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ثورة الامام الحسين (عليهم السلام) في المصنفات الشامية والمصرية خلال العصر المملوكي (648 - 923هـ/1250 - 1517م) == Imam Hussein Revolution (?) in maize and Egyptian works during the Mamluk period (648 - 923h / 1250 - 1517m

Author name: سجى جاسب خضير الدلفي
Supervisor name: اسراء مهدي مزبان
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The writing about Imam Hussein () and revolution meant to write about the great of the great rabbis, no less important than writing about the prophets, it is the inheritor of the sciences is the cause of Noranihm and boarding house in fact, Fetorth () represented the most prominent manifestations of challenge and confrontation with Umayyad state is in the early strength, Vtaddt writings and research abounded around and took aspects of the revolution Mokhtlvha, and wrote about the revolution in Husseiniya all workbooks but they overlooked all studied in maize and Egyptian works, especially in the Mamluk era. The study of Imam Hussein Revolution () represented a great importance in the Egyptian Levantine works during the Mamluk era, It is a great choice as a study academy is to know and investigate the views of Muslim historians in this era in Egypt and the Levant in the Imam Hussein Revolution () and from different Islamic sects, whether they Shafa'i order or Hnblin or doctrine Maliki or Hanafi, abounded opinions revolution Hosseinieh Some of them were calling it the discretion of him and saw that come out as he saw other remaining silent and not to their preference wars, and some of them saw as a revolution against tyranny and the duty of Muslims to follow In light of the above, we found that should hold such delve into the subject and to highlight what is true and what is the falsity of the claim and the questioning of the principles of the holy revolution and non - delivery of each novels cited by historians Egyptians and Ahamyin during the Mamluk era. Thesis is divided into an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion and then the list of primary sources and modern references, devoted the first chapter to the study of historians of the Mamluk era resources in Egypt and the Levant and their approach in documenting the news of Imam Hussein (), and included three sections we dealt with in the first section (news from Imam Hassan resources ( )), and the second section (their approach in documenting the news of Imam Hussein ()), and the third (the difference between historians era mamluk in writing news revolution Imam Hussain . we discussed in the second chapter of the revolution of Imam Hussein () in maize workbooks, came in three sections, the first (the motives of the revolution and its causes) and the second topic (out of Imam Hussein ( ) to Iraq and the stages of the road), and third (located tuff and public attitudes Shami of Imam Hussein revolution (). And accept the third chapter to the study of Imam Hussein Revolution () in the Egyptian works)included tow points studied in the first (the position of Imam Hussain of allegiance to increase in the era of maaouya ibn abi sufyaan) secondly (the position of Imam Hussain of allegiance to increase in the era of over) in the era mamluk ,dedicated conclusion to view what we have reached its results. The researcher found to a number of the most important results : . 1 - Diversity adoption of historians Egyptians and Ahamyin the Mamluk period the number of resources in their writings in the Imam Hussein Revolution (), varied between abundance in some of them as stated in the books of hadith and history, and few in others it has over most historians the introduction of a particular book, while Say transferred from other books, as well as less transferred from the special killing of Imam Hussein, books (); because they date back to the authors Shiites or that they are accused of Shiism, as he claims Bazhm as authors Shiites or accused of Shiism 2 - Many transfer novels is known and anonymous, and that's what wrong with the historians in this era regarding Aiardhm to accounts belonging to Imam Hussein (), and news without reference to their sources confirmed that the revenue thus novels is one of the negative aspects of their dependence on the unknown resources. 3 - Use some historians Egyptians and Ahamyin contrast to support novel supplied by sometimes cite some of Sindh fully or shortcut, while others do not care to support novel and supplied from the non - support. 4 - The lack of criticism of novels cited by historians Egyptians Ahameon in the field of their news from the Imam Hussein Revolution (), but historians such as Ibn Taymiyyah and golden and the son of a lot, and this refers to the character who Anmazat by the writings of the Mamluk era to mention accidents and shortcut without elaborating on the details and special events Previous eras them 5 - Not added historians in the Mamluk era, much to put them all together to the sources and organize information and methods of writing historical method is the same as that already used by former historians them, but there are advantages of belonging to every age writes in history wholly followed the Egyptian school roads and areas are almost differ from school maize. 6 - Reported Levantine workbooks motivated several of the Imam Hussein Revolution () that emerged from the revolution, a policy pursued by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan from the liquidation of opponents and the killing of the owners of the Prophet Muhammad (), and the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice, which has become visible and symbols increases and corruption and as well as these motives highlighted motive workbooks adopted by Imam Hussein () in which he left the supervisor wrote Alkoviin him and showed several novels in size and plentiful books that he had received 7 - I have tried a number of historians Ahamyin in their works obliterated most of the circumstances of the tuff incident, and distortion of the facts, including the Aiardhm novels related to talk that took place between Omar bin Saad and between Imam Hussein () and saying that the Imam asked the Omar bin Saad three conditions that we have mentioned and Navt truth namely, that the Imam did not ask for that and the reason behind these stories is an attempt to reduce the courage of Imam Hussein (). 8 - It is clear that the information on the revolution Imam Hussain in the works of Egyptian during the period mamluk are scarce compared when historians shami it seems that the reason for the return to the inheritance intellectual in the field of writing historical for both sides , in the levant dahrt the writings of previous summed up Imam Hussain best known that writings what without the son of soldiers in join Damascus , as well as the months library included inheritance intellectual Shiite been burned by after the fall of the state Fatimid

جون الاول ودوره في العلاقات الانكليزية الفرنسية حتى عام 1216 == John I and his Role in the French - English Relations Until 1216

Author name: محمد حليم سالم
Supervisor name: حسنين عبد الكاظم عجه الشمري
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:

صناعة الاثاث في مصر القديمة (3000 - 1000 ق.م) == Furniture Industry in Ancient Egypt (B.C. 3000 - 1000

Author name: احمد قاسم سلمان
Supervisor name: محمد فهد القيسي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The subject of furniture industry in ancient Egypt (3000 - 1000 B.C) is one of the subjects that has a distinctive position in ancient Egypt because of its relationship with the worldly, religious and funerary life. On account of their interest in their comfort, the ancient Egyptians exploited what was available to them of materials in the worldly life in making furniture that was used in their homes and palaces. In order to provide eternal rest for the dead in the other world, industry funerary furniture was buried with them. There was found a lot of models of it in their graves. The Egyptians’ graphics on furniture and craftsmen’s furniture on graves helped us to identify how they made furniture, from which materials it consisted of, in which age it was made, and which tools were used in its manufacture. Furniture makers used very splendid styles in decorating the ancient Egyptian furniture, particularly styles that were related to the religious life; such as, making some of the furniture in the form of a goddess or drawing a goddess on the furniture. The Egyptian funerary furniture is regarded as the best kind of furniture in the ancient East at that time. This is largely because of the Egyptians’ interest in providing comfort for themselves in a world beyond death. The Egyptian furniture is considered as the best furniture that was made in the ancient Near East. Through examination of the models found, it becomes clear that they were made with great accuracy and skill. The ancient Egyptians used techniques that were not found in the ancient Near East. As a result of the importance of the Egyptian furniture and aesthetic characteristics it has, furniture in the time present is made on the same models of the ancient Egyptian furniture.Because Egypt lacks good timber that is necessary in furniture industry, they had to bring the timber from neighboring countries, especially from the Levant. However, the nature of the Egyptian environment helped the availability of the minerals and rocks in ancient Egypt and the Egyptians exploited them. The furniture was made from wood, metal, stone , ivory, glass and other materials. However, most furniture was made of wood because the wooden furniture was abundantly found in Egypt and it was studded with gold, silver and ivory. The best furniture that was found in ancient Egypt was in the tomb of King Tutankhamen, during the modern state, where it was found many of the funerary furniture, especially that was made of wood and gold.The study has been divided into exordium and five chapters preceded by an introduction and ended up by conclusion. Chapter one titled ( Raw materials and their sources) comprised of four parts; part one (raw plants), in this part, we discussed the local and imported trees and their types in addition to the reed and flax and dyeing plants which were used for making the furniture. Part two : (minerals and stones raw materials) tackled the minerals which are used in furniture manufacturing and the stones which are used in the construction, and the semi and precious stones which were used in making the furniture. Part three : ( raw materials of animals and other materials) tackled the animal materials which were used in making the furniture including the basic ones such as the ivory and the skins or the minor materials used for the emblazonment such as seashell and oyster. Part four (sources of raw materials) tackled the neighboring countries which provide Egypt with the raw materials whether peacefully or by waging war, in addition, the economic relation with other states in relation to the materials used in manufacturing the furniture.Chapter two : ( furniture manufacturing techniques) comprised of three parts; prat one (makers, workshops and their circumstances) discussed the titles of the makers, their types , and their works; workshops, their types, their management, and the circumstances and workers' wages. Part two ( tools of work) discussed the tools, their types and assembling and their usage. Part three : (technical ways) deals with ways used in emblazoning the furniture such as gilding, platting, sculpting , and ornamenting. Chapter three : ( manufacturing of earthly furniture) comprised of four parts; part one (wooden furniture) explained sitting and sleeping and carrying and keeping luggage furniture Part two : (stone and pottery furniture) tackled engraving the furniture and ways of making the furniture. Part three : (mineral and ivory furniture) tackled the ways and the use of the minerals in making the furniture and their types, how to engrave the ivory and making the furniture. Part four : (other materials) tackled the glass and Persian emblazonment and leather furniture and how to make the furniture out of those materials and their types. Chapter four : (Manufacturing of religious and funeral furniture) comprises of four parts, part one : (wooden furniture) we discussed the temples and graves furniture and the influence of the Egyptian beliefs on manufacturing them. Part two : (stone and pottery furniture) tackled the types and stones and pottery; part three (mineral furniture) tackled the minerals and the ways of making the furniture. Part four : (other materials) referred to other materials which the furniture is made of.The study is ended by a conclusion summarizing the most important results of the study throughout its four chapters in addition to appendixes which contain tables and shape, drawings related to the topic.

موقف المستشرقين الالمان من ائمة اهل البيت عليهم السلام حتى نهاية القرن العشرين : دراسة نقدية == Place of the German Orientalists of the of AhalAbyat (peace be upon them.) Until the End of the Twentieth Century : a Criticism Study

Author name: حسن جاسم محمد حسين الخاقاني
Supervisor name: فاضل جابر ضاحي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: oriental studies acquired is important among historical studies, especially that it stems from the west, which dominated the thousands of Islamic manuscripts, worked to keep in libraries and even up to the reader in a new, and from here the idea of writing about the history of Ahal Albyat of the Prophet (peace be upon them.) under the title "The place of the German orientalists of the history of the Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them.) until the end of the twentieth century : criticism study " as a Thesis to doctor submitted to the Board of the Faculty of Education, University of Wasit, History Department, the study consisted of the introduction to the source analysis And four chapters and a conclusion. Chapter one dealt with the concept of Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them) and their doctrine according to the vision of the German Oriental, first stage studied of the most prominent German orientalists who wrote about the history of Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them), the second stage devoted to study of the doctrine of Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them.) according to the vision of the German Orientalist. The chapter two was about Ahal Albyat in the Koran according to the vision of the German Orientalist , and chapter two was entitled religious side at the Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them) in the writings of Orientalists Germans, chapter two has three stages : first stage dealt with Koranic studies which have relation with Ahal Albyat, and the second, the most prominent of the beliefs of Ahal Albyat in the writings of orientalists Germans, third stage dealt with the Mahdwya case in its various religionBand political dimensions. Chapter three entitled the political side at Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them.) in oriental studies of the German also has three stages. The first stage was on the history of Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them.) and their political in period of succession and sensible, the second stage talks about the political history of Ahal Albyat in Ommia Age, the third stage talks about the political history of Ahal Albyat in Al - abbasi Age, And finally, chapter four is about the impact of intellectual property to Ahal in the Studies of the Orientalists Germans. Chapter four also has two stages, first stage deals on the works Ahal Albyat in the Orientalists wrote the Germans, the second stage models of space science of Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them.) In books of Orientalists Germans, and the researcher reached a number

زكي خيري نشاطه السياسي في تاريخ العراق 1911 - 1995م == Zaki Khairy and His Role In Iraq Modern History 1911 - 1995

Author name: غزوة نجم عبد الصاحب الموسوي
Supervisor name: رحيم كاظم محمد الهاشمي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The study of historical figures is one of the major studies in modern and contemporary history of Iraq. It is characterized by its essential role in the events creation by attitude and ideas and views. However, characters contribute in the political, social and economic reconstruction, and we can say that some of the characters have not been in the spotlight, not its impact through upon era of the monarchy and the Republican Testament figure Zaki Khairy.Zaki Khairy's led politic with his thought and political activity besides permanent work in militant working class; also with seeking country independence. Zaki Khairy is one of the iconic characters who held Marxist thought, and shareholders of the Iraqi Communist Party. He had an important role in liberating Al - Asas newspaper. Moreover, he represented the Iraqi Communist party in global conferences besides representing Iraqi Communist party both in and abroad Iraq. This is why I chose to study the political role in history of modern Iraq generally, and his role in the Iraqi Communist party history in particular; following - up all his political activities starting with joining the party until his death. The thesis is divided into an introduction and three chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter deals with his starting and the first stages of political activity so it tells about his personal early life and his family, then beginnings of political career : from Marxism meetings held in Baghdad and in rallies that formed in 1928 against Alfred Monde until 1949.Turning to the second chapter, it discusses the political and organizational role, in terms of activity at the end of the monarchy period to prison in 1949 and until the establishment of republican regime in 1958. Then the chapter deals with his role in 1958 July Revolution and his first time representation role in PRC conference 1959. Finally, his attempt to obtain an official permit for the Iraqi Communist Party in 1960 until February coup 1963. Lastly, the third chapter discusses Zaki Khairy's political activity starting with his role in February coup 1963 to March Meeting 1978. And his role abroad Iraq. It deals with representing Iraqi Communist Party in the international communist conferences until 1985, and his leaving the Fourth Iraqi Communist Party Conference in 1985 to his death in 1995

تاريخ العراق القديم في ضوء نظرية التحدي والاستجابة == Ancient History of Iraq in the Light of Challenge and Response Theory

Author name: مصطفى كامل سهل الغزي
Supervisor name: حسين سيد نور جلال الاعرجي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: This study "the ancient history of Iraq in light of the theory of challenge and response for (Toynbee)", is a new light of interpretation for the cultural history of Mesopotamia, according to the challenge - response theory.The study deals with the emergence and growth and improvement, besides dissolution and falling and demise of civilization entities constructing the civilize system of the great Mesopotamia. It isconsisted of an introduction, preface, three chapters and conclusions. The first chapter includes the emergence of civilization, clearing the emergence of civilization factors and in particular with respect to the types and the levels of natural challenges and humanly ones which represented the stimuli that provoked strong underlying creativity inside the old Iraqi with a positive nature and brought preparations and material besides spiritual capabilities as responds to various challenges. However, it was human transmission which got him from the primitive state to a civilized prominent production stage.Challenges need to be appropriate consistent responses at the level of that same challenge. Most of these responses show the elite or(dominant minority)that has the talent and experience in addition to mental powers which make it distinct from the rest of community members; so this study searched the source of elite and it scultural role in Mesopotamia. It is mention worthy that these responses exhibited by elite people with ideas and innovations as well as creativity alone is not enough to achieve growth, prosperity and continuity of civilization, but these elements need the support of the community (the majority) that helped to achieve the growth and prosperity of civilization optimization, through supporting the creative elite and tracing it. However, we looked closely to consider the nature of communities and tribes that contributed to the construction of civilization in Mesopotamia, and constructing each society and the extent of its abilities, capabilities and contributions.Chapter two is about growth and prosperity of civilizations and unsatisfactory, and has come to the result that civilization needs to driving forces which can be represented in the continuous sustainability of human challenges that require continued human responses and escalation until growth and prosperity come to any civilized entity.This study goes through the criterion of the cultural growth and identify esits shape and shows the level of achievement for each civilized entity within the wider system of civilization in Mesopotamia.The third chapter is about the reasons and causes of the falling and dissolution of cultural entities and their demise. This chapter shows that the decay and fall of civilization not by external or natural human challenges, but by internal challenges formed the utmost important factor in the dissolution of communities. The most prominent of these challenges is the frequent wars or the loss of the creative minority its creation and following production of solutions and treatments which led to the dissolution of the fission of the society, so the society becomes just about falling, here comes the chance of the external challenge (outer invasion) that perched the borders, to throw a knockout across that tumbling cultural entity which creators and society cannot afford a reaction and respond to these challenges.

الخطاب الديني في العراق القديم 300 - 539 ق.م == Religious discourse in the Ancient Iraq (3000 - 539 B.C).

Author name: الهام هادي مطلك الشمري
Supervisor name: سعدون عبد الهادي برغش الامير
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The study of religious discourse has attained a prominent role in understanding the thoughts of beliefs of ancient peoples. The effects and impacts of religion could be easily followed in every possible aspect or element of Mesopotamian civilization. In addition to religious myths and epics, prayers and hymns, there is a great deal of murals and wall tablets, full of religious messages, through which religious institutions worked to direct and control human activities for the common good, as it seemed, or to urge people into accepting or refusing a given idea or cause.This study aims to explore the role of religious discourse in Ancient Iraq and its effects on different aspects of life, whether political, economic, or social. Humans have an incessant need for someone to direct them religiously or spiritually, since this aspect is of psychological importance to their religious instinct and of crucial implications on other aspects of their lives. Hence the role of religious discourse in satisfying and enforcing certain beliefs in the Mesopotamian consciousness; constant provision of such ideas and concepts to maintain people’s psychological balance; furnishing justifications for the sacrifices and acts of worship they have to perform; in addition to the arduous and difficult tasks their kingdom or state undertakes, for which they become more accepting when they believe that they were the will of the gods, for which they created them on Earth in the first place.The nature of this study required us to adhere to the descriptive - analytical method throughout its course, as we are restricted to cuneiform texts, pictures and murals as our source material, and studying discourse according to modern methods is wholly dependent on analysis, in order to construe the goals and intentions of the authors.The study was divided into four chapters, with an introduction and conclusions. The first chapter was entitled “Introduction to Religious Discourse,” in which we investigated the concept of discourse, its importance, and the language it employed.The second chapter, which bore the title “Forms of Religious Discourse,” focused on studying the different forms that contained religious messages in Mesopotamia : written—as in myths, epics, prayers, hymns, homilies, and other extant forms of literature—and

المسيحية ودورها الثقافي والعمراني في بغداد 1258 - 1958 == Christianity and its cultural and urban role in Baghdad 1258_1958

Author name: زينب مطشر خضير
Supervisor name: فاهم نعمة ادريس الياسري
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The study deals with Christianity and its cultural and Urban role in Baghdad .The significance of this topic lies mainly in the urgent historic need to study the cultural and urban role of Christianity in Baghdad (1258_1958), since most studies in this field are mostly concerned with that topic exclusively during the ancient , medieval and Islamic eras . The thesis is divided into an introduction , four chapters , an conclusion and number of appendixes . the first chapter talks about the spread of Christianity in Iraq and general affairs of the Baghdadi Christians during the various historic eras .The second chapter deals with the state of the churches and monasteries during the ottoman rule and the role played by Arab Christians in the development and crystallization of the intellectual and political currents and their impact on Iraq. The third chapter deals with the Baghdadi Christian sects, Baghdad churches and monasteries in the royal era, it also explains The intellectual and cultural role of the churches and monasteries in the royal era ,While the fourth chapter deals with the intellectual and cultural role of the Christian elite . There have been various churches and sects of Christians in Baghdad . these churches had occupied distinguished places in Baghdad the architecture of each one differed depending on the sect and its religious belief ,Some of these churches were humble that you can recognize it as a church , others were only ordinary houses with nothing to mark it as a church , other than a big cross and the painting of Mary shrouded with shyness , beauty and greatness ,some other churches stood with glory and grace to welcome the passerby as is the case with Armenian orthodox church in AL_Bab AL_Sharqi which is characterized by its unique architecture . Churches and monasteries have long been diving creatures full of life and vitality and the theologizes describe the church as the body of the god . Indeed , the church and monastery were intellectual , cultural and philosophical centers , patriarchs , saints and priests have always been enjoying great secular and theological knowledge . their involvement in life did not impede , them to associate and contact with the scientific and intellectual circles, and the best example is the father AL_Karmali . During the period of independence and the formatting of the Iraqi state , Christians played a pivotal and effecting role in it and were an integral part of a modern state in need of its faithful and patriotic sons . In his book ( modern Iraq ), Steven humsley longric mentions in volume 1 that : some Christians were worried because of the withdrawal of the British forces from Iraq after concluding the 1930 treaty , but the clergy of the churches calmed them down and told them that the only loyalty that Christians have is to their country and their king . Accordingly , Iraq made great use from the potentials and achievements of many Iraqi Christians who were subjects of church . Butti , Yousif Ghunaima , AL_Karmali , Aqrawi and Babo Ishaq and many other figures represented a distinguished intellectual class that combined both the recent concepts of science and arts and the traditions of the Iraq society . they were pioneers in writing , publishing , literature and theatre and the Christian writers were creative in enlightening people to take the path of knowledge and liberation

جذور الاستغراب في كتابات المؤرخين المسلمين 132 - 656هـ/750 - 1258م == The roots of Occidentalism in the writings of historian Arabs and Muslims ( 656 - 132 - A.H / 749 - 1258 A.D )

Author name: محمد حسب الله علوان
Supervisor name: محمد حسين علي السويطي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The communication culture and the openness of knowledge of the other regarded one of the characters of the Islamic knowledge heritage which was not stopped on particular faced , but was vairones and interactive heritage with other culture in order to extend the knowledge and to explore what on other from the aspect of religious political , social , economic , military and others within a global views . The knowledge of the other in Islamic knowledge heritage was no result of special reasoner particular accident but it came linked by fundamental reasons , in the top of it the impact of Islamic in urging Muslims to look at other nations and also the growth and development of historical writing in the ( third and fourth and ninth and tenth centuries AD) and appeared historical production emergence of works know as historical geography and general history and geographical dictionaries that was one of the main parts in how to study and know the history and the civilization of the others . For this reason we aimed to find the image of the we stand geographical and terminology significance and follows the religious , social , economic and military states in the writing of Muslims historians including the science of ( Occidentalism which is new in terms but old in concept and existence which was based on ask and study the west by the east . This scientific study was aimed to follow image of the west in the writing of historian Muslims and reached to many results on the top of that the term ( Occidentalism ) in their writing was not against ( orientalism ) built was scientific knowledge dement movement which was formed on the a great desire to see know the other nations including the (west) . and also it was connected by the growth and development of historical writing in the historian Muslims and especially in geographic historian . which was regarded the main knowledge resource in the studying this topic . The term Occidentalism in the writing of historian Muslims was not essential to be completed or started to appear the modern Occidentalism which appeared against orientalism but there is something between the two which is the (west) . for this reason there was a lot of motives which was helped to make the historian Muslims to look at the west one of them was that scientific motive which mads them research of the knowledge production of the west and translated it, to get benefit form it . and the social and religious life of the west and have information on various aspect in their traditional religious styles their food in order to know the reasons for this various and to know it . Our search to know the west in the writings of historian Muslims was various and multiple among Islamic conquest and embassies , travelling’s and written resources books and poems and theirs information were not limited by one supplier there for this information were varied , accurate and comprehensive for the most of the historical periods of the west . So they hand a world view to looking for the other that exceed the place and political m military relations that based on the derive inknowledg and looking’s to complete their resource about the west stand to know their cerium stance’s . This study approved that the Muslims historian were not only carrying of information , but they were reasoning and research and also they giving as a lot of explanation , about the religious , social aspects of the west is more trustworthy from a lot of historians who wrote about the west in the middle ages

الراي العام في العراق ابان عصر الدولة البويهية (334 - 447هـ/945 - 1055م) == Public opinion in Iraq during the era of the state of Bohayeh (334 - 447 AH / 945 - 1055)

