابونيات ,التانينات ,التربينات , الكلايكوسيدات والاحماض الامينية او الامينات الاولية والثانوية مقارنة بالمستخلص المائي البارد. | اتضح من التقدير الكمي للمستخلصات ان المستخلص المائي الحار والكحولي يحتويان مكونات فعالة مثل الفلافونيدات ,القلويات, الصابونيات والتانينات بنسب مختلفه مقارنة بالمستخلص البارد. و تضمنت الدراسه تقدير الفعالية البايولوجيه للمستخلصات المائيه والكحولية لنبات الريحان باستخدام اربعة انواع مختلفة من السلالات البكتيرية موجبة لصبغة كرام(Staphylococcus aures, Streptococcus pyogenes) وسالبة لصبغة كرام (Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella) باستخدام طريقة الانتشار في الاكار وبتراكيز مختلفة من المستخلصات ( 200,100 , 50)ملغم/مل وبينت النتائج ان المستخلص الكحولي يمتلك اكبر قطر للتثبيط ضد ثلاثة انواع بكتريا هي (Staphylococcus aures, Streptococcus Pyogenes and Klebsiella) عند التركيز 200ملغم/مل مقارنة مع المستخلصات المائية التي تعطي نتائج تثبيط اقل .من هذه النتائج يتضح ان الاستخلاص بالايثانول ( (70%اثبت فعاليته في عزل المكونات الفعالة (نوعيا وكميا) وان التركيز 200ملغم للمستخلص الكحولي هو افضل تركيز مقارنة بالتركيز(100 , 50) ملغم من نفس المستخلص كونه يعطي افضل قطر للتثبيط ضد مختلف انواع البكتريا لذلك اعتبرنا ان الجرعة الفعالة هي 200ملغم/كغم من وزن الجسم حيث استندنا على نتائج التقدير النوعي والكمي والفعالية البايولوجيه في الحصول على الجرعة المؤثرة والتي تم استخدامها بعد ذلك كجرعة مؤثره لعلاج الحيوانات المختبريه المصابة بسمية الكبد. | ولتحديد الزمن الفعال تم تقسيم (30)ارنب والتي تتراوح اوزانهم بين (900-1500)غم الى خمسة مجاميع حيث تحتوي كل مجموعه على ستة ارانب وهذه المجاميع هي : ( (G1 مجموعه السيطرة, ( (G2المجموعه المستحث فيها سمية الكبد بواسطة CCl4)), ( (G3 المجموعة المعالجه ,(G4)المجموعه الوقائية و (G5)هي المجموعة التي تعامل بالمستخلص الكحولي فقط (وتعتبر مجموعة سيطره ثانيه) . وبعدها تم اعطاء المستخلص | | الكحولي لحيوانات المجموعه الثالثة ,الرابعة والخامسة وتم قياس انزيمات الكبد مثل (AST, ALT, ALP , TP and Alb) في اوقات مختلفة لمعرفة الزمن الفعال الذي يؤدي الى اكبر تاثير في وظائف الكبد ,حيث اتضح ان الزمن اربع ساعات هو الزمن المؤثر والفعال والذي تم الاستناد عليه في التجارب اللاحقة. | ولدراسة تاثير المستخلص الكحولي العلاجي والوقائي لنبات الريحان ضد سمية الكبد المستحثة بواسطة رابع كلوريد الكاربون (CCl4) تم قياس انزيمات الكبد مثل AST, ALT, ALP, TP and Alb لهذه المجاميع وبينت النتائج ان مستويات انزيماتAST, ALT and ALP سوف تزداد بينما مستويات انزيمات ((TP and Alb سوف تنخفض بالنسبة للارانب المصابة بسمية الكبد بواسطة رابع كلوريد الكاربون لمدة اسبوع وان معالجة الارانب بالمستخلص الكحولي لنبات الريحان قللت من مستويات انزيمات الكبد لتصبح قريبة من القيم الطبيعية للمجموعة الاولى(مجموعة السيطره) وهذه النتائج توضح الطبيعة الوقائية لنبات الريحان ضد ماده رابع كلوريد الكاربون والتي تسبب تلف الكبد. | اضافه الى ذلك فان دراسة المقاطع النسيجية لكبد الارانب المختبريه تدعم النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها من خلال قياس انزيمات الكبد والتي تبين التاثير الفعال للمستخلص الكحولي لنبات الريحان وذلك يعود الى كون نبات الريحان هو احد النباتات الطبية التي تمتلك خواص مضادات الاكسده. | == The research included the phytochemical study of aqueous(cold and hot)and ethanolic extracts (70%) of Ocimum sanctum L. that were collected from local markets in Hilla. The investigation of phytochemical constituents involved the qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results for qualitative analysis explained that the aqueous hot and ethanolic extracts contained more amounts of active components such as flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides and amino acids or primary and secondary amines rather than cold extract ,while the quantitative analysis illustrated that the aqueous hot and ethanolic extracts containing different percentages of flavonoids, saponins, tannins and alkaloids more than cold extract. | Antibacterial activity was also analyzed for the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Ocimum sanctum L. with different concentrations (50,100,200) mg/ml using four different bacterial strains which are gram positive : Staphylococcus aures, Streptococcus pyogenes and gram negative : Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella using agar diffusion method and the results showed that ethanolic extract had the biggest zones of inhibition at the concentration 200mg against Staphylococcus aures, Streptococcus pyogenes and Klebsiella compared with aqueous extracts that gave less results of zones of inhibition. | From these results which illustrated that extraction with ethanol (70%) proved its effectiveness in the isolation of active components and the concentration 200mg was the best concentration for ethanolic extract which given the best results of inhibition zones against different types of bacteria. Therefore, the active dose was 200mg/kg body weight based on the results of qualitative, quantitative and antibacterial activity to get the active dose that was used in the treatment of experimental animals induced hepatotoxicity. | To determine the active time , thirty rabbits were divided into five groups for six rabbits in each group with body weight of (900-1500)gm and these groups were : (G1) is the control group that received normal saline, (G2) is the toxic control that received CCl4 for one week, (G3)is the treated group, (G4) is the preventive group and (G5)that treated with ethanolic extract only(it's considered as a second control group).Then ethanolic extract was given to the rabbits of (G3, G4 and G5) and the liver function enzymes like(AST, ALT, ALP, TP and Alb)were measured for these groups in different times to detect the active time which leads to the greater impact in liver function and it became clear that four hours is the active time that was used in the next experiments. | Then to study the hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Ocimum Sanctum L. on hepatotoxic rabbits that induced by CCl4 , the liver function enzymes such as AST ,ALT ,ALP ,TP and Albumin were measured for these groups and the results indicated that the levels of AST ,ALT and ALP were significantly increased while the levels of TP and Albumin were decreased in rabbits that received CCl4 for one week. Post treatment with Ocimum sanctum L. extract for two weeks made the levels of liver enzymes become nearer to the normal values of G1.These findings demonstrated the protective nature of Ocimum sanctum L. against CCl4 that induced liver damage. In addition, the histopathological studies of liver sections support the results that were obtained from serum liver enzymes which appeared the hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extract and this was due to the antioxidant properties that have been found in Ocimum sanctum L. plant. |

