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السيد محمد مهدي السويج ودوره الاجتماعي والسياسي والفكري بين عامي 1941 - 2002 == Sayid Mohammad Mahdi Al - Sewaich And His Social, Political And Intellectual Role (1941 - 2002

Author name: حميد سيلاوي لفتة المالكي
Supervisor name: ياسين طه ياسين الهارون
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Studying secular, intellectual and political personalities is important to remove ambiguity in historical studies on one hand and to investigate the roles those personalities play to make history on the other hand. Modern and contemporary history of Iraq witnessed appearance of too many personalities who played that role and who were concerned to help and awaken their people, to find the suitable solutions by examining the events and realities, to benefit from the experience of others and to encourage thinking in the different aspects of life to achieve those objectives. It is important to study the social, political and intellectual aspects of life of Mohammad Mahdi Al - Sewaich who was bold enough to tell the truth and the false without fear or flattery to any side both during the royal and the republican eras in Iraq. He preferred the public interest and not his own one. He was a well - known orator, not only in Iraq but also in all the Islamic world. He was particularly genius and distinguished by his varied intellectual production in all religious and non - religious sciences so as to treat retardation and failure in social, cultural and political issues in the Islamic world in general Consequently, he had his own influence on the Youth who were looking forward to a one unified state. The researcher chose 1941 as the start of the time under study because it was the year of Al - Sewaich's appearance on the Iraqi, regional and international arena particularly in his reforms and social activities like opening libraries and associations, lecturing in religious occasions… etc. On the other hand, 2002 was chosen as the end of the time under study because at that year, Al - Sewaich isolated himself from people and started writing his books until he died in Syria in 2002. The study attempts to answer the following : To what extent did the public situation in Iraq in general and Basrah in particular lead to appearance of Al - Sewaich on the arena? Were his different cultural and intellectual abilities able to change and reform the society? Why did he transform his social and intellectual reforms from Iraq to other Arab and foreign countries? Was he able overcome the difficulties he faced from the royal and republican regimes in Iraq? Was he obliged to transform his activities to other countries and was he successful to do this? The social, political and intellectual activities of Mohammad Mahdi Al - Sewaich were not academically and independently studies niether inside or outside Iraq. Furthermore, this personality was not (if not very rarely) mentioned in the academic studies that studied the clergymen in karbala and Najaf. Besides, there was no mentioning of his activities when talking about activities of other clergymen. The reason, as the researcher thinks was the special nature of the personality of Al - Sewaich who did not want to show himself and because he was busy to build himself without help of others whether socially, intellectually or economically. That put him in a Kind of isolation away of suspicion and duplicity. The study consists of an introduction, four chapters and conclusion. Chapter one studies the scientific and social upbringing of Mohammad Mahdi Al - Sewaich. It sheds light on his family, Kinship, sources of thinking, teachers, students and different works in philology, Quran commentary, history, literature, poetry… etc. Chapter two discusses his social role and activities that were represented by his reforms and travels to study and spread Islam as a preacher and orator. He went to India and Pakistan for this purpose and to Egypt to complete his study of religion. He had a special role to spread teachings of prophet Mohammad's Kins (Peace be upon them), to urge to maintain the Islamic unity and to reject sectarian conflict. He also travelled to Bahrain to teach religion, to preach and to start Hussaini mourning assemblies. He was also active in other different social aspect inside and outside Iraq and that was represented by his role in Iraqi Writers Association in Basrah and Orphan Care Association, in his opening libraries, arranging ceremonies, lecturing, teaching in courses in addition to his encouragement to sport, acting and other social activities. He was behind conversion of many foreigners to Islami causes. Chapter three highlights his political role inside and outside Iraq during the royal and republican eras. It tackles his attitude towards the different political ideas and trends of the communists, the nationalists, the socialists and the sectarians as well as his position of the regional political and military developments of the Iranian Revolution 1979, the Iraqi opposition outside Iraq, the triple aggression on Egypt in 1956, Arab - Israeli war in 1967, First Gulf war 1980 - 1988, Second Gulf war 1991 and the economic sanction on Iraq. Chapter four discusses his intellectual role and achievements in Islamic thinking and Quran commentary, doctrines and rules, Hussain's Renaissance, moderation, compromising and his jurisprudence, his views and opinions of Islamic approaches and trends like Al - Bahism, Qadianism, Sheikhism and his refuting wahabism in addition to his position of the different Islamic creeds, his style and his speeches. He was a spiritualist, a philosopher, a poet and a historian. He wrote in Iraqi and Arab newspapers and journals about different scientific and human topics. The conclusion is devoted to show the most important results arrived at by the researcher. The conclusion reflects his social, political and intellectual role inside and outside Iraq where he practiced his different activities. Finally, the researcher hopes that this humble effort of him achieves his aim of contributing something to the Iraqi and Arabic library to study prominent personalities and particularly this Basri one.
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الحملة الفرنسية على روسيا القيصرية 1809 - 1812 == The French Campaign Against Tsarist Russia 1809 - 1812

Author name: اسراء عبد الكريم طاهر المالكي
Supervisor name: مشعل مفرح ظاهر العونان
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The revolution that took place in France in the year 1789 was not an event that influenced France alone, in fact it crossed the borders to include the whole world , particularly Europe whose Kings began to fight its liberal ideas fearing that those ideas may reach their countries ; therefore, the reactions of the European countries towards the new revolution varied : some of the accepted them, others fought them and still others were indifferent. What matters here is the position of Russia towards that Revolution. They splitinto two parties : the Russian people supported the Revolution and found out that it was a way to get rid of the absolute monarchy and thus started to study the principles of the Revolution carefully. On the other hand the Russian Government was apparent from the nature of Empress Catherine the Second, 1762 - 1796, who fought all that related to the Revolution and dismissed the French that were settling in her country. Not only did she prevent the Russians from importing any French goods and stopped the trade with France but she also urged the Europeans to start a war against France. As a result those countries formed the first coalition against France in the year 1792. The Russian Empire continued in its hostility towards the French Revolution till her death in 1796. When her son, Paul the First, ascended the throne 1796 - 1801 ,he changed attitudes towards the Revolution and appeared as a man of peace at the beginning ,but when France occupied Egypt and Malta ,the new Tsar had to adopt a hostile position against France.Then he joined the new coalition of 1798 against France. Because of the different points of views and plans of themembers of theCoalition ,Paul the First left the coalition and signed a treaty with France. After the death of Paul the First, Alexander the First became the emperor 1801 - 1825. He was in peace with Napoleon ,who became the First council of France ,and after the war that took place between Britain and France , Bonaparte became the Emperor ,the relations between France and Russia witnessed new tension ,particularly when Napoleon executed Duke Angan ,one of the prices of the Bourbons, which the European countries regarded as actualthreat to their benefits, those countries agreed to form a third European coalition. Russia and Britain represented the corner stone of that coalition, where Russia led a lot of battles against France such as Austerlitz battle in 1805, Eylau battle in 1806 and Friedland battle in 1807.In all those battles the victory was French. Later on the two countries signed a peace treaty ,known as the Tlst Treaty in 1807, in which the two parties agreed to be allied and friends.That friendship was stressed in Erfurt Conference, which was held in 1808. The relations between the two countries continued to be friendly till the year 1810, when Russia breached that treaty by refusing to apply the embargo against Britain. The whole year 1811 the two countries continued in their correspondences that led, atlast, to Napoleon’s Campaign against Russia on the 23nd of june,1812. He and his army pushed deep into the Russian lands, where the Russians adopted the strategy of retreating deep into their land, and burning all the cities that they were withdrawing from , however the campaign did not end up unless Napoleon defeated and his army, which its strength exhausted due to a lack foodstuff materials into as well as the winter, which was harsh where the temperature dropped to ( - 26 Celsius). This actually forced Napoleon to return to France, at the same time Russia was pushed to form the sixth alliance against France.After the Allied victories in the Battle of Leipzig, Napoleon was forced to return to the France borders, but it was too late, and allied forced had decided to enter to Paris, and it was done in 1814. The first Paris Treaty was held in the same year, which brought up the dismissal of Napoleon, and then exiled to the Island of Elba, and formation of a new interim government and the return of the Bourbon to the throne of France. The campaign led by Napoleon against Russia ended all Napoleon's dreams to control over theEuropean Continent and to expand with the East.
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التسامح في ظل الحكم الفاطمي في مصر 358 - 567هـ/968 - 1171م == Tolerance Under The Fatimid Rule (358 - 568 A.H./969 - 1171 A.D.)

Author name: خمود عبد غركان البهادلي
Supervisor name: توفيق دواي موسى الحجاج
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Fatimid Caliphate aappeared in morocco in (297A.H./909 A.D.) after a long struggle and a highly careful, secretive movement because of the Abbasid Caliphate's stress twoeards Isma'ilism. Abbasid Caliphate used killing and intimidation against their followers or sympathizer. Abu Abdullah al - Shi'i, or Sana'ani according to some sources, started the movement. He succeeded to convince the Kutama tribe of Berbers with his call during Hajj season in Mecca. Afterwards, he established the Fatimid Caliphate in inmorocco which was an Ismaili Shia Islamic caliphate. It lasted a century. They expanded to include Egypt in (358 A.H. /969 A.D.). They built Cairo, their capital, making it a center of peace, stability, and beneficence. The Fatimid Caliphate took these characterized from Isma'ilismand they adopted as their political approach. Without doubt, the Fatimid Caliphate had its negatives, however, they committed to tolerance since the beginning and after establishing their rule. They confirmed their tolerance when Jawhar al - Siqill?, the leader of Al - Mu'izz Al - Fatimid Caliph's army, issued a document of safety to the people of Egypt. The document resembles a human rights declaration which they used till their last days. Fatimid Caliphate strived to enhance the principles of citizenship throughout its institutions. These principles are called nowadays human rights. It turned a blind eye to religious or sectarian belonging. This tolerance in religious and political aspects towards its people distinguished it from former governments. Fatimid Caliphate secured the freedom of mind and religion to its people. My thesis is about tolerance under the Fatimid rule during (358 - 567 A.D./969 - 1171 A.D.).The researcher dealt with an introduction, three chapters, conclusion, and bibliography. The first chapter is about aspects of tolerance in the Fatimid Caliphate which is divided into three sections. Section one gives definitions to the term tolerance linguistically and idiomatically. It also explores tolerance in Quran and Sunnah. Section two is about tolerance with Sunni Islam in religious rights, rituals, and celebrations. Section three is about tolerance with the people of the dhimma (jews and Christians) in their religiousrituals and building churches and monasteries. The second chapter deals with political tolerance. It is divided into three sections : section one is about tolerance inside Egypt, section two is about tolerance outside Egypt, and section three is about giving jobs to non - Ismailis. The third chapter is about social, economic, and scientific tolerance. It is divided into three sections : section one is about tolerance and celebrating national holidays, section two is about economic tolerance in agriculture, industry and trade, and section three is about the scientific side and the contributions of Caliphs and ministers in science and building libraries. At the end, we ask God help and guidance.
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المجلس التاسيسي الكويتي (1961 - 1963) : دراسة تاريخية == The Constituent Assembly Of Kuwait (1961 - 1963 ) : A Historical Study