Author name: مروة صادق نجمان حاجي
Supervisor name: فاضل جابر ضاحي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: Praise be to Allah, and peace and blessings on the Seal of the Prophets and Messengers, Abu Kassim Mohamed and his family and companions granite Miami, either : The phenomenon of public opinion is a global phenomenon that has great impact on the public, especially political ones events guide ,through follow - up power methods in dealing with people from time to time, and was not this phenomenon is the result of our times. It is a phenomenon with far extensions since the appearance of man, because the reaction of a group of people about a particular incident is a general view, whether negative or positive.The importance of the subject by revealing public opinion methods of the position of the parish and the power and the Senate, and some leaders of the ruling class of political, social and economic events, and personalities involved in these events, together with the methods of public opinion and its impact in changing the state's policies and his role in the decisions affecting the public interest making .This study complements the research and studies that have already dealt with the subject of public opinion in the Islamic eras, and this research study Mr. Mohammed Bin Abdul Rauf Bahnasy tagged (public opinion in Islam), and the study of Dr. Adel Al - Alusi in his book entitled (public opinion in the third century AH) , the study of Dr. Fadel Jaber Dahi and Dr. Isra Mehdi Mizban entitled (public opinion in the Mamluk era), the study of Dr. Thamer Al Noman vacationer entitled (public opinion in Iraq in the era of the Seljuk state).This study consists of an introduction, four chapters and an epilogue, the first chapter was titled (the features of political life and the nature of Iraqi society in the Bahai), a two sections, namely : the features of political life in Iraq, starting with the formation of the State of Buyids and their conditions and how their entry into Baghdad, and their control of Iraq, and their relationship succession Abbasid and the parish, and its impact in shaping public opinion. The second topic dealt with the nature of Iraqi society in the era of Albuehip state, and the impact of natural disasters on the Iraqi society, where we've made strata of society and features, great class and distinction between public and private and their results, and the impact of natural phenomena on the community, including : droughts, floods, earthquakes, epidemics, pests agricultural, and its impact on the community's economy, which in turn show the layers of human and differentiate from each other in living standards. B And we discussed in the second chapter to the factors influencing public opinion towards the state, which is three sections, we mentioned in the first part, the political factor, and Pena its impact on society and its impact in raising public opinion, where we dealt with the political ambition of creating a turn supporters of authority, and can not overlook the importance of public opinion and its role against anti - authority and position of authority than that of foreign powers, and the second part, we have considered the religious and sectarian Group, which is one of the most influential community factors, and the dismantling of social interdependence because of their religious, sectarian strife, where many fanatics, and exacerbated conflicts because of religious communities and religious difference, and used Fiqh and philosophy tool of religious polemics, where we mentioned the impact of these conditions to raise public opinion. The third section, we touched it on the most prominent manifestations of economic life and its negative effects on public opinion, which caused a stir of Iraqi society, which reflected the public opinion toward power as a result of circumstances and political and social fluctuations, which in turn influenced the economic factor, because it is the first based in human life.The third chapter we discussed the methods and mechanisms of public opinion in dealing with the state, and represent Bembgesan, we dealt with in the first : the peaceful method of public opinion, and divided by the two axes according to the diversity of the method followed by the masses in response to the state and its unsatisfactory to them, which is the intellectual mechanisms that Pena the role of the educated class in Iraqi society of scholars, writers, and scholars, and historians, in re - packaging of the Iraqi intellectual figure as required by the public interest by means of guidance and counseling and fatwas and preaching. The second axis of the section has been included kinetic mechanisms of public opinion, which we mentioned it Poses gatherings initiated by the people to express their opinion public, and how they Balthacad and assembly of as many as possible to claim their rights and express their views on a particular issue in a peaceful manner cultured. The second section has included : a direct confrontation of public opinion, where we find that the conditions and political events large power transmitted to the lack of reform of the things people solve their problems, their impact, and this pushes them to take the method of force and direct confrontation to express their opinions about a particular issue, disagreed addressing methods , which hit the state institutions as a result of mishandling government institutions holders with people, or to address the representatives of the State of the owners of the aid and the followers of the Caliph of princes and ministers, as well as their C use prevention method of resistance, through military confrontations and the coup that took a great deal, where they adopted threats and intimidation style The coup and cut the sermon of the Abbasids and sometimes against the princes Buyids if necessary. That was about the arrival of the ruling power to a state of weakness and lack of implementation of the demands of the general people, leading to arouse public opinion against it.The fourth and final chapter we had lost the state in calming techniques and provoke public opinion. Chapter has been divided into three sections, we dealt with in the first part : the angry public opinion, and how to listen to their views and make promises to them solving their problems, including the public interest of the state and the parish. The second topic we discussed the method of power and address the factors, which have used the state language of force and direct confrontation to bring about political, social or economic change, check the state its goals and objectives, and we find that the state used to prevent sedition and corruption of this method

التطورات الحضارية في بلاد الرافدين في العصر الشبيه بالكتابي 3500 - 2900ق.م == Civilization Developments in Mesopotamia in Proto Literate (3500 - 2900 BC)

Author name: وقيد بدر ميدي جودة
Supervisor name: طالب منعم حبيب الشمري
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The archaeological works in Mesopotamia, which lasted more than 100 years, led to new discoveries added to the previous discoveries and this led to the refinement and the formation of old ideas according to recent discoveries and data, which led to new assessments of the achievements of ancient human Mesopotamia, as Mesopotamia Home to the oldest civilizations in the ancient world, the oldest cities, and the place that witnessed several developments and innovations of civilization changed the face of the old world at the time, and that these developments, which was led by writing, was behind a strong cohesive society, so that this society is associated with the terms of civilization and knowledge .After more than 100 years of excavations at the sites of the old settlements one can think about the effects of museums, the innovations that changed the face of the ancient world, the writing, the bricks and the plow, the musical instruments, the nature of society and the economy that existed. At the time, this study was an attempt to fill a gap in that period and provide some answers to the questions that many of the lovers of ancient history thought. Though these answers are somewhat deficient, they are the maximum that I have reached, and I do not seek perfection through this work. Because perfection is for God alone.The study was divided into four chapters with an introduction and a conclusion and a summary of the work, was discussed in the first chapter to the most important theories that dealt with the pre - writing and the pioneers, aswell as sites representative of the era similar to the writing in Mesopotamia, the second chapter has been addressed the most important social developments in those And the development of the society to the stage of hoarding the wealth that was confined to the hand of the temple, as well as the study of the relationship of kinship among the members of the community, and then the ownership of land and the disposition of selling and buying, and discuss the evolution of architecture during this era, Third, the economic developments were dealt with through agriculture, the creation ofnew varieties, the raising of animals, the handling of industrial materials, minerals, the wood and rope industry, as well as dealing with stones. The fourth chapter examined the most important developments that changed the face of the ancient world at the time, And then discussed the invention of the brick mold, and its relationship with the biological hand man, and then dealt with the tillage and the reasons that led to the invention, also dealt with the relationship of plow biological evolution of the human foot and note For the idea of the foot and connect it to the manufacture of tillage, and then was dealt with the musical instrument and the process of innovation three or four strings, which dealt with the relationship between music and hearing system, and then concluded the study with important conclusions please contribute to answer many of the outstanding questions in the minds of lovers of civilization Alsumaria.

مظاهر الترف في العراق القديم حتى 612 ق.م == Aspects of Luxury in Ancient Iraq until 612 B.C

Author name: زهراء رعد محسن مطر المولى
Supervisor name: طالب منعم حبيب الشمري
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: Luxury is considered to be a normal phenomenon in many developed and progressive civilizations, especially that of ancient Iraq. It is quite normal for human beings to seek a better life with comfortable means in order to achieve enjoyment. Consequently, luxury means enjoying life with luxurious food, clothes, accommodation and power. The present study sheds light on different aspects of life in Mesopotamia and how luxuriously that community lived. Moreover, it deals with economic, social and political prosperity as well as ideological development. Luxury has its own features in every era; so we can find it out by exploring material signs at each era of in Mesopotamian history.The reason behind choosing that subject is to explore an important side of the development and progress in Iraqi civilization so as to show luxury and prosperity in Iraq society and their consequences. Moreover, there is no academic specific study that tackles that topic since some studies deal with such a topic but from different perspective despite the fact that there are a lot of texts and tablets.The study consists four chapters. The first one deals with the term luxury’ as a concept and linguistically; whereas the second chapter pinpoints the aspects of luxury in the third millennium BC. The third chapter deals with aspects of luxury in the second millennium BC. As for the fourth chapter, it tackles the aspect of luxury in the first millennium BC. The study has come up with some important conclusions. One these results is that luxury is closely related to social life since luxury starts in the community and ends and prominently emerges from political power. Besides, the study concludes that luxury is clearly shown by Iraqi people taste, inclinations and their love for art and beauty. Moreover, it seems that the common Iraqi individual used to taste the fine art in general and Iraqi princes and kings in particular who always tried to appear in an elegant royal way

التعليم المهني في العراق (1921 - 1958) == The Vocational Education in Iraq 1921 - 1958

Author name: محمد حسين حسوني السويفي
Supervisor name: عباس فرحان ظاهر شبر الموسوي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: ركزت اغلب الدراسات التاريخية والاكاديمية في تاريخ العراق الحديث والمعاصر على دراسة الجوانب السياسية والاقتصادية ولم تعطى تلك الدراسات الجانب الاجتماعي حقه في البحث والدراسة اذا ما قورن بالجوانب السياسية ام الاقتصادية , ومن حيث المبدا فان الجانب الاجتماعي يتكون من مجالات عدة وفروع مختلفة كان ابرزها التعليم الذي احتل اهمية كبيرة لدى المجتمعات المتقدمة باعتباره الركيزة الاساسية في البناء الحضاري للامة والمجتمع المتحضر, وفي حقيقة الامر فان اغلب الدراسات التي ركزت على التعليم كانت تتميز بالشمولية اي انها تختص بالتعليم بمختلف مجالاته وصنوفه خلال مدة زمنية معينة , وبما ان التعليم المهني يعد من ابرز تلك المجالات والذي تناولته اغلب الدراسات الاجتماعية بصورة جزئية ومقتضبة , الامر الذي دفع الباحث الى ان يقوم بدراسة ذلك المجال الذي اهملته اغلب تلك الدراسات ولم تعطيه اهميته سواء في المجالات الاقتصادية ام الاجتماعية وذلك تحت عنوان مستقل (التعليم المهني في العراق 1921 - 1958). وتكمن اهمية ذلك الموضوع من خلال ارتباطه الوثيق بالمؤسسات الاقتصادية والاجتماعية للبلد لان ذلك النوع من التعليم لم يكن تعليما اكاديميا فحسب وانما كان تعليما مهنيا يختص برفد المؤسسات والقطاعات الحكومية والاهلية سواء كانت صناعية ام زراعية ام تجارية بطاقات بشرية فنية ذات خبرات مهنية وحرفية مختلفة تاخذ على عاتقها ادارة تلك القطاعات. وذلك ان دل على شيء فانما يدل على ارتباط التعليم المهني بعملية التنمية الاقتصادية للبلد , وبما ان ذلك النوع من التعليم مرتبط بشكل خاص بالقطاعات الصناعية والزراعية والتجارية، فصار لزاما علينا دراسة اسباب ضعف وتخلف تلك القطاعات والعوامل التي اثرت فيها خلال الاطار الزمني للدراسة والتي شهدت ولادة الدولة العراقية الحديثة منذ تتويج فيصل ملكا على العراق في 23/اب/1921 والتي كانت نقطة تحول في تاريخ العراق السياسي والاقتصادي والاجتماعي حتى عام 14تموز 1958 والتي تمثل نهاية العهد الملكي وبداية العهد الجمهوري في العراق. قسمت الرسالة على مقدمة وثلاث فصول خاضعة لوحدة الموضوع والتسلسل الزمني وخاتمة احتوت على ابرز النتائج التي توصل اليها الباحث , اذ درس الفصل الاول "التعليم المهني في العراق اواخر العهد العثماني حتى نهاية عهد الانتداب البريطاني عام 1932"، وركز الفصل الثاني على دراسة "واقع التعليم المهني في العراق من الاستقلال حتى نهاية الحرب العالمية الثانية 1932 - 1945"، اما الفصل الثالث والذي جاء تحت عنوان "تطور التعليم المهني في العراق اعقاب الحرب العالمية الثانية حتى 14تموز1954". وفي خاتمة الرسالة توصل الباحث الى ان المحاولات الحكومية للنهوض بواقع التعليم المهني خلال العهد الملكي 1921 - 1958 كانت خجولة ولم تتناسب او تنسجم مع الاستقرار السياسي والتطور الاقتصادي والاجتماعي للبلد باستثناء المدة الاخيرة من ذلك العهد لاسيما في حقبة الخمسينيات شهد التعليم المهني بعض النمو بسبب النمو الاقتصادي والاجتماعي للبلد. | Most of the historical and academic studies have focused on modern and contemporary on the study of the political and economic aspects of the history of Iraq was the social aspect of the studies are given the right to research and study when compared with the political aspects or economic and, in principle, the social aspect is composed of several areas and branches different, one of the is education, who finished great importance in developed societies as a main pillar in the cultural building of the nation and civilized society, and in fact, most studies that have focused on education was characterized by inclusiveness which she specializes in education in various fields and its types within a certain period of time, and since that vocational education is one of the most prominent of these areas, was dealt with in social studies partially and in details , which prompted the researcher to be studying that area neglected most of these studies did not give importance both in economic or social fields that under a separate title (vocational education in Iraq from 1921 to 1958). The importance of this issue through closely linked to economic and social institutions of the country, because that kind of education was not only academic education, but it was professional educated specializes feeding institutions, government and private sectors, whether industrial or agricultural or commercial with different human pomes powers that have different technical and vocational experiences take on which runs human cards management of these sectors. And that, if anything it shows vocational education specially to industrial agricultural and commercial sector link. it became necessary for us to study the causes of the weakness and backwardness of those sectors and the factors that influenced them during the time frame of the study, which has witnessed the birth of the modern Iraqi state since the coronation of Faisal as king of Iraq on 23 / Aug / 1921, which was a turning point in the history of Iraq in politics, economic and social until July 14, 1958, which represents the end of the Royal ear Royal and the Birth of the republican era in Iraq. Thesis is divided into the introduction, three chapters subject to the unity of the subject and chronology and a conclusion contained highlighted the results of the researcher, as the first chapter studied the "vocational education in Iraq at the Ottoman period until the end of the British Mandate in 1932", and focused the second chapter focused on the study of "the reality of education professional independence in Iraq until the end of the second World war, 1932 - 1945, "the third chapter, which came under the title of" the evolution of development education in Iraq. From the end of World war the second until July 14, 1954 ". At the conclusion of the thesis, the researcher concluded the attempts of attempts for the advancement of vocational education during the Royal Era 1921 - 1958 was shy and did not suit or fit into the political stability and economic and social development of the country except for the last period of that era, especially in the era of the fifties witnessed a little growth in the vocational education of some growth due to economic and social growth and social of the country. Which helped in creasing the governmental support for the sector of education especially the Vocational education that rein forced to open the vocational schools and taking care of its curriculum and teaching staff and assorting its branches and depart meats and got benefits of its students that supporting the commercial and social development with Iraq witnessed at the end of royal era

اسهامات ضريري العراق واثرهم في الحياة العلمية 1 - 334هــ == Iraqi Blinds Contributions In The Scientific Lif(334H/945AD)

Author name: سوسن فاضل كاظم الدريساوي
Supervisor name: اسراء مهدي مزبان
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: تحتل دراسة تاريخ اسهامات ضريري العراق واثرهم في الحياة العلمية من 1 - 334هـ اهمية كبيرة، وذلك كون تاريخ العلماء المكفوفين هو جزء لا يتجزا من تاريخ الدولة العربية الاسلامية, وفي ظله عاش هؤلاء العلماء حياة امنة مطمئنة انعكست اثارها في ما خلفوه من نتاجات علمية متنوعة اسهمت في دعم الحركة الفكرية عموما، ومن اجل الوقوف على تصور واضح عن طبيعة الحياة العلمية لعلماءنا المكفوفين وعن كيفية وصول هؤلاء العلماء الى تلك الدرجة العلمية التي قد تضاهي العلماء المبصرين، يمكننا ايجاز ماتوصلنا اليه في دراستنا بما ياتي : 1 - توسعت المصطلحات التي تحمل معنى فقدان البصر في كلتا العينين, وعدم القدرة على الرؤيا، ومن تلك المصطلحات : العمى والكفيف والاكمه، ومفهوم الضرير، وان تلك الاعاقة لا تمنع صاحبها من اداء عمله بشكل سليم .2 - يعد العراق من مراكز الاشعاع الفكري في الدولة العربية الاسلامية في القرون الاولى، اذ بدات الدولة تدعم وتشجع العلم والعلماء ومن ضمنهم العلماء المكفوفين، ان دور العراق كان دورا قياديا ورائدا اغنى النهضة الحضارية في ارجاء الدولة العربية، وقدم خدمة انسانية للبشرية جمعاء، وكان لهذا انعكاسا جيدا على تطوير الحركة الفكرية .3 - اولى الدين الاسلامي المعاقين وذوي الاحتياجات الخاصة اهتماما كبيرا ونخص منهم الضريرين،وتمثل ذلك بذكرهم في القران الكريم والسنة النبوية الشريفة، واجماع ائمة المسلمين، فضلا عن الاحكام الشرعية التي اختصت بهم، ومن الجدير بالذكر ان الدين الاسلامي كفل لهم الرعاية وحفظ حقوقهم وكرامتهم .4 - اسهمت الدولة العربية الاسلامية في ضمان تعلم المكفوفين, ومد يد العون والدعم لهم اذ ان الاسلام قد وقف موقفا نبيلا من المكفوفين, واهتم باهم المراكز العلمية التي تلقوا علومها فيها، فضلا عن الاهتمام بطرق تعليم الضريرين عن طريق توسيع نشاطهم العلمي واتقان علومهم .5 - شارك العلماء المكفوفين اقرانهم من العلماء المبصرين في المسيرة العلمية، واسهموا معهم في النهوض بها، وحققوا كثيرا من النتاجات الفكرية في مختلف العلوم التي اصبح لها الاثر الكبير في الحياة العلمية انذاك .6 - كان الاهتمام بالعلوم الدينية اهم ما يميز الحياة العلمية في العراق في تلك الحقبة؛ لان الدين الاسلامي كان في بداياته الاولى للظهور، ولهذا ابدع العلماء من الضريرين في تلك العلوم كونها علوم لسانية لا تعتمد على المشاهدة والتجربة, ومن اهم تلك العلوم علوم القران الكريم, ولاسيما القراءات القرانية، كذلك علوم الحديث النبوي الشريف، وهناك عدد من الرواة والمحدثين قد برزوا في تلك الفترة الزمنية .7 - للضريرين من العلماء اثر كبير في علوم اللغة العربية وادابها وفنونها، فقد افرزت تلك الفترة ثلة من العلماء النحويين واللغويين والشعراء, واصحاب الخطب من المكفوفين وهم كوكبة رائعة كان لها نتاجات من الدواوين الشعرية، والكتب اللغوية والنحوية اغنت المكتبة العربية الاسلامية في هذا المجال العلمي .8 - اهتم العراقيون بالعلوم الانسانية ومنها اللغة العربية والتاريخ كبقية الامم الاخرى، اذ كانت لهم اسهامات رائعة في هذا المجال، اما فيما يخص علمائنا المكفوفين، فقد كانت لهم اسهامات ونتاجات محددة قد اختصرت على كتب التراجم او السيرة الذاتية التي فقد منها الكثير كبقية الكتب المفقودة، فضلا عن علم الجغرافية الذي اختصر الامر على العالم الجليل سعدان بن عثمان بن مبارك ومصنفاته التي لم تصل الينا للاسف .9 - يمكن ان نوعز اسباب عدم وجود علماء كثر في العلوم التطبيقية من الضريرين الى ان تلك العلوم تقوم على اساس المشاهدة والمعاينة والتجربة, بخلاف ماعرفناه عن العلوم اللسانية التي اعتمدت على سمع المعلومة، وقابلية الحفظ، ومن تلك العلوم الطب وعلم الحيوان التي امتازت بالقلة في عدد العلماء وفي مصنفاتهم .10 - اهتم العراقيون بالفنون والموسيقى كبقية العلوم الاخرى، وللعلماء الضريرين اثر في تلك العلوم، فاسحاق الموصلي قد اشتهر بفن الموسيقى والغناء ، واضاف للموسيقى منهجا ، وبهذا نجد ان فقدان البصر لم يقلل من بصيرتهم العلمية والفنية .11 - ان المنهج الفكري وطريقة التعليم الذي عرف قبل الاسلام يعتمد بالدرجة الاولى على الحفظ والذاكرة في نقل العلم وتداوله، وهذا الامر قد ساعد في تطور العلوم عند المكفوفين الذين اعتمدوا في تعليمهم على الحفظ والذاكرة، وقد افادتهم في تطوير علمهم وفي تاليف مصنفاتهم . | The study of Iraqi blinds history and their impact occupies in the scientific life of (1 - 334AH) has a great significance because that the history of blind scientists is an integral part of the history of the Arab - Islamic state thus the scientists safe life reflected the effects of their Scientific outputs which supported the general intellectual movement, So from this study resulted stand on a clear conception of the nature of the scientific life of our scientists blind and how to access these scientists to that degree may match sighted scientists, from this study we concluded the following : 1 - The terms which the carry the meaning of loss of vision in both eyes, and the inability to vision ,was expanded and those terms : blind & sightless and visionless , and the concept of the blind, and that disability does not prevent the person from the performance of his work properly.2 - Islam had a noble behavior with disabled , and made to him an open way once to discover life, and participate his existence with others at other times3 - Iraq is one of the intellectual radiation centers in the Arab - Islamic state in the early centuries, whereas the state began its supports and promotes science and scientists, including the blind scientists and the role of Iraq was a leadership role and richest cultural renaissance throughout the Arab state this gave a humanitarian service to all mankind, and it made a good reflection to the development of intellectual movement. 4 - Islamic religion gave so much attention to disabled and those with special needs. Carrying out the blind , represented in their mentioned in the Koran and the Sunnah, and the consensus of leaders of the Muslims, as well as legal provisions that singled them, it is worth mentioning that the Islamic religion guaranteed them the care and preservation of their rights and their dignity.5 - Arab Islamic state had a contribution to ensure learning to blinds , and to help and support them , thus Islam has noble behavior to blinds and interested in the most important scientific centers where they received the sciences, as well as its interest in ways of teaching blinds through the expansion of scientific activity and perfecting their science.. 6 - blind Scientists participated their colleagues from sighted scientists in the scientific process, and help them to promote it, and made a lot of intellectual productions in various fields of science, which has become a significant impact in the scientific life at the time.7 - At that era The interest in religious sciences was most important characteristic of scientific life in Iraq; in the beginning of Islam appearance , so blind scientist devise in those sciences because its lingual Science does not depend on the viewer experience, and the most important science Koran Sciences , especially Koran readings, as well as the Hadith Sharif Sciences, there are a number of narrators and modernists have appeared at that time period.8 - Blind scientist has a great effect on Arabic languages and its literatures , thus that era produced a good galaxy of scientist, grammarians , linguists, poets and orators of blind people who are brilliant constellation had a great outputs of poems , language and grammar books that enriched Arab Islamic library in this scientific field .. 9 - Iraqi were interested in social sciences, including Arabic language, history like other nations, they had a wonderful contributions in this field and about our blind scientist , they had a special contributions may be summed up on the books of biography or autobiography lost them like other missing books , as well as geo - science, which shortened it to the world Galilee Saadane bin Othman bin Mubarak and his works, which unfortunately did not reach us,.. 10 - we Can conclude one of reasons of the absence of many scientists in applied science from blinds and science which based on viewing the preview and experience, unlike what we know about Linguistic science that based on hearing information, and the ability of memorize like medicine and zoology , which was characterized by its fewer number of scientists in their works.11 - Iraqis interested in arts, music like other sciences , and blind scientists has a great impact in those sciences, Ishak Musli was known in music and singing, and he added to the music a curriculum, thus we find that the loss of sight did not detract from the scientific and technical insight. 12 - The intellectual approach and method of education, which was known before Islam depends primarily on conservation and memory in the transfer of science and its negotiation , that helped the development of science when blind people who depended on their education on conservation and memorize, has benefited them in the development of their knowledge and in the formation of their works