تحضير وتشخيص ودراسة بايولوجية لمشتقات جديدة من 4,2,1 - ترايازول ومعقداتها مع بعض العناصر الانتقالية == Preparation, Characterization and biological study of some new 1,2,4 - Triazole derivatives and theirs complexes with some transition metals.

Author name: احمد كامل عجيل الزيدي
Supervisor name: ابراهيم عبود فليفل
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
Abstract: he work listed by this thesis covers the preparation and characterization ofsome new derivatives of 1,2,4- Triazole as ligands which are : | 1-N : ( 2-ethyl-5-{[(3-phenyl-5-sulfanyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)imino]methyl}benzene-1,4-diol). (L1)2-4-({2-[(4-methylphenyl)amino]ethylidene}amino)-5-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (L2)3-5-methyl-4-{[1-(5-methylfuran-2-yl)ethylidene]amino}-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (L3) | Those ligands were used to prepare some complexes such as L1,L2,L3with the chlorides of transition metal(FeCl3.6H2O,COCl3. 6H2O,CrCl3.6H2O,CuCl2.6H2O,NiCl2.6H2O)To characterize the structure of prepared ligands and their complexes, | elemental analysis (C.H.N),Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), NuclearMagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy(1H-NMR),Mass Spectra,Magneticsensitivity and Molar conductivity techniques were applied . The resultsshowed that ; | 1- The complexes of [Fe(III) , Co(III) , Cr(III)] for all ligands haveshown octahedral configuration. | 2- Complexes of [Ni(II) , Cu(II)] with all ligands have shown square | planer configuration.Testing the biological activity for ligands and their complexes by using spread method and measurement inhibition zone by using (DMSO) as asolvent showed a positivity results; By the appear laeg inhibition zonesagainst E-coli and S. aureas species of bacteria.

تحضير وتشخيص ودراسة بايولوجية لبعض مركبات ثنائية الازو الجديدة ومعقداتها واستخدامها كوثبطات لتاكل سبيكة الفولار الكاربوني في الوسط الحامضي == Synthesis,Characterization and Biological activity Study of Some Bis - Azo Dyes and their Complexes and the use of Bis - Azo dyes as Corrosion Inhibitors for Low Carbon - Steel in acidic media