Author name: دعاء علي سرحان الزيدي
Supervisor name: رافد عبد الرضا عيلان الخفاجي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The chiefdom of Kuwait Signed in 1899, on the agreement of British protection under which became a protectorate administered some of their affairs, especially out wardness by Britain. was that agreement lasted until 19 June 1961, when Britain announced that Kuwait's independence, became incumbent on the Kuwaits to prove its existence as an independent state, citizens enjoy freedom and democracy, and that through the creation of a constituent assembly elected "suggest" to the world that the Kuwaiti government is moving towards more democracy. However, the march toward democracy soon clashed with the mentality of some of the ruling family elders, who refused at first to waive certain privileges which was granted to them in their capacity as the ruling family elders, Participated all their weight in the Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly. came participation by appointment rather than election, as is the case with the rest of the members of the Constituent Assembly, which confirms the fear of any democratic transformation lose their some of their privileges. plenty of the academic researchers, have significant and multiple aspects, specialized study of Kuwait contemporary political history, is that despite the importance of the Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly ( 1961 - 1963 ), close to its association with the lives of the Kuwaiti citizen on the one hand, and install the foundations of the modern state after the institution was about way to build the joints of the Kuwaiti state as a whole on the other hand, we have not noticed any concentration by those academic studies, for addressing the Council of Kuwait constituent of topics, and the Bill of laws and amendments, except for some writings and articles scattered, which dealt with a very small fraction of the Thread, noting that some of them have been written without the generality that there is a fight in the details, which made it difficult for any researcher, having such a topic in light of the lack of these studies first, and the difficulty of the subject and its complexities Second. Based on the historical significance of the above, it came this study tagged : ( Council Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly from 1961 to 1963 ), in order to detect one of the important aspects and the mean in Kuwait contemporary political history, an attempt to examine role of the Kuwaiti constituent assembly, and its contribution to the transmission of Kuwait from a tribal entity managed some internal and external affairs by the state of Britain's protection, an independent state adopts the existing democratic system of governance elections and parliamentary representation. as well as study the discussions members of the Special legislation of laws and amendment by the Constituent Assembly, which paved the way for the adoption of the permanent Kuwaiti constitution and the election of the National Assembly. The research found a set of findings and conclusions that can incorporate the most important as follows : First : the desire of Britain, Sheikh Abdullah Al - Salem Al - Sabah, and some Kuwaiti dignitaries, the establishment of a constitutional alternative to the tribal government the prevailing system in Kuwait at the time system, as it is becoming imperative for Kuwait after its independence from Britain in 1961, to prove its existence as an independent state, citizens enjoy freedom and democracy, and so through the creation of elected councils "suggest" to the world that the Kuwaiti government is moving towards more democracy.Second : The most important can be notice on the work of the Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly, is the presence of ministers appointed as members of the Council exercising two floors at the same time first : an executive capacity as minister in the Kuwaiti government, or Council of Ministers, and the second : a legislative capacity as members of the Constituent Assembly, so the problematic work of the Constituent Assembly was stemming from the attempt to the executive, the acquisition of the largest amount of powers to the legislative branch account, meaning that the legislature be dominant by the executive branch, and this is what made ministers insist initially through "a spokesman on their behalf," adviser legal Kuwaiti government Mohsen Abdel Hafez, that the task of the Constituent Assembly are limited to a supervisory role.Third : regardless of all the motives that accompanied the formation of the Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly, the Council's work form an important event in the history of Kuwait's political, economic and social, as the mode or the Constituent Assembly drafted the foundations of the system of government in Kuwait, which is destined to continue until the present day, the Although there are some obstacles and political problems faced by the parliament to work in Kuwait, and the Dismantling of the Kuwaiti National Assembly for several times, and electoral fraud, and the Deactivating of some articles of the Constitution, which thanks to the Kuwaiti accomplished Constituent Assembly.Fourth : such as the work of the Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly during that period, a radical shift in the history of Kuwait contemporary political, after the first legislative institution representative of the population to be formed in Kuwait, which has become a reason to create a kind of political awareness among the population of Kuwait, as "Feeling" the presence of a representative entity their own regulator monitors the work of the executive authority, defends their rights through the exercise of the functions of the legislative and regulatory authority, and about the so rushed some residents of Kuwait and dignitaries, to submit petitions and complaints related to their problems, especially the character service, which had previously been neglected, some ministers of the executive branch before the formation Foundation Board.Fifth : The follower of the minutes of the Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly, the minutes of the meetings of the committee preparing the permanent Kuwaiti constitution, foand that most of the laws and legislation political, economic, administrative and service, and some of the permanent Kuwaiti Constitution, were approved under pressure from ministers of the executive authority ( Council of Ministers ), the dominant the work of the Constituent Council ( Parliment ), or to find compromise solutions between the elected members and appointed, and that the necessary ignored the objections of the elected members, and resorting to a vote, which is always in favor of the appointed ministers as members of the Constituent Assembly, or taking the opinion of the Prince Sheikh Abdullah Salem Al - Sabah, to Definitiveness some of the topics at issue, which the size or reduced the independence of the work of the Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly to pass a lot of laws and legislation, it seemed as if the executive branch is watching the work of the legislature, other than what is the case in all parliaments of the world adoptive system democratic governance.Sixth : Overall, we can say that the Constituent Assembly of Kuwait, has succeeded despite the obstacles and difficulties created by the ministers of the executive branch appointed as members of the Constituent Assembly, in the tasks entrusted to him perform under the Interim Constitution of Kuwait : ( Act No. 1 of 1962 ), laid the foundations of the state Kuwait, through legislation, modification and approval of many of the political, economic, administrative and service laws, as well as being able to By done his mean mission president of the preparation of the permanent Kuwaiti constitution, which was approved by the Emir of Kuwait, Sheikh Abdullah Al - Salem Al - Sabah, dated 11 November 1962, under which announced the end of the action Board Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly, to take place after the elections, members of the Kuwaiti National Assembly, which held its first session on 29 January 1963.Seventh : Finally The research, to the Kuwait Permanent its constitution of 1962, he moved from the traditional chiefdom - based formula on the basis of the absolute rule of the elders of the Al - Sabah family, to a limited and incomplete constitutional emirate preliminary version, under the constitutional system of governance amid combines two systems Parliamentary the presidential, with a tendency towards the first, as part of the equation summarized Articles IV and VI of the Permanent Constitution of Kuwait, after Kuwait hereditary emirate where limited presidential Descendents Sheikh Mubarak Al - Sabah, provided that the system of government in which a democratic, under which sovereignty of the nation, all of which are the source of authority, and on despite limited mobility and not complete, but it is a big and important step compared to what it was the conditions of Kuwait in the pre - independence, particularly since the transition from autocracy system to a constitutional system of government, has identified the powers of the prince and the elders of the ruling family, for according to a Permanent Kuwaiti constitution, the center of a system which combines the two systems parliamentary and presidential.
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سبي ال البيت عليهم السلام : دراسة تاريخية == Captivating Of Al - Al Bait From Al - Taff To Al - Sham Region 61 A.H. / 680 A.O. A Historical Study

Author name: قسام جاسم قاسم الحسني
Supervisor name: نزار عبد المحسن جعفر الداغر
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The unique and pioneer Al - Taff experience has always carried the heat of true essence of jihad throughout history , in every page ,Among its most effective pages Al - taff had illustrated the captivating of Al - Al bait peace be upon them , They were taking prisoners from Al - Taff in Karbala to Al - sham region , where most of them were women and children , The captivating violated all the Muslim principles which the A maven had claimed to have ; as well as every moral principle Arabs had be fore Islam , The ideological jihad which Al - Bait peace be upon them had shown in those exceptional circumstances had shown their highly qualified characters , which had caused a strong shake to the human's conciunce.Their speeches which were described as ideological jihad were also a loud scream against the corrupting that it caused all the fake masks of deciept to fall.Those who were deceived or confused were eventually able to see the truth.All that happened because of what Al - Bait captivated did during the revolution of Imam Hussein peace be upon him.We tried to collect the pieces of evidence and signs of what happened after the battle of Al - Taff to explain the true events unlike what was illustevated by biased and dishone st writers. Our research has five chapters induding introduction ; preface conclusion , few annexes and references.The preface lists in summary the causes of Imam Hussein revolution ; his martyrdom with his family and supporters in Al - Taft battle which led to the captivating of Al - Bait peace be upon them. The first chapter talks about the captivating of Al - Bait peace be uponthem feom Al - Taft to the city of kufa.The chapter has three main sections. The first section talks about the meaning of "captivating".The second section talks about the meaning of "Al - Al Bait " peace be upon them.The third section talks a bout the beginning of captivating and the arrival at Kufa. It also demonstrates the number of captives of the woman in Imam Hussein family.The second chapter talks about the captives of Al - Al bait in Kufa and their effect on Kufa community. This chapter consists of six sections. The first section talks about how the captives were shown in the streets of Kufa. The second section talks about the speech of zaineb Bint Ali peace be upon them. The third section talks about speech of Fatima Bint AlHussein peace be upon them.The fourth section talks about the speech of Um Kalthoom Bint Ali peace be upon them. The fifth section talks about the speech of Imam Ali Bin Al - Hussein (Alsajad) peace be upon them. The sixth section talks about the entry of the captives to the palace.The second chapter ends with the affects of the captivating of Al - Al bait peace be upon them on the people of Kufa.Then the chapter ends with the length of period of time the captives remained in Kufa. The third chapter talks about the captivating of Al - Al bait peace be upon them form Kuta to Al - Sham Region.The chapter has four sections.The first Section talks about the leaders who accompanied the caravan of Al - Al bait peace be upon them , form Kuta to sham.The second section talks about the roods from Kuta to Damascus.The third section talks about the road which Al - Al bait peace be upon them had taken from Kuta to Damascus and the places they had passed by.The fourth section talks about the arrival of Al - Al bait captives to Damascus. The fourth chapter talks about Al - Al bait peace be upon them at the board of Yazeed Bin Muawaya. This chapter is divided into four sections.The first section talks about the first talks of Al - Al bait peace be upom them with Yazeed.The second section talks about the speech of Zainab Bint Ali peace be upon them. The third section talks about the speech of Imam Ali Bin AlHussein peace be upon them. The fourth section talks about the aspects of the captivating of Al - Al bait peace be upon them and its effects on the people of sham and their reaction which included the refusal to the actions of Yazeed Bin Muawaya and the interval of how long the captives of Al - Al bait had remained in sham be fore they left.The fifth chapter talks about the head of Imam Hussein be upon him and its burial and it is divided into two sections. The first section talks about the beheading and its political and social aspect.The second section talks about the burial of the head of Imam Hussein peace be upon him.Finally ; the conclusion includes the most important results which this research has concluded , supported by several maps and diagrams
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قوات المقاومة الشعبية في العراق 1اب 1958 - 29 تموز 1959 == Folk Resistance Forces In Iraq 1 August 1958 - 29 July 1959