الاثر الفكري للعراقيين في مصر وبلاد الشام خلال القرنين الثامن والتاسع الهجريين == Intellectual impact of Iraqis in Egypt and the Levant during the eighth and ninth centuries AD

Author name: حيدر عبيد عناد الكرعاوي
Supervisor name: فاضل جابر ضاحي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The reason behind the selection of the theme " the intellectual impact of Iraqis in Egypt and the Levant during the eighth and ninth centuries the of the Hegira " is that despite this period literature studies did not address the impact of Iraq's scientists and intellectual contributions and the extent of their influence in Egypt and the Levant little although the two diagonal lines from Arabic countries which possessed an ancient civilization and authentic heritage of great scientific and scientific stock is great but it has embraced large Iraqi annexation of wealth between Enjoy all aspects of life within the period laid down for the search, and this age though what was of negatives that may be unethical, and guests in the it era is important because of the significant impact of Mamluk sultans in the protection of Egypt and the Levant from the mightiest forces attacks on Arabic and Islamic country, the first stop creep besieging bindra, the second face of the Crusades and their expulsion from the Levant, Egypt and even offshore islands that were under their influence.I spun the Mamluks modelled on predecessors of the Fatimids and Ayyubids in promoting science and scientists, so you might have seen Egypt and Syria on their comprehensive scientific revolution led to encourage scientists and students to leave and head towards Egypt and the Levant, especially after the fall of Baghdad, however, the Mongols, UT scientists from all corners of the Muslim world after it found that aspire from security and stability, respect and encouragement, this led to stimulating the creativity and genius of many scientists who have left behind a lot of Their offspring both scientific law or science in language sciences and mental science, and others, and the nature of the Finder scientific movement of the era, he could devise development through much of the role of science and worship (mosques and schools, and the corners) and the bookcases and the effectiveness of these libraries in attracting scholars and students, as well as some Governors command of Governors and Princes in caring science and scientists, the role of science and its maintenance facilities andBstudents And teachers, this is what was actually in Egypt and the Levant.Hence the urgent need to study for that era and what was the comfort of science and scientists, the impact of Iraqi scientists in the growth and evolution of thought and scientific side in Egypt and the Levant during the eighth and ninth century Hijri.In any case, the title " the intellectual impact of Iraqis in Egypt and the Levant during the eighth and ninth centuries the of the Hegira " guarantee clearly the position of the researcher of research material and elements of the message board they have scientifically dealt with efforts by scientists in the study and teaching of Islamic sciences, linguistic, social, mental and creative scientists identified and their products order and classification wetlamiza, moreover, places where those scientists completed their studies and writings from mosques, schools and others.After we reviewed to real - life scientific and intellectual impact of Iraqis in Egypt and the Levant in the eighth and ninth centuries the of the Hegira through chapters the message we can conclude what comes - I have characterized the Mamluk period in the eighth and ninth centuries the of the Hegira that era intellectual movement and great scientific activity in addition to excellence in political and military side that helped defeat the Mongols and break their Thorn and the expulsion of the Crusaders from the Arabic area and dimensions of the menace and the Levant and Egypt then leadership of the Muslim world after the fall of Baghdad, the Abbasid Caliphate in Egypt and some political and economic stability. - As a result of the Mamluk period of political circumstances and jihadi form a challenge and motivation for standing up to disclose those challenges Through the establishment of a scientific life was earnest and strenuous efforts by scientists and scholars and mocked all their energies in the fields of science and knowledgeCall about enriching libraries of scientific contributions and comunity books to increase consciousness of scientific and jihadist to stand against external challenges - Therefore there was broad interest in religious sciences, legality being touched Muslim doctrine that is essentially the Foundation of faith in addition to not neglect the rest of other sciences - The Mamluk sultans were also particularly in the eighth and ninth centuries Ah big role and great effort in the interest of science and encourage scientists and made in funds which Has had a significant impact on the prosperity and development of science - This interest has manifested itself clearly in abundance and develop educational institutions And these institutions were schools and mosques and gorges, angles and splicing and built hospitals (albmiarstanat) and scientific libraries, the sultans in monitoring endowments to provide these institutions with everything for the Renaissance of science and encourage students - As a result of this effort and attention, in turn, led to the emergence of many scientists and thus The preponderance of the scientific literature and in all forensic science, language and social and mental ones - Almost all political and economic stability and the fall of Baghdad and the interest and promote the sultans of science and scientists of the plethora of scientific and educational institutions as mentioned above make of Egypt and the Levant to be kiss for scientists who had significantly impact intellectual progress, especially in the eighth and ninth centuries Ah - The effect size of Iraqi scientists in Egypt and the Levant during the research period was great, and the diverse and multiple, including readings, and interpretation, and the science of Hadith, Fiqh, science and Arabic language, as well as mental science, medicine, astronomy and other sciences and was at the forefront of science where scientists, Quranic readings and Hadith as the 8th and 9th century Ah is a period of religious sciences, legality and then other sciencesD - Here we must point out the many schools of doctrine and four freedom of study and teaching However, there was a clear narrowing of intellectual movement in Egypt and the Levant during the eighth and ninth centuries AH and this is contrary to intellectual freedom in the Fatimid era - Scientists have had a significant impact on the scientific movement in Egypt and the Levant by the tradition of writings like his wonderful Safieddine jewelry or their authors are a standard for learners and learners and scientists at Millennium Zainuddin Iraqi talking. - The presence of large numbers of Iraqi scientists who are classified, and talent and arts where he found many of them gathered, Nona multiple science and took, as modern interpretation, Fiqh, language and literature, history and controversy and debate, medicine, astronomy, etc. Some had perfected many of those arts teaching and composition and matchups. - It was noted that most scientists who moved to Egypt and the Levant in the eighth and ninth centuries Ah were one of the four schools of Sunni Islam, especially since Egypt and the Levant was the symbol of lltsnn leaving the city of Wasit in the eighth century Hijri radiation Qur'anic studies and modern city of Hilla was a symbol and a platform for Science religious and mental and moral. - This topic needs to other researchers ' efforts to address the impact of Egypt and the Levant folks in Iraq as many scholars of Egypt and the Levant had come to Iraq demanding science

التقلبات السياسية في الشرق الادنى القديم للفترة 1200 - 911 ق.م == Political volatility in the ancient Near East for the period 1200 - 911 BC

Author name: احمد مجيد راضي الشمري
Supervisor name: حسين سيد نور جلال الاعرجي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The issue of political volatility in the Near East ancient period 1200 - 911 BC of important topics that shed light on the historical period very ambiguity and uncertainty among many researchers as the enemy of the strongest periods of the history of the ancient Near East mysterious and Illapeta and that the lack of sources and historical information that speak them, since the amount of information available about this period is very scarce almost makes it difficult to draw a clear picture of the Near East, the old area during the period of the twelfth century and X BC, because of what he suffered Near East old from fierce attack confused by the folks and political conditions New with different origins was not unfamiliar by the gravity of the ferocity led to the destruction and burning of many of the historical archives to darken the various political, cultural, economic and social aspects but despite the availability of the few existing information in our hands we had to go into the midst of research and bringing it to the required level . Required by the nature of the study Tksammha into three chapters and smoothing, as well as the introduction and conclusion of this, and supplements. Included the boot on the definition of the political status of the ancient Near East region for the period 1300 - 1200 BC, which included two sections dealt with the first part, the internal political situation of the ancient Near East. While the second topic addressed to the international status of the area in the ancient Near East.The first chapter has three sections dedicated the first of which included the concept of political twists and causes, while the second section devoted to the review of the centers of power in the ancient Near East, while the third on the impact of geographical factor. The second chapter dealt with the political volatility in the ancient Near East between (1200 - 911 BC), which consists of five sections, the first section was entitled (Mesopotamia) and the second section (Egypt Nile countries), while the title of the third section (the Levant Syrians) and ensures Section IV (Asia Minor), the demise of the Hittite empire while carrying the title of Section V (Elam) Elamites.The third and last chapter of the letter titled results of political instability in the ancient Near East for the period 1200 - 911 BC and included four topics. We discussed in the first section to the (political results) and in the second part, we dealt with (the results of civilization) has headlined the third section entitled (economic results) The fourth and last topic was about (social outcomes).We have adopted in this study on a large group of Arab and foreign sources, translated and untranslated including a book (the history of the ancient Near East) to Antoine Murtkat translation George Haddad and book the old Iraqi art of the author himself, translation Issa Salman and Salim Taha al - Tikriti to the content of these sources of valuable information, as well as book (the history of Syria's political 3000 - 300 BC) to Horst Klingl, translation Saifuddin Diab.The foreign sources was between a variety of books and research as the most important book of the ancient Near East, the ancient near east v, I to its owner (Amelie kuhrt) and book (Bastan Hnasa Eelam) to Danielle T. Bates, translation Zahra Basti, and the book (and the history of urbanization Eelam).

الملك تحتـمس الاول (1504 - 1492ق.م) سيرته وانجازاته == King Thutmose I (1504 - 1492 BC) His biography

Author name: انس عثمان صاحب عباس
Supervisor name: فاضل كاظم حنون
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: There is no doubt that the ancient Egyptian history is full of personalities who had a prominent and clear role in laying the foundations of the Egyptian state in the imperial era, including King Tuthmosis I, who set the policy of Egypt in its imperial era after a series of military campaigns in Nubia, Syria and Libya. The importance of this subject was highlighted by King Tuthmosis I (1504 - 1492 BC). This study sheds light on his exceptional leadership, through which he managed to expand the borders of the Egyptian state and annex large tracts of land to the borders of his kingdom. By the Hyksos because of the weakness of the eastern front of Egypt represented by the country of Syria, which was the main reason for the entry of the Hyksos to the Egyptian territory, which led him to fight them and the openness to a foreign policy more expansive than the treaties of the two old and central countries reflected on a large extent on the economic and cultural side in ancient Egypt The reason for the increase of state resources through the tribute imposed on those countries that entered under the sovereignty of the Egyptian state under the reign of King Tuthmosis I contributed greatly to the building and building of architectural and artistic achievements and monuments.Tuthmosis I, the first king of Egypt, delineated the borders of Egypt from the south of Nubia to the inverse waters of the country of Syria. The first kings of Egypt also reached the Euphrates River and were surprised by the river opposite the Nile. In Egypt, so they called it the reverse water after a series of military campaigns that led to the country of Nuba and the country of Syria as well as Libya.The study focused on more than one method of starting the comparative approach because of the differences of opinion of historians in determining the historical year of the reign of King Tuthmosis I, as well as the difference of opinions on the percentages because of the existence of two ideas or two historical phenomena in order to identify the historical fact according to scientific treatment, Historical facts.There is no doubt that there is a number of insufficient information, despite the short period of time of the reign of King Tuthmosis I, represented by the hieroglyphic texts contained in the various Arab and foreign references, which require reading, collecting, compiling, analyzing and coordinating them, which requires and is consistent with the subject of the research, which is based on a complex approach, "To reach the scientific facts based on the historical data achieved in this prosperous era.Do not miss the opportunity in this letter to show the most important difficulties and problems are the short period of the reign of King Tuthmosis I, which requires the provision of references with the problem of translation, especially from the German and French? And the absence of a comprehensive study in Iraq, showing the main issues related to the subject and the lack of historical references in Iraq, which talk about the subject, which requires the use of the Egyptian side illustrate the problems contained in the letter?The nature of the research was divided into five chapters, as well as introduction and preface : The introduction dealt with the "historical and temporal sequence of King Tuthmosis the First", which lasted twelve years and nine months (1504 - 1492 BC).The first chapter was "The Personal Life of King Tuthmosis the First", which included two subjects dealing with the first topic, his name and title titles, and the second topic to his family.The second chapter dealt with the internal policy of Egypt during the reign of King Tuthmosis the First. It included three aspects of the first : the proclamation of a decree that crowned it; the second dealt with the problem of the covenant's mandate.The third chapter discussed "the administrative and military achievements of King Tuthmosis the First". The first section included the administrative system of King Tuthmosis I and the second section on the army under King Tuthmosis I.The fourth chapter, "External Relations of Egypt under the reign of King Tuthmosis the First", included two topics. The first topic dealt with the external relationship of King Tuthmosis the First towards the south of Egypt (the land of Nubia) and the second relation of King Tuthmosis the First towards Syria and Libya.The fifth chapter, "Economic and Civilization Achievements of Egypt under the reign of King Tuthmosis I", included four topics. The first topic included his achievements in the field of agriculture, in the second section the commercial activity, in the third topic, architecture, and in the fourth section, the technical methods.The conclusion of the letter is a set of conclusions that showed the most important questions that focus on the message through the preface and the five chapters and supplements that hovered on maps and images related to the subject.

النخاسة في العراق في العصر العباسي 132ه - 656ه / 749 - 1258م == AL NAKHASUH IN IRAQ IN THE ABBASID ERA FROM 132 - 656 H / 749 - 1258 A.D

Author name: حسام حسين حسن الكناني
Supervisor name: عطا سلمان جاسم
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The historical studies that concern with slave trade formed a strength path of varied knowledge that concern one of the aspects of the Social and Islamic History. It is an important aspect focus on the nature of the social life of Arab since the Pre - Islamic era. That is why our study came to explain the multi aspects of the life of the social class, which has an importance in Economical and Commercial Aspect, especially in Abbasid Era. The study relied on many studies that discussed the aspects of the subject, and the most important book is Al - mafsal in the history of Arab Pre - Islam by Dr. Jawad Ali who showed the sources of getting slaves Pre - Islam such as Captivity ,wars and Gifts. In addition to that, the book of the Gerald Deguri and his book "Rulers of Mecca" ,he referred of using the black soldiers by the riches of Mecca(Merchants) who brought them from Ethiopia to protect their commercial convoys, and the called them the strangers (strangest). The study includes a preface and four chapters. The first chapter discussed the "Original Legitimate for slave Trade" ,that includes; first the Holy Quraan attitude, second, the attitude of Prophetic Hadith and Sunnah, third, the saying and actions of the prophet's family, fourth ,the attitude of the companions and scholars and Fifth, the attitude of writers and scientists from it. Chapter two came with the title "the factors of slaves trade prosperity", that includes four themes : the military factor, the economical ,the Social and the Religious one .In chapter three, we showed "the resources and the slaves position in Abbasid Era", that came with two themes : the first theme includes the sources of getting slaves, the second theme includes the position of slavery and slave traders at Abbasid Era(132 - 656 H,749 - 1258 A.D). Chapter four discussed the markets and the ways of selling slaves,which includes two themes : the first one is the markets and the centers of slaves trade and the supervision and the second one is the ways of selling and dealing with slaves trade. The research came with many conclusions : - The slave Trade knew as the most important trade in the ancient Nations. - Women and Men participated in that Trade,and most of these women were priestess. - Islam confirmed of librating human from slavery and get rid of serfdom. - Islam and the Holy Qur'an were not the only that reject this trade,but it goes to a public opinion issued by the scholars and writers relying on the original sunnah of Islam. - The slave trade has an important positions in many Islamic eras, however it was rejected by Islam and considering it as one of the neglect actions and focusing on human freedom. - The slave trade was active in the Abbasid era, and many markets and special streets were founded

طقوس وممارسات الملك المنتصر في العراق القديم 3000 - 539ق.م == The Rituals and practices of the Victorious king in Ancient Iraq 0333 - 905 B.c

Author name: حيدر رشيد طه
Supervisor name: فاضل كاظم حنون
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: Religious thought is the basis for most of the systems that existed in ancient Iraq, such as the political system, the military regime, and even the economic and social systems. These systems had secretions and results, especially the military regime characterized by the history of ancient Iraq throughout its periods and the diversity of countries that ruled it.Those secretions that resulted from the military are the victories achieved by the kings of Iraq and what followed the victories of the rituals and practices of the practice of the kings of Mesopotamia, which were different goals and motives and motives, including religious, political, media or psychological motivation, This study is intended to shed light on the most important rituals, practices and motives that the ancient kings of Iraq have established.Research problem : The research attempts to shed light on the most important rituals and practices that are usually associated with the military campaigns waged by the kings of ancient Iraq during their ruling. These rituals and practices were motivated by various reasons, religious, psychological, political or even for media purpose.Reasons for choosing a topic : There are several reasons why we have chosen this topic particularly, these reasons are : 1 - There is no comprehensive study similar to this one and this subject itself.2 - Exploring the most important rituals and practices that resulted from the military campaigns in ancient Iraq and then exploring the most important motives behind them.3 - the comprehensiveness of the topic in terms of covering the historical period ) 3333 - 535 B.C. )4 - To enrich the Arabic libraries with such studies, especially if we know that they take the analytical aspect into consideration by knowing the motives of the rituals and practices of the victorious king in ancient of Iraq.Search Hypothesis : This study came to answer as much as possible the questions that may occur in the mind of the reader and follower of the history of ancient Iraq, including.1 - What are the rituals and practices of Iraq's ancient kings in the event of a military campaign against any of the countries of the ancient Near East?2 - If there are rituals and practices before the military campaign and the second and then or was it specialized in time without another?3 - What are the implications of doing such rituals and practices?4 - Were these rituals and practices varied or at one pace?What motivates them to perform such rituals and practices? 56 - Is the principle of continuity and repetition that characterized the ancient civilization of Iraq also included those rituals and practices through successive descendants?Research Methodology : This study was not limited to one methodology only, but included several scientific approaches adopted by the researcher in his study : 1 - descriptive approach : review of some military campaigns in the history of ancient Iraq, as well as the statement of the connection of some rituals and practices military campaigns and it was a requirement of victory or as a result.2 - Analytical Approach : This study required to stand on some texts that were specific to the military campaigns and then analyze their contents and analyze the motives that called upon the victorious kings to perform these rituals and practices.The nature of the research has to be divided into four chapters as well as the introduction and the preface. It also included the most important conclusions that emerged from this study. In the introduction, we discussed the origin of the word weather and ritual in the language dictionaries, whether the old languages ??or the Arabic language and the English language. The most important uses of this word.The First Chapter : dealt with the most important rituals and practices of the Iraqi kings who achieved victories in the third millennium BC, whether among the states of the cities that were in control of that period or between the city and other outside the geographical area of ??ancient Iraq, divided into two sections : The era of the dawn of the dynasties until the establishment of the Akkadian state The second topic has been related to those rituals and practices since the emergence of the Akkadian state until the fall of the Third Ur dynasty.The Second chapter deals with the rituals and practices of the victorious king during the second millennium BC. It came in the form of two sections. The first : rituals and practices in the old Babylonian period (2334 - 1555). 1555 BC until the establishment of the modern Assyrian state in. 511 B.C.The third chapter, which is the most important chapters of the thesis, deals with the rituals and practices of the victorious since the establishment of the Assyrian state in 511 BC until the creation of the dynasty Sergonia in 121 BC. The second section, in which he presented the rituals and practices of the victorious king since the establishment of the Sergonic dynasty 121 BC until the end of the modern Babylonian era. 535 B.C.The fourth chapter discussing the most important motives that led the ancient kings of Iraq to do such rituals and practices, and it came in the first two parts : It shows the religious and political motives for the rituals and practices of the victorious king. The second topic is devoted to talking about the media and psychological motives of the rituals and practices of the victorious king. In this chapter there is some overlapping in the information and citations of motives. The reason is that the rituals and practices cited in more than one place, for example, the art and media motives can be at the same time the psychological motivations. To encourage the fighters to enter the battles and then to win them and so on in the other motives.The research was based on several Arab and foreign sources that were the basis for the collection of information.The first is the book of Taha Baqer (Introduction to the History of Ancient Civilizations). This book has a great impact on enriching the research in terms of accuracy and availability of the book.Among the other Arabic books is the book Nael Hanoun (Historical and Literary Cuneiform Texts), which is an important source of cuneiform texts, especially since the author of the book relied on the translation of texts from ancient Sumerian and Akkadian languages ??into Arabic directly. This method of translation helps not to lose Information from cuneiform texts.As for the foreign books translated into Arabic, the first of these books is the book of Samuel Noah Kramer (Sumerians history, civilization and characteristics), since the substantive analysis relied on by the author of the book and its dependence on the main cuneiform texts gave the book importance, making it an important resource for the research.Among the other books is Antoine Mortakat's Ancient History of the Near East, which had an important impact on the history of the Near East and the nature of its relationship with Iraq in its ancient history, as well as the book Antoine Mortakat (Art in Ancient Iraq) (Sumer art and culture) and (Ashur world of forms major civilizations), which was one of the specialized books in the field of ancient Iraqi art, which enriched the research in terms of information and pictures and supplements on which the researcher relied, as well as a collection of books by Harry Saks And the power of Assyria and Babylonians It is considered one of the most objective works in presenting ideas and opinions pertaining to the history of ancient Iraq.As for the foreign books, the research reported a number of the book A.Kirk Grayson (The Royal Inscriptions ofMesopotamia) in all parts, which carries a shortcut RIMA. Which was an important source of the texts of the kings and their properties that were written through the history of ancient Iraq, as well as the book D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylon (ARAB)), which also contributed to the research of the royal texts of the kings of ancient Iraq.And I do not deny that I faced some difficulties because the recruitment of the results of the military campaigns as rituals and practices and the difference between them needed to have some of the thinking and accuracy in dealing with those results as well as the analysis of the motives behind the rituals and practices also needed to be accurate in the examination, especially if we know Overlapping by quoting them

الزراعة في مصر القديمة حتى عام (525ق.م) == Agriculture in Ancient Egypt Until (525 B.C)

Author name: حسين كامل عيدان الزبيدي
Supervisor name: فاضل كاظم حنون
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: Agriculture, or as it is called, is the agricultural revolution as it changed human life in the ancient world in all its aspects. Before agriculture, man was a traveler who did not know stability and relied on his strength to collect what is accessible from plants or animals. It crystallizes in man and changed his life to economic, social and religious. The ancient Egypt was an important cultural center in the ancient Near East, which achieved an important civilization achievement for the Egyptian human life. It could not achieve this achievement without the availability of a geographical environment suitable for agriculture. The first is the availability of sufficient water to the Nile River, Agriculture .We can not say that the conditions of the geographical environment in ancient Egypt led only to agriculture. We do not underestimate the role of the Egyptian man, who was able to employ these different environmental factors to serve agriculture. Saying : "Learn not one is born a Scientist "( ) The second innovation that was associated with the establishment of agriculture was what the Egyptian produced and invented from machines and tools that facilitated agriculture. He also succeeded in controlling the flood of the Nile River and faced another important problem namely water scarcity. He tried to store the water at the time of the flood , And thus moved to rely on industrial irrigation and mechanization by raising water to agricultural land.Research problem . Was the problem of research in the important question, was agriculture in ancient Egypt, a local innovation or it entered Egypt as a result of friction and the transfer of the old man with other centers of civilization, and whether agriculture in ancient Egypt was contemporaneous with agriculture in the important cultural centers in the ancient Near East, , And the Levant. The extent of the oldest fossils found from wheat and barley grains, whether they are domesticated or natural spread in many areas of the ancient Near East, these questions we tried to answer in this research. The importance of the subject is due to the lack of a study on agriculture in ancient Egypt, one of the important elements of civilization, this subject prompted us to research it and try to clarify its different aspects. The method used in the research, the nature of the subject, requires us to diversify in the testing of a research method, when we want to know the origins of plants, we need to take a comparative approach to know where these grains and spread, and sometimes take the descriptive approach in the description of machines and agricultural tools, To reach the closest scientific opinion to put it right in the research and discussion. According to the requirements of the completion of the research topic section into four chapters and conclusion. The first chapter deals with the factors affecting the start and development of agriculture in the Nile Valley, which is divided into four fields. The first topic is : The climate and its impact on the start and development of agriculture in ancient Egypt. The second topic : Agricultural lands in the Nile Valley countries. The second chapter deals with the beginning of agriculture and its development, which is also divided into three topics : the first is : agriculture in prehistoric times, the second topic : the development of agriculture in historical times, and the third topic : agricultural operations, , Chapter III : Care in the Department of Agriculture and Irrigation, also divided into three areas, the first topic : the management of agricultural land, the second topic : Department of Irrigation, the third topic : the farmer in ancient Egypt and its social status. In this chapter, we observed the extent to which agriculture reflected the religious life of the ancient Egyptian. This chapter is divided into three sections, namely, the first topic : Goddesses and Feast of Fertility, and the second topic : the gods and the festivals of the harvest and its rituals. The third topic : gods of water and flood .