Author name: اسراء عبد الكاظم جاسم الشمري
Supervisor name: ساجد حسن كسار | حسام محمد كريدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
Abstract: As it used for dyes (A1,A3) P-Phenylenediamine ,while using for dyes (A2,A4) O Phenylenediamine. | here is X for dyes (A1,A2) 3-ethoxy salicylaldehyde ,while representing for | dyes 3-methoxy salicylaldehyde. | he prepared copmpounds were identified by FT-IR spectroscopy, CHN analysis, 1H-NMR spectroscopy and GC-Mass spectroscopy.Also, determination of melting pointsWhere,XIn the recent study, four azo dyes compounds were prepared (A1-A4) and tested as The inhibition efficiency of the synthesized compounds was studied , using | weight loss method in acidic solution by corrosion rate determination for | carbon steel without and with different concentratins | ) 1 , 5 , 1 , 5 ( M | of inhibitor at different immersion times (1-5) hrs ,303K and static condition | .The inhibition efficiency of synthesized compounds was calculated ,the | optimum concentration ( 5 M ) and immersion time (5 hrs) were | determined at the same conditions.The compounds have agood corrosion | inhibition with efficiency percentage of (86.47-88.26%) for azo dyes. | The effect of temperature variation on the corrosion rate for different | concentrations (1 -5 M) of the prepared compounds was studied | by using weight loss method at four temperature degrees (303, 313,323 and | 333)K and (1-5) hrs. | The experimental results of temperature effect indicated the following : | 1-The rate of corrosion inhibitors increased with the rise of temperature, while | the corrosion rate decreased with increasing of inhibitor concentration at the | certain temperature.For example ,the corrosion rate for carbon steel in the | presence of A2 inhibitor increased from 39.22mpy at 303K to 464.75mpy at | 333K.while the corrosion rate decreased from 70.50mpy at concentration of | 1 M to 39.22 mpy at concentration of 5 M at constant | temperature of 303K. | 2-All inhibitors had high inhibition efficiency in reducing the corrosion rate.The | inhibition efficiency was decreased by increasing the temperature ,for example | inhibition efficiency for A2 inhibitor was decreased from 88.26% at 303K to | 85.44% at 333K. | 3-The adsorption of the molecules on the metal surface obey Langmuir | isotherm.The adsorption constant and free energy of adsorption were | calculated for the studied inhibitors.The results showed that the adsorption | constants were decreased with increasing the temperature and the negative | value of free energy indicated that the adsorption process is spontaneous. | 4-Thermodynamic functions H and S and the activation energy Ea were | determined.The results indicated that the activation energy for acidic solution | without inhibitor (16.21 KJmol-1 )was less than of the activation energy value | with the presence of inhibitor s, (17.08-31.07 KJmol-1 ) for azo dyes .The | positive value of enthalpy indicated that the metal dissolution process is | endothermic , while the negative value of entropy reflected the reducing in the | entropy value and formation stable layer on the metal surface. | Electrochemical method (Tafel plot) was used to evaluate the inhibition | efficiency for the azo compounds using carbon steel corrosion in 0.5M HCl | solution. The percentages of inhibition efficiency were 86.84%, 93.68%, 86.70 | and 93.06% for the inhibitors A1, A2, A3 and A4, respectively, at 303K and | concentration of 5 x 10-3M. Tafel plot results indicated that the prepared azo | dyes compounds are the doublet inhibitors type. | Studying of the growth inhibition against three types of pathogenic bacteria | namely for some pigments lecture(A1,A2) and their Nickel(II) complexes by | using diffusion method and measurement inhibition zone by using (DMSO) as a | solvent , using in this study three types from bacterial two its Gram negative | bacterial strains, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and the other is Gram positive bacterial strains , Staphylococcus aureus , We notice that the biological activity against this bacterial showed a positivity results. | Ciprofloxacin were used as standard bactericide and compared inhibition this | bacterial with Ciprofloxacin.corrosion inhibitors in acidic medium ,0.5M HCl. These compounds have general chemical structure :

تحضير وتشخيص ودراسة الفعالية البايولوجية لمشتقات جديدة من 4.3.1 اوكسادايازول ومعقداتها مع بعض العناصر الانتقالية == Preparation , characterization and biological activity of a new1,3,4 - oxadiazole derivatives and some of their transition metal complexes

Author name: ايمان حسين شويل التميمي
Supervisor name: ابراهيم عبود فليفل | احمد حسن محمد
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
Abstract: The work described in this thesis is mainly concerned with preparation and characterization of three ligands (L1-L3) derived from 1,3,4-Oxadiazole .The study deals with reaction of these ligands with transition metal salts as (CrCl3.6H2O , CoCl2.6H2O , NiCl2.6H2O , CuCl2.2H2O) .The ligands and their complexes were characterized by the elemental analysis (C,H,N), Infrared spectroscopy (IR) , Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1HNMR), Mass spectra and molar conductivity. However, the ligands and some of their were studied by using hyperchem7.5 program in order to know their geometry and proving their shapes and hypridizaion which were notice the chromium complexes is octahedral (oh), the hypridization is d2sp3 with the three ligands while the shapes of the complexes (cobalt(II), Nickel(II), Cupper (II) ) is four coor-dinated is square planar and the hypridizaion is sp3. | Antibacterial activity was carried out against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Klepsiella pneumonia, and with test compounds at four concentrations of (5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625mg/ml). Azithromycin and Cefoaxime were the standard drugs utilize. Some of these compounds showed good efficacy, while others ranged from medium to small. | The hemolysis activity of the compounds was tested at different concentrations (5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625mg/ml) and the results showed high percentage of hemolysis for all these compounds and these gave a conclusion about the contraindication use of these compounds in vivo .

تحضير وتشخيص قواعد شف ومعقداتها المشتقة من 4 - امينوانتيبايرين واستخدامها في استخلاص ايون النيكل الثنائي == Preparation and Characterization of Schiff Bases and their Complexes Derived from 4 - Aminoantipyrine and using them in the Extraction of Nickel (II) Ion