Author name: بشائر محمود مطرود المنصوري
Supervisor name: فرات عبد الحسن كاظم الحجاج
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: If one traces the temporary history of Iraq, especially the period during which Abdul Kareem Qassim ruled from 1958 up to 1963, he will find a lot of bloody strife and struggles in that one starts thinking about the source behind these struggles and turmoil. The answer to such question is that there were two trends for the ideological policies which were different. These were the national and communist parties. It seems that the main reason behind these differences was attributed to the kind of policy practiced by the government in treating such struggles and its results. Thus, the formation of the folk resistance forces in 1958 is considered as a procedure agitating the conflict, and hence, the significance of the study comes from this source of discussion, regardless talking about the source of establishing the militias in Iraq. Also, little has been written on this subject. The significance of this study lies in its revelation of the roots of the contemporary political struggles after the 14 July revolution in 1958. This study falls into a preliminary and three chapters and a conclusion. The preliminary is primarily concerned with the rise of the 14th July revolution in 1958 and the Arab's position and national attitude towards this Rise. The national position from this revolution is considered one of the sources of the formation of the folk resistance. Chapter one includes three sections. The first one is devoted to show the reasons of establishing the folk resistance. In section two, several topics are discussed such as the law of folk resistance and the leading of these forces, besides other things. Section three pays attention to the distribution of the centers of the folk resistance forces in the provinces of Iraq. Chapter two shows the role of these forces in the happenings in Iraq from 1958 to1959. Section one in this chapter focuses on the Rasheed Aali Al - Gailani's movement showing the reasons of the rise of this movement and its results. Section two shows the role of the folk forces in Mosel happenings in 1958 and the rise of Abdul Al - Wahab's movement and its resistance of the folk forces. This section also focuses on explaining the role these forces in Mosel's massacre from 9 to 29 on March in 1959 and the position of the Iraqi government from these forces after the happenings of Al - Shawaf. Section three focuses on Rasheed Lolan's movement in Rawndooz on May in 1959, showing its causes and the role of the folk forces in dissolving this movement. Chapter three deals with the surpasses of these forces and the position of Abdul - Kareem Qassim from them in (1958 - 1959). The chapter explicates the surpass of these forces against ministers and military officers, against laws, administrations, and against the political parties. The conclusion comes finally to shed light on the result that these forces were the main helpers for the Iraqi army and the security forces. They under the influence of the communist party. This influence put these forces in two positions in that they should follow the government orders and guide and the communist party's orders. This affected their nature of work and led to a lot conflicts later on till they were dissolved in July 29th in 1959
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الصراع على السلطة في اندونيسيا 1965 - 1967 == The Struggle For Power In Indonesia 1965 - 1967

Author name: عمر عدنان داود الخالد
Supervisor name: كاظم هيلان محسن السهلاني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This thesis deals with Power conflict in Indonesia from 1965 to 1967. The researcher aims at investigating the causes and results of this conflict, its Development stages and the intentions of the involved parties. The importance of choosing this topic stems from the importance of Indonesia in South - East Asia which passed through many historical events. Independence and power hand over from Holland started a new stage of home political advances, where the parliamentary institution (1949 - 1957) followed the Western countries procedures. It legalized the freedom to form political parties and practice their work to lead opposition from inside the parliament building. However, this system failed soon because of the conflict between the political parties. This failure pushed President Sukarno to apply oriented democracy starting from 1957, where he took power in his hands and cancelled the parliamentary system; he developed good relations with the Indonesian Communist Party whose authority widened because of Sukarno's support. This lead army Generals to be the main Power after the authority of the competing parties to the Communist Party had weakened after the application of oriented democracy. Army Generals stood against the Communist party for fear of taking over power. Sukarno stood beside the party which led to a new stage in the conflict during the period 1965 - 1967. The first chapter of the study tackled the Indonesian political situation during the period (1949 - 1957). Chapter two is entitled Movement of the First of October (May - October 1965). This chapter deals with the direct preparations to the Movement, the upraise of the Movement and the change in President Sukarno's position towards it. Chapter three is entitled The Role of General Suharto against the First of October Movement, it displays General Suharto's role in evoking public opinion against President Sukarno and his role in standing against the first of October Movement. Chapter four deals with the home situation crisis in Indonesia which resulted from Sukarno's formation of the National Front for his followers to stand against General Suharto's campaign against him. This chapter refers also to the ministerial modification that Sukarno started which led to a greater inside crisis and Which evolved into what happened in March 1966. This chapter also focused on the steps that General Suharto had taken to strip Sukarno of his authorities and drive him away from ruling Indonesia. The conclusion included the most important conclusions that had been reached at through studying Authority conflict in Indonesia (1965 - 1967)
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العلاقات السياسية الامريكية - الفنلندية 1939 - 1945 == The American - Finnish Political Relations 1939 - 19

Author name: ميثاق عبد العزيز سلمان التميمي
Supervisor name: فرقد عباس قاسم المياحي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study aims at shed light on the nature of American - Finnish political relations from the Soviet attack of Finland in 1939 up to the Finnish withdrawal from the second world war, and resuming of Diplomatic relations between USA and Finland in August 1945. This study is divided into a preface, introduction, three chapters and a conclusion. The preface follows up a brief history of Finland and its geography, and the early American representations in Finland, and the American attitude towards the Finnish declaration of independence. The researcher discusses the Soviet - Finnish negotiations in 1939, which led to breakdown of war between Finland and the Soviet Union, and the failure of American good office. The first chapter deals with the American - Finnish political relations from November 1939 up to June 1941. This chapter focuses on the American attitude towards the Soviet - Finnish war, the American role in holding of Soviet - Finnish treaty in March 1940. The chapter discusses also the German - Finnish rapprochement and its effects on the American - Finnish political relations from April 1940 up to June 1941. The second chapter deals with the Finnish - German attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941 and its effect on the American - Finnish relations up to December 1941. This chapter explains also the deterioration of the American - Finnish relations during 1942 , and the reducing of diplomatic relations. The chapter explains why the American government summoned its ambassador in Helsinki for consultations in 1942. The last chapter is devoted to discuss the developments of American - Finnish relations from 1943 up to August 1945. This chapter focuses on the failure of American mediation to put an end to war between Soviet Union and Finland, the failure of peace talks between Soviet Union and Finland in 1944, why USA breaks off its diplomatic relation with Finland. Finally, this chapter discusses the resuming of the American - Finnish relations in 1945
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السياسة الامريكية تــجاه الجمهورية العربية اليمنية 1967 - 1979 == American Policy Towards The Arab Republic Of Yemen 1967 - 1979

Author name: شروق سعود عبد الخنجر
Supervisor name: ابراهيم فنجان صدام الامارة
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تبنت الولايات المتحدة الامريكية سياسات متعددة الاوجه والابعاد تجاه الشرق الاوسط بصورة عامة واليمن بصورة خاصة، لحماية مصالحها الاقتصادية لاسيما النفطية منها في المملكة العربية السعودية لما لها من اهمية لواشنطن وحلفاؤها. علاوة على ذلك فقد شكل الشطر الشمالي | Multifaceted policies have been adopted by the United States of America towards the Middle East in general, and towards Yemen in particular to protect and secure their economic and political interests especially with respect to oil interests in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, because of the importance of oil to Washington and its allies. Furthermore , the northern part of Yemen represents a great strategic and military significance. Especially after the establishment of a Marxist regime which is clearly loyal to the Soviet Union in the southern part of Yemen. Not to mention the importance of its geographical location near one of the most important International waterways which the United States made sure that they did not fall under the control of the Soviet Union which leads eventually to a great threat for its economic and political interests. And this seems clear that Yemen has become one of the most important regions of the rivalry between the USA and the Soviet Union and that any of them ( USA and the Soviet Union ) will not stand back and watch the events and the developments that the is witnessed by the region if not its interests are exposed to the risk , because Yemen was passing by the period of the political and economic building , like the Third World countries , Washington exploited the necessary need of Sanaa for the political and economic support to overcome its problems so it used this assistance to extend its influence and protect its interests and face the Soviet union influence in the southern part of Yemen. This had resulted in an Arab cold war or the proxy war which is a clear reflection of the strained of the relations between Moscow and Washington. The importance of the subject of US politics towards the northern part of Yemen 1967 - 1979 , was the reason behind choosing it for this Master thesis , which includes an introduction and five chapters and a conclusion and appendixes. The first chapter deals with Yemeni - American relations for the period 1945 - 1967. The first section deals with the first attempts of Washington and Sanaa to establish mutual relations and sign the Treaty of Friendship and Trade in 1946 , and the second section discusses the Yemen - US relations in the era of Imam Ahmad 1948 - 1962, While the third section focuses on the relations of the two parties in the republican era in 1962 - 1967 , After the US recognition of the republican system in late 1962 , the US position of the Yemeni civil war between republicans and monarchists , cut ties between Sana'a and Washington after the June 1967 war, and Egypt's role in it. The second chapter focuses on the American politics towards Yemen after the severance of diplomatic relations in 1967, The first section deals with the deterioration of the relations between Washington and Sana'a and its interruption and the second section comes to explain the American politics towards Yemen during the stage of relations cut 1967 - 1972 , and the attempts by the Yemeni government to resume its relations with Washington. The third Section discusses the shifts of the American politics after the resumption of the Yemeni - American relations 1974 - 1972. The first section Turns to the motives of the both parties for the resumption of relations in 1972. while the second section deals with the visit of 'Rogers' to Sana'a and the US position in the war of 1972 between the two parts of Yemen. while the Third Section studies the growing of the Yemeni - US relations till the coup of Al - Hamdi. In the fourth chapter , the master thesis discusses the evolution of the American politics towards the northern part of Yemen in 1974 - 1978 , the first part deals with the US position of the return of the military rule for Yemen after the coup of al - Hamdi , and the second part is about the US position of the strained of the relations between the two parts 1978. The fifth chapter focuses on the American Policy towards the Yemeni internal developments 1978 - 1979 , the first section includes the US reaction to the arrival of Ali Abdullah Saleh to the power, while the second section is allocated to the statement of the US position in the war of 1972 between the two parts of Yemen. The Title : 1. US politics towards the northern part of Yemen. 2. US politics towards the Arab Republic of Yemen
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بنو قسي ودورهم السياسي والعسكري في الاندلس (94 - 317هـ / 712 - 929م) == Political And Martial Role Of Qassi Family In Andalus (94 - 317 A.H)(712 - 929 A.D)