الادارة والسياسة الاخمينية في عهد احشويرش الاول 486 - 465 ق.م == Administration and Politics Achaemenid in Reign of Xerxes I (486 - 465 B.C.)

Author name: حوراء كريم محمد التوبي
Supervisor name: سعد عبود سمار
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The King Xerxes I is the brightest and the most prominent figures in the history of the Achaemenid Empire, who ruled the sprawling patch at that time. After the death of his father Darius I (522 - 486 B.C.) he inherited the reign which echo sounded in the history of the ancient world and which included nations and tribes of different ethnicities and nationalities and languages. The first years of his reign faced incidents and many changes that represented in the outbreak of revolutions and upheavals that he managed to eliminate quickly and united the Achaemenid Empire under his rule again. And this is evidence of his military ability and experience. Xerxes followed his father's path of expansion projects in Europe.The subject of this research was discussed in three chapters. The first chapter was devoted to the study of king Xerxes and his early life and career; that the first part discussed his name and his royal titles and the nature of his upbringing and the kind of education he received in the palace of women which had the greatest impact of women on his life and particularly the effect his mother brought. The second section had discussed the mandate of the Covenant and the problems he faced before he took the crown that he could make it with efforts of his mother (Atoosa) and his uncle (Artbaat), who had agreed to take Dara's first son away and to put Xerxes in his place as crown prince.The second chapter studied the states of the Achaemenid in the reign of Xerxes I. So, the first part dealt with the most important administrative divisions and the states of the Achaemenid Empire because Xerxes changed the policy of his father concerning the administration of provinces that he undermining many states making them insignificant states, and no state been added during his reign than those of his father. The second part dealt with administrative functions in the Achaemenid Empire as his time is marked with the strength work of these positions and those occupants significant work especially in his last years. And the third one dealt with the financial management of money and taxes and other taxes that increased because wars increased during his reign, especially the war with Greece and the more money usage. The third chapter discussed Xerxes policy with Babylon and Egypt and Greece, and it came into two sections; the first on the policy of dealing with Babylon and Egypt, and how he cruelly dealt with these two states and his pulling out all the prerogatives that Babylon lost all its political and religious status during his reign and its national governance ended. However, Egypt is just like Babylon, that it was considered as a state of non - importance and its status was neglected. In addition, the second section discussed Xerxes's policy towards Greece, starting with introductions of wars and battles and results of the wars and their impact on the Achaemenid Empire. Because such wars considered as a setback for the state of the Achaemenid Empire, and the failure of Xerxes in those wars led to the weakness and lack of self - confidence that led him to leave to the Palace of women and leaving ruling behind, however, the staff and the women in the Achaemenid court worked to rule until he was killed by them.

عبد القادر اسماعيل البستاني ونشاطه السياسي في تاريخ العراق الحديث 1907م - 1979م == Abedalkhadher ismaeaal Al - Bustany And his bolitical Activities in Modren Iraqi History 1907 - 1979

Author name: زينب فارس عبد الواحد العتابي
Supervisor name: خضير مظلوم فرحان البديري
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The study of the intellectual and political figures from studies that give an individual role in making history, Iraq has witnessed the contemporary emergence of a number of eminent personalities who have had a role in the events, and because the study shed light on many of Iraq's public affairs, did those studies intersect with the study of the situation in Iraq political, economic, social, and even led to fathom these events, and among these characters come Personal late Abdul Qadir Ismail, the gardener, who penetrated the political life of the field from an early Odvarh, and clearly contributed to it, especially that it was a constituent of the first episodes of Marxism personalities including ring Hussein's first backpacker Marxism that emerged in Baghdad after the end of World war I, and the entry of the ideas of Marxism and communism to Iraq. Following the approach taken in scientific research and academic practice it has been used in the writing of this letter "descriptive and analytical approach", and divided into an introduction and four chapters and a conclusion and supplements, discussed a researcher in the first chapter the early stages of the life of Abdul Qadir Ismail gardener (1907 - 1930), fitted between the cover to cover four topics, discussed the first part, its origins and its impact on the political and social life, talked about his family and its role in public life in Iraq, either the second topic dealt with the early life of Abdul Qadir Ismail, the political and the formation of the first episode of Marxism in Iraq and joining her, contained a third section on the activity and the role of Abdul Qadir in student movements, strikes and political demonstrations, and his contributions to the political when he was a student in high school through his participation in the general strike (1925 - 1926), and the incident amiable Nsouli (1926 - 1927), as well as his participation in the demonstrations against the unique visit Monde early 1928 to Iraq, the fourth section included the first study of its sources of intellectual, journalistic writings in Iraqi newspapers and magazines, as well as joining some of the workers' associations that emerged during that period.Search chapter II, Abdul Qadir Ismail activity and its role in Iraqi political life (1930 - 1937), the first part, stressed the opposition Abdul Qadir Ismail, the Treaty of British - Iraq in 1930, which were imposed on Iraq by the United Kingdom, and entered the League of Nations, and touched second section, the role of Abdul Qadir in the founding group parents and gazette the name of speaking, where shares were clearly established, which laid the foundation stone in calling for political, economic and social reform, and called for the construction of the modern state based on respect for the Constitution and fundamental freedoms, and democratization concepts, and he stopped the third section, on the the role of Abdul Qadir in the Bakr Sidqi coup in 1936, which is the first military coup witnessed in the Arab region and Iraq in particular and the subsequent obvious changes on the general structural policy in Iraq, and focused the fourth section on the entry of Abdul Qadir to the House of Representatives this stage consisted enter gardener activity field political group organized by parents, and the expression of political arguments and activities hostile to the government, which eventually led to the overthrow of the Iraqi citizenship from him and exiled abroad. And accept the third quarter, and in the first section, Nidal Abdel Qader Ismail struggle eating in exile in the ranks of the Syrian Communist Party of Lebanon, and his contributions there through its participation in the issuance of the newspaper (Voice of the People), this as well as his participation in the National Congress of the Communist Party in the Syrian - Lebanese in Syria Special Arab nationalist cause, and Lebanon, and repeated attempts from the presence of the Iraqi Communist party in order to return it to the home of a new practice of former political activism as well as paired with the communists inside Iraq and is interested in the second section examines the circumstances of Abdel Qader Ismail was arrested in Lebanon and the accompanying events and developments subsequent to The political field.The fourth chapter and the latter has been devoted to the study of Activity Abdul Qadir after he returned to Iraq after a long absence of more than twenty years, which included the first section, revolution of July 14 and the new turn in the life of Abdul gardener, after more than six months after the revolution, the party newspaper issued Communist central newspaper "people's Union", openly occupied the gardener presided over and responsibility for the newspaper people's Union mouthpiece of the Communist party speaking, it turned to months and broader Iraqi newspaper, as it was deposited 26 thousand copies a day, and the newspaper was implemented if the descent of the markets, exploited by hands Sraa, and the newspaper was stopped at August 1961, after many harassed by Abdul Karim Kassem of their platforms and articles inflamed and the depth of its impact on the Iraqi political arena, and highlighted the second section, the light on the eighth of February 1963 coup and the end of politics for a gardener, and arrested and jailed after a long activity and track political events, interested third section , talking about life inside the gardener Click Salman that transfer after her eighth of February 1936 coup

تبدل مراكز الالهة في بلاد الرافدين ومصر القديمة == Replacement Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt gods' centres

Author name: احمد عبيس فيروز الرماحي
Supervisor name: طالب منعم حبيب الشمري
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The old people took the powers and environmental aspects which represented their fears as gods. These gods started to effect in his economical life as an impressive factor in his agricultural products. So worshipping the mother gods appeared and building cities and its development led to the development of people's view towards gods. So groups of gods appeared .The old people in Iraq and Egypt imagined that there are creative and major gods followed by group of gods who are followers to major gods and have supportive jobs .The increase of people's discoveries of his environment and inventions of new aspects of life : political , economical , religious ,social and cultural effected on his view towards gods and for that the gods jobs and their ranks changed. The two religions were similar in some aspects that deal with gods ranks and different in others according to the nature of effects which helped to change gods ranks. These changes in gods ranks had results in all aspects of people's life in Iraq and Egypt. These results effected on gods world in people life all over the old history of human societies in both countries. The changes of gods ranks effected in all aspects concerned the people's life and helped to the development of the mental and cultural environment for people. Therefore the Idea of research in changing gods ranks in Iraq and Egypt came.

بنو عمار البجلي دراسة تاريخية تحليلية في مروياتهم == Banu Ammar AL Bajali Historical and Analytical Study in their NARRATIONS

Author name: عباس نصيف جاسم العبودي
Supervisor name: ناهضة مطير حسن
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The research deals with tales of Banu Ammar ALbajali who are family has very well reputation in the field of science in their residence city of AL Kufa and the surroundings in the period from the second half of the first century to the last decade of 3rd Hijri century which is consequent to the 7th century B.C.The name of the family is derived from the name of their grandfather "Ammar bin Khubab AL Bajali", it consists of his five sons Hakeem, Abdallah , AL Kasim, Muaweyah, and Munet . The grandfather also has accentor from the first layer like Hakeem, ALkasim and Mohammd.He also has accentors from the second layer who are Muaweyah and Mohammed The family life had been discriminated by emption and acidity .The work in the trade of Tea tiles which contribute with other factors to support their scientific trend because of their continuous travelling between AL KUFA and AL Madina AL Munawarah and the meeting with their lords especially Ahlulbait ( ), so they gained high degrees of confidence amongst the scientists of Islamic Nation, that approved by this research . They enhanced the Islamic library with a lot references in science and Knowledge, but unfortuntly most of them are hided and the only remaining is the titles of their publishes fragmented among Islamic literates . In this research a lot of their publication are collected and approved according to the subjective and historical occurrences. The historical Narrative of Banu Ammar are discussed , the history of the prophets and Nations before Islam are also discussed , to make from the experiments of the ancient Nations. The research covers the early period of Islam while the live of the prophet Mohammed (pbvh) and his companion and his patience on the harm done by the prophet Mohammed to deal with his enemies during the war and peace which considered the prophet sunrah which it must be followed by all Muslims and if considered as religious legislative . this compulsory implementation considered on of the merits of the Islamic history which depends on the historical eve dents enhanced by scientific analysis , which leads to controversy of all fakes and the voids. The Narratives of Banu Ammar deals with a lot of issues of AL Rashidi era, AL Amawy era, and AL Abbasi era too. They make benefits from the Kalefs situations toward some occasions to explain their political , managerial , and economical trends to construct the aimed Islamic system based on the principles of justice and wisdom .Banu Ammar also emphasized on building the social system and financial system to keep the family unity using some guidance and restrictions derived from the opinion of Ahlulbayt(ra). They gave a lot of Narratives in the fields of science, health, education of society and improve the commitment toward Allah and to wand the people. All that gives many indications to Banu Ammar Maturity and promotion based on their scientific evidence and tools to approve their opinions.

وزراء مغول فارس واثرهم في الحياة العامة (656 - 736هـ/1258 - 1336م) == Mongol Ministers of Persia and their impact in public life 656 - 736 A.H - 736 - 1258 A.C

Author name: عواد سلمان ساجت الزيدي
Supervisor name: اسراء مهدي مزبان
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: This thesis entitled ( Mongol Ministers of Persia and their impact in public life , 656 - 736 A.H - 736 - 1258 A.C. ) dealt with ministry establishment in the Ilkhanate state since origination , then the development stage till maturity and prosperity . As progress of any state overshadows all of its institutions including ministry establishment , so is its fate when it faces misfortune or collapse . This was the fate of ministry at the era of the Ilikhan Mongols after the end of the reign of the great sultans like Ghazan and his brother Gaato. The state returned with all institutions after a full century rule. According to that , this thesis has been divided into an introduction , four chapters , a conclusion and supplements followed by the a list of bibliography sources and references. The chapters dealt with ; - The first chapter studied the history of the ministers at the era of the pagan rulers. The origination of the ministry and the stages of its development has been discussed. Then we mentioned the qualifications of the ministers that enabled them to get their position in additions to the reasons that led to their death despite the great services they made. - The second chapter does not differ in content from what was mentioned in the previous chapter, but the difference is that the history of the ministers at the era of the muslim rulers has been highlighted . - The third chapter studied the conflict that took place among the ministers and other courtiers . In the first part we dealt with the ministers' conflict with the staff in the ministry office . The second section was dedicated to describe the conflict of ministers with the princes' class. In the third section , the conflict which occurred among the ministers themselves has been studied . - The fourth chapter highlighted the influence of Ilikhan ministers in public life. In the first part, the role of ministers in the religious side has been studied, while the second section considered the role of ministers in the economic side . In the third section , the role of ministers in cultural and urban sides were dealt with

تاريخ كسكر حتى بناء مدينة واسط

Author name: علي حلو حسن الوائلي
Supervisor name: محمد حسين علي السويطي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: امتازت اراضي وادي الرافدين لاسيما في القسم الجنوبي منه بالخصوبة والخير الوفير؛ لذلك توالت عليها الهجرات، وصارت مستقرا لاقوام عديدة، كالسومريين والبابليين، ومستوطنا لاديان متنوعة كالصابئة واليهود النصارى المجوس ومن ثم الاسلام، وترتب على اثر ذلك نشوء مدن في هذه الارض المباركة تركت اثرها الواضح في التاريخ الانساني، ومنها مدينة كسكر - موضوع رسالتنا هذه - الذي جاء تحت عنوان (تاريخ كسكر حتى بناء مدينة واسط).وقد تظافرت عدة عوامل لتؤدي بنا الى هذا الاختيار، في طليعتهراغبتنا الشخصية في توثيق اخبار هذه المدينة التي شكلت اساس المدينة التي انتسب اليها مدينة واسط التي شيدت في العصور الاسلامية، فضلا عن محاولتنا الاسهام في تصحيح فهم البعض الخاطئ لحضارتنا الاسلامية وتوظيفه لتحقيق مصالحهم الدنيوية في تهجير وقتل اهل الذمة وشرائح المجتمع الاخرى من خلال ابراز صورة التعايش السلمي في هذه المدينة.وكان لتشجيع عدد من اساتذة التاريخ الاسلامي في طليعتهم اساتذتنا كالدكتور عطا سلمان والدكتور فاضل جابر، واساتذة اخرين من الجامعات العراقية، مثل الدكتور عامر عجاج من جامعة بابل والدكتور رحيم حلو من جامعة البصرة والدكتور رائد الحصونة من جامعة ذي قار والدكتور نعمة من الجامعة المستنصرية والدكتور عمار نصار من جامعة الكوفة اثر كبير في المضي في مشروعنا البحثي الذي حددنا نطاقه المكاني بمدينة كسكر التي شكلت مساحة كبيرة من وسط وجنوب ارض السواد، وحدود زمانية انتهت بسنة (86ه/705م) وهو تاريخ انتهاء الحجاج بن يوسف الثقفي (ت95ه) من بناء واسط.سادتي الافاضل : ان موضوع تاريخ كسكر من الموضوعات التاريخية الصعبة والمعقدة، بسبب قلة المادة التاريخية الواردة بخصوصها وتناثر معلوماتها في بطون الكتب بصورة عبارات غير مفهومة وغالبا ما كانت مكررة، لذلك لا ادعي الكمال في عملي هذا، لان الكمال لله سبحانه وتعالى اولا ولان بعض المواضع في هذه الرسالة مزاالت بحاجة الى مزيد من النوص التاريخية لتدعيمها لاسيما ما خص الفصل الثالث من رسالتنا هذه الخاص بالحياة الدينية والاجتماعية، ولا اخفيكم سرا اذا ما قلت انني قررت في مرات كثيرة ان اغير هذا الموضوع الا ان تشجيع اساتذتي وزملائي جعلني اعدل عن راي ذا وبالنتيجة احقق ما هو بين ايديكم من نتاج. وقد اقتضت طبيعة البحث في رسالتنا هذه ان نقسمها على اربعة فصول، سبقتها مقدمة وضحت مفهوم الموضوع ونطاقه ومسوغات اختياره، بحث الفصل الاول في الموقع الجغرافي لكسكر واصل تسميتها، وعرض الفصل الثاني احوال كسكر الادارية والسياسية، وخصص الفصل الثالث لعرض الاحوال الدينية والاجتماعية والعلمية لكسكر, وبحثنا في الفصل الرابع الحياة الاقتصادية في كسكر وعرجنا فيه على نشاط اهلها في مجالات الزراعة والصناعة والتجارة، وقفيت الرسالة بخاتمة اوجزنا فيها اهم الاستنتاجات التي توصلنا اليها، ومن ثم ملاحق توضيحية وقائمة بمصادر الرسالة ومراجعها. ولعل اهم النتائج التي تمخضت عن رسالتنا هذه ان كسكر تمتعت باهمية بالغة عند ملوك الفرس ومن ثم العرب الفاتحين لما شكلته من موقع استراتيجي، لما تمتلكه من مقومات اقتصادية تمثلت بخصوبة ارضها ووفرة مياهها ونقاء مناخها، وان سكناها كانوا من مكونات اجتماعية ودينية متنوعة من الفرس المجوس والدهاقين والعرب النصارى، وانها عرفت بنشاط اقتصادي مميز لاسيما في مجال تربية الطيور والاسماك، وكانت الامثال تضرب بالبط والدجاج الكسكري، كما تضرب الامثال بانتاجها الزراعي لطعمه المميز ووفرة انتاجه، كما انها تميزت بصناعة الخمور لوجود مواده الاولية وكذلك صناعة النسيج وغيرها من الصناعات، كما برع اهلها في مجال العلم والمعرفة، وفي مجال البناء والعمران والهندسة، بدليل اخذ الحجاج ابواب كسكر وغيرها من المعالم العمرانية والهندسية عند بنائه واسط فيما بعد.وقبل ختام هذا الموجز لا يسعني الا ان اتوجه بالشكر العظيم لربي (الذي هدانا لهذا وما كنا لنهتدي لولا ان هدانا الله)، والى الاساتذة الافاضل رئيس واعضاء لجنة المناقشة لقبولهم مناقشة رسالتي وتقويمها، والشكر موصول الى استاذي المشرف الاخ والمعلم والقدوة الدكتور محمد حسين السويطي الذي امدني من كرم اخلاقه قبل وافر علمه، فكان لارشاداته العلمية ابلغ الاثر في تذليل مشاكل البحث.كما اجد لزاما علي ان اتقدم بوافر الشكر وعظيم الامتنان الى رئيس قسم التاريخ الدكتور حسين الاعرجي، والى اساتذتي الكرام الذين كان لي شرف التلمذة على ايديهم، والشكر موصول الى زملائي طلبة الدراسات العليا؛ لدعمهم المعنوي لنا، واعتذر منهم عن ذكر الاسماء لضيق الوقت. - وختاما اقول : ان هذا الجهد البحثي هو محاولة لم ندخر في سبيلها جهدا ولا وقتا، نرجو ان نكون قد وفقنا في عرضها، واعطاء الموضوع قيمته العلمية التي يستحقها، ونعتذر سلفا من الاخطاء والهفوات التي وقعنا فيها، ونستعين هنا بقوله تعالى : {ربنا لا تؤاخذنا ان نسينا او اخطانا}، فهما افة الانسان اليوم، وفوق كل ذي علم عليم، فالانسان مهما بلغ، فهو نحو الكمال سائر...ختاما شكري وتقديري الى كل من حضر المناقشة، واسال الله التوفيق لي ولهم، واخر دعوانا ان الحمد لله رب العالمين والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته

السيدة فاطمة الزهراء (عليها السلام) في المصنفات المغربية الاندلسية : دراسة تاريخية - من القرن (3 - 8 هـ /9 - 14م)

Author name: رغد كريم عبد الله خلف
Supervisor name: سادسة حلاوي حمود
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The study is about Fatima El - Zahras character ,the prophets daughter(PBUT), in the Moroccan and Andalusian works. Within Islamic studies , which focused on the role of Muslim women and the studies which tackle the biography of Ahl al - Bayt ( PBUT ) to shed the light on their important roles in keeping the message of Islam and its principles , the best example to be chosen is Fatima El - Zahra . Along with the various studies conducted over the centuries , in this study , the researcher has tried as much as possible to access to the facts that were absent and neglected in the previous studies.After examining the historical views by the mental and transferred guides concerning the date of birth of El - Zahra ( PBUH ) , this study agrees with the view that her birth was in the fifth year of the mission. She had been called with many names, some of which indicate the high position of the lady ( PBUH ) to Almighty Allah and His Messenger PBUH) and the other , some of which are acquired in her life including launched by historians as a result of events that have been in her life. Many of the Quranic verses and prophetic traditions are about Ahl al - Bayt ( PBUT), especially El - Zahra.As the study notices in the Moroccan, Andalusian works, El - Zahra(PBUH) has been treated unfairly by the historians throughout the ages. There is no agreement over some important aspects regarding El - Zahras life, as was the difference in the birth and some aspects of her life (PBUH), the same disagreement is shown concerning the date of her death, the authors never agree upon a specific date. The historians tend to chose one of these dates and considered it as the correct option which forces the researcher to mention dates without tipping one of them. Moreover, the places said to be buried in are just subjective opinions and beliefs, not a dependant fact, since the fact is that her grave has been hidden as she asked to be (PBUH).The Research Scope The thesis includes an introduction , four chapters , a conclusion and bibliography. The chapters are arranged chronologically and objectively annexation stages of her life and suffering . CHAPTER ONE indicates the biography of El - Zahra,(PBUH ) . The chapter is divided into two sections devoted to El - zahra names ,lineage , nickname and also its inception , flag despite the scarcity of historical sources that dealt with her life in that period. It also contains some issues about her marriage and marital bonding between her and Al - Imam Ali (PBUT) The second chapter devoted to her children (PBUT) and status (PBUH) in the Quran and the Prophet's biography as part of the two sections. The third chapter is devoted to confiscate the rights of Ms. Fatima Zahra (peace be upon her political) because it was necessary to recognize its role in the events that took place after the death of her father, the Messenger of Allah (PBUH). And it was held in two sections we dealt with the position of the Companions after the death of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) and the novels that reported the Messenger of Allah text (PBUH) on the mandate of the Imam Ali (peace be upon him) and the sayings of scholars state forward (PBUH) and eligibility succession refused Ahl al - Bayt (PBUT) and the others who pledge to oppose it.The fourth chapter , the confiscation of their economic rights ( PBUH) and her martyrdom is stated .Two sections are devoted to deal with the confiscation of Fadak and the legacy of the Messenger of God and share kin and then her illness, her martyrdom ( PBUH The thesis ends with a conclusion through which the researcher puts the most important results he achieved throughout the study .