Author name: اسراء جرجيس نعمة
Supervisor name: ساهر عبد الرضا علي | حيدر عباس مهدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
Abstract: The study includs the preparation and charazchtion of three new compounds of the schiff bases are : | 1- L1 is prepared from the condensation of 4-amino antipyrine with Penzaal acetone . | 4,4'-((1Z,1'E)-(1-phenylbutdiylidene)bis(azanylylidene))bis (1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1Hpyrazol-(2H)-one)3 | 2- L2 is prepared from the condensation of4-amino antipyrine with Asetayl acetone | 4,4'-((1Z,1'E)-pentane-2,4-diylidenebis(azanylylidene))bis(1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3(2H)- one | 3- L3 is prepared from the condensation 4-amino antipyrine with Slsldehid as a first step then it is is reactance output with 3.4-di amino toluene . | 2,2'-((1Z,1'E)-( (3E,3'E)-3,3'((4-methyl-1,2-phenylene)bis(azanylylidene)) bis(1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-4-yl-3- ylidene))bis(azanylyidene))bis(methanylylidene))diphenol | The ligands were characterized by using Elemental Analysis (C.H.N), Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) ,Uv-visible Spectroscopy , Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-NMR) , Mass Spectra . It is appeared that prepearing ligands are tetra chelatingagents kind (N2O2) for the ligands L1 and L2 and kind (N4) for the ligand L3. The complexed are prepeared from reaction the prepearing ligands with some transitional elements (Ni+2 , Co+2 , Cu+2) and the ligends and their complexes were characterized by methods of spectral analysis,Uv-visible Spectroscopy,Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) , Mass Spectra and the Molar Electrical Conductivity .And from the result that we know the complexes are octahedral and their general formula [M(L) Cl2] , whereas M = Ni+2 , Co+2, Cu+2 . The study includs an extraction of nickel(II) ion from its aqueous solutions using solvent extraction technique by employing the reagent L3. The optimum extraction conditions are studied to obtain a better distribution ratio of values for (D) to reach the best percent extrected (%E) to extract nickel (II) ion . It is noted that the best values of distribution ratio (D) and the best percent extrected (% E) extracting nickel ion duo with the reagent L3 at the time of shake (15) minutes .The best extraction to nickel(II) ion with reagent L3 at temperature (25C°). As it turns out from this study that the best acidic function nickel(II) ion extraction in the aqueous phase with reagent L3 in the organic phase | when the (PH=9),also the study shows that the best values of distribution ratio (D) and the percent extrected (% E) for nickel(II) ion extraction when its constriction was (120 μg/ml) | (4.5×10-4 M ).The reagent L3 concentration (1× 10-4 M) . Chloroform was the best organic solvent for an extraction process for nickel(II) ion with reagent L3.The reagent L3 also is used for extraction Ni+2 from water of the Euphrates River City of Nasiriyah and the distribution ratio (D) =4.81 and the precent of extrected =%82 as it becomes out the reagent has high efficiency for extrected from the sample .

تحضير وتشخيص بعض مركبات النايترون الجديدة ودراسة الفعالية البايولوجية لها == SYNTHESIS And characterization OF Some new Nitrones Compound and The study of biological effectiveness

Author name: زهراء حميد كامل
Supervisor name: ماجد حمود مزيعل
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
Abstract: This study was included the preparation of a series of compounds heterogeneous Nitrones. Novel compounds were resulting from the reaction between azo compounds and hydroxylamine compounds through several steps. | the first step was synthesis of a new azo compounds for 2-aminopyridine includes (2a, 2b, 2c, 2d) by configuration the diazonium salt, which in turn enters the reaction of duplication with these aldehydes (2-nitro benzaldehyde, 4-dimethylamino benzaldehyde, 4-chloro benzaldehyde and 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde) respectively. | The second step was included the preparation of hydroxylamine compounds, (N-phenyl hydroxylamine and N-p-toluidine hydroxylamine) were reduced depending on the methods published in the literature. | The third step included the reaction between N-phenyl hydroxyl amine and azo compounds to gave nitrones compounds first set (3a, 3b, 3c, 3d) respectively. | Also we prepare nitrones compounds by the reaction between azo compounds with N-p-toluidine hydroxylamine to give Nitrones compounds second set (3e, 3f, 3g, 3h). | It has been identified the both novel azo-aldehydes and nitrones compounds by using infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), spectrum NMR proton (1H-NMR), spectrum NMR carbon (13C-NMR) and mass spectrometry (Mass Spectra ) as well as we measured the Melting point for the preparing compounds. | We also Study the effectiveness of biological compounds of the prepared compounds inhibited the growth of some bacteria positive and negative gram, it has shown some compounds to be effective in killing or inhibition of these germs. | next table shows the compounds prepared in this study.

تخليق مشتقات جديدة لمركبات اللاكتام و البريميدين و دراسة فعاليتها كمضادات للاكسدة و مضادات للاورام == Synthesis, Anti - Oxidant And Anti - Tumor Activity Of New Lactam And Pyrimidine Derivatives

Author name: عبد الرحمن يسر خليفة الغزي
Supervisor name: محمود شاكر مكطوف التميمي | حسام محمد كريديا
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Organic Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
Abstract: In the end of last century the increasing of cancer disease has been speared in worldwide, has been pushing to investigate more in synthesis a new drug treatment herein, the idea in this thesis three types of heterocyclic compounds | were synthesized : | 1- Synthesis of a series of β-lactams 3(a-h) compounds by using Kinugasa reaction and Staudinger reaction, which β-lactam 3(a-b) compounds (as depicted in scheme below) were synthesized using Kinugasa reaction by reacting alkyne (phenylacetylene and 1-octyne) with the appropriate nitrones 2(a-b) in the presence triethylamine and CuI as catalyst and acetronitrel as solvent at 0˚C. R1 : 4-NHCOCH3 , 3-NO2 R2 : CH3(CH2) , 5 While β-lactam 3(c-h) compounds (as depicted in scheme below) were synthesized using Staudinger reaction by reacting methoxyacetyl chloride with the appropriate imines 2(c-h), in the presence of triethylamine in dry dichloromethane under nitrogen atmosphere at 0˚C.3c : R1= −C6H4Cl , R2= −C6H4− , 3f : R1= −C6H4Me , R2= −C6H4− | 3d : R1= −C6H4Br , R2= −C6H4− , 3g : R1= −C6H4Br , R2= −C6H4− 3e : R1= −C6H4Cl , R2= −C6H4− , 3h : R1= −C4H4N2 , R2= −C6H4− 2- Synthesis of a series of γ-lactams 4(a-h) (as depicted in scheme below) by reaction phenylsuccinic anhydride or 3-(4-chlorophenyl)dihydrofuran-2,5- dione with schiff bases (imines) 2(d,e,g,i,j,k,l,m), by using chloroform as solvent and heated at temperature (55-60˚C) Synthesis of a series of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones/ thiones 5(a-g) (as | depicted in scheme below) by reaction aldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate and | urea/thiourea under FeCl3.6H2O as catalyst, by using ethanol as solvent and heated at reflux temperature. | H2N NH2 | FeCl3.6H2O | ethanol , reflux | ethyl acetoacetate urea or thiourea aldehyde 5(a-g)The final products were characterized by using the basis of the spectral data : | IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and Mass. | The antioxidant activity for the synthesized compounds (3g, 4a, 5a) were examined and show highly biological activity response. Moreover, the activity against breast cancer MCF-7 cell line also studied and exhibited highly anti tumor.