Author name: نسرين خلف جوي الساعدي
Supervisor name: حسين جبار مجيتل العلياوي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Andalusi families had a great role in the Islamic history in Andalus, especially those families which inhabited the upper defile for it is the region to the borders with the Christian kingdoms. All along this defile many events happened that positively and negatively impacted the Islamic state. Therefore, to know these borders we can simply tell the size of the challenges in the region and the role that the families played in stabilizing the region or violating discipline and order there. This is what urged us to choose the Qassi family to be the core of the study. This family hadn’t received historians and researchers' attentions. Thus, we couldn't find any study which shed light on this family. The present study highlighted this family's important political and martial role, for it affected the political arena at that time. It also focused on the social sides which were not free of some political dimensions. These reflected the prevalence of some states in the Andalusi society and the break of some families and fusion of family relations between Muslims and Christians which provoked many inquiries throughout the research like the bias of some families to the Christian kingdoms against Muslims. This applies to this family. Qassy family is one of the half - breed families in Andalus which played a great role in the political and martial events in the period of its prosperity. Many prominent figures appeared in this family like; Mohammed Bin Mousa, Mohammed Bin Lub BinMousa who fought many wars against the Umayyad authority and against some of the Christian kingdoms on the border lines of this family's authority. This study falls into three chapters preceded by an introduction and followed by conclusions and appendices. The first chapter deals with the geography of the Andulsian upper defile and areas of Qassy family's authority. It also refers to the conquer of the region and the family's upper grandfather entrance into Islam, as well as the family's first time emergence into the political events arena up to 180 A.H / 796 A.D. We referred to the population structure of the region; we displayed the most important Arab, Barbarian and Half - Breed tribes in the region. Chapter two deals with the Qassy family's political role. Where we referred to the family's relation with the government of Cordoba and the latter's relation with other half - breed families and its impact on the relation the Qassy family. We referred to the widening authority of Mousa Bin Mousa and his political relationship with the Christian kingdoms. In addition, we displayed political reasons behind marriage relationships with these Christian kingdoms. We also mentioned something about the conflict between family members because of areas of authority. Chapter three covers the Qassy family's martial role up to the end of their authority on the upper defile region. We tackled their martial conflict with the Muslims and Christians, and the reasons behind their conversion from being allies to the Navar kingdom to be enemies. We talked also about their role in stopping the Norman attack on Andalus during the reign of the Umayyad Emirate.
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الواد عند العرب قبل الاسلام وموقف الاسلام منه == Infanticide Among Arabs Before Islam And The Position Of Islam Towards It

Author name: وجدان جعفر غالب الموسوي
Supervisor name: مصطفى جواد عباس
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Specialized studies in the social history of Arabs had gained a lot of attention from some researchers in order to stand at the reality of the Arab society, what was prevailing in it. Considering the fact that infanticide was one phenomenon among others that were prevailing in the Arab society, the researcher decided to dig deeper in this topic under the title (Infanticide among Arabs before Islam and the Position of Islam towards it). This research studied this phenomenon among Arabs before Islam and the position of Islam towards it as well as the tribes where infanticide had spread widely. The researcher found out that this phenomenon was limited to some Bedouin Arab tribes like (Rabie'a & Tameem). This phenomenon wasn't confined to the Arabs only, but rather it was found among other nations like (Greek, Romans, and Persians). The reason behind burying males alive could be economic, poverty, or religious, a sacrifice to the gods. However, reasons for burying females alive were numerous like; poverty, fear of the scandal of captivation and physical disability; that's why it was greater among females. It was found that other primitive nations and old religions practiced sacrificing humans to the gods. What spreaded among Arabs like sacrificing sons and burying daughters alive among Arabs shows a tight connection between religion and this phenomenon. Styles of infanticide were not confined to burying alive only; it included throwing from lofty places, drowning and slaughtering which is (the biggest infanticide). Isolation is also considered as a kind of hidden infanticide which is (the smallest infanticide). In addition, spiritual infanticide which the female had experienced is another kind of infanticide. It has been noticed that not all Arabs agreed about infanticide. Within the same tribe there are pros and cons. Other stabilized tribes gave women sublime status like naming her sons after her as in the case of the kings of Hira. Some Arab tribe leaders like (Sa'sa'a bin Najia) fought this phenomenon. He prevented burying many girls alive by sacrificing them for money This phenomenon was fought by Islam after its spread. Islam considered it as an atrocity and urged parents to raise up children especially females whose education is considered a worship that leads to paradise. Islam refuted all reasons that Arabs claimed to bury their daughters alive. It assured them the availability of their and their children's daily bread. Islam also warned parents that killing their children is a great sin and a crime. The study fall into three chapters, the first of which tackled the (Concept and origin of Infanticide), it consists of three sections, section one deals with the concept of infanticide both linguistically and idiomatically, section two deals with beginning of infanticide.(infanticide in old nations and civilizations,and the infanticide in Arab nation before Islam) , section three deals with the styles of infanticide.( big infanticide ,small infanticide,and infanticide on the moral level). Chapter two deals with the reasons behind infanticide.Both recomend the presence of girls who are mostly exchand with camels). Insteade of girls and the second one : the real sacrification of those girls who are exchanged with camels and its relationship with gambling. Chapter three focuses on the Chapontains (the position of holly Quran ,Sunnah and Ahlualbait from infanticideter three focuses on the social impacts offirst section the social impacts of infanticide and the position of Islamtwards it.and it consisits of two sections : the (the position of mother ftom infanticide and the social position (the revive of infanticide).the second section ( the position of Quran and contains (The position of holly Quran ,Sunnah ,and Ahlualbait from infanticide
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سياسة الولايات المتحدة الامريكية تجاه القضية النمساوية 1945 - 1955 == The United States Of America The Policy Of Towards The Austrian Question 1945 - 1955

Author name: تحسين علي حسين
Supervisor name: فاروق صالح العمر
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The era after the second world war witnessed a kind of competition between the united states of America and the soviet Union to control different countries in the world. Austria was one of these countries that became the stage for the conflict between the west and the east for ten years because of its important and strategic geographical position. After liberating Austria from the Nazi occupation in March 1945 , the Allies agreed to divide Austria and its capital Vienna into four Zones of occupation for the United states of America , the Soviet Union , Britain and France as a preparation to execute the treaty of independence of Austria which granted it the right of sovereignty after withdrawl of the occupying troops. However , the troops Left Austria in 1955 because of the conflict between the east and the west during the cold war. That is why most of the European historians see that the cold war started in Austria and not in Germany. The study covers the years from 1945 to 1955. 1945 was chosen as the starting point of the study because in that year , Austria was liberated from the Nazi occupation by the Allied states. Also , the researcher chose 1955 as the closing year because the treaty of Austria was signed by the four states of occupation on the 5th of March of that year. The thesis consisted of an introduction , four chapters , a conclusion and appendixes.The Study in chapter was on (( the policy of the united states of America towards Austria since Birth of the First Austrian Republic up to March 1945 )) starts in 1918 because it is the year of the Birth of the Austrian Republic out of the ruins of the Empire of Austria and Hungary after the first world war. The first section of the chapter deals with the American - Austrian relations from 1918 to 1938 when Hitler annexed Austria. The section reviews the relation between the two states and the political and economic support of the united states of America to the first Austrian Republic. Section two tackles the American policy towards Austria from 1939 to March 1945. The section focuses on the reflections of the second world war on Austria and the Position of the United states towards that war in addition to the military and political role of the United States after entering the war to liberate Austria. Chapter two(( Policy of the United States of America towards the Austria Question during Rule of President Truman from March 1945 to 1947 )) includes three sections. The chapter emphasizes the policy of the United states during the first year of occupation of Austria. Chapter three (( Policy of the United States of America towards the Austria Question during Rule of President Tru - man 1948 - 1952 )) consists of three sections and is concerned with the military , economic and political support of the United states to Austria During the Period under study in this chapter, Marshal Project came into effect in Austria and it helped a lot in recovery of the Austrian economy. Furthermore , the United states of America started in 1948 a secret plan to reconstruct the Austrian Army to be ready to defend Austria against any communist threat after signing the Austrian Treaty. Chapter four is devoted to study (( the policy of the United States of America during the Era of President Eisenhower towards the Austrian Question 1953 - 1955)). The chapter Looks into the international situation in 1953 when Eisenhower became president of the United State of America , Also , the Soviet leader Stalin died in that year and the negotiations between the Soviet Union and Austria started in that year. The chapter also sheds light on the role of the United State of America in Berlin conference in 1954 which prepared the way for the USA and USSR to agree on the treaty of Austria in April 1955. The conclusion is devoted to present the results that the researcher reached.
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معارك وغزوات الكويت ومشاركاتها الحربية (1716 - 1814) == Battles And Its Invasions Of Kuwait And Its Participatins In Wars (1716 - 1896 )