تاريخ اسبارطة السياسي 1100 - 404ق. م == Sparta's political history 1100 - 404 B.C

Author name: خلود حبيب كريم الحسناوي
Supervisor name: سعد عبود سمار
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Doctorate
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: After studying the subject named (( The Political History of Sparta 1100 - 404 B.C )) is considered one of the most important subjects of the old Greece homeland History. Because of Sparta had a great political position and its influence on the Greek homeland.Historians emphasized on that Sparta was an ambiguous state in establishment and birth for these factors classic and modern views were different.As well Sparta had a great influence on the Bilsowinizian cities because it has a great military power and in the sixth Century it followed a policy of alliances instead of expanding policy which is followed in the eighth century before Christ.Sparta had a great role in defending Greece lands against Persia invasion . it stood for Ayonion cities by sending delegate to Korsh in the beginning of the Fifth century Sparta defended Greece homeland and led the Greek alliance in 481 B.C.It fought against Persia two bloody battles named Thermopylae in the year 480 B.C in which Sparta lost many heroes and the king Leanedas .As well the battle of Palatia in 479 B.C in which Sparta could kill the General Mardinos and Persia declined in Greece lands.After the end of Persian war in 478 B.C the war named (( cold war )) started that lasted for fifty years between Athena's and Sparta which ended in about 431 B.C with armed clash .This war lasted twenty - eight years Sparta won this battle in about 404 B.C and become the head of Greece .

التعليم في لواء العمارة 1958 - 1968 : دراسة تاريخية == The education in amarah 1958 - 1968 historical study

Author name: ضياء علي عبد الحسين الجشعمي
Supervisor name: عكاب يوسف عليوي الركابي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: Education is one of the most important peoples investments and advanced societies because it contributes to the persistence of human societies and survival has impact in preserving the traditions and religious and social customs, and through education communities seeking to promote their cards and human potential in order to achieve independence and development because education is investing the most important resource for the community is the capacity of its members and energies of mind to achieve the greatest return to the community is to create a good citizen who understands and knows the limits of his or her duties and rights. The reasons that prompted the researcher to choose this theme is the lack of academic studies on the banner of architecture after the revolution of July14, 1958 despite the importance of the period from a historical perspective and the concomitant many variables, due to the diversity of images of social life and Artbtha each other, it artena limited in our study on reality education in the District of architecture due to the fact that education is the tool key in the process of political, social and economic change, as he sense natural to build the personality of the individual and the interest of the researcher to highlight the historical facts of the ancient city and show the face of a bright and shiny aspects of social life and as part of the fulfillment of the city researcher that he had to provide historical study as a part of Jamilha given by in order to be the start of in - depth studies in this aspect, which is worthy of study.After the revolution of July 14, 1958 moved education in the District of architecture to a new stage of development and prosperity in all its kinds and joints due to changes in the brigade at all levels and by improving economic and social conditions and change in some social concepts that prevailed in earlier eras, it has increased social awareness folks need to send their children to schools, which led to the witness Maj big movement in the creation of new schools

اثر الالهة الاناث في معتقدات الحياة والموت بلاد الرافدين وبلاد النيل - انموذجا == The Impact of Goddess in the Beliefs of Life and Death in Mesopotamia and the Nile Countrie - a Model

Author name: علي جبار عزيز الطائي
Supervisor name: سعد عبود سمار
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Doctorate
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: Throughout human history, religion has always been a mirror of the evolution of human and space attracts all spiritual and intellectual activity; the reflections of human philosophy, ethical value and the perceptions metaphysical all are flowing into the religion and expresses itself through mediated beliefs and rituals, so we cannot understand ancient people if we neglect studying them. The first religious beliefs landmarks appeared in the ancient Near East, starting from the Neolithic period, which witnessed the first revolution in human life consisted of agricultural revolution coincided with the emergence of the first beliefs. Women made the first religious perception taken the form of a goddess portrayed with dolls made of clay, so the first idol was associated with fertility, it was paired with land, which is the mother the truth of the human person and of all cosmic manifestations of living; life came out of it and go back to it, for this the female was included the first human to represent beliefs and became foundation base that has become, later on, a source of subsequent beliefs. Society valued Female Goddess along times by literary texts which took the legendary character, as well as works of art from sculptures and pottery ... etc., which were not to put them in the first position, but her presence was an active and eventful beginning from worshiping them as goddess, that have the ability to create and innovate, besides its ability to give life and continuity, this has been the first global appearance and other manifestations sprung from it, and each manifestation of them had characteristics of the former, and took roles with the gods, so they were the first saying the formation of the universe and its organization on its own or along with males, as well as its contribution on earth. And thus goddess have taken a regular role and integrated to the creativity in the ancient people's beliefs.So the importance of the subject is that it is being taught in two important aspects of the ancient beliefs in life and death in the two civilizations : Mesopotamia and the Nile Countrie. This study included an introduction, a review and then four chapters, as well as the conclusions that the study has reached and of course the appendixes. Its review explained an overview of the stages of the importance of the female goddess and stages of decline, it was the early stages of the cult worshipping the female goddess which were the (mother goddess) that appeared in the Neolithic period; then refers to the stages of evolution of religious thought, in Mesopotamia and the Nile Countrie civilizations, in diagnosis of natural phenomena surrounding them, which gave the divinity characteristics. This created the gradual transformation from goddess towards gods. The ages shows the final proof that gods had the higher rank when the goddess had the lower one in deities. The first chapter , entitled ( The Contributions of the Goddess in the Creation ) The chapter sectioned into the three sections. The first one has been dedicated to the reference of the contribution of t Gods multiple females in the creation of the universe and then organized. The second section, talks its contribution in the creation of her sons (the gods) , who came with various forms. The third section is about its contribution to the creation of man in Mesopotamia and Nile Countrie.The second chapter entitled : (The Contribution of Goddess in Cognitive and Professional and Ethical Aspects), this chapter, shows the role of goddess in the professional aspects that were practiced by human whether male or female in society and its impact on goddess. This chapter with its four sections pointed first the educational side and the contribution of goddess in written forms, and the second topic pointed health aspect and the role of goddess who took the role of midwife, while the third topic talks about the role goddess on the battlefield and its role as a fighter, while the fourth section is about its contribution in the moral aspect, representing justice, particularly social justice.The third chapter , entitled : ( A Contradiction and Contrast in the Character of Goddess ), since gods resemble humans in everything except immortality, they carry within them emotions, behaviors and actions which are contradictory and sometimes antagonistic. This chapter included the first two sections under the title ( Between Wisdom and Recklessness), while the second section entitled ( Between Health and Disease ) .The fourth chapter is devoted to the study of ( The Role of Goddess in Death). This chapter has four. The first Sections, has pointed to the first phase of declaration of death to burying the body in cemetery. The second section talks about : The second phase, which begins from the grave to the underworld in Mesopotamia, until it goes to the court gods in Mesopotamia.The thirds section talks about : the third phase; refers to the underworld : its form and description as embodied in Mesopotamia and the divine court and its most important procedures in underworld Nile Country civilization.The fourth section included : a reference to the fourth stage and its contents after the divine court proceedings .

صيانة وترميم المظاهر العمارية في العراق القديم في ضوء المعطيات التاريخية == Maintenance and Renovation of ALimariya scenes in Old Iraq in The Light of Historical Facts

Author name: احمد بشار جمعة
Supervisor name: طالب منعم حبيب الشمري
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Doctorate
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The old Ammaria appearances one of the Cultural Heritage landmarks that are proud of and cherish it represents the mirror that reflects the historical identity of the ancient civilization rooted for thousands of years, reflected the reality of the life of society carrying various types of difficulties he faced at the beginning of his career, but he stop the towering surpassing that founding oldest civilization in history.The subject of research highlights the maintenance and restoration of the old Ammaria appearances whether religious worship for the purposes of the houses of the holy gods or civilian, represented the city and Accessories, through processing and repair the damage that has been exposed; it that one of the problems faced by the old Iraqi society both in prehistoric times and historical eras devastation and destruction, which affects the appearance Amari for many reasons, including that of simply building constructed in accordance with the limited man who soon succumbed to the forces of the extraordinary nature of the rain and winds and high temperatures thought, that's taking that man looks for solutions, using the simplest means and mechanisms that were available in the surrounding environmental, over time, became friendly accumulation of expertise as a result of repeating this process for failing once again the success in building maintenance.From that came to choose this topic because it represents a historically important crossing of the ideas upon which the man ancient Iraqi civilization in the treatment and repair the damage that affects appearance Amari, reflecting the resilience against risks they faced from natural and human, also highlights research topic Aldua the most prominent achievements rulers and kings of civilization give this aspect a great deal of their time as a result because it represents the importance of relating to one of the most important aspects of life that has to be to make it appear the best, so we find them excelled in the field of maintenance and repair of the manifestations of religious and civil Ammaria.This study has necessitated the division of the thesis into five classes according to the methodology of scientific research and scientific material available. The first chapter titled maintenance and repair in three sections deal with the first part, the term maintenance and repair in the language Sumerian and Akkadian; it focused on addressing the word maintenance, restoration and words synonymous with the Sumerian, Akkadian, cameABSTRACT 2second section under the maintenance and repair title of the language and idiomatically touched it to the meaning of maintenance and restoration in the Arabic language dictionaries live as roads to the meaning idiomatically on according to the opinion of specialists in it. He said the third section to the emergence and development of the idea of maintenance and repair since the beginning of man's stability when the discovery of agriculture and access to the historical stages. He focused the second chapter on the subject of factors and causes of maintenance and repair and came in four sections included the first section, Nature factors including respect of the climate and the environment, nature and extent affected by the construction used in the construction and material, while touched second section to the religious motives as they have a psychological impact on the thought and belief of the community old Iraqi, and the third on the subject of the total of other reasons, including (social, military and political) ie all human motives which led to harm appearances Ammaria and also be used as an incentive to the feet of the maintenance and restoration of what has been destroyed. The fourth section focused on the rituals associated with the maintenance and restoration. The third chapter talking about the maintenance and restoration of the manifestations of religious architecture devoted any he touched to study all the achievements of the rulers and kings of ancient Iraq that relate to the maintenance and restoration of houses of the holy gods in three sections, the first under the maintenance and restoration of the temple title while pointed second section to the maintenance and restoration of the ziggurat, and touched the third section to the maintenance and restoration of the shrine. The fourth chapter came under the maintenance and restoration of the manifestations of civil architecture title focusing on the study of all aspects of civil Ammaria that belong to the palace and members of the community and ordinary, divided into four sections focused first section on the study of the maintenance and repair of houses, while the second section came to dealing with the maintenance and restoration of the cities, said third section to the maintenance and restoration of palaces while ensuring the fourth section maintenance and repair of fences and gates, have been marking fifth chapter titled maintenance materials and repairs and working groups in the two sections focused first section on maintenance and repair materials, while said second section to the workers in the maintenance and restoration. The conclusion of the letter came a set of conclusions reached by the researcher as far as the scientific article contained. Followed by pictures and extension forms and a list of sources in Arabic, English and references.

الشيعة ودورهم السياسي في لبنان 1920 - 1958 == Shia and their Political Role in Lebanon 1920 - 1958

Author name: حسين عبد الحسين عباس الزهيري
Supervisor name: خضير مظلوم فرحان البديري
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The title, “The Shiites and Their Political Role in Lebanon1920 - 1958” is among thecrucial issues in the political history of Lebanon. For it would explore a key component ofthe Lebanese society which has contributed to building political contemporary Lebanesestate. This is evidenced in the hypothesis of this study. The subject matter of this studyfalls within the socio - political history. Knowing that the researcher has come to pick theyear1920, as the beginning of his study,for it was the year in which the Shiite communalitywas forcedly annexed to the structure of the Lebanese state, the French mandate overLebanon was announced and the State of Greater Lebanon was established. Theresearcher has chosen 1958, as the closing year of the study, because it represented theexpiration of the first Lebanese Republic - an event that can be considered as thebeginning of a new era in Lebanon and one that was in many ways unlike previous eras.The study has been divided into an introduction, five chapters and a conclusionalong with a number of annexes. Chapter Oneis an introductory chapter dealt with thehistorical roots of the formation of Lebanese Shiite community well up to 1920. It containsa number of topics. These are the genesis of Shiite sect and its doctrine, the spread of theShiite sect in Lebanon, status of Shi'ite clerics in Lebanon, the Shiites under the 1516 - 1914 Ottoman Empire and finally, the activities of the Shiites in Lebanon from 1914 - 1920.Chapter Twodeals with addresses the efforts of theLebanese Shia in theestablishment of the State of Greater Lebanon in 1920 - 1926. It touches on several topics : the 1920 Conference of the Lebanese Shiites in Hujayr, their reactions on the 1920French mandate, along with the Niger’s campaign of French military against the Shiites ofLebanon in 1920, as well as the position of Lebanon's Shiites from the declaration of theGreat State of Lebanon in 1920, the inclusion of Lebanon’s Shiites in the 1921 census,the Lebanese representation in the Lebanese representative councils from 1922 - 1926, theShiite’s political anti - moves against the French authorities from 1920 - 1926, and down tothe state of division imposed among the Shiite sect over the 1926 Lebanese constitution.Chapter Threededicates to the attitude Shiites of Lebanon about the Lebaneseinternal situations in 1926 - 1936. The chapter referred to the extent of the participation ofLebanon's Shiites in the parliamentary elections from 1926 to 1936, and their seriousdesiresin the government’s representation for the same period, as well as Shiite orientationAbstractBtowards Lebanon union with Syria during the period of 1927 - 1936, the Shiites’ registrationin the 1932 census. The chapter alsodeals with Shiite reactions to French control overtheiragricultural areas leading to the 1936 uprising of Shiites in BintJbeil. The Shiite - Frenchclashes haveprecipitated the conclusion of the France - Lebanon treaty in 1936 - thetreaty which divided up Shia’s attitudes about it, prompting a segment of Shiites to blendinto the then Lebanese Republic.Chapter Four focuses on unification of the Shiites of Lebanon over the interiorissues of Lebanon 1937 - 1946. It has turned out that the rush of Shiites into theadministration of justice to them in elections, subsequent Lebanese Parliament sessions,and their claim to representation in the Lebanese government at the time as well as theShiites rejection of the coercive policy that was used against them during World War II andtheir objection of decrees 49 and 50 of 1943. The chapter as well goes over the 1943National Pact of Lebanon that helped secure the privileges of the Shiite community andtheir legal rights in the representation, the Shiite’s determination to hold on to the Republicof Lebanon following the Lebanon's independence in 1943 and foreign withdrawal thereof.Chapter Five addresses the role of Shiites in Lebanon's internal politicaldevelopments 1947 - 1958. It encompasses themes, chief of which are the Shiites’ movesto ensure their rights in the parliamentary and presidential elections and theirrepresentation in successive Lebanese governments. Shiites role was not restricted tothere, however. Rather, Shiites demands of reforms drove them to their participation in theLebanese uprising in 1952 and in the Lebanese political parties as well as their prominentnational role in the Lebanese revolution in 1958. As for the conclusion, it includes theoutcomesto which the researcher reached.Throughout the study, the researcher focuses on the position of nothing more thanthe Twelfth Sect of Shiite community in Lebanon and no other Shiite communities, such asthe Nasiri, Alawites and Ismaili scattered around Lebanon. Forthe Twelver is the biggestcommunity in number, exposed to the arbitrariness of the ruling authorities and successiveLebanese governments over the period 1920 - 1958. Not only this, the subject matter itselfhas not had its share of study in a separate and scientific academy way. It is thesereasonsthat would lendprodigiousstanding not on the topic only, but for choosing it as well.What is more, the researcher managed to respect the thematic unity in dealing withAbstractChistorical events encompassed by this study, in particular, the theme of the political partiesaddressed in Chapter Five that has been studied in detail, all at one over the study periodin question.The conclusions of this dissertation prove the following : The tyrannical policy against Shias does not change throughout Ottoman regime.Ottoman State attributes their conflict with Persian State to the Shias in all the places itgoverned. In addition, it does not confess Shia as one of the Islamic four doctrines.Besides, it legitimizes killing Shias and looting their money as well as women. However, thelaw of sects which was produced later by Sublime Porte confesses some of Shia's rights.The reason beyond this law was to increase the number of Muslims over the number offollowers of other religions in the Ottoman Empire who helps the great states in the war.This law lasts to the First World War in 1914 and the submission of Lebanon to the French occupation in 1920.New era of the Shiite sect has begun in 1920 when they rejected the French mandate in Lebanon and resisting it powerfully, particularly when the armed groups that led the armed resistance against the French have strengthened. Only the Shiite sect took this position while the others sects restored to more flexible stance so as to gain political benefits. Maronite and Sunni sects have agreed with the declaration of large Lebanon in1920 while none of the Shiite figures were invited to the ceremony because of their rejection to the French policy in Lebanon.The Shia have lost most of the advantages that other Islamic sects have gained because of the Shiite breakup among their leaders who are the representatives of the sect.this leads to surface representation. Besides, their rejection of the political work causes them to get away of the procedures followed by the French commission. Such procedures include blocking Shia from representation in parliament, to be included in the census in 1920, agreement on writing the constitution or declaring the republic in 1926, and finally the second census in 1932 which aggrieves Shia's rights. As such, Shia occupied the third rank in Lebanon since they were the first.Generally, the Shiite sect have not played its exact role in Lebanon because of the resistance of the French authorities who aligned with the other sects against Shia. This resistance was represented by preventing Shia to occupy sensitive positions in the state.This French policy has lasted throughout the occupation period and then to the independence era. Besides, most of the Shiite representatives served their personal affairs because they were feudalists. Thus, the Shiite suffered severe situations; they did not gettheir full political, economic, cultural rights and services. Accordingly, we suppose that Shia's rights have lost because of their representatives did not strived to gain their rights on a high level.On the contrary, the Shiite sect come to view noticeably through political crises in Lebanon, namely in 1943 when Shia led demonstrations reinforced by armed figures in their towns. First, they fought the French forces in the south, Hermel and Baalbek. Second,they demonstrated against the president, Bechara El Khoury, in1952.These demonstrations were large and covered most of Shiite towns. Their demand was to substitute the president by another one. Their efforts ended with nominating Camille Chamoun as the new presidentfrom 1952 - 1958. This event entered Shia a new era.

القوانين والتشريعات المنظمة للعمل الحزبي في العراق (1922 - 1968) == Laws and legislation governing party work in Iraq (1922 - 1968

Author name: مرتضى حسن ناصر السرياوي
Supervisor name: علي خيري مطرود
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The political parties of the fundamentals of democracy and parliamentary systems in the modern political world, and the most important collective means by which democracy can be achieved Ademocratic system is not established without its existence, and the parties, including the communities of political status were studied on more than one level, but the most studies have focused on the nature of the political activity and positions of government work positively and negatively, and omitted the study of laws and legislation that organized the function throughout the duration of the (1922 - 1968), and the mechanism of formation or resolved and the nature of the laws that govern its relationship with the government, the means or the constitutional and legislative interpretations that were adopted the government, in many cases to settle scores with those parties. the division of the study, based as required by the nature of the research and development of the historical and legislative events and chronology in to the introduction, four chapters and a conclusion, if the first chapter titled, "features of the party life in Iraq (1908 - 1921)",The second chapter, "the laws governing the work of the party in Iraq from 1922 until 1945 and ." the third Chapter III" legislation and laws after the re - partisan life in Iraq from 1946 to 1958", The fourth chapter, entitled" laws and legislation governing the work of the party in Iraq from the beginning of the republican era until 1968". The study proved that the Iraqi legislature since the beginning of the founding of the Iraqi state to the end of the monarchy has not been paid great attention to the organization of political parties. most of the laws that organized these parties are not serious in their organization because they contain some of the shortcomings and deficiencies, which made the establishment of political parties and an end be always a decision taken by the ruld authorities The revolution of 14July 1958 made many political, economic and social changes, also it received wide support from the political forces and parties that had been demanded constantly reforming the political situation in the monarchy, but quickly Therevolution had found itself in front of the absence of the legislative institution. it can restore the reasons for this that political republican era most of the brass who were not believers democratic style approach in the practice of the government, in spite of the revolutionary government in the legislation of the Associations Law No. 1 of 1960, which counted the best of all laws passed in the covenants earlier, but despite the issuance of this law and its advantages political parties, remained hostage, the ruling and influential state authorities throughout the republican era, however, once the Prime Minister and President of the Republic again

الاقطاع في لواء العمارة 1921 - 1958 == The District of Architecture Feudalism in 1921 - 1958

Author name: اكرام فارس غانم العكيلي
Supervisor name: فاهم نعمة ادريس الياسري
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The orbiter studies Academy ,particularly those on history of modern lraq .Find that most of them focused on the political and the military side, while not received the economic and social side .Attention to himself ,although the picture of historical events cannot be explained except through knowledge of economic and social aspect search section to an introduction and three and aconclusion ,we discussed in the first chapter ,which dealt with feudalism in lraq ingeneral to contribute to the ottoman aulthorities in the emergence of the feudal regime in lraq through the issuance of the Land Act ,which laid down the rules of . feudalism in lraq - As for the second quarter that carried the fendal title in the District of archite cturewe have considered the beginning of the emergence of feudalism in the Districe of Architecture and due beginnings it to the time of the ottoman Empire through the use of style land commitment and the chapter also feudalism in the District of archilecture in the mandate Albertani also been touched to feudalism in the District of Architecture at the Royal prince . - The third chapter Bemb gesan as eating the first part ,the impact of Feudalism in the economic have had afeudal significant impact on the economic side either second topic was explained after Feudalism on the social aspects in the District of architecture and the most important migration from the country side to the city and the impact of feudalism to education and health aspects.