تحضير وتشخيص بعض مركبات N - Oxide جديدة ودراسة فعاليتها الحيوية == Synthesis and characterization of some novel N - Oxides and Study their Biological activities

Author name: نور عبد الخضر سلمان الاميري
Supervisor name: ماجد حمود الصافي | محمد عجه عوده
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
Abstract: In this study, we prepared a series of nitrones compounds resulting from the interaction of azo dyes prepared which contain Carbonyl edge with hydroxylamine compound . | It was prepared a series compounds of azo dyes (A1, A2, A4, A5) have been prepared by the reaction between 2- amino pyrimidine with diazonium salts which contain benzaldehyde derivatives(4-hydroxy benzaldehyde, 4- chloro benzaldehyde, 4-dimethylamino benzaldeyde, 2- nitro benzaldehde). While the compound A3 was prepared by the reaction between 6-amino-2-mercaptopyrimidin-4-ol with 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde.It was also prepared two groups of Nitrones, the first | group includes the compounds (B1, B2, B3, B4, B5) resulting by the reaction between azo dyes prepared (A4, A2, A5, A1, A3) respectively with N-phenyl hydroxylamine. | On the other hand the second group includes the compounds( C1, C2, C3) resulting by the reaction between azo dyes (A4, A2, A1) respectively with NParatolyl hydroxyl amine Those compounds have been confirmed the authenticity | of the molecular structures of the compounds prepared | using the TLC, infrared spectroscopy and 1H-NMR | spectrum and 13C-NMR spectrum. | It has also been study the toxicity by the calculation of the median lethal dose LD50 of one of the prepared Nitrone compound B1 on laboratory rats , the result was that the prepared compound was non toxic at the used doses ( 34.2-136.8 ) . | We also study the biological activity of the prepared compounds ( Alaldehydes and Nitrones ) by observing its effect on negative and positive bacteria of gram dye

تقدير بعض العناصر الثقيلة في نماذج حقيقية باستعمال مركبات ازو - ازوميثين جديدة بواسطة استخلاص نقطة الغيمة == Determination Of Some Heavy Metals In Real Samples Using New Azo - Azomethine Compounds By CPE