Author name: نضال خزعل غضبان الزيادي
Supervisor name: رافد عبد الرضا عيلان الخفاجي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: يهدف البحث الى دراسة معارك وغزوات الكويت ومشاركاتها الحربية ( 1716 - 1814 )، اي خلال المدة التي سبقت تولي الشيخ جابر الصباح حكم مشيخة الكويت، والتي امتازت بكثرة مشاركاته الحربية الى جانب الدولة العثمانية.. فضلا عن دراسة تاثير تلك المعارك والغزوات والمشارك | Kuwaiti modern history has been associated with many of the political events represented by wars and battles fought by the Kuwaiti tribes since their migration from Najd. Alsubah family, a branch of the tribe Utub, which have migrated up to the year 1665 from their first habitat in the Hadar located within the region of Najd to the shores of the Arabian Gulf as a result of the harsh conditions of life, and severe drought that has happened in their home areas due to Lack of rain, which caused the outbreak of tribal conflicts over grazing lands and eventually led to an exodus of large numbers of Utub tribe native to the first direction of Kuwait area, and it should be It noted that the members of this tribe before settling in Kuwait tried to settle in areas ( Al Mabraz, Al Zubarah, the coast of Persia, and Basra ), but they faced strong rejection of the population in these areas.. After a long migration, some families of Utub ( Al - Sabah, Al - Khalifa, and Al - Jalahmah ) were allowed within the year 1716, to settle near the Kuwait bay which was influenced by the tribe of Bani Khalid, a region that was not inhabited at the time. The reason I chose my study of the year 1716, as a beginning of a subject of the study is due basically that that year was the beginning of Kuwait foundation as an Emirate by Utub tribe which had many battles with different tribes to keep that Emirate. Utub tribe did its best to prove itself and quit migration life.. After settling in Kuwait , they began practicing acts of pearl diving and fishing, maritime and trade from and to India, as well as the ports of the Persian Gulf and other such as ( Basra, AL - Ahwaz, And Bahrain ). Then they divided the adminisration of the affairs of Kuwait among them. The agreement texted that Alsubah family hold presidency and its affairs by consulting others while AlKhalifa family hold the trade affairs.On the other hand , work organising affairs in the sea was entrusted by Al Jalahmah. This type of government administration was until 1766 when Alsubah family totally ruled Kuwait as a result to the migration of Al - Khalifa family and a big number of AlJalahima to Zubarah where they settled there before their occupation of the island of Bahrain with the participation of Kuwaiti rulers (Alsubah family) in 1782.. But after the year 1782, Kuwait was exposed to numerous attacks ( the most important one was the first battle occurred directly with Kuwait, known as the ( Naval battle of Rikkah ) against a coalition of AlKaab when Kuwaitis won by themselves ).. Starting in 1793, Kuwait has been subjected from time to the Wahhabi invasions, which lasted until 1896, which is the year of the study stop and the reason for this is that the year witnessed radical change in Kuwaiti policy represented by Sheikh Mubarak Alsubah's assassinating his two brothers ( Mohammad and Jarrah ) and appointed himself as a Sheikh of Kuwait.. Due to the importance above, this study is to discover one of the important political sides in the modern history of Kuwait. The study is an attempt to study those events in details and to show its effect in Kuwait as an independent Emirate and to detect the latent goals behind those events.. The study needed to divide the research into four chapters. The first chapter of the research has studied the origin of Utub tribe as a founder of the Emirate of Kuwait and presented a historical review about the origin of this tribe and its first habitat. The chapter referred to the date and the reasons of their migration from Najd up to the year 1665. It also deals with the topic of their migration to Zubarah about 1669, showing the problems happened between the tribe of Utub and the original people of Zubarah ( Al - Muslim ) which at last led to killing a man from Al - Muslim by the hand of a man from Utub. Consequently, It was the reason which made Utub migrate from Zubarah to the shores of the Arabian Gulf in 1698. The chapter always mentions their migration to Persia in 1698. They didn't settle there for a long time because they had a war with the tribe of Hola in 1701. They migrated to Basrah in the same year and settled in it for a period of time but they worked as pirates which made them have conflicts with the Ottoman empire. They were forced to leave Basrah and go to Kuwait in 1716.. The second chapter studied the Kuwait battles and participations in war ( 1716 - 1814 ) and how Utub could achieve their stability. It also studied the participation of Utub with Al - Mathkoor in the war againt Bani Kaab in 1761. It also studied the participation of Kuwait in Zubara battle in 1782, Kuwait participation with Al - Khaleefa in occupying Bahrain in 1783, and Kuwaiti battle of the naval battle of Raqqa in 1783, against a coalition of Bani Kaab and achieved victory by itself, as well as the Battle of Ibrahim bin Afissan of Kuwait in 1793, and the invasion of Manna Abu Rijlain two years in 1797, and Saoud Bin Abdel AlAziz Al - Saoud's invasion to Kuwait 1804, At last it studied the participation of Kuwait in the battle of Khkakrah in 1811.. The third chapter dealt with Kuwait war battles and participations for the period ( 1814 - 1866 ). This historical period was recognized by many Kuwaiti war participations beside the Ottoman empire such the participation of Kuwait in breaking the blockade of Basrah imposed by The tribe of Muntafiq in 1826. The chapter also studied Kuwaiti invasion to the tribe of Al - Nassar in Briam in 1827. The chapter also contains the participation of Kuwait beside the tribe of Muntafiq and Bani Kaab in the blockade of Basrah in 1831. It also studied the participation of Kuwait in the bnlockade of Zubair in 1833. It also studied the participation of Kuwait beside the Ottoman Empire in occupying the city of Mohammarah in 1837. The chapter also explainedthe Egyptian second expansion in the Arab gulf in 1838. The chapter also studied the invasion Sheik of Muntafaq , Bandar Al - Sadoun , to Kuwait in 1844. At last, the chapter studied the participation of Kuwait in the battle of Milh in 1859.. The fourth chapter studied the battles and invasions of Kuwait and war participations for the period ( 1866 - 1896 ). It mentioned the participation of Kuwait beside the Sheikh of Mohammrah, Jabir Bin Mirdaw , in his conflict with the tribe of Nassar in ( 1868 - 1869 ). It also mentions the participation of Kuwait in the Ottoman campaign on Ihsaa in 1871, referring to the decisive role done by the Kuwaiti forces participating in the campaign and the results made the campaign and its effect on Kuwait. The chapter also mentions the attempt of Saoud Bin Faisal Al - Saoud to invade Kuwait in 1873, the invasion of Mohammad Bin Abdullah Al - Rshaid to Subahiah in 1877, and the invasion of Majid Al - Duwaish to Kuwait in 1892. The chapter also mentions the participation of Kuwait in the interior conflict of Al - Dhafeer tribe in 1892. It traces the participation of Kuwait in the Ottoman campaign against Qatar in 1892, focusing on the importance of Kuwaiti financial and military support in that campaign. The chapter also mentions that Kuwait was exposed to the invasion of the tribe of Al - Saeed in 1893. It also mentions the invasion of the Saudi tribe of Bani Hajer against the Kuwaiti ships in 1894, killing many men and robbing their contents. It also mentions the participation of Kuwait beside the Ottoman empire in perusing the forces of Sheikh Al - Muntafaq, Sulaiman Mansour Al - Sadoun in 1894. Atlast it mentions the end of the study topic in the year 1896, when external and internal events happened which were the base in changing the political, social and economic situations in Kuwait when Sheikh Mubarak Al - Subah ruled Kuwait after he had killed his two brothers, Sheikhs Mohammad and Jarrah
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تصدي ائمة اهل البيت (عليهم السلام) للتحديات التي واجهت الدولة الاسلامية == Ahl - Albeit'Sthwarting For The Challenges Facing The Islamic State

Author name: محمد حنش راهي
Supervisor name: سليمة كاظم حسين
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Studying Ahl - Albeit's history (peace be upon them) is considered as one of the important topics in the Islamic history. Itdoes not mean investigating their life background, but also their considerable role they played at the level of politics, culture, economics and sociology, besides showing the scopes and attempts of these roles to protect the Islamic state from the surround danger. Thus, this is the domain and frame of the current work. It sheds light on Ahl - Albeit's roles in keeping the Islamic and celestial message and maintaining its principles and values after Prophet Mohammad's death (peace be upon him). They are regarded as the second pillar in the Islamic state. The basic aim of this work is to set things right concerning the mistaken belief that Ahl - Albeit's role was passive since they did not rule or having ascending the throne. This work shows their active participation in protecting and maintaining the Islamic beliefs and doctrines as well as saving the Islamic message from deviation. They were ready to stand against those who tried to put Islamic values and principles into jeopardy. They find solutions and take considerable decisions to put the Islamic doctrine in the safe side, whereas, other Islamic scientists face difficulties in solving these dilemmas. Accordingly, these facts embody the significance of this study. This importance ensues difficulties the researcher faces since there are two responsibilities : the first one is about historical and scientific responsibility and the second one is religious and faithful. Thus, the researcher should be objective in presenting and discussing this matter. This rises a difficulty especially for a researcher in Islamic historical matters. There is another problem in this study which is that this work has not been discussed in its particulars as an academic field of inquiry, though some aspects of the topic was discussed but from a different perspective. This study with the title 'Ahl - Albeit's Thwarting For the Challenges Facing The Islamic State' includes the period extends the prophet's death in 11 H.D. /632 A.D. , up to 260 A.H. /874 A.D which is the period of Imam Al - Askary's death (peace be upon them all). The nature of study, with its diverse pieces of information, is divided into three chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter is entitled "Thwarting The Political Deviation". It is divided into three sections. The first section is devoted to explaining the ways of maintaining the ruling line (the ruler)such as giving advice, also this section includes a discussion about an example taken from Imam Hussein's Revolution as a successful attempt to set religious things right especially the guidance in Islam. It also explicates Ahl - Albeit's role in supporting the protesting revolutions. Finally, this section closes with mentioning their attempts in making all people participate in the reformation of Islamic leadership via emphasizing the matter of enjoining kindness and forbidding iniquity inside the society. Section two is entirely concerned with Ahl - Albeit's thwarting for the challenges that the military and administrative institutionssuffered from and these having a direct relation with the Islamic government and the ruler himself. The third section of chapter one deals with their thwarting against temptations through a lot of techniques. Chapter two focuses on their roles to stand against the intellectual challenges. It includes two sections, one of them is concerned with their role in thwarting for the politics of not writing the prophet's sayings and how they contributed to keep these pious speeches and quotes and as a result, they become the source for the Moslems indispensible for organizing their ways of life. Section two is primarily built upon their contribution to a lot of intellectual trends which are aberrant attempting to distort the Islamic doctrine. Chapter three is entitled 'Thwarting the economic and social challenges', and falls into two sections. The first one is concerned with Ahl - Albeit's successful attempts to thwart the economic challenges facing the Islamic state when the government were unable to find solution for such challenges. Section twois about the social challenges especially when they stand against the racial discrimination practiced by some authorities and governments in their treatments. Also they rejected and thwarted the behavioral and moral deviations that are against the principles of the Islamic state. Finally, conclusion shows the main results of this and how the aim is attained throughout the discussion of various thwarts
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الامام علي بن موسى الرضا (عليه السلام) (148 هـ - 203 هـ / 765 - 818 م) : دراسة تاريخية == Al - Imam Ali Bin Musa Al - Ridha ( Peace Upon Him 148 - 203 A.H / 765 - 818 A.D) : A Historical Study