فكرة الشر في العراق القديم == The Idea of Evil in Ancient Iraq

Author name: قصي جبار شناوه
Supervisor name: حسين سيد نور جلال الاعرجي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: This subject addresses the studying of evilness ideology from ancient Iraqi people point of view. As evilness had been played an important role in mankind's life, whereas accompanied him since his early existence hitherto, and it was attended with him in all his life's aspects trying to get him down, where it had been targeted his life and daily victual. So that ancient Iraqi had believed of the existence hidden powers which stand behind the hurt that he exposed while he couldn't understand it. Evilness's content might represented with the hurt that give a rise to mankind. It is stand against his happiness, so that we don't overused if we say that this phenomenon has been and it is still one of the most important ones which preoccupied the human mind in general and ancient Iraqi man in particular whence he had been founded in his hard environment fertile imagination to drawn features of such evils. Meanwhile evil was a driving force and a motivation to know about human and his development.The ideology study is a curiously matter specially when it concerns with people who had been preceded us thousands years, whereas the shortest way to reach their ideas is by studying their legends because these myths shows their impressions and views of what they were afraid of because it reflect their psychological conditions and fears inside of them. Our studying subject deals with the evil idea and how had ancient Iraqi looked to evil and its sources, it isn't our point of view, if it is so, the whole matter will be different. We have followed ancient Iraqi style to cast this subject through illustrate the evil idea, the way to face it and everything may tie up the human happiness, to caused him hurt or stand as a barrier in the course of his life, in the same time it deemed as a motivation to know the human and his progress as an essential engine to his ability to face life and prove his existence. The research contains three chapters preceded by an introduction composed of summery identification of this subject and preface identifying evil phenomena in ancient languages.First chapter composes of three sections the first one shows evil's positions among Gods, while the second section exhibits Gods evilness and their ability towards man. Meanwhile the third one has set forth human's evils.Second chapter contains of two sections. It comes under evilness's symbols, whereas first section deals with Demon's evilness and evil spirits whilst the second section subdivided into two parts, the first one talks about animals evilness and metaphysics creatures. while the second part the evilness of Dragons and monsters.The third chapter is one of the most important chapters in which, we shows the huge amount of the defense means which used by the human to protect himself of surrounded evils, in the sometime it give us an idea that the main concern in ancient Iraqi's man life was protecting himself of evilness, from this point come the chapter name which held the way of facing evilness incudes five sections, the first deals with necromancy while the second one shows the role of Gods and magic priests in facing evilness, and the third onepresents divination's role in encounter evil's powers before and after their incidence , at last we have devoted the fifth chapter which addressed as Gods and protecting spirits and its importance in facing evilness to end our research with a set of results that we have reach it.Whereas God and human have symbolized the main evil sources in the ancient Iraqi ideology and we can touch this through myths and royal texts and through laws, canons and proverbs which were the source to show evilness's idea in people point of view. The evilness ideology had been founded in divine family itself, it was the first who dealt with it through culture of revenge to seize power monopolize opinion, the creation of disputes, using illegal weapons and the attempt to destroy the universe. The ancient Iraqi had been seen his Gods as one of evil sources cause it had the tools and means which may use it to hurt human, Gods had been made evilness while human was unable toknow that form there were no ethical constants because of their wobbling behaviors which characterized by rapidly respond.Ancient Iraqi has looked at Gods Decisions as contradictory decisions form one hand they had create the man to serve them and from the other they try to destruct him without determine the evildoer, note that they had been exposed to evilness by their fathers Gods and they do the same with their sons. Iraqi ancient man had been depicted evilness through his myths and this accompanied with the way and methods that can encounter it. He had been used the same method which used by his Gods, from here the idea of worshiping demons had been created . it’s a Mesopotamian's ideology, and this what we touched by worshipping the God Nimtar or the worshipping of Bazozo the demon . through the use of amulets held the picture of demon to keep the evilness of other demon far or by presenting gifts and offerings to evil spirits to comfort them right up to regard evil spirits as Gods.Ancient Iraqi had been believed that demons and evil spirits could practice demonic possession operation by mating with human beings with sexual relationship produces offspring weather of man's mothers or fathers. This demon would not allowed any intervention in his own affairs. As addition Ancient Iraqi ideology had been assigned the idea of evil by intention and act regardless of its perpetrators. Moreover profession of conjuring had been practiced by Iraqi ancients, whereas they had had their own means and tools in necromancy and they had been masterful in this field. This operation emphases that Iraqi ancients had been interested in future knowing, and what evilness might be hidden to avoid it. As well asprobability of necromancy's failure come to confirm their believe in it cause they had been realized it is like any other activities may submit to success or failur

الثائر زيد بن علي (عليه السلام) في مصنفات المسلمين في شمالي افريقيا والاندلس == The rebellion Zaid Ibin Ali (peace upon him) in the categorized references of North Africa and Andalusia

Author name: صباح عبد محمد السراي
Supervisor name: سادسة حلاوي حمود
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The rebellious Zaid Ibin Ali Ibin Abi Talib (peace upon him) is a distinguished figure of family bloodline of the prophet Muhammed, one of the famous scholars, grand Islamic Jurisprudent and one of the prophet household advocates. He gained many glorified titles form the infallible Imams (peace be upon them) and Bani - Hashem (Hashem household), i.e. the ally of al - Quran, the martyr, and Aba Al Hussain. Such titles would not be given to a person unless he is knowledgeable, revered and respected. This study has come up with following conclusion : The categorized references of North Africa and Andalusia did not address all the events which Nation of Islam went through within the period precede the uprising of Zaid Bin Ali (peace upon them) as well as the following events. Moreover, those references did not address Zaid’s uprising neutrally as most of them quoted from the Orientalist books which quoted from the alliances of the ruler who were not in favor of the oppressed Islamic peoples and the leader of its revolution. Most of those resources were written based on the inclinations of the rulers during the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates. Therefore, it could be said that these references are biased. Zaid’s life, his name and place of his crucifixion and all related details are known by the Imams (peace be upon them) through the prophetic hadiths narrated by many people as the prophet was told by Angel Gabriel who told the prophet what will be happened to Zaid. The date of Zaid’s birth is a controversial issue among historians as they fail to recognize its accurate date as we have two opinions; the first stated that al - Mukhtar al - Thaqafi has gifted Imam al - Sajjad )zaid’s father) a captive brought from Sindh and al Sajjad married her (who will be Zaid’s mother later). Therefore, if we take into account zaid’s birth is between (66 - 68 H/686 - 688 AD) and Abu Hamza al - Thumalis opinion as he stated that the Imam al - Sajjad consummated the marriage with her at the same night she was brought to him and she came pregnant ever since, we can conclude that his age when met martyrdom was 42 years. Zaid (peace upon him) was “the caller to Allah, the pious, Mujahid who struggles for the Sake of Allah, the Imam of the prophetic household”, his brother Muhammed al - Bakir said. In addition, he was one of the main sources of religion and jurisprudence as he was famous of educational, scientific, and humanitarian knowledge and that made him the best among his peers. Historians and scholars of different Islamic sects benefited from the knowledge of Zaid Bin Ali and they were able to recognize the extrapolated provisions and true prophetic hadiths. This is not strange as Zaid raised in the prophetic house which is the source of knowledge. The persons who taught by the prophet progeny become great Islamic scholars. Zaid has been taught by al Sajjad and al Baqir and al Sadeq (peace be upon them) not by Wasil ibn Ata the founder of Mutazilite School as alleged. The study revealed the good relation between Zaid (peace be upon him) and the infallible Imams (peace be upon them) through the hadiths and teachings attributed to them which he referred to repeatedly. The narrations indicated that Zaid’s holly head was taken from al Sham to al Medina, then transferred to Egypt at the same year he met martyrdom in contrary to the allegations which stated that the holly head wasn’t taken to al Medina. In addition, the study shows that the holy head is buried in Egypt in the Masjid which is known as Zain al Abedeen Masjid, this Masjid was named Mehres Al Khesy Masjid. As for the shrine located in Iraq between al Kefl and al Qasem sub district which is known as Zaid Ibin Ali Ibn al Hussein, it is not the resting place but it’s the place of crucifixion as Umayyad burnt his body, crashed, and scattered it in Euphrates and farms. Finally, the results of this study may not be final as this modest study and any scholar might not be able to cover all the aspects of this great character. Nevertheless, I hope that I was successful in my endeavor and providing a study benefiting whoever seeks information on the life and strife and knowledge of rebellion Zaid. Our last call is praise is due to Allah, Lord of the worlds and God blessings and peace upon our Prophet Muhammad and his purified progeny

النقد التاريخي عند مؤرخي التراجم الشاميين في القرن الثامن الهجري == Historical criticism when historians translations Shamian(Syrian) in the eighth century AH

Author name: Sifa Sharid Nasir Hussein Al - Rikbi
Supervisor name: فاضل جابر ضاحي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The historic criticism, is truly considered one of the significant subjects which really deserves study and research. It is one of the studies that unveil the historian potency in getting out all ready - made decisions and to search for historic fact according to researchable pillars. that pillars express on the historians directions to correct the historic information and laying on for that the critic decisions and rules.Therefore, the criticism is not the A.H. - eighth century, but there were some historians who did proceed the Esh - shami (Damascus) historians in this scope, and who themselves had been tracking on the historians’ steps who proceeded them.As far as the importance of this abundant subject in criticism which sprang up its fruits by a lot of writings and corrects the track of others, and making straight more.Therefore, we have made up our minds to limit the research sector just during the A.H. eighth century only. paying the attention on the biographical books in the criticism scopes as easily as for revealing through the historians’ tendencies.It is likely a historian may lash out the characters who are against his creed and he may bring on false bibliographies and exaggerated ones against names and characters that might be fabricated and had no relation to reality. Here we have shed some light through narrating historians lives in the A.H eighth century of the same creed and how been effected by the general opinion and authority.It is really considered a good way to know a historian line of working. It is also making questions about the foundation essence which should be relied on, in order to know the historians’ desires and his sect directions. That may be answered through comparing the texts the historian narrated by other historians’ text, to get rid of ambiguity and to know the criticism truth which has been directed to a character and supporting or objecting and clearing the criticism reason.This subject is diverse with characters’ criticism and writers lately and modernized and bibliography criticism. Pointing out that we have limited the historians who dealt with criticism. Also we do mention the rest of Esh - shami historian in this century especially those who did not find out their writings. Also we do not give ahint to those Esh - shami historians in all their writings by just limited to narrating their writings on the bibliography domain due to the abundance of their writings in other specialty which no referred in the research scope.This research contains four chapters preceded by an introduction followed by a conclusion with the most distinguished results. The first chapter deals with describing the Esh - shami bibliography historians in the A.H eighth century. In it we have talked about the criticism concept and its birth. Then we shed lights on the Esh - shami bibliography historians. And we come to know their books and clarify the criticism intents for the bibliography historians.The second chapter deals with criticism of the literature, scientific, managing, and political characters. It is highly proper to say that we relied on comparing what we have mentioned of some of the characters written by the Esh - shami historians in the eighth century corresponding to the A.D. fourth century et cetera of the modern historian or to those who lived of the near period to those characters that criticism directed to.While the third chapter encircles around “the criticism to the writings” and the fourth with “ The historic narration criticism”.Of the most important results reached to here is Esh - shami historians care to the historian criticism as it came of their attention to the modern science. As most of them really care for it but that did not mean that the criticism which has been used is considered as the modernized criticism but as if these various characters has imposed on them using the historian criticism.Most of their writings in bibliography were footnotes about the writings of those who proceeded them such as al - Siqae, al - Katabi, al - Hussaini, al - Barzali, Ibn - Rajab, al - Salami. All those historians their methods are varied in criticism. For an example, al - Mizi who adopted the opinions in his bibliography criticism, without saying his personal opinions positively or negatively in most cases he dealt. While al - Dhahabi was an extreme critic, getting far from being objective so al - Sabki did criticize him.While al - Safadi was rather balanced in his criticism, with a step closed objectivity, but he is considered more as critic than narrating. And al - Salami was not a critic but interested in valuing the bibliography.And a historian has to know the writer sect who has been taking his narrations in case he revealed a character. As this knowledge may provide him how to deal with the texts narrated by the historian dealt with. Therefore, he would acquire an idea about his intents, and opinions then he will compare it with others of the bibliographies. Through criticizing Esh - shami historians to the modern characters they will obtain the truth of these characters especially al - Safadi criticizing to his century elite and those who connected with relations and knew each other’s.

الامام علي (عليه السلام) في تفسيري الطبرسي وابن كثير : دراسة مقارنة == Imam Ali in the authoresses Al Tabarsi and Ibn Kathir Comparison study

Author name: ضحى جواد كامل جبار
Supervisor name: حيدر مزهر عسكر
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: Praise be to Allah, peace and blessings be upon His Prophets and Messengers of our Prophet Muhammad, The God of the good and virtuous : I have come through my study of the role of ((Imam Ali (peace be upon him) in a declaratory Tabarsi and Ibn Kathir \ comparative study)) to a set of results, namely : - - The Tabarsi methodology and the son of many in the interpretation of Koranic verses calamity against Imam Ali (AS) are similar in different and sometimes at other times, as interpreted by both the Holy Koran and talking, Sunnis and interpretation Mathur, while they disagreed on two points, namely : - The first point is that Tabarsi adopted in the interpretation of Koranic verses calamity against the Commander of the Faithful Ali bin Abi Talib (AS) on the language and to safeguard the Quranic text and maintenance of suspicion or distortion, while many on the language son was not adopted in its interpretation of the verses of calamity against Imam Ali ( p) The other point that disagreed with the interpretation of the opinion, where pull away Tabarsi in his interpretation of the Holy Quran for his opinion and diligence, but I rely on the narrators and sources and favored the view that I think that the right of opinion, but it sometimes does not mention the narrators or commentators names but only by saying : "He commentators" as been mentioned in the interpretation of the verse Almpahlp, or mention the first name of the interpreter only without the signal is intended, for example, he says : "Tabari said," but any Tabari mean? . But Ibn Kathir use diligence in his interpretation of the verses of calamity against the Commander of the Faithful Ali (AS), where I rely on his mind and reached the idea to clarify the meaning of the verse and interpreted - Other's finding is that the resources of both Tabarsi and the son of many in the interpretation of the Koran, also parallels in some of them and that's when relied on some of the companions and what they have said in the interpretation of Koranic verses calamity against Ali (a), such as Ibn Abbas, Muhammad ibn Ka'b Qurazi While they differ in the rest of the resources, where the money both to the commentators and narrators who match them in their faith and their beliefs have also been mentioned in the first chapter - Ignore both Mufsran name forward Ali and lineage and his birth and how it was born in the Kaaba was Ichira to that never in their interpretation of this count in the mentioned slightly on a range of other sources - Despite the similarity Tabarsi resources and Ibn Kathir in some Quranic verses but they Vsraha different from the other interpretation of the interpretation, and also differed in some verses in their resources, but they Vsraha interpretation similar because they adopted the interpretation Mathur significantly in their interpretation of the verses of the Koran - Ignores Ibn Kathir said Imam Ali (AS) in some verses of calamity against Imam Ali (AS), which is signified by and refuses to recognize. - Both Tabarsi did not mention the son of a lot of many important historical events, such as the pledge of allegiance Shed Battle of the Camel and Nahrawan, did Ichira to how the political situation and the situation of the Islamic state in the era of succession after the death of the Prophet Muhammad (r) is AVI but male few references about it - Ibn Kathir did not depend on the narrators of confidence in the interpretation of such Azhari, and tried to question and challenge biographical Immaculate of Imam Ali (AS) in his interpretation, as was mentioned in the case of alcohol, and also to argue in prayer, and in some cases he was referring to other verses that they got the right Ali (aS), and interpret the interpretation is consistent with other interpretations, and perhaps to impress the reader that everything written is true and in order to be able to convince them that Imam Ali (aS) was actually his bad habits such as drinking alcohol, and does not to the dawn prayers and argue Prophet Muhammad (r) in it - Interpreted the son of many verses which indicate the infallibility of Imam Ali (AS) and lead them to interpret similar Sometimes when interpreted Tabarsi, that is recognized inside the Imam Ali (AS) is the successor of the Messenger of Allah (p.) The proof of this when I got Surat innocence and said the Prophet Muhammad (p. ) were not performed not I or a man to me and make imam Ali (AS) is the one who has to notify the idolaters Surat innocence, but the son of many despite admitting to this matter, but did not publicly acknowledged and recalls that Ali (AS) is the rightful successor and proof of that is the Unhappy say Imam Ali (peace be upon him) or Ali (may Allah bless him) said that Sheikh Abu Bakr, Omar and Othman bin Affan they are deserving of this veneration and honor of Ali bin Abi Talib (AS), and while that is equal to them all, and while that does not mention Ali (p) of this veneration and honorThis Suffice I worked hard and I was the one God to help and guide, though he missed the Forgiving, the Merciful, and Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, prayer and peace be upon the Messengers and The God of the good and virtuous

معارف الجغرافية التاريخية في المرويات المنسوبة للامام جعفر الصادق (عليه السلام)

Author name: محمد صالح سعيد الهاشمي
Supervisor name: محمد حسين السويطي | ناصر والي الركابي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:

النقد التاريخي عند مؤرخي التراجم المصريين في القرن التاسع الهجري/الخامس عشر الميلادي == Historical Criticism for Historians Translations Egyptians During The Nine Century A.H

Author name: احمد عليوي صاحب
Supervisor name: فاضل جابر ضاحي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:

ايران في عهد حكومة منوجهر اقبال 1957 - 1960م == Iran During The regin of Minojahar Aqbaal 1957 - 1960

Author name: عبد الخالق كريم صكر الغريباوي
Supervisor name: خضير مظلوم فرحان البديري
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: After the collapse of Musadaq's reign 1n 1953 Al - Sheahk Mohammed RidhaBahlawi tries to force of tutorial reign in Iran, there fare, directs to support the prime minister position for a weak person who up pies his orders and by him the Bahlawi policy be conveyed in Iran. Henceforth MinojaharAqbaal is the best one to this position, because the latter is known for his lawaylality and oppedianceto Sheah. Indeed, the doctor Aqbaal occupied the prime minister position in 1957 and this is welcomed by Al - Sheah and regardless the national council of Iran and his relation with them has been bad along hisrole and this is also because the endless support of Al - Sheah him. Concerning the external relations of Iran during Aqbaal's reign it has been witnessed a good relations with same countries like; USA and Israel but bad once with other like; Suvat Union, Iraq and Egypt, farther more Iran contracts some defensive conventions with America in 1959 and this has been one of the reason behind the bad relation with Suvat Union. In 1960 Al - Sheah tries to misdirect the world that there is a democracy and freedom policy so he decides to set a parliament elections for the twentieth turn in 1990 ugest and he pretends it is honest and free elections but the Iranian government cheat the election by faking the election boxes for those who loyal Al - Seah. Because of the faking and cheating the people react and make propagandas and clashes with the police in many cities. Therefore, Al - Sheah is forced to cancel the results of the elections and dismissed Aqbaal and is resigned in 1960 ugestMinojahar received the role of the government presidency when Iran has been suffering an economic problem lasts for his reign because of the corrupted system in the state. Despite Minojahar's tries to remedy the problem but it has been useless because it has been just like an ink or sheets of paper and that because of the corruption found.A Minojahar's reign witnessed the largest wrongful party in Iran namely (Al - Satauk) this agency party cause Iranian people sufferings for two reasons. The first is the repressive warless which use spying people blat supported by U.S.A and Israel also Aqbaal's reign witnessed the establishing of two parties related to Al - Sheah's reign namely, (the national and the people) rolled by Minojahar and Asad Allah respectively to convince Iranian people that there is democracy and freedom

الشيخ محمد جواد الجزائري نشاطه السياسي ومنهجه الفكري1881 ـ 1959م == Sheikh Mohammed Jawad Algeria Political activism and intellectual approach 1881 - 1959

Author name: دعاء صادق عبد خزعل
Supervisor name: عكاب يوسف عليوي الركابي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: Emerged as the city of Najaf by the religious position, served as a school for generations out various aspects of political, economic and literary life was the right factory for men who have contributed to drawing the general features of the history of modern Iraq. Najaf has been a leading role in the renaissance of Iraq and the efforts to motivate their possession enduring flow springs in national policy and the fight against injustice, and men carry the burden of the struggle and the accompanying prison and deportation or murder and the execution of all of this as an offering to the homeland. Perhaps Sheikh Mohammed Jawad Algerian one of the stars that shone in the sky of Najaf to bear the horrors of chilling during the turbulent period of the conditions of Iraq, and continued until covered the activities of the country in his positions jihadist and the defense of the Arab peoples subjected to injustice and oppression, especially in Palestine and Egypt, as well as his country who dedicated himself to serve and hired its activity in order to be free and in dependent country able to provide happiness for their children. Choose this personal Sheikh Algerian important and distin ctive personalities in Iraq's political history, he is of the characters that have active impact in Iraq, it does not allow us to disclose what preceded us examine the literary side of Sheikh Algerian as she studied his master at the University of Kufa ,the researcher Ali Smeisim(Mohammed Jawad Algerian Literature pages), but the message on issues and along with Arabic and did not give his right emerged as apolitical and intellectual role in the history of Iraq. The study was divided front and pave and three chapters and a conclusion, has included the first chapter ((Sheikh Mohammed Jawad Algerian his life and his time and his scientific)) and section separation into three sections has included the first section (between Algerian family households Anajafipsite) The second section guarantees the (birth Sheikh Mohammed Jawad Algerian and upbringing Scientific and his first influences in his life). As the third section has included (early political activity for Mohammed Jawad Algerian in the last Ottoman period) and from here began the reform and political activity of the Algerian before the British occupation has therefore divided researcher section to the first two parts : the Algerian position of conditional and oppressive that occurred in 1905, and the second : Algerian position of Union and Progress Association in 1908. The second chapter dealt with (the position of Sheikh Mohammed Jawad Algerian political events in the local and Arab) This chapter is divided into three sections included the first section (the position of Sheikh Mohammed Jawad Algerian political events in Iraq, 1914 - 1918) and touched first section to : Algerian position of the British occupation of Iraq, 1914 - 1917, and to the Algerian position on the entry of the British and rejected them. He showed : his role in the founding of the Islamic Renaissance Society in 1917, and their role in anti - colonialism as it used all means, whether peacefully or warplanes against the occupiers. As explained : his role in the Najaf Revolution of 1918.vkan of Algerian prominent and significant role in the anti - colonialism has Algerian presented in this Revolution death sentence and then convert the sentence to life imprisonment and exile. As Fourthly included : Sheikh Khazaal relationship with Algerian family . The second section has included (Sheikh Algerian and stage of national activity 1920 - 1923) and the Department of this section into four sections, guarantees the first section : the role of Sheikh Mohammed Jawad Algerian revolution in 1920.oma Second, the position of King Faisal. As nomination Third position of Iraqi unity., The Fourth : The position of the Constituent Assembly. The third section was about (the position of Sheikh Mohammed Jawad Algerian local and Arab political events) eating Sheikh Algerian position of tribal movements in 1935 and Omoagaf Sheikh Algerian uprising of May 1941 and his position on the Palestinian issue and the position of the tripartite aggression against Egypt. The third chapter included (intellectual and reformist approach of Sheikh Mohammed Jawad Algerian) and ensure that this chapter two sections the first is the (intellectual approach to the Algerian through his writings and arguments) addressed in this section Algerian books, including solution hieroglyphs and criticism of the Egyptian proposals, the philosophy of Imam Sadiq (AS) and the Office Algerian. The second section : (curriculum reform of Sheikh Algerian) was divided into four sections included Algerian opinion in the economic situation, in his opinion social reform, including the issue of religion and women women, as well as the reform of the Algerian cultural .omoagafh from a health standpoint. The study relied on a lot of resources and political documents is published in the Library and Archives of the Ministry of Interior and the files of the royal court, as well as published documents relating to Sheikh Algerian including his fatwa in May Revolution, as well as his marriage and legitimate Qassam was for Books in Arabic and Arabized impact in the enrichment of the classroom them (Hassan al - Asadi, ox Najaf, the English or the first spark of the Revolution of the twentieth), which was rich in events, as well as the history of the Caspian in the translations of the forgotten and well - known of the flags of Iraq and others 1900 - 200 of the author Jawdat Caspian, has many of the documents published and which was rich in his input Sheikh Algerian contained Experienced researcher some difficulties both in unpublished documents the difficulty of obtaining the translator who accepts documents that relate to the character of our translator for the feet of these documents and the difficulty of translating them, as well as the difficulty of access for people with Algeria because of the death of his son does not know the rest where they are but after much effort reached Dr. Mohammed JawadJassim Algerian and who helped me in some information and provide me with some documents. In conclusion, I hope that this letter gain satisfaction with my teachers distinguished scientific Bhvoadtha but Suffice it has made strenuous efforts of my teachers think Distinguished best able to evaluate their observations and supplying them to bring it to the satisfaction of the scientific research method and the God of the intent behind. In conclusion, I hope that this message impair satisfaction of my professors Distinguished teachers Bhvoadtha but Suffice it has made strenuous efforts of my teachers think Distinguished best able to evaluate their observations and supplying them to bring it to the satisfaction of the scientific research method and the God of the intent behind it is to reconcile God researcher.