Author name: ساجدة صبار عفات
Supervisor name: ساهر عبد الرضا علي الشمخاوي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
Abstract: Since its inception in 1985, Cloud-point extraction (CPE) methodology has constituted an important theme in the analytical chemistry as promising procedure for the separation and preconcentration for the metal ions and organic compounds from the complex matrices samples. Nowadays, it has been begins to take a large noteworthy position among the other modern separation methods in scientific research and application on a high level due to its simplicity, rapidity, more precise and cheapness beside an environmentally-friendly method, therefore, this research includes three main chapters . | Chapter One includes introduction of azo-azomethine compounds and their complexes and a view of the different extraction techniques, fundamental principles and potential applications of CPE methodology in analytical chemistry. It also involves a concise review on the latest developments of the method and its applications for the determination of cadmium, copper and cobalt by CPE . | Chapter Two consists of an outline of different instrumental techniques , general apparatus and chemicals used in the present work. | The synthesis paths of azo-azomethine compounds (L1 to L4) and primary testing of complex formation between metal ions and reagents, determination of λmax . As well as optimization of the experimental conditions (volume reagent, reaction time, temperature and pH) and determination of dissociation degree and stability constant, stoichiometry of the complex (Continuous variation method -Job method). In addition CoCl2.6H2O and L4 with salts CrCl3.6HO and CdCl2.H2O. The analytical | procedures for CPE which were designed for the determination of analytes including optimization of the Parameters for CPE including (reagent concentration, HCl concentration, incubation time, equilibration temperature, thermodynamic study and Triton X-100 volume) were selected in this study. The present CPE method was applied for determination concentration of metal ions (Cd2+, Cu2+ and Co2+) in real samples by FAAS. | Chapter Three included the new azo-azomethine compounds prepared and their complexes which were characterized by various analytical techniques as a UV-Visible spectroscopy(UV-Vis), Infrared Spectroscopy(FT-IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy(1HNMR), Mass Spectra and Molar Electrical Conductivity for complexes and the results were identical to what is expected scientifically. The spatial shape of the complexes which was prepared is (octahedral) and stoichiometry of the complex. It’s ratio 1 : 1. | In chapter three, there are too highlights on the results and discussion in analytical applications for the separation and preconcentration for the metal with separation and extraction method, such as cloud-point extraction (CPE) as an separation technique that uses a surfactant, instead of organic solvents for phase separation. | In the first part of CPE, Analytical reagent namely 6-((1E)-((2-(((E)-2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-4-((6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2- yl)diaz enyl)benzylidene)amino)benzyl)imino)methyl)-2-methoxy-3- ((6- methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)diazenyl)phenol (L1) after synthesis and characterization by using various analytical techniques as a preliminary using various analytical techniques as a preliminary step toward its using | as an organic reagent for the formation of an ion-association complex | with copper ion in acidic medium, apt to interact with surfactant in | solution. The L2 as a reagent for the formation of an ion association | complex with copper in acidic solution and the complex is extracted into | the surfactant Triton X-100 at optimum conditions. The surfactant-rich | phase which contains copper complex is mediated with solvent and the | Cu content measured by FAAS (λmax = 324.75 nm) . The effects of the several variables which affect the CPE efficiency are optimized by OFAT procedure beside other parameters with which one is mentioned with Cu(II) . The thermodynamic study was also investigated to expand the understanding of the mechanism of solvation of Cu(II) in the micelles . | Under the optimized condition established, the enrichment factor of 52.574 was achieved for Cu2+ with the L2 . The concentration range of (0.01-3) μg ml-1 leads to detection limit of 0.017238 μg ml-1. The precision for ((%RSD, n=8) at 0.05μg.ml-1 Cu2+ was of %1.063. The developed method was used for the determination concentration of Cu2+ in real samples. The accuracy was determined by recovery percentage for real samples, it’s found good recoveries (100.380-103.377%) for Cu2+ with L2. | In the third part CPE, Analytical reagent namely6-(((2-(((E)-2- hydroxy-3-methoxy-4-(o-tolyldiazenyl)benzylidene)amino) benzyl)imino)methyl)-2-methoxy-3-(o-tolyldiazenyl)phenol(L3)was synthesised and fully characterized by using various analytical techniques | as a preliminary step toward its using as an organic reagent for the formation of an ion-association complex with cobalt ion in acidic medium and the complex is extracted into the surfactant Triton X-100 at optimum conditions for determination of Co(II) as CoCl4 | 2- ion by using the combined cloud point extraction (CPE) methodology. After phas separation, the surfactant-rich phase was diluted with 1M HNO3 in methanol and cobalt (II) ion determined by FAAS technique at λmax of 240.72 nm. The optimization of complexation and extraction conditions was investigated. Thermodynamic parameters of CPE for solubilization process of the ion-pair complex in Triton X-100 were also considered. | Under the optimized conditions, the preconcentration of a 15ml sample which gave preconcentration and enrichment factors were of 15 and 54.078 respectively. The calibration graph was linear in the range of (0.025-3) μg ml-1 with a limit of detection and quantitation limit 0.011534 and 0.038446 μg ml−1. The relative standard deviation for replicate determinations at 0.05μg ml−1 level was of (0.823%, n=8). The proposed | method was applied for the determination of cobalt in river, tap waters, milk, black tea , tobacco and soil by FAAS. The accuracy was determined by recovery percentage for real samples, it’s found good recoveries (101.108-104.918%) for Co2+ with L3 . The study of the stoichiometry for ion association complexes using the slope analysis technique showed that the ion association complex ratio was 1 : 1 for all extracted complexes

دراسات سريرية وجينية في امصال الدم والسائل المنوي للمدخنين وغير المدخنين المصابين بالعقم غير المفسر في محافظة ذي قار - العراق == Biochemical and Genetic Studies of Sera and Semen for Smokers and Non Smokers with Unexplained Male Infertility in Thi - Qar Province/ Iraq

Author name: وسام ريسان نايف المحسن
Supervisor name: رائد معلك حنون | ساجد حسن كزار
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Clinical Biochemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
Abstract: This study was conducted on infertile subjects attending to the infertility Unit in Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital in Thi-Qar province south of Iraq, during the period from Aug 2016 to May 2017. The aim of study was to determine the roles of the presence of some biochemical parameters (oxidative stress, antioxidants), antisperm antibodies and polymorphism for glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) and glutathione transferase (GTSp1) in men with unexplained infertility. | Ninety men with unexplained male infertility (UMI) aged (91-91) year and fifty healthy fertile men aged (20-25) year were included in this study as a control group, had no systemic diseases and none were taking an oral antioxidant supplement for three months prior to the study. | The patients and control were divided into two groups (smoker and non smoker). Serum and seminal fluids were collected from each of them, seminogram test (semen analysis) was performed for each participant, and all semen samples were collected following (3-5) days of abstinence. After liquefaction, semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count, morphology, motility grades were determined using World Health Organization (WHO) standard procedures. | In this study, there is no significant (P>0.05) between age and body mass index (BMI) of unexplained infertile men compared with age of fertile men (control). The groups of the unexplained infertile males with history of infertility of 3-5 years duration were largest groups who attended medical services. The majority of the unexplained infertile men (90%) complained of primary infertility while the minority of them (10%) complained of secondary infertility. The current study revealed that effect smoking on unexplained infertile group was percentage (44.4%) comparison with control fertile group (36 %). | )II( | The results of semen analysis for the fertile (control) and the unexplained infertile men, revealed no significant differences (P>0.05) in semen volume, liquefaction time, and semen pH between the two groups in (smoker and non smoker). A significant decrease (P<0.05) was seen in the sperm concentration, sperm motility, total progressive sperm (progressive sperm motility and non-progressive sperm motility) and normal sperm morphology in the unexplained infertile group compared with the fertile group (control). While a significant increase (P<0.05) was seen in immotile sperm, sperm agglutination, round cells count and leukocytes in the unexplained infertile group compared with the fertile group (control). | The results showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in serum and seminal plasma Malondialdehyde (MDA) in unexplained infertile (smoker and nonsmoker) groups when compared to fertile (smoker and nonsmoker) groups. The antioxidant such as vitamins (C and E) and glutathione were significantly decreased in serum and seminal plasma for unexplained infertile (smoker and nonsmoker) groups when compared to fertile (smoker and nonsmoker) groups. | A significant increase in serum Ceruloplasmin(Cp) levels in unexplained infertile group comparison with fertile (control) group (P<0.05). Significant differences (P<0.05) in seminal plasma fertile (smoker and non smoker) groups but there was no statistical difference in the Ceruloplasmin level of seminal plasma unexplained infertile between two groups (smoker and non smoker) groups and no significant difference between smoker fertile group with unexplained Infertile (smoker and non smoker) groups. | High prevalence of antisperm antibody (ASA) in seminal plasma for unexplained male infertility a percentage (25.5%) compared with infertility (control) a percentage (14%), and significant differences in ASA seminal plasma | )III( | (Smoker and non smoker) in all groups, which indicator that high in Smoker men compared with non smoker . | In this research found association between the glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) polymorphism and unexplained male infertility, and effect oxidation and antioxidant on these. Therefore, might be a major risk factor of unexplained male infertility in the studied groups, suggested a stronger association between smoking consumption and risk of unexplained male infertility. | The frequency of the glutathione transferase (GSTp1) genotype showed almost no difference between the unexplained infertile men and the fertile controls, therefore, in this case-control study, the GSTp1 variant genotype (Ile/ Ile ,Ile/ Val , Val/ Val) was no significant different in every group of unexplained infertile men compare than in the fertile (control group).This indicating no significant association between GSTp1 and sperm parameters.