Author name: اياد صالح عاصي التميمي
Supervisor name: جواد كاظم منشد النصر الله
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study attempts to shed light on the Character of Ali Bin Musaa Al - Ridha. He is considered to be the 8 th Imam of Ehl al - Bayt. Most of the the scholars agree upon the high and Valuable Status of Imam Ali Bin Musaa AL - Ridh. ( peace upon him).The Present study is divided into an introduction , four chapters , and conclusion. The first Chapter tackles Imam`s Life and his biography. It contains three sections. Section one deals with his birth , kinship , generation , surname , honorific titles , and his ring engraved. The second section devotes to the psychological dimensions of Imam`s in Character. While section three present Imam`s personal The second Chapter of this study show the intellectual role of Imam Ali Bin Musaa Al - Ridha. This Chapter has five sections. section one deals with Imam`s scientific statue that presents his teachers and students and the scientist's opinion towed Imam. The second section give the Imam`s mental debates. the third section states the Imam`s role in theology. the fourth section explores the Imam`s narrations concerning altars alhadith , and fiqh. the last section of this Chapter attempts to reveal the Imam`s role in defending the true Islam. The Third Chapter discusses the Imam`s political role. This Chapter has three sections. The first section explains the Imam`s political era and relationship with many of Caliphates in that era. The second section deals with the Imam`s attitude towaed armed movements. The third section explains the sort of relation between Imam Ali Bin Musaa Al - Ridha and mandate of the covenant ( Wilayat aleahd ).Finally , Chapter four reviews the political developments in Abbasi Stat after the period of wilayat aleahd. It contains three section. Section one discusses the Imam`s echo in the provinces of Abbasi state. the second section focuses the attention upon Mamon`s change of his public policy. the third section explains the martyrdom of Imam Ali Bin Musaa Al - Ridha ( Peace upon him ).
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كعب الاحبار (550م - 654م/70ق.هـ - 34هـ) : دراسة تاريخية == Ka’B El - Ahbar (550A.D - 654 A.D / 70 B.H - 34 A.H) Historical Study

Author name: عقيل يوسف سعود السلطان
Supervisor name: عادل هاشم علي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study investigates the figure of Ka'b El - Ahbar who is a jewish cleric from Humair Yemeni tribe. He converted into Islam during Omar ibn Al - Khattab. He managed to be one of those near to Omar and Othman ibn Effan due to his knowledge in Torah.which was inspired by God to Moses. Authorities consulted him as an alternative to fill the ideological gap out of the prevention of spreading the prophet's Hadith. So he was a filler for that gap. He was narrating the jewish morals and stories of Torah. Omar and Othman considered him as their political and financial advisor. When people began to revolt against Othman, Ka'b decided to to move to Al Sham ruled by Mu'awiyya bin Abi Sufyan who was its governor. Because Al Sham was regarded as an ideological and religious heritage for jews, Mu'awiyya and Ka'b had the same objective to insert and tell alot of narrations glorifying Al Sham.This study consisted of an introduction, preliminaries, three chapters and conclusions.In the preliminaries, there was a historical approach to the jewish existence in the most important places in Al Jazeerah Al Arabiyyah such as Hijaz and Yemen. Furthermore , it deals with the basic opinions of this existence and the titles of the jews during their history. The Torah was also explained because it was the major reference of Ka'b and a short explanation of the important jewish sects.The first chapter deals with the life of Ka'b : the personal, his islam, his scientific position. It consisted of three sections. The first section deals with his name, surname, nickname, his birth, death and his burial place. It also talks about his family, relatives, tutors and his pupils. The second one contains the narrations given by Ka'b and his rationale of being Muslim. The third section shows his scientific position in the jewish and Islamic religions and the formal and informal attitudes of Ka'b by the followers and the opinions of the recent researchers.The second chapter explains Ka'b's relations with the authority. It consisted of three sections. The first section deals with the relation of the prophet Mohammed (peace upon him) with the Christians and the jews and his attiude from their knowledge. It also shows the position of the prophet and the Caliphs and Sultans after him. The second section deals with Ka'b ' relation with the Caliph Omar and its basic features : his political consultation, his narrating of stories and Fatwas. It also deals with Omar's position from Ka'b 's perspective and Ka'b relation with Omar's murder. The second one shows Ka'b relation with Othman and the consultations with him in the financial matters and alms giving distributions. In addition, it touches upon the oppositions towards these interferences. The third section deals with Ka'bs's relation with Mu'awiyyah and his departure to Al Sham with the reasons of Ka'b's going to Mu'awiyyah and the feaures of that relation with its effects on the narrations of Ka'b in Al Sham.The third chapter deals with Ka'b's narrations and its effects on Islam. It is divided into three sections. The first section deals with the historic narration in Ka'b such as the beginning of creation, prophets ' history and past nations. The second one shows the dogma narration according to Ka'b. It has three parts : the first one deals with monotheism in Ka'b's narrations which were characterized with anthropomorphism. The second part includes the prophets' impeccability in Ka'b's narrations and sins committed by prophets.This is close to what jews said in Torah. In addition, this section deals with doomsday in Ka'b's narration. The third section studies the forthcoming narration in Ka'b at the end of the world in Al Mahdi, the Christ and the quack. This section sheds light on the salvation case or the universal savior in the jewish and Islamic ideology and the narrations of Ka'b as a jew in this regard after his conversion into Islam.The conclusion contains the most important results arrived at in this study.
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موقف عشائر جنوب العراق من الاحتلال البريطاني للعراق 1914 - 1918 == The Position Of The Tribes Southern Iraq From British Occupation Of Iraq 1914 - 1918

Author name: حسن موات حسين الفرطوسي
Supervisor name: جعفر عبد الدائم بنيان المنصور
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: When erupted the First World War 1914 - 1918 and the declaration of war between the Ottoman and British Fmpire , she was Clans third the power of her position on the floor worrying for both parties (the Ottoman - British), and the British command deems a contributing factor in the war against the Ottomans, due to the recent persecution of those clans. Now that the national spirit for those clans have proved the opposite, as it rushed the men to do what is most precious in order to repel the British occupation of the homeland, it has had a major role in the resistance to the British occupation of Iraq, as the Ottoman authorities mainly relied on those tribes to repel the British occupation of Iraq. In spite of having a lot of research and academic Which I studied History of Iraq Modern and Contemporary with all the political aspects, economic, social and administrative, but no one was highlighted and the kind of detail on the position of the tribes of southern Iraq from British occupation during the First World War, 1914 - 1918.The letter came to cover the period of time the task of Iraq's history during the twentieth century, as well as to document and demonstrate the spirit Jihadist and true citizenship and absolute loyalty to the homeland, which surpasses all tribal loyalties and ethnic and sectarian The message came with an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion and seven appendices and a summary in English. The message chapters discussed the position of the tribes of southern Iraq from British occupation 1914 - 1918 as devoted the first chapter as an introduction to the review of the most important tribes in southern Iraq and the position of the Ottoman occupation and the influence of British authority 1869 - 1914. The second chapter the British occupation from 1914 to 1918 for Iraq and the role of tribes in southern Iraq in response to this occupation through active participation in the battles against the army of the British occupation forces and also their participation in front of Ahwaz. the third chapter Me studying the British administration in the era of occupation from 1914 to 1918 and the position of the tribes in southern Iraq, including 0, with which he discussed the formation of the British civil administration and how it has been by this management the most important administrative procedures that facilitate the process of the control of the occupation of southern Iraq areas and how the clans of southern Iraq, the position of this administration. The message has reached the most important results, as demonstrated tribes in southern Iraq national position of rejecting the Ottoman and British occupation with. as shown Ottoman neglect of Iraq only to Interests narrow. The inability of British influence in general stand, Which has expanded in Iraq because of the strategic and economic importance, as events proved the existence of effective national leadership, whether clerics or tribal leaders the leaders of this resistance and the extent of the commitment and obedience to the families of southern Iraq to references religion in Najaf
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الامام الحسين بن علي (عليه السلام) : دراسة تاريخية تحليلية في جوانب من سيرته == Imam Hussian : Analytical And Historical Study In His Biography

Author name: حسين نعمة ابراهيم البوهلاله
Supervisor name: نزار عزيز حبيب الخاقاني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The current work aims showing and tracing Imam Hussein's lifetime since he is considered as the most pious and sacred figure on earth second in rank to his grandfather, Prophet Mohammad, and his parents, (peace be upon them). When I started writing about him, I gathered ten chapters about the details of his life, but finally, I settled on only two chapters to be included in this dissertation. I reviewed more than 750 sources, but these do not cover all the details of incidents in his life. Thus, I started writing about the ceremony of his birth and aspects of his personal moments as well as the moments he spent with his grandfather. The dissertation ends with the story of his assault. It also includes details about his wife and sons besides his role with his father and his brother as well as against Muawiya and Yeizeed. This also comprises something about his intellectual, social and moral aspects from his life. The present work consists of five chapters. Every chapter has a number of sections concerned with analytical and historical matters in his life. 1. Imam Hussein is the guardian and trustee as well as the supposed Caliph and Imam on earth and all others should obey and follow his orders, and also they must love him and being loyal to him. He is also mentioned in a number of verses in Quran. 2. The prophet said on behalf of Imam Hussein that " Allah loves Imam Hussein more than I do". The prophet also added a lot of sayings concerning Imam Hussein and Imam Hassan (peace be upon them) such as "Allah ordered me to love them and love those who love them", besides other sacred sayings showing his position and value in the prophet's life and Islam in general. 3. There are a number of sayings rendered by Prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him and his offspring) concerning Imam Hussein's great position and importance such as " Hussein is from me and I am from him". Chapter two is mainly devoted to the moments of his birth when his grandfather was present during his birth - giving. The prophet had done the requirements of birth ceremonies such as calling prayers in his ears in the first day then he named him " Hussein" and no one else had ever the same name, and this was an order from Allah to be called with this. Also, The prophet had done the ceremonies in the seventh day of after his birth such as shaving and doling with his cut hair with equal weight of silver, then he had done the circumcision for him, after that, he sacrificed for him one lamb nicknaming him after that with "Abi Abdullah". He was being suckled by his mother only, and sometimes sucking his grandfather's thump and tongue as part of blessing. Chapter three is totally devoted to his personal information such as his pedigree who are so pure in that they had worshipped Allah only following the prophet Ibrahim (peace be upon him" and their mother offspring were totally immaculate and devout. He comes from a devout mother nicknamed with a lot of good references. He is also referred to with a lot of nicknames. In addition, this chapter explains a lot about his clothes and blessed rings with inscriptions. Chapter four illustrates Imam Hussein's life time during the presence of His grandfather, Prophet Mohammad. It discussed five points : 1. Imam Hussein's flesh, blood and bones belong to Prophet Mohammad's, thus, he is similar to him in all things such as at the level of thinking and morals. Accordingly, when he came in front of his enemies in the tenth day of Ashur, he wore his grandfather's turban and armor as well as riding his horse carrying the sword of Thu - Alfiqar. He told them that they would be fighting the prophet if they fight him now. 2. This chapter also mentions and shows seven suspicions made by Ahl - Beit's enemies concerning the prophet's close relationship with Imam Hussein. These suspicions were answered with reason and analytical responses providing instances showing how the prophet was dealing with Hassan and Hussein (peace be upon them). Some of these suspicions were about carrying them to praying in Fridays and how they were playing upon his back, or the prophet was kissing Husseins's penis, beides other types of behaviors. Chapter five is written to conclude the whole work starting with his birth and ending with his assault. It also mentions his wives and sons in terse. According to the historical context, the following points are about the lifetime of Imam Hussein's (Peace be upon him) : 1. He was martyred in the tenth day in Ashur in Karbala in 61 A. H. after the midday praying in Friday with the age of 56. 2. The names of his wives and sons : a. Layla gave birth to Ali Al Akbar.b. Shah Zanan gave birth to Ali Alsajad.c. Al Rabab gave birth to Abdullah, the infant. d. Salama Al Qathiya gave birth to Jaafar and died while Imam Hussein was still alive. e. Um Isaac gave birth to Fatima. He has no sixth wife as others claimed. The sources mentioned that he has three daughters : Fatima, Sukeina and Zainab
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كتاب المـــواعـــظ والاعتبار في ذكر الخطط والاثار لتقي الدين احمد بن علي بن عبد القادر المقريزي (845هـ - 1442م) مصدرا لدراسة الاحوال الدينية والاجتماعية في الدولة الفاطمية (358هـ - 567هـ / 968م - 1171م) == Sermons Book In Mentioning Plans And Relics Of Ahmed Bin Ali Maqrizi (845AH - 1442AH) As A Source For The Study Of Religious And Social Conditions In The Fatimid State