العلاقات التجارية بين العدوتين المغربية والاندلسية (524 - 668 هـ / 1130 - 1269 م)

Author name: اريج غني جاسم
Supervisor name: اسراء مهدي مزبان
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:

الشعر الجاهلي وثيقة تاريخية لدراسة معارف الانواء عند العرب == Pre - Islamic Poetry historical document for the study of knowledge of adversity when the Arabs

Author name: محمود حمزة رزوقي
Supervisor name: عطا سلمان جاسم | كاظم حمد محراث
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: This researcher's share of the pre - Islamic era, and adversity : a Twenty - eight star in the sky and falling horoscope information, I think the Arabs in ignorance of its ability to harness the climate elements. This is believed to have originated in th harsh desert environment threatens its ways of life, making the storm a great beneficial impact in their lives. Find and very divided into four chapters preceded by a prelude : Eat the meaning of the language of petrels and convention. I discussed the first chapter : the impact of adversity in the time - division of the seasons of the year, and discussed the second chapter : the impact of adversity in the formation of mythology, of ignorance, of the beliefs and worship and ritual and legends, and search Chapter III : The impact of adversity in economic and military life, and seal the fourth quarter : the impact of adversity in the social aspects, the impact in astrology, and travel, generosity and Almisar. The body of the pre - Islamic poet, astronomer and science adversity, as it enables each wall to determine the accuracy of the features of this adversity, and diagnosis of influences on earth. And it can not be an integrated message about the scientific aspects of adversity, without harness poetic text to be founded

احمد محمد الخطيب واثره في المعارضة النيابية في الكويت حتى عام 1996 == Ahmed Muhammad Al - Khateeb, and His effect on the cultural representation in Kuwait untill 1996

Author name: كاظم عبد الزهرة ابو عيون الميالي
Supervisor name: حسنين عبد الكاظم عجة الشمري
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The study of the Arabic political figures has got an importance by the Iraqi researchers , while the study of political figures from the Arab Gulf , especially the Kuwaiti figures is rare or not found at all . In case it was found , it studies figures from the Ruling Family , while there are many political figures out of the Ruling Family , and no one had shed light on them and no one discover their political role in building their countries . In this sense , I have chosen to study the figure of Doctor Ahmed Muhammad Al - Khateeb and his National and International Political Role in Kuwait till 1996 . This study is divided into an introduction , four chapters and a conclusion . The first chapter studies the beginning of Ahmed Muhammad Al - Khateeb . The first chapter is subdivided into three sections , the first section is about the social and economic environment where Ahmed Muhammad Al - Khateeb was born , the second section is about his birth and his scientific brought up , the third section is about the development of the national and international thinking of Ahmed Muhammad Al - Khateeb from 1952 to 1959 . The second chapter is entitled the attitude of Ahmed Muhammad Al - Khateeb from the political development in Kuwait till 1963 and it is subdivided into three sections , the first section is about the attitude of Al - Khateeb toward Iraq attempts to annex Kuwait to it till 1962 , the second section is about Ahmed Muhammad Al - Khateeb inside the Kuwaiti Foundation Council in 1962 while the third section is about the Kuwaiti Constitution and his attitude of it . The third chapter is entitled the legislative work of Ahmed Muhammad Al - Khateeb 1963 - 1996 , and it is divided into three sections . The first section is about the first stage of the legislative work of Al - Khateeb 1963 - 1975 and this section is subdivided into two parts : First , the first legislative term 25th of January 1963 to the 7th of December 1965 . Second , the third legislative term 1971 - 1974 . While the second section is about the Ahmed Al - Khateeb and the lagging legislative work 1975 - 1986 and it is subdivided into two parts : The fourth legislative term 1975 - July 1976 , the second part : The sixth legislative 1985 - July 1986 . The third section is about Ahmed Al - Khateeb and the last stage of the legislative work 1992 - 1996 . The fourth chapter is entitled Ahmed Muhammad Al - Khateeb and the informal national work 1976 - 1992 and it is subdivided into three sections . The first section is about Al - Khateeb’s attitude of the internal development in Kuwait 1976 - 1985 , the second section is about Al - Khateeb’s attitude of the internal development in Kuwait from July 1986 - 2 August 1990 while the third section is about Kuwait invading 2 August 1990 and Al - Khateeb’s attitude of it . Dr. Ahmed Muhamad Al - Khateeb is considered one of most important figures in the recent history of Kuwait because he has a political and scientific qualifications and because of his courageous attitudes . He is known by his courage and because he belongs to an environment which suffered within a society ; therefore , he asked for freedom and democracy when the ruling family was in harmony with the foreign forces, such as the United kingdom and the United States of America. The leading of Dr. Ahmed Muhammad Al - Khateeb of a resistance party by its international thinking in Kuwait since his return in 1952 . This thing paid the Kuwaiti people attention in general and especially the tradesmen and the high ranked families to the big difference between them and the ruling family in comparison with the old state which depends on cooperation and fatherhood spirit which the tribal system had in ruling , and because of that all the categories of the Kuwaiti society to correct the ruling family system . The study proved that Al - Khateeb is the first physician , not only in Kuwait , but also in the Arab Gulf and this scientific degree which he gained didn’t make him selfish , but he tried to spread it to the Kuwaiti people in a time they were in need of medical staffs and they depended on Arabic and foreign staffs . Even in his own clinic . He was kind and his humanistic side of his personality affect this and because of that the Kuwaiti people came to his own clinic not for the sake of treatment but to get knowledge

تطور التعليم في الكوت 1921 - 1958 == The development of education in Kut 1921 - 1958

Author name: علاء الدين عبد الحسين عويد القريشي
Supervisor name: سعيد شخير سوادي الهاشمي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: He touched many academic researchers non - academic aspects and issues of various contemporary history of Iraq, and despite the importance and diversity of the search there are still many issues shrouded in some mystery worthy of study and analysis, according to the rules of approach to historical research proper, and among those studies issues of educational institutions, which has not received the attention of researchers much Notwithstanding done by those institutions of contributions and clear in Iraq, the general march and at various levels, some studies interest has focused on the development of education in Iraq without interest without paying attention to areas of Iraq, the different Despite the great importance as part integral to the history of Iraq and social dating credited with the graduation of successive generations of educated young people over the years, and perhaps the reason for this is due to the difficulty of research in this field, and the lack of documentation of the activities of those institutions and their evolution, and distribution of sources of research on different places is difficult for the researcher collected or sometimes access to it, as well as the need to conduct personal interviews with those who had their clear contributions in its development of teachers, students and administrators of those who still alive do not remember much of the information, all of these motives and reasons that prompted the researcher to select the subject of his message entitled to (the development of education in Kut, from 1921 - 1958) m especially since this subject has not been given the attention of researchers and their interest in light of their preoccupation with political issues and personalities that stage study of the history of Iraq. The study was divided into three chapters preceded by an introduction and followed by a reboot. The conclusion in which the researcher shows the most important results in the message. Dealt with the situation of education in the boot brigade Walcott until 1921, as the first quarter included a study of the situation of education in Kut, with the presentation of the existing types of education over the past 1921 - 1932m, while the second chapter the history of education in Kut period between 1932 - 1945m. The third chapter studies the development of education in Kut after World War II 1945 - 1958m. The key findings of the researcher at the conclusion of the message is the education in the District of Kut was unchanged Education case. The other gouernerates of Iraq has faced the same conditions and constraints depending on the political, social and economic conditions

الفونسو السادس ودوره السياسي والعسكري ازاء الممالك الاسلامية في الاندلس == Alfonso VI and the political and military role Toward the Islamic kingdoms in Andalusia

Author name: وليد نعمة حسين ال محبوبة
Supervisor name: سادسة حلاوي حمود
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: Dealt with this study tagged with (Alfonso VI political and military role against Islamic kingdoms) figure Alfonso VI, king of Castile and the Spanish North during the second half of the fifth century AH / eleventh century AD, and focused on the political and military role against Islamic kingdoms which Andalus ruled during that period, known idiomatically (cults countries) . The study included an introduction stating the reasons for selecting the topic and presentation of the most important sources and references that have been used, in addition to the preface on which it is addressed to the most important Islamic kingdoms that they still exist in Andalus, during the era of Alfonso VI . The thesis chapters, they are five chapters ldealt with them biography of Alfonso VI and personal life, in terms of his private life and his participation in political life, even imitated the king of Castile, and we discussed in the second quarter to Alfonso's policy towards the Islamic kingdoms that were lingering in Andalusia and have been associated with different relations which (Seville, Badajoz, Valencia, Zaragoza, Toledo, Granada) weapons and military equipment elements as well as elements of the army While the third chapter stated to military regulations Alfonso, from the army, weapons and military equipment elements as well as elements of the army, while the fourth chapter dealt to military campaigns launched by Alfonso VI towards these Islamic kingdoms, while Chapter V focused on stop crawling Christian dealt the reasons the in terms of the position of the People's circles Muslim anti - expansion Christian, or bring Almoravids to Andalusia to contribute countering these process and came in the end to stop it crawling including the right to the Christians of the defeats came at the end of the death of Alfonso VI year (502 A.H1109 A.D)

اهل الذمة في واسط حتى سنة 656هـ/1258م == The Dhimmi People in Wasit 83 AH - 656 AH

Author name: افراح حميد عبد حسن
Supervisor name: محمد حسين علي السويطي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: Praise be to Allah, prayer and peace be upon the master of messengers ( Muhammad , his pure divine family and companions ) The Dhimmi People formed a part of the Islamic Arab state where the prophet of God ( PBUH ) ensured their rights through the Constitution of Medina . This Constitution kept their rights and secure their blood , money and lives in exchange for a tax known as ( jizya tax ). They were treated kindly by the prophet of God and later, he ( PBUH ) became a good example for Muslims . So , our study about the dhimmis in the city of Wasit from (83 - 656 AH ) represents a great importance especially because the city of Wasit had been one of the important cities in Iraq .For this reason, the Dhimmi People had formed a part of the Wasti society . They enjoyed a lot of freedom and tolerance under the principles of Islam. Through our study of Dhimmi elements in Wasit , it is shown that : 1 - The city of Wasit had been the center of government throughout the Umayyad period since it ( Wasit ) was founded in the year (83 AH ) by the governor of Iraq Hajaj bin Yusuf .2. Islamic law has ensured the rights of the people of the Books where their lives , money and honor had been kept . They became an active element in the society of Wasit .They had rights and there were some duties upon them towards the state.3. The dhimmis in Wasit had practiced their religious life through holding religious rituals and ceremonies in their places of worship freely in addition to their social habits during the Umayyad and Abbasid periods in general . Certain eras of some caliphs and specific periods were exceptions. They celebrated their festivals and even some Muslims shared in these celebrations. The dhimmis had distinguished suits called (Alghiar ). They had some chiefs to represent them before the State , also they experienced their economic life in agriculture , industry, trade and other professions freely.4. The dhimmis also contributed in supporting the scientific movement in Wasit. Particularly , there were some factors contributed to the involvement of dhimmis to practice science as well as the presence of educational institutions .That led to the appearance of a number of scientists , poets and doctors in Wasit.5. The study revealed the appearance of the role of the dhimmis in cooperation within the field of political and administrative life . The dhimmis had an important role in the Umayyad and Abbasid periods , so some of them were appointed as ministers and clerks for the Arab Islamic state.

تجارة الرقيق في عمان وشرق افريقيا 1806 - 1906م == The SLAVE TRADe IN THE OMAN AND EAST AFRICA (1806_1906)

Author name: خضير ياسين خضير
Supervisor name: رحيم كاظم محمد الهاشمي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The theme study, entitled (the slave trade in Oman, East Africa, 1806 - 1906) Material study expanded and it is required is to give a clear picture and detailed information on the course of the huge trade is responsible for a lot of changes within the Gulf and the Arabian Peninsula and East Africa whether economic or political, and I preferred to have a look investigative trade Slatha is a human being to be completed with the search logical vision for each reader and researcher of the trade is no stranger to some but strangely is the contents and contained by means of non - humanitarian and wounded people of her life and her youth and emptied the entire age group continent itself.The slave trade as a phenomenon known since ancient times that cannot be easily stopped or mitigation only draining its sources. Through arbitration minds and increase moral awareness of the value of creation and man's inhumanity and honor what God created him (God) from the Creator. What is worrying is the selectivity in broach the subject and the lack of boldness and evasion of stirring the slave trade on the Islamic Arab societies.Socially slave occupied the lower rank in society and their lives were generally very miserable and worked in the worst professions and trades and were forced to work hard beatings and had a lot of owners are dealing with the slave as an animal, not human beings. So had to put the issue put forward scientifically proportional force and interaction within the community and the changes that have brought out that some slaves were officially Despite his release remains the master, because it did not recognize the other and is afraid of the unknown that awaits him. And this phenomenon manifested itself clearly in Amman at the time of the rule and reign of Sultan Said "economic doctrine" relies upon imports in Oman. Muscat became the ports and the main financier of the Arabian Gulf the trade center and the Arabian Peninsula, and it became clear the effect of this trade on the Omani society of economic, social and political terms. And that those taxes a leading supplier to the rulers of Oman, and sultan s in prosperity and intensity when war does not overlook them the fact that the Omani slave armies composed of mercenaries.Comes the great importance of the link economic and social activity and even political in Oman and the Arabian Peninsula in that trade, it was not without house or a city or a small or large in his people only had the precedence serve him, until it became a social issue not then stop people because they are of social axioms known. as the slave trade and prosperity means a financial recovery in the State of Oman and rising imports and exports, is what gives a great impression of the importance of this trade and its role in the history of Oman and conciliatory coast and the Arabian Peninsula.The focus of this trade rulers of Oman and the British authorities in Mumbai Her Majesty's Government and the slave traders of various classes and the economies of major countries such as the Portuguese, France, the Netherlands and British policy direction and agreements concluded within the contexts of the alliance between the sultans of Oman and Britain.Thus, traders Omani exploits, led by Sultan Said slave from commodity exports to workforce produced within the farm and indoor and entered the cultivation of carnations as a mediator economic between the spices market and the price of the slave The more need in the Arabian Peninsula to thin and because of the British ban and the lack of supply after Sultan Said to cover his request in Zanzibar of young men and young people unable to work, and that the Sultan would have preferred that the slave remains in Zanzibar on being British marine fisheries in the sea and on this basis the slave prices rose and flourished within the Zanzibar clove trade

التعليم المهني في العراق 1958 - 1968 == Vocational education in Iraq 1958 - 1968

Author name: علي عبد حمادي الكشاوي
Supervisor name: علي خيري مطرود
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: This study dealt with vocational education in Iraq for the period (1958 - 1968) , known the Republincan era. The significance of this study came through tackling an important social aspect of the modern history of Iraq which was the vocational education. This study came to know the extent of development witnessed in vocational education at various leves , whether it's in the types of vocational education or legislation that have been identified or to track the evolution number of schools, students and teachers. The study included an introduction , three chapters , a conclusion , a number of appendices , and a list of references. The first chapter which was a preliminary one dealt with the development of vocational education since its founding in 1869 until the Republican ear in 1958 and included four sections dealt with different aspects of the development process witnessed by the professional education and the factors that influenced the growth . The second chapter focused on vocational education for the period 1958 - 1963. This stage represented the first Republican era where a lot of changes had taken place and the issuance of several different legislations in Iraq . The third chapter touched on vocational education. It represented the second Republican era for the period 1963 - 1968 and had seen political changes which incfluenced on the joints of public life in Iraq including the educational aspect especially vocational education . This chapter came into five soctions. It investigated the impact of these changes on the economic and social life. Also, it dealt with the industrial, commercial, agricultural, and the feminist vocational education with the main obstacles it faced. The study arrived at some findings .The most important of which is that vocational education in Iraq started with the beginning of the formal education , but it did not receive enough attention. So , it remained undeveloped compared with the academic education

منهج الكتابة التاريخية لكتب المقتل الحسيني حتى اواخر القرن السابع الهجري /الثالث عشر الميلادي == Evolution of historical writing curriculum books fighter Husseini

Author name: عباس محيسن حريجة اللامـــي
Supervisor name: عطا سلمان جاسم
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: Wasit University - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: يعد موضوع الاطروحة الموسوم بــ ((تطور منهج الكتابة التاريخية لكتب المقتل الحسيني )) من اهم الموضوعات التاريخية بل حتـــــى العقائديــــــــة التي تستحق الدراسة والتحليل والتحقيق ، علــــــــى طول الفتــــــــــــــــرة الزمنيه ، لســـــــبب واخر حتى انها ارتبطت ارتباطا وثيقا ومـــــؤثرا لدفــع عجلة النشاط الديني والثقافي والسياسي عند المسلمين عامة واتباع مــذهب اهل البيت (عليهم السلام) خاصة ، وقــــــــــد احيط هذا الموضــــوع (المقتل) وعلـــــى مـــــر الحقـــب التاريخية ببعض الشكوك والغمــوض والملابسات من قبــــل بـــــــعض المؤرخين خصوصا وان لهؤلاء توجهات وميول مذهبية وسياسية مختلفة من المؤكد انها تؤثر على كتاباتهم التاريخية عن المقتل وتحرفها عن مسارها الحقيقي . وقد حاولت هذه الدراسة تسليط الضوء على العديد من الروايات والاخبار التي لا تتلاءم مع منهج النهضة الحسينية والمرتكزات التي سارت عليها ، فضلا عن مخالفتها للحقائق التاريخية والمنطق العقلي . كما خرجت الاطروحة ببعض النتائج المهمة والمفيدة والتي منها1ــ كشفت عن انتساب بعض كتب المقاتل الى مؤلفين لم يكونوا قد صنفوها او الفوها ، كمقتل الامام الحسين (عليه السلام) المنسوب لابي مخنف ، ونور العين في مشهد الحسين (عليه السلام) المنسوب للاسفراييني ، وقد اثبت ذلك بالادلة والقرائن العلمية والتاريخية .2ــ كما ان موضوع هذه الاطروحة بين ان كتب المقاتل لها منهج ومحور خاص كبقية الاختصاصات والتقسيمات من قبيل كتب الطبقات والتراجم وكتب التاريخ المحلي وغيرها .3ــ سلطت هذه الدراسة الاضواء عن العديد من اسماء كتب المقاتل الحسينية المفقودة ، وبحثت عن مروياتها المتناثرة في بطون المصنفات التاريخية ، وجمعتها بعد مناقشة رواياتها التي تتطلب التحقيق التحليل .4 ــ اتضح لنا ومن خلال استعراض مؤلفي كتب المقاتل الحسينية المفقودة او التي وصلت الينا ، انها لم تقتصر على مؤلفي الشيعة الامامية فقط ، بل شملت مجمل مؤلفي المذاهب والطوائف الاسلامية.5 ــ لا يوجد قرن من القرون ــ بحدود المدة الزمنية للاطروحة اي حتى القرن السابع الهجري ــ الا والف المؤرخون كتابا عن المقتل الحسيني وهذا يدل على عدم توقف عجلة التاليف والابداع والتصنيف في حادثة المقتل الحسيني وانها تسري في وجدان المجتمع وتتفاعل معه .6 ــ اختلفت احجام كتب المقاتل وذلك يعود لثقافة وعصر المؤلف وطبيعة الضرف الذي دفعه للتاليف ، فهناك الصغيرة كالتسمية فيمن قتل مع الامام الحسين (عليه السلام) لفضيل الرسان ، وهناك المتوسطة الحجم كاللهوف لابن طاووس ومثير الاحزان لابن نما ، وهناك الكبيرة كمقتل الخوارزمي الذي يقع في جزئيين .7ــ لكل مؤرخ من مؤلفي كتب المقاتل منهجا واسلوبا خاصا في مصنفه في عرضه للمادة التاريخية الخاصة بالمقتل وحيثياته ومقدماته .8 ــ مناقشة وتحليل العديد من الروايات والاخبار والتي منها حادثة الدليليين الذين استاجرهما مسلم بن عقيل ليدلاه الطريق الى الكوفة ، وحادثة تجسس معقل وكشف مكان مسلم بن عقيل ، وخبر ضرب ثنايا الامام الحسين (عليه السلام) في مجلس يزيد بن معاوية وغيرها .9 ــ اشارت الدراسة بالقرائن والادلة التاريخية الى وجود العديد من العناصر الغير كوفية التي اشتركت في حرب الامام الحسين (عليه السلام) ، والتي منها شامية ويمنية ومصرية وحجازية ، ولم تكن الكوفة وحدها من شنت الحرب وقاتلة الامام (عليه السلام) ، وانما الاعلام الاموي والعباسي هو من بث فكرة ان الكوفة هي من قتلت الامام الحسين (عليه السلام) واهل بيته الاطهار (عليهم السلام) وان شيعته من قتلته (عليه السلام) | Thesis topic is marked by longer b ((evolution of historical writing books fighter Hosseinieh approach)) of the most important historical themes and even ideological worthy of study, analysis and investigation, the length of time, for some reason, and another until it been closely associated and influential to advance religious, cultural and political activity at Muslims in general and to follow the doctrine of Ahl al - Bayt (peace be upon them), especially, has been the subject contoured (kill off) and over historical periods with some doubts and uncertainty and circumstances by some historians, especially that of those trends and tendencies of sectarian and political different it's certainly affect the historical writings about kill off and detoured from the real track. This study has attempted to shed light on many of the novels and news that does not fit in with the Renaissance approach Husseinia and foundations that goes by, as well as violating the mental and historical logic of the facts.Thesis emerged as some important and useful results and which onesrevealed the enrollment of some books fighter to authors who were not even classified them or Alfoha, Kmguetl Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) attributed to Abe Mkhanv, and Noor Al - Hussein scene (peace be upon him) attributed to Asefraina, has proved that the evidence of scientific and historical evidence.as the subject of this thesis between the fighter wrote her approach and the focus of the rest of the terms of reference and special divisions such as classes and wrote biographies and books of local history and others.This study shed lights on many of the names of the missing Husseini wrote fighter, and searched for Marwiyaat scattered in the wombs of historical works, and collected after discussing the novels that require investigation analysis.It became clear to us during the review authors wrote fighter, Husseini lost or which has reached us, it's not limited to only the authors of the Shiite front, but the authors included the entire Islamic sects and denominations.No - century of the centuries up to the length of time of the thesis is, until the seventh century, but the thousand historians book about kill off Husseini and this indicates a lack of stop wheel authoring, creativity and classification in the incident kill off Husseini and it applies in the conscience of the community and interact with him.different sizes wrote fighter and this is due to the culture and the era of the author and the nature of exchange paid by the author, there is a small Kaltzmah the one who was killed along with Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) to Fadhil Alrsan, there are medium - sized Kallahov to the son of a peacock and sexy grief for the son grew, and there are large Kmguetl Khwarizmi which is located in two parts.for each of the authors wrote historian fighter approach, a style in his work, in his presentation of historical material and Palmguetl own merits and premise.discussion and analysis of many of the novels and the news and which ones incident Aldlelien who Astojarhama Muslim bin Aqeel to Edlah the road to Kufa, spy incident stronghold revealed place Muslim bin Aqeel, and the news hit the folds of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) in the House of Yazid and others.The study presumptions and historical evidence to the existence of many non - muffler elements that participated in the Imam Hussein war (peace be upon him), and which ones mays and a Yemeni, Egyptian, Hijazi, was not Kufa alone launched the war and deadly Imam (peace be upon him), but the media Umayyad and Abbasid It is broadcast from the idea that is of Kufa killed Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) and his family pure (peace be upon them) and that of his followers killed him (peace be upon him

منظمة حلف جنوب شرق اسيا (ســـــياتو) 1954 - 1977 == Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)1954 - 1977

Author name: احمد حاشوش عليوي عبيد الحجامي
Supervisor name: فاهم نعمة ادريس الياسري
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: Wasit University - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: Despite the role played by the South East Treaty Organization (SEATO) in the defence of Western interests in that region during the Cold War, there has to date been no scholarly attempt to examine the development and performance of the organization as a military alliance. This thesis is thus the first attempt to do so and as such seeks to take advantage of the recent release of much SEATO - related official material into the public domain by Western governments. This material throws new light upon SEATO’s aims and achievements, particularly in regard to the first ten years of its existence. Because SEATO was eventually rendered irrelevant by the events of the Second Indochina War (1965 - 1975) a popular perception has arisen that it was always a “Paper Tiger” lacking in substance, and thus easily dismissed. This thesis challenges this assumption by examining SEATO’s development in the decade before that conflict. The thesis analyses SEATO’s place in the wider Cold War and finds that it was part of a rational and consistent response within the broader Western strategy of containment to deter, and if need be, defeat, the threat of communist aggression. That threat was a very real one for Southeast Asia in the aftermath of the First Indochina War and one that was initially perceived in terms of the conventional military balance of power. This focus dominated SEATO’s strategic concepts and early contingency planning and rightly so, as an examination of the strength and development of the PLA and PAVN during this period demonstrates. SEATO developed a dedicated military apparatus, principally the Military Planning Office (MPO), that proved itself to be perfectly capable of providing the level of co - ordination and planning needed to produce a credible SEATO deterrent in this regard. SEATO enjoyed less success with its attempts to respond to the emergence of a significant communist insurgent threat, first in Laos then in South Vietnam, but the alliance did nonetheless recognise this threat and the failure of SEATO in this regard was one of political will rather than military doctrine. Indeed this thesis confirms that it was the increasingly disparate political agendas of a number of SEATO’s members that ultimately paralysed its ability to act and thus ensured its failure to meet its aims, at least insofar as the so - called “Protocol States” were concerned. But this failure should not be allowed to completely overshadow SEATO’s earlier achievements in providing a modicum of Western - backed stability and security to the region from 1955 - 1965.The vision of SEATO expansion disappeared during the Kennedy administration, but the organization did fulfill its primary military purpose in August 1964. Following attacks on US Naval vessels in the Gulf of Tonkin.President Lyndon B. Johnson addressed Congress on 5 August to ask permission for American military action in Vietnam. He justified the request with an invocation of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty and claimed that the treaty and its protocol on the former Associated States "obligated" an American response. Congress responded with the Tonkin Gulf Resolution on 7 August, and the United States soon became embroiled in its longest war since the American Revolution.The Vietnam War subsequently destroyed SEATO. Britain and France refused to give any substantial military assistance, and Pakistan withdrew from the organization entirely .After the war, the need for SEATO disappeared, and the remaining members disbanded in 1977.