دراسة وظائف الكبد وصورة الدهون والاجهاد التاكسدي في مصول النساء قبل وبعد استئصال المرارة في محافظة ذي قار / العراق == Study of Liver Function, Lipid Profile and Oxidative Stress in Sera of Women Pre and Post Cholecystectomy in Province of Thi - Qar/ Iraq

Author name: سمى يعقوب يوسف
Supervisor name: رائد معلك الصالح | مهند عبد الرضا الشريفي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
Abstract: The present study has been designed to evaluate and compare changes in patients pre, post and long periods for cholecystectomy on BMI, liver function (Aspartate Amino Transferase (AST), Alanine Amino Transferase (ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Total Bilirubin (TSB), Total Protein (TP), lipid profile (Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)), oxidative stress (Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric Oxide (NO)) and antioxidant state (Albumin (Alb), Ceruloplasmin (CP)). | The study includes (192) subjects : (64) normal subjects (control) and (128) patient’s cholecystectomy, their age range (20-69) years, the patients were divided in to three groups : (64) patients pre and 24 hr post operation cholecystectomy, (64) patients after long periods for cholecystectomy, as well as the patients were divided by age into two groups : a premenopausal group and a postmenopausal group. | The results show that there were a significant decreased in the concentration of serum (AST, ALT, TSB, DB, InB, HDL and Alb) in group pre in comparison with each of post (short and long terms) and control groups (p≤0.05). It was found no significant differences in the concentration of serum (AST, ALT, TSB, DB, InB, HDL and Alb) between each of post (short and long terms) groups (p≤0.05). Also it was found significant differences in the concentration of serum (AST, ALT, TSB, DB, InB, HDL and Alb) between each of post (short and long terms) and control groups (p≤0.05). | -----------------------------INDEX--------------------------------- | XII | While the results showed a significant increase in the concentration of serum (ALP, TP, TC, LDL, NO, MDA and Cp) in all patient groups in comparison with control groups (p≤0.05). It was found no significant differences in the concentration of serum (ALP, TP, TC, LDL, NO, MDA and Cp) between each of post (short and long terms) groups (p≤0.05). Also it was found significant differences in the concentration of serum (ALP, TP, TC, LDL, NO, MDA and Cp) between each of post (short and long terms) and control groups (p≤0.05). | Also the results showed a significant increase in the concentration of serum TG and VLDL in all patient groups in comparison with control groups (p≤0.05). It was found no significant differences in the concentration of serum TG and VLDL between each of post (short and long terms) groups in the group A (p≤0.05). But it was found a significant difference in the concentration of serum TG and VLDL between each of post (short and long terms) in the group B (p≤0.05). Also it was found a significant difference in the concentration of serum TG and VLDL between each of post (short and long terms) groups and control groups (p≤0.05). | The correlation between nitric oxide and each of (ALP, TP, TC, TG, LDL, VLDL, MDA and Cp) in these patient groups were positive. Whereas the correlation between nitric oxide and each of (AST, ALT, TSB, BD, InB, HDL and Alb) in these patient groups were negative. | The above reviewed results lead to conclusion that cholecystectomy causes variant alternations in serum hepatic function and lipid profiles and causes variant effects in serum oxidative stress. Also, age has no effect on each of (ALT, TSB, DB, InB, ALP, TP, TG, VLDL, NO, MDA, Cp and Alb), while age has effect on each of (TC, LDL and HDL). Besides, there are no effect of the period after cholecystectomy on all studied parameters except TG and VLDL.