Author name: عمار عبد الامير محمد السلامي
Supervisor name: علاء كامل صالح العيساوي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The book of sermons and mind to mention the effects of the plans written by Taqi Al - Din Ahmad ibn Ali Maqrizi important sources it represents an advanced stage in the writing of history in a manner plans, it has made maqrizi a great effort provided him with all his energies, and hired him to various sources, until it became an important point of reference for those who wanted to research and authorship on Egypt at various times, and in all aspects of political, economic, physical and social life and religious. The Egyptian community in the era of multi - religions and doctrines of the Fatimid state, since muslims are the majority, and they belong to the various Shiite and sunni muslim sects.Noon shiism in Egypt by the sunni sects, as the Egyptians were loyal to the front of Ali bin Abi Tabli ((Peace be upon them)), and they were many, love and loyalty to the Ahl Al - bayt ((Peace be upon them)), and sectarian Shiite bases are Ismailia, is the view of the Fatimid rulers of Egypt, and Twelver.The Sunni sects in Egypt they tap shafi’I, maliki, and Hmpelah, and the sunnis are free sectarianism in the Fatimid era, it emerged as the senior scholars, in addition to assuming important positions in the state.In addition to the muslims were Christians and jews, as it was christain religion that has spread in Egypt since the first century AD followed by the egyptains, and the jews was the beginning of their presence since the era of prophet Yusuf ((Pease be upon him)), and it was Christians and jews enjoy religious freedom, they have occupied important positions in the country.The followers of religions in Egypt, places of worship, as it was in Egypt, a large number of mosques, the most important mosque, the old, Ibn Tolon mosque, the mosque of the military, and in the era of the fatimeds was built a number of mosques, the most important of Al - Azhar mosque, an Al - Hakm mosque, in addition to the holy shrines and the most important place of the head of Imam Hussein ((Peace be upon him)), the shrine of sayeda Nafisa ((Peace be upon her)), the shrine of zaid shahid ((Peace be upon him)), and the shrine of sayeda Kulthum ((Peace be upon her)), and it was for christians monasteries and churches scattered in Egypt, and Jews had their churches.The Demographics of Egypts consists of copts, Arabs, Berbers, Sudan, Turk, Daylam, and the Interview.Both faiths had their festivals that celebrate it, was of the most important muslim holiday Eid al - fitr, Eid al - Adha, Eid al - Ghadeer, and suitable day of Ashura, and it was the most important festivals of Christian holiday Christmas, holiday of Passover, Fest of the Annvnciation, the feast palm Sunday, and it was the most important jewish festivals of the top holiday month, the feast of unleavened bread, and the festival umbrealla.
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صحيفة النداء وموقفها من الاجتياح العراقي للكويت (11 اب - 30 كانون الاول - 1990) == The Attitude Of Al - Ned,A From The Iraqi Invension To Kuwait 11 - 30 Aug 1990

Author name: زيدون محمد راضي
Supervisor name: جاسم محمد هايس
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In addition, it clarifies, in survey the beliefs and the administrative systems of ancient India before the arrival of Islam.
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المراسيم الدينية للدولة الفاطمية في مصر (358 - 567هـ/968 - 1171م) == Religious Edicts Of The Fatimid State In Egypt )8 : 3 - : ;5H/8;3 - 1151M)

Author name: مها عبد الله نجم الشرقي
Supervisor name: سليمة كاظم حسين
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Independent political entities sprung from Abbassidian succession in Morocco and Egypt as Aghaliba state in Kairouan, Adarrissa in Fas, Omayyads in Andalusia and Akhishidia and Tolonia in Egypt, besides others such as those which are originated in the East (Al - Tahiryia and Al - Safaryia states) which exploited the fragility of Abbassidian state and their remoteness from this state. As a result, Fatimidian entity appeared and they rules under the doctrine of being descended from Prophet Mohammad (peace be upon him and his offspring). Their state lasted approximately two centuries spreading their influence towards east and west. It had its own features and culture contesting Abbassidian state in the Islamic world.There is no doubt that the Fatimids had reached their supreme power and glory when they moved to Egypt. They initiated special liturgies and religious services representing an important aspect of their civilization for their state and policy. One of these services is the religious one. These services are practices concerning religious traditions that had spread throughout Egypt during their ruling period. They had their own ways of celebration which included the whole classes of people at that time since these religious practices were considered as an important historical prospect and reflecting the cultural aspect of their lives and behaviors. This activity acquired an essential level of importance in comparison with the long ruling period. Thus, it is essential to pay attention to this state and its religious routine and how it originated great cultural traces. Through these religious services, one can look forward for the nature of their social life.The current work comprises an introduction and four chapters and a conclusion. The introduction is concerned with the defining the subject of investigation and mentioning the basic sources used in the thesis.Chapter one is devoted to present and explain the general religious services. Chapter two is mainly concerned with illustrating the Fatimids' emphasis on the idea of being followers to Ahl - Albeit (peace be upon them) via focusing on holding celebrations that indicate their alliance to them especially those that are continuously being held during Moharram and those that rejoice different occasions such as Eid al - Ghadeer and the declaration for Ali's alliance since this prospect is considered as the catalyst for their legislation in Succession, besides other religious festivals such as the birth of Prophet Mohammad and his daughter Fatima (peace be upon them) as well as the Imam Ali and his two sons (peace be upon them).Chapter three is mainly attributed to mention the national Egyptian festivals previous to the arrival of Fatimids to Egypt such as celebrating the Nile alliance and the gulf breaking. This chapter also explains the celebrations held by ahl - Althoma in that the Fatimidian era is seen as the golden age for them. Chapter four is a presentation of the influence of those festivals upon the Egyptian society socially, economically and culturally when poetry and prose flourished at that time.Finally, the conclusion explains the results and facts from the cultural level left after the deterioration of the fatimidian state and the emergence of Aiubians who tried hard to destroy that culture.
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القضية الفلسطينية وانعكاساتها على احداث الوطن العربي 1970 - 1982 == The Palestinian Issue And Its Impact On The Events Of The Arab World 1970 - 1982

Author name: اروى نوري نديم المياحي
Supervisor name: هلال ثجيل جلوي الخفاجي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The message deals with the Palestinian issue …reflection on the events of the Arab world , for the period from the events of September 1970 AD , in Jordon , And the October war with Israel first , and followed the camp David treaty and its repercussions onthe Arab world and the conclusion of the Lebanese and their impact on the overall Arab history of war and also the Israel occupation of Lebanon in 1982 AD. The message had been reached among the results , but the most important is that the Palestinian.Issue has a dual effect on Arab situation and events either directly or indirectly. As well as the most prominent Israeli army defect in the fact of guerrilla war fare , Which the Israeli army is not fluent in dealing suffered big losses as the peace process led by Egypt did not come to a comprehensive peace did not stand in dependent of the chain wars swept the region. As Lebanon came under two bread categories in the year 1978 AS and 1982Ad , but Israel did not achieve its targets of these attacks , either militarily shaken the prestige and power of the Israeli army to the public , The Israeli and international public opinion. criticism of the regime's policies. Numerous journalists were dropped from the party or arrested last month. In February Sadat launched his diplomatic initiative, the main elements of which were Hafiz Ismail's visits to the Soviet Union and the United States. Sadat was roundly criticized in some Arab circles for opening a dialogue with the United States, especially after the news leaked that the US was preparing to continue supplying Israel with large quantities of arms and production facilities for aircraft.The Content of the Speech Sadat began his two and one - half hour speech by 124 Foreign Relations, 1969 - 1976, Volume XXV 50. Memorandum From Director of Central Intelligence Schlesinger to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger)iWashington, April 16, 1973. SUBJECT : Israeli Estimates of Egypt's Present Military Intentions Recent assertions regarding the probability of Egyptian military moves against Israel are in conflict with the assessment the Israeli military intelligence has provided the United States as recently as the end of last week. Other indicators of Egyptian military intentions remain negative. On 12 April 1973, General Shalev, Deputy Chief of Israeli Military Intelligence, told the American Defense Attache' in Tel Aviv that he does not believeEgyptian President Sadat has made a decision to renew hostilities against Israel or that he will decide to do so in the near term. Shalev outlined at considerable length his reasons for reaching this conclusion despite certain recent developments in the Egyptian military, notably the transfer from Libya to Egypt of Libyan Mirage V aircraft, which have given rise to questions about present Egyptian intentions. A copy of the Defense Attache"s report of this conversation with Shalev is provided as Attachment A2 to this memorandum. Attachment B 118 Foreign Relations, 1969 - 1976, Volume XXV (Memorandum of conversation, March 8; ibid.) Regarding the Soviet paper handed to Kissinger by Brezhnev during Kissinger's April 1972 visit to Moscow, see Foreign Relations,1969 - 1976, volume XIV, Soviet Union, October 1971 - May 1972, Document 141, footnote 5. On March 14, Brezhnev sent Nixon a message describing his talks in Moscow with Egypt's Minister of War, Ahmed Ismail, who had expressed the Egyptian Government's serious concern with the absence of any progress toward a peace settlement. Egypt had been subjected to Israeli aggression for six years and Arab lands were still occupied by Israel. Ismail had declared that although it preferred a peaceful settlement , the Egyptian Government was coming to the conclusion that military confrontation with Israel might become unavoidable. Therefore, Egypt had to prepare itself for the possibility of a new military clash. Brezhnev concluded his message by saying that he wanted to emphasize again the seriousness of the developing situation in the Middle East and to draw the President's attention to the necessity of taking constructive steps in order to prevent such a confrontation. Brezhnev argued that such a turn of events would not only cause irreparable damage to the countries in the region but hurt other countries as well. Therefore, much depended on having the Soviet Union and the United States take "agreed steps directed at settlement of the Middle East situation."(National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Kissinger Office Files, Box 70,5 Country Files, Europe, USSR, Exchangeof Notes Between Dobrynin and Kissinger, Vol. 5) January 2 - October 5, 1973 123 42. Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixom Washington, March 30, 1973. SUBJECT : Fuller Analysis of President Sadat's Speech The Daily Brief has contained the main points in President Sadat's speech of March 26. This memo includes a more extensive discussion and analysis, and excerpts of the section on foreign policy are attached.2Background Sadat has been struggling with troublesome domestic problems since last fall. Student riots in January were followed by press 1. Memorandum From Richard T. Kennedy of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger)l Washington, January 2, 1973. SUBJECT : Secret Jordan - Egyptian Negotiations At Tab A2 is a memorandum from Director Helms conveying detailed information on secret negotiations between a representative of King Hussein andPresident Sadat which took place on 17 December. The key item is Sadat's assertion that he has decided Egypt must launch a war of attrition against Israel. Zayd Rifai represented King Hussein at the talks which took place in Cairo. In essence, the King proposed that Egypt and Jordan resume diplomatic relations and that they work together through political efforts to force a settlement on Israel. Rifai stated that the Arabs cannot risk another full scale war with Israel. He argued that the Soviets, having reached an understanding with the U.S. , do not wish to do anything that might jeopardize their newly - established working relationship with the Americans.Thus, according to Rifai, the United States is the only country in a position to break the present impasse and force the Israelis to withdraw from occupied Arab territories. Rifai informed Sadat that it is for this reason that on King Hussein's last visit to WashingtonS he attempted to take the problem out of State Department channels and bring it to President Nixon's office. Sadat expressed pleasure at Hussein's initiative in sending an emissary to meet him. He denied having any direct contacts with President Nixon's representatives but he said that he had received letters from President Nixon, all of which he had answered. Sadat told Rifai that he disagreed with Hussein on the Soviet role in the Middle East, asserting that Moscow does have a role to play inbringing about a solution to the Middle East problem , even though it is secondary to the role played by the United States. Sadat informed Rifai that his major disagreement with Hussein's views is in regard to the question of war versus political pressure on Israel. Sadat stated that he is absolutely convinced that the only way to force Israel to surrender the occupied territories is by renewing a war of attrition. He said that he had carefully calculated the cost to Egypt of starting such a war and he believes that it can be sustained. By hitting hard and deep inside Israel and by inflicting a sizeable number of civilian casualties on a regular basis, Egypt could force Israel into deciding that it is better to surrender the occupied territories. Sadat also told Rifai that under no circumstances should Jordan in any way become involved in Egypt's war of attrition because the Israelis would quickly overrun the East Bank and destroy the Jordanian army. Sadat also pushed aside Rifai's question about resuming normal diplomatic relations betweenJordan and Egypt. Sadat closed by telling Rifai that he would have some thoughts to convey to Hussein on what he could say to President Nixon about Egypt.
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العفاف والحجاب في الديانات السماوية الثلاث والمصادر العربية (حتى نهاية الدولة الاموية 132هـ / 749م) == The Chastity And The Veil In The Three Monotheistic Religions And Arab Sources To The And Of The Umayyad Dynasty 132AH/749BC

Author name: سبا علي عبد الحسين
Supervisor name: كفاية طارش العلي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A study of chastity and the veil , and includes the functions of the important things that would on phenomena of pornography and the spread of immorality and faithful whereas the matter of chastity and modesty and commitment. The veil of things confirmed by the General heavenly islamic religions in particular have a ceremony of our history and record a variety of situations that are related to this topic. The importance of this study lies in - limits again to the theme of the nature of the relationship between the veil religion and history because of its important role in clarifying many of situations , whether related to religious matters. To keep the society from spivitual decline for women , we must study the chastity and conformity to accepted rules of conduct between people. All the religions as the Islam religion coneerned with.
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جامـعة الـدول العـربية وقضايا امارات الخليـج العـربي (1945 - 1965) == League Of Arab States And Issues Of Arab Gulf Emirates (1945 - 1965)

Author name: رافد عبد الرضا عيلان الخفاجي
Supervisor name: كاظم باقر علي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This thesis aims at studying the role that the Arab League can do on the level of the Arab Gulf Emirates affairs from its emergence at 1945 till the abstraction of its projections to cooperate with Arab Gulf Emirates by the British occupation at 1965 and get the good and bad results that the Arab League and the Arab Gulf Emirates have achieved together according to the role of the League at the Arabian Emirates. It is necessary to shed the light on the stages that lead to the emergence of the Arab League and what its charter contains of subjects, aims, credits and what it has fulfilled from achievements on the political, economic, cultural and sociological level in order to compare all these achievements with what the Arab League achieves to the Arab Gulf Emirates, which has an important strategic and economy according to the British and the other western countries occupation. Since the Arab League has the ability to achieve more and more of the achievements on the Arabian level from its firm starting point, it has never regarded the Arab Gulf Emirates except after the and of 1952, when it has the opportunity to share some sort of cooperation with the Arab League, according to what the League part specifies the cooperation with other countries that did not be long to the Arab League, thus the Arab Gulf Emirates start to share and send their ambassadors ( Kuwait, Bahrain and Qutar ) to attend some of cultural, sociological and economical works of the Arab League … except some affairs that are related to politics and defense. Quickly, the League enlarges the level of its works in the Arab Gulf Emirates to have the job of defense the Arab area and protect it from the repeated Iranian claims. Also to have the ability to solve the disagreements that occurred in the area exemplified in the Iraqi - Kuwaiti crisis for which the league has a main role especially after the United Nations failure in finding a solution, so the Arab League adopted the issue and sent some Arabic armies to be on the boundaries between the Iraqi - Kuwait till the solution of this problem at 1963. In spite of that the Oman coast Emirates ( which is a part of the Arab Gulf Emirates ) stayed out of any contribution and cooperation with the Arab League till 1963. When mission Arab League visited the area in order to prevent any cooperation with Zion ( Israel ), the representatives concentrated on this point to make the members pay attention to an another problems in its report, such as foreign emigration to the Arab Gulf Emirates and the necessity to give support for the needed Emirates. The Council of the Arab League agreed to send mission of fact - finding and recommend the members to give fast supports to the area according to this specialists were sent to decide make a developed projects carried through five years. The British take the part of protecting their interests - counter after noticing the Arab seriously in giving supports, and they decide to put contrary projects to margins the Arab projects claiming that the Arab rulers agreement and the projects of giving supports of the Arab League within the British projects to develop the agreed Emirates.As a result of,in consequence of the Arab League on having a role in the Arab Gulf Emirates issues and it is its right to get ride of the British occupation on the area, so the British government increases its opposition to the projects of support. So, British sent Thomson in the time in which the general secretary started to visit the Oman coast Emirates through which he is able to take the agreement of the coast rulers to start the League projects at their Emirates, so Thomson threatened the rulers to punish them unless they cancel the agreement. The Arab League moved quickly to make the British face the situation and sent some experts Arabs to pave the way in order to make the Arab League carry on its projects. But, British do something to prevent those experts from arriving the Oman coast Emirates and removed ALSharja ruler who was the most insistent ruler to cooperate with the Arab League than others, so the order rulers were obliged to cancel their agreement on the Arab League project. The Arab League answer was unable to have actual steps to face the Britain insistence which was supported by Saudi Arabia that considered the intervention of Egypt and the Arab League in the Arab Gulf Emirates affairs as a direct threaten for her. According to the different views of Arab on one hand and the Arab - Britain difference the project is postponed as a whole. At last, it can be said that the Arab League, though doubting its suspended, has achieved some of its aims through trying to intervene itself in the Arab Gulf Emirates affairs, the League has shown the people of area that there is someone to protect and support them as possible as it could and to show them that they are not a lone to face problem but there is an Arabic nation stood by to face the problem with them. The League proved for British the Arab Gulf people is not a lone and for way from others but it was eager to get rid of his being a lone and being part of the Arab homeland and work to be higher and higher side by side with the Arab countries, but what is sorry for is that the Arab League tried to cooperate with Arab Gulf Emirates have proved the depth of Arab to Arab disagreement and the absence of cooperation between the League members, if any member talks frankly with the other and give him grantee not to intrude him self in the affairs of the other the topic would not be cancelled, that is to say, if Iraq and Egypt have talked frankly with Saudi Arabia about their secret aims and give the grantee not to intervene in its affairs the topic would not be cancelled, on the country, the Arab Gulf Emirates and the Arab League will get a lot of benefits, they would oblige British to regard the Arab Gulf Emirates when deciding any thing
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الامام علي في تفسير القرطبي : دراسة تاريخية == Imam Ali In The Qurtobi Interpretation

Author name: سارة احمد عبد الرزاق السنافي
Supervisor name: انسام غضبان عبود الباهلي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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Abstract: The researchers have never been oblivious to the character of the commander of the faithful, Hazrat Imam Ali (AS). Plethora of studies and research have tackled many traits and aspects of his personal and pan - Islamic virtues. For the significance of Hazrat Imam Ali's (AS) character, many false and irresponsible (weak) Islamic narrations were interpolated in the Islamic heritage concerning his life, reputation and sayings. Let alone the Sultan's Preachers who used to tell others false information so as to show that the Sultan or the king was doing irrational behaviors arbitrarily, As Ibn Khaldon (A Muslim Sociologist) has put an emphasis on the importance of substantiating the narration with true evidence.The Qurtubi exegesis, which is an encyclopedia of the Holy Quran, is rich with Islamic information with quantity and good manner. It behooves the researcher to go deeper into the Qurtubi exegesis because it contains many topics that require a critical study, let alone the importance of its Jurisprudence, linguistic science, critical readings, false Israeli narrations and last the Qurtubi's attitude about everything. There is no precise study in the literature that has tackled this issue, namely the false Israeli narrations thatcontain unreasonable and contradictory information about Hazrat Imam Ali (AS).The life, reputation and sayings of Hazrat Imam Ali (AS) have not been studied critically in the Qurtubi exegesis. Rather, only linguistic, studies, the opposition to some readings, the likelihood of Islamic rules, observing the alienated information, criticism of the methodology, and even the studies that have only dealt with cursory exegesis of texts per se that did not present a real historical analysis.It seems to be obvious that the current study sheds light upon references, historical resources, journals, periodicals, theses, and dissertations that contribute to the scientific rigor of the current study with accurate and meticulous information. The current study is based upon intellectual opinions, reasonable thoughts in accordance with the methodology of assessing the historical events, their analyses, and discussion of opinions.
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