تحوير فجوة طاقة ثاني اوكسيد التيتانيوم بواسطة تفاعلات الحالة الصلبة مع صوديوم بوروهيدريد والمنيوم ليثيوم هيدريد وتحديد فعالية التحفيز الضوئي == Modifying The Band Gap of Nano Titanium Dioxide By Solid State Reactions With Aluminum Lithium Hydride and Sodium Borohydride and Determining Their Photocatalytic Activity

Author name: سراج علي رحيم
Supervisor name: محسن عريبي الدخيلي | ابراهيم عبود فليفل
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
Abstract: This study includes preparation of nanoparticles of titanium dioxide using sol-gel method and then, the band gap was modified by solid state reaction with (AlLiH4،NaBH4) reductive compounds. Modification reduced the band gap separating | energy levels between valance band (VB) and conduction band (CB), therefor; facilitating the transfer of excited electrons from (VB) to (CB). Absorption of the energy from incident photons having the same or larger energy than the energy of the | band gap promote the formation of the couple (electron - hole) . The resulting (e--h+) couple acts to produce (OH.) radicals. OH. radicals hav a high capability to destroy organic pollutants that adsorbed on surface of the photocatalytic TiO2. | The optical properties measured using UV-visible spectrophotometer (Absorbance (A), energy band gap (Eg) and absorption coefficient ( α ) . TiO2 and TiO2- solid state reaction showed clear blue shift of the absorption band gap which were (2.8ev, 2.7ev, 2.25ev, 2.0ev) to )TiO2- NaBH4(550 ) ,TiO2-NaBH4 (750 ) , TiO2-AlLiH4 (500 ) and TiO2 -AlLiH4 (750 )) respectively. The structure of prepared TiO2 nanopowders were identified using XRD, particle size distribution varied appreciably in comparison with crystallite size (D) calculated from Sheerer formula which was in a good accordant compared with ASTM results , the particle size and their distribution were characterized using (AFM) . To the surface forms and compositions diameters of nanoparticles)SEM) was implemented . The energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis was utilized to investigate the chemical composition of the whole samples. | Photocatalytic reaction was studied by using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. | In photocatalytic reaction the effect of the catalyst on photocatalytic rate of decomposition of methylene blue dye through the use of catalyst TiO2 and TiO2- solid state reaction (TiO2 - NaBH4 (550 ,750 )) and (TiO2 - AlLiH4 (500 ,750 )) . Using constant weight of the catalyst and dye. The most effective weight was found (1*10-4 M). At best weight the influence of many factors on rate of decomposition of dye were studied the impact of change pH varies (4.5, 7.1 and 9.4) found that the highest percentage in the decomposition of the MB was in the acidic media than in neutral and then alkaline. The effect of temperature variation from (20, 30, 40ºC) and found that increased rate of decomposition with increasing the temperature of the MB. Activation energy (Ea) for each reaction was calculated by using the equation of Arrhenius equation between (5.73-11.31) kJ mol-1 . | A series of dark reactions with absorbance measurement by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, within different periods of time with the change of pH and temperature. The results indicate that no degradation of the methylene blue dye although all the factors affecting in photocatalytic present except UV-light .

تحضير تشخيص والخصائص الكهربائية لبعض للليكاندات الجديدة المستندة على 4.3.1 اوكسادايزول، 4.3.1 ثايادايزول و 4.3.1 ترايازول ومعقداتها

Author name: امل حسين نعيثل الزيدي
Supervisor name: محسن عريبي الدخيلي | ابراهيم عبود فليفل
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Inorganic Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
Abstract: The thesis include preparation and characterization of some new derivations of, 1,3,4-thiadiazole ,1,2,4-triazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole as ligands that describe blowThe new complexes were prepared from the reactions of ligands L1, L2, L3, and L4 with transition metal salts (CrCl3.6H2O, FeCl3, CoCl2.6H2O and NiCl2.6H2O). | The elemental analysis (CHN), Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), Mass spectra magnetic Susceptibility and flame atomic absorption were used to characterize the structural formula of these ligands and their complexes. | Based on the results of the analytical and spectral measurements of the prepared complexes in this study, and compare them with literature in relation to coordinate sites in ligand. We can suggest the following shapes for the complexes : | 1- With regard to L1 we can conclude that its tridentate with [Cr (III), Fe (III) and Co (III)], In addition to the presence of three of the chloride ions, the geometric shape can be proposed to be octahedral geometry. For nickel (II) Complex the ligand acts as bidentate with two chlorine ions, the geometry is tetrahedral geometry (weak field ligand). | 2-for L2 we can conclude that its tridentate with [Cr (III), Fe (III) and Co (III)], In addition to the presence of three of the chloride ions, the geometric shape can be proposed to be octahedral geometry. For nickel (II) Complex, the ligand acts as bidentate with two chlorine ions, the geometry is square plainer geometry (strong field ligand). | 3 -for L3 we can conclude that it's bidentate with [Cr (III), Fe (III) and Co (III)], In addition to the presence of two of the chloride ions, the geometric shape can be proposed to be tetrahedral geometry. For nickel (II) Complex, the ligand acts as bidentate with two chlorine ions, the geometry is square plainer geometry (strong field ligand). | 4 - For L4 we can conclude that it is bidentate with [Cr (III), Fe (III) and Co (III)], In addition to the presence of two of the chloride ions with two molecule of ligand, the geometric shape can be proposed to be octahedral geometry. For nickel (II) Complex, the ligand acts as bidentate with two chlorine ions, the geometry is square plainer geometry (strong field ligand). | The study also examined the electrical conductivity for both of L1, L3 and their complexes with (Co(III), Fe(III), and Cr(III)) in the presence and absence of iodine. | The study showed that both L1 and L3 are semiconductors and the electrical conductivity of L1 is greater than that of L3. The complexes of these ligands has significantly increased their electrical conductivity and Iron complexes are the most complex electrical conductivity complexes. | As for iodine doping of ligands and their complexes, it was found that iodine increases the conductivity of ligands while decreasing the conductivity of the complexes. However, despite the decrease in the conductivity of the complexes, the conductivity is still higher than those of the free ligands. | A theoretical study for ligands (L1 and L3) and their complexes by Gaussian 09 program and calculate the total energy , HOMO ,LUMO and energy gap for all the studied compounds were found semiconductor
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