النظام الاداري في العراق 1939 - 1958 == The Administrative system in Iraq, 1939 - 1958))

Author name: علاء علي جبارة خليفة المالكي
Supervisor name: عباس فرحان ظاهر شبر الموسوي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The administrative system in Iraq 1939 - 1958 of the vital topics worthy of study, he is one of the important aspects and that at least its importance for the political and economic side deemed to be a complement to these aspects, and derive the importance of the administrative system in Iraq Royal to clarify the Iraqi ministries of internal organization and management. For the most important details minute in the joints of the Iraqi state at the time, and on the administrative system of political, economic, social and service level, and the fact that historians, researchers and writers in Iraq contend in their study on the political, economic and social aspects and avoid the management side, and this is why the researcher engaged in this aspect, as well as that term confined between 1920 - 1939 has addressed the issue of the administrative system in Iraq, as well as the duration confined between 1958 - 1963, while also studied for search not dealt with in the hands of researchers and writers, and this is another reason to stimulate the researcher that deals with this topic. The study of the administrative system in Iraq 1939 - 1958 stems from the importance of that era in the modern history of Iraq, which began the year 1939 by the Second World War, and the death of King Ghazi and the inauguration of his young son Faisal II king of Iraq Trust Abdul Ilah to start a new administrative phase of modern and contemporary history of Iraq, The importance of Thread administrative changes that got the General Administration of the Iraqi kingdom after 1939, through the conversion of some general directorates to new ministries after it was affiliated to other ministries, including the allocation of ministerial portfolio for Social Affairs in 1939, and introduced the Ministry of Supply in 1944, which did not short - lived as it was canceled in 1948, in addition to splitting the Ministry of Economy and Transport to two suitcases and Zareeten to become two ministries separate itself through financial allocations and public administration, structural administrative, as well as the introduction of a ministerial portfolio of Health to contribute to the organization of the health department, and the allocation of the Ministry of Agriculture again in 1952 after that was canceled in 1930, as well as the introduction of the reconstruction council and planning in Iraq in 1952 and then allocated the Ministry for the ages in 1953, and the purpose of the Creation to raise the administrative level and improved to do the advancement burdens of the country's administrative and provide the benefit of services to the community in general, divided Find an introduction and pave four chapters and a conclusion as well as supplements, and a list of sources . Through the study of the administrative system in Iraq 1939 - 1958 show that the administration in the Iraqi Kingdom the Department of regular sophisticated and bound the laws and regulations and legislation lacks its neighboring Ondak Arab countries and was its administrative system a system in which updated through the issuance of legislation Multi Ministry of one and the regulations, and did not remain bound administration a certain system, and despite tripping and deadlock and delay it, but it was renewed and legislation in force even in times of war, and the goal one is to raise the level of administration in the management of state institutions, whether political, economic or social or service to reach what we have reached the developed countries, and in spite of All political problems and administrative obstacles to the Iraqi crisis Kingdom, but it has made significant progress and administrative levels and in all service sectors

عادل عسيرته ودوره السياسي في لبنان 1905 - 1989 == Adel Osseiran Biography and Political Role in Lebanon (1905 - 1989

Author name: خنساء خيري جبر الحسيناوي
Supervisor name: عماد جاسم حسن الموسوي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Adel Osseiran is an independent Lebanese political figure who worked hard for the independence of Lebanon and has a prominent political , economic and social role in the Lebanese arena. The first chapter dealt with the biography of Adel Osseiran and the most prominent figures who emerged from his family and their role in Lebanon.Where Adel Osiran began his political activity in 1936 and among the events that took place in Lebanon , where he participated in the conference of Sidon , the Sahel Conference and the Bint Jbeil uprising.The second chapter included his role in the Lebanese events in 1943. He worked hard for the independence of Lebanon with the people of independence. The newspapers and books spoke of his position. He also spoke about his position on the Palestinian issue (1946 - 1948). He played an effective and influential role. He pointed to the emphasis on Arabism and the right of the Palestinian people to stability. And that Palestine should be part of the Arab unity. What was studied in this chapter is the crisis of 1952 , the conference of Deir al - Qamar , the permanent alumni conference , and the Baghdad alliance, which rejected it and all the Western alliances , and it has been reported about its position in nationalizing the channel of licorice and triple aggression against Egypt. As well as his position on the Eisenhower project and his rejection of him, and highlight his role in the outbreak of the popular uprising in Lebanon.The title of the third chapter : the activity of Adel Osiran parliamentary and ministerial (1960 - 1970) , including his role in the elections in 1960 , as well as his role in the receipt of ministries , including the Ministry of Justice , Interior , Economy and Welfare , and then the Ministry of Public Works.The fourth chapter, entitled Adel Osseiran's Political Activity (1978 - 1989), included Adel Osseiran's position on the Israeli invaders of Lebanon and his role in the Geneva and Lausanne national dialogue confe

مدينة ماردين : دراسة في احوالها العامة 570 - 658هـ/1174 - 1259م == Marden Stadys in it’s public Statuses (570 to 658 A.H / 1174 - 1259A.D)

Author name: جاسم خليل روج الحسيني
Supervisor name: زينب فاضل مرجان
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: The study of cities and developments in political, economic and social aspects, enjoys great care in historical studies, and it is known that cities existed before Islam, including Islamic conquests after noon, having built new cities and the cities of Mardin were created before Islam in the territory of the island - Jazira, Mesopotamia, and the renamed Laramie and then occupied Arab tribes, open Muslim Arabs in the time of Umar Ibn Al - Khattab (13 - 23 e/634 - 643 m), at the hands of Muslim Arab Commander Ayaz bin ghanam Al - Fihri (19/640 m), and is one of the important Islamic, stomata gate into the territory Island - Jazira, Mesopotamia and the Levant from Armenian side, this location has great importance in Islamic history, if the conflict zone between conflicting forces, has ruled the tired alaratkh who had taken over several towns in the island territory - Jazira, Mesopotamia, their era was a regional conflict between several strong Among them .Mardin althgharih cities is that an active contribution to install Islamic State border attacks the greedy powers, and had a clear impact in spreading Islam and install the Islamic presence in those far flung from Baghdad, the capital of the Islamic State, and it was to this town Chronicle Arab - Islamic history has witnessed important historical through the ages, especially in the sixth and seventh centuries the Moslem calendar/second and 13th centuries AD, as this was an important stage in the political and military history, saw an extension of influence alartki and Saladin to island - Jazira, Mesopotamia, and extend their influence on All its cities, including the city of Mardin.Notable aspects of active cultural activity Mardin since the Islamic conquest of her years (19/670 m), it is seen early to mosques and schools that have played an active role in spreading Islam and the Arabic language and Islamic civilization, even groundbreaking scholars excelled in variousarts and knowledge, as it was to this town. Bright pages in Crusader invasion resistance, and several Mughal, which of the island - Jazira, Mesopotamia and the Levant, was her heroic positions rebounds invading forces, they defended Baghdad against the invaders, a city which stood in the Mongols for nearly two years, and record her grandest epics Heroics, making the Mongols realize the importance of Mardin and control means for them to dominate all island cities - Jazira, Mesopotamia, and then the cities of the Levant because it is a gateway to enter the country.He was alaratkh for the kings who ruled a distinct physical movement efforts Mardin in the city, as the children of the city walls and of culture, devastated by wars, as developed markets and schools.It featured a alaratkh Kings attention science and scientists, they built schools and mosques and connectivity, and encouraged scientists and thinkers and presented them to them, and gave them gifts, also experienced remarkable economic development, Mardin, and helped her geographical location on the trade routes that link Iraq to the Levant And Persia, social life in the city, it became clear that its population consists of ethnic groups, religions and different components such as Arabs and Kurds walisidin, Christians, Jews, and other minorities, live in peace and harmony, Muslims form the majority of the city's inhabitants, customs and traditions That were practiced are somewhat similar in habits and traditions practiced in other cities.

سامي سعيد الاحمد دراسة تاريخية في سيرته وجهوده العلمية == Sami Said Al - Ahmad A historical study in his biography and scientific efforts

Author name: مازن سلمان خضير المراح
Supervisor name: حسن احمد ابراهيم المعموري
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تعتبر دراسة التاريخ المعاصر للعراق احدى الدراسات المهمة التي اجتذبت العديد من الكتاب والباحثين الاكاديميين في دراسة جوانبها المختلفة ، حيث ان كل واحد منهم حريص على رعاية جانب معين من هذا التاريخ. البعض منهم مهتمون بالجانب الاجتماعي ، والبعض الاخر يركز على الجانب السياسي وبعضهم درس الجانب الاقتصادي. ويكمن سبب هذا الاختلاف في اهمية هذه الجوانب وعدم القدرة على اهمال اي منها ، وعلى هذا اختلفت كتاباتهم وابحاثهم كميا ونوعا باختلاف اهتماماتهم ، وبقدر ارتباط الامر بالجانب التعليمي ، كانت هناك جهود اكاديمية وتعليمية ظهرت مؤخرا وابدت اهتماما بهذا الجانب لاعطاء الشخصيات العلمية ما تستحقه ، تقديرا للجهود الكبيرة التي بذلت خلال هذه السنوات من اجل تعزيز هذه الدراسة في المستقبل. لذلك ظهرت العديد من الدراسات التمييزية التي شملت الشخصيات الاكاديمية والثقافية والتعليمية. ولهذا السبب كان من الضروري ابراز هذه الدراسة السيرة الذاتية الحياة للدكتور سامي سعيد الاحمد ، الذي يشعر بالفخر لاي شخص ينتمي الى فئة التاريخ في العراق لانتاجه العديد من الكتابات القيمة التي تحتوي على متغير المعلومات التاريخية ، وترك مخرجات علمية هائلة ، وكتب في العديد من المجالات العلمية خاصة في التاريخ والجغرافيا والقانون والادب والاستقرار اللغوي والعديد من الموضوعات الاخرى التي تمثل مرجعا اساسيا لفترات مهمة في التاريخ القديم ، وبالتالي فهو يعتبر احد الفضائل الفكرية والثقافية في التاريخ القديم للعراق ، حيث ان دراسته تلعب دورا في اكتشاف الكثير من الجوانب التي احاطت به بدءا من المرحلة الاولى من تاريخ حياته وتكوينه الفكري . على هذا الاساس ، شملت هذه الدراسة ، مقدمة ، ثلاثة فصول وخاتمة بالاضافة الى الملاحق في نهايتها. في المقدمة ، اخذ الباحث نظرة عامة موجزة عن بلدة المهدية ، والعائلات القديمة التي كانت تعيش هناك ، والمساجد القديمة والحديثة ، والمزارات الاكثر روعة بالاضافة الى المعالم الرئيسية في تلك المدينة. في الفصل الاول ، تحدث الكاتب عن "النهج الاجتماعي والعلمي للدكتور سامي سعيد الاحمد". في الصفحات الاولى من المبحث الاول قام بمراجعة الجذور العائلية للدكتور سامي سعيد الاحمد ، وهو ابن عائلة قديمة تنتمي لعشيرة المسلماوي ، من قبيلة بني مسلم العربية. عاشت هذه العائلة في مدينة الحلة واستقرت في بلدة المهدية ، ممثلة بوالديه واشقائه ، في عام 1930 واصوله. يتبع المبحث الثاني مراحل دراسته الابتدائية والثانوية والاعدادية في مدارس الحلة. بعد ذلك ، كان مؤهلا للدراسة في بغداد في "دار المعلمين العليا" في "كلية التربية" من حيث تخرج في عام 1952 ، ثم تعليمه في مدرسة السدير الثانوية في النجف. ركز المبحث الثالث على منحة دراسية ودراسة في الولايات المتحدة الامريكية ، حيث حصل على شهادة الماجستير في عام 1957 ، كما حصل على شهادة الدكتوراه من جامعة ميشيغان في عام 1962. ثم سلط الضوء على عودته الى العراق ، وركز الفصل ايضا في شكل تفصيلي على نشاطه التدريسي في الاماكن المختلفة التي كان يعمل فيها ، وقد لوحظ من خلال تدريسه في الدراسات الابتدائية والجامعية انه بذل الكثير من الجهد العلمي قدر استطاعته ، في تعليمه في فئة التاريخ القديم في جامعة بغداد ، كلية الاداب. اما الفصل الثاني المعنون "منهج سامي سعيد الاحمد في الكتابة التاريخية " فقد تم تقسيمه الى 3 موضوعات ، تناول الموضوع الاول مجموعة مختارة من الموضوعات والمصادر التي تبناها ومنهجه في دراسة التاريخ ، واستخدم اكثر من المناهج الدراسية في الكتابة. تناول الموضوع الثاني معنى التاريخ في اللغة والمؤتمر ، ثم تعريف التاريخ وتعريفه من قبل المؤرخين العرب والاوروبيين ، ثم راجعنا تعريف سامي سعيد الاحمد. بالاضافة الى ذلك ، قام الكاتب بتوضيح المؤتمرات والندوات التي شارك فيها الدكتور سامي سعيد الاحمد بالاضافة الى ارائه الفكرية ومواقفه السياسية. في الموضوع الثالث ، قدم الكاتب وجهة نظر تمهيدية حول ابرز كتاباته التاريخية. تناول الباحث في الفصل الثالث(منهج سامي سعيد الاحمد في كتابة التاريخ (دراسة تحليلية)) منتقيا سبعة نماذج من مؤلفاته من اشهرها وابرزها في معالجاتها لموضوعات مختلفة دلت محتوياتها بوضوح على طريقته ومنهجه في بحث قضاياه التاريخية , فقد تناول المبحث الاول القسم الاول من مؤلفاته , فاستعرض الباحث اربعة كتب كنموذج لمعرفة منهجه في الكتابة , اما المبحث الثاني فقد تناول ايضا نموذج من كتبه المترجمه لبيان منهجه في الكتابة المترجمة , واشار المبحث الثالث الى بحوثه والمقالات المنشورة في المجلات العلمية المحكمة فقد نال الباحث جزءا يسير منها , فكانت تلك البحوث في اللغتين العربية والانكليزية . في خاتمة الرسالة تطرق الباحث الى اهم الاستنتاجات التي توصل اليها من تقويم الحقائق والوقائع التي تضمنتها فصول الرسالة الثلاث. اعتمدت الدراسة على مصادر متعددة يمكن ملاحظة عددها وتنوعها من خلال الهوامش وقائمة المصادر، وياتي في مقدمتها الوثائق غير المنشورة للشخصية المدروسة الموجودة في الملفة الشخصية للدكتور سامي سعيد الاحمد المحفوظة في شعبة الموارد البشرية التابعة لكلية الاداب , جامعة بغداد ، بما تحتويه من تقارير عن نشاطه واوامر ادارية نالها خلال خدمته الطويلة ، وكتب تثبت مشاركته في المؤتمرات والندوات , وقد غطت هذه الوثائق معظم الرسالة بما تضمنته من معلومات مهمة وقيمة استفاد منها وبالدرجة الاولى في الفصل الاول في هذه الدراسة , ولاسيما فيما يتعلق بالتقارير الشهرية والسنوية عن نشاطه العلمي في التعليم الثانوي والجامعي والاوامر الجامعية اكان بالنقل ام غيرها. | The study of contemporary history of Iraq is considered one of the important studies that have attracted many academic writers and researchers in studying its various aspects, as each of them keen to look after a certain aspect of this history. Some of them are interested in the social aspect, others focused on the political aspect and some of them studied the economic aspect. The reason of this difference is the importance of these aspects and the inability to neglect any of them, and upon this their writings and researches have varied quantitatively and qualitatively by differing their interests, and as much as the command is related to the educational aspect, there have been academic and educational efforts that have recently appeared and showed interest in this aspect to give the scientific personalities what they deserved, in appreciation to the great efforts thay have exerted among all these years in order to promote this study ahead. Therefore, many discriminative studies have emerged that included academic, cultural and educational personalities. For this reason it was necessary to highlight in this study the biography , CV and life of Dr Sami Saeed Al - Ahmed, who is concerned a pride to anyone who belongs to the history category in Iraq for his production of many valuable writings that contained variable historical information, leaving an enormous scientific output, he wrote in many scientific fields particularly in history, geography, law, literature and the linguistic stabilization and many other topics that represent a basic reference for important durations in the old history, and therefore he is considered one of the intellectual and cultural favours in the old history of Iraq, as his study plays a role in discovering a lot of aspects that surrounded him starting from the first stage of the history of his life and intellectual formation, what is hidden from the important information that become extinct over time. On this basis, this study included an introduction, a preface, three chapters and a conclusion in addition to the appendices at its end. In the preface, the researcher took a brief overview of Al Mahdiah town, the ancient families who lived there, the old and modern mosques and the most remarkable shrines as well as the main landmarks in that town. In the first chapter, the writer talked about "the social and scientific approach of Dr Sami Saeed Al - Ahmed". In the first pages of the first research he reviewed the family roots of Dr Sami Saeed Al - Ahmed who is a son of an ancient family that belongs to the Al - Muslimawi clan, from the Arabic Bani Muslim tribe. This family lived in the city of Al - Hillah and settled in Al - Mahdiah town, represented by his parents and his brothers, his birth in 1930 and his origins. The second research followed his primary, secondary and preparative study stages in Al - Hillah schools. After that, he was qualified to study in Baghdad in “High teacher’s house” in “college of education” from where he graduated in 1952, then his teaching in Al - Sadeer secondary school in Al - Najaf. The third research focused on his scholarship and study in USA, where he obtained his master certificate in 1957, he also got his PhD certificate from Michigan University in 1962. The writer then highlighted his return to Iraq, and the chapter also focused in a detailed form on his teaching activity in the different places where he worked, and it was noticed from his teaching in the primary and university studies that he exerted as much scientific effort as he could, in his teaching in the old history category in Baghdad university, college of literature. The second chapter entitled“the evolution of the vision for Dr Sami Saeed Al - Ahmed and his scientific activities” and was divided into 3 topics, the first topic discussed a selection of the subjects and sources that was adopted and his curriculum in the study of history, and he used more than one curriculum in writing. The second topic involved the meaning of history in the language and convention, and then the definition of history and its definition by Arabic and European historians, then we reviewed Sami Saeed Al - Ahmed’s definition. In addition, the writer illustrated the conferences and seminars that Dr Sami Saeed Al - Ahmed participated in as well as his intellectual opinions and political attitudes. In the third topic, the writer gave an introductory view about his most prominent historical writings. The third chapter revealed “analytical reading of patterns of his historical writings” selecting seven patterns of his most famous and prominent writings in its treatments of different topics that its contents showed clearly his pathway and approach in searching his historical issues. In the first topic the writer talked about the first categories of his writings, where the writer viewed four books as a model for knowing his approach of writing, the second topic also showed a model of his translated books to illustrate his approach in translated writing, whereas the third topic pointed out to his researches and his particles that are published in worldwide magazines where the writer got a simple portion of it and these researches where in the Arabic and English languages. In the conclusion of the letter, the researcher pointed to the most important conclusions he reached from the evaluation of facts and incidents contained in the three chapters of the message

سيرة الامام علي (عليه السلام) : دراسة تاريخية في ضوء روايات كتاب المناقب للخوارزمي الحنفي (ت568ه/1172م) == The Biography of the Imam in a historical study according ti t “Khwarizm s” of the novels of the book Almnajib i

Author name: علاء حسين خليف الجبوري
Supervisor name: عبد الستار نصيف جاسم العامري
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: لقد اولى اغلب المصنفين في مصنفاتهم على اختلاف توجهاتهم ومشاربهم ذكر الامام علي() ومناقبه وفضائله وكل ما يتعلق بامير المؤمنين() في كل الجوانب ومن ضمن هؤلاء المصنفين هو الموفق الخوارزمي في كتابه المناقب الذي يتضمن مناقب وفضائل الامام علي() من مختلف الجوانب , فكانت دراستنا هي ( سيرة الامام علي() دراسة تاريخيه في ضوء روايات كتاب المناقب للخوارزمي الحنفي تـ 568ه/1172م) . ولقد اقتضت طبيعة البحث الى تقسيمة الى ثلاث فصول , تضمن الاول منها الحياة الاجتماعية والعلمية لمؤلف كتاب المناقب وهو الموفق الخوارزمي وموارده ومنهجية في هذا الكتاب .اما الفصل الثاني فقد تضمن الاحوال الاجتماعية والعلمية للامام علي() وكان في مبحثين , المبحث الاول في الاحوال الاجتماعية لامير المؤمنين() , والمبحث الثاني فتضمن الاحوال العلمية لامير المؤمنين() .الفصل الثالث فكانت دراستنا علاقة الامام علي() بالرسول(( ودروره السياسي , وايضا تكون من مبحثين حمل الاول منها عنوان علاقة الامام علي() بالرسول(( , واما الثاني فكان بعنوان دور الامام علي() السياسي العسكري . لقد اتضح لنا من خلال هذه الرسالة ان الموفق الخوارزمي على الرغم من انه كتب في مناقب الامام علي() الا انه كان غير منصف في عديد من الروايات التي حاول من خلالها اعطاء صورة مشوهه عن امير المؤمنين() وبذلك كان ينتهج النهج الاموي والعباسي الرامي الى طمس الحقائق ومحاولة عدم اظهار وكتابة كل مناقب الامام علي() وال البيت (عليهم السلام) .وتبين لنا ان الموفق الخوارزمي حاول اعطاء مناقب لاشخاص وهذه المناقب محرفه وغير موجودة فيهم في محاولة منه لمقارنتهم مع الامام علي() او محاولة ايصالهم الى درجة امير المؤمنين() .اثبتنا من خلال دراستنا هذه وجود بعض الروايات المحرفة والمزيفة في كتاب المناقب وبالدليل العلمي اما من خلال رجال السند او من خلال نص الرواية ومقارنتها مع روايات اخرى في نفس الموضوع تثبت بطلانها . | Most paid classified in their works on different attitudes and walks of Imam Ali male and his virtues and qualities and everything related to the faithful in all these aspects is classified as a conciliator algorithm in his qualities and virtues which contains the qualities of Imam Ali from various aspects, it was Our study is (biography of Imam Ali in light of stories book qualities of Al - Khwarizmi t 568e/1172 m).Nature has necessitated the search to divide it into three chapters, the first of which included social and scientific life of the author of the qualities which the conciliator algorithm and resources and methodology in this book .Chapter II the social and scientific status of Imam Ali and was in two sections, the first section in the social conditions of the faithful , and the second section ensures the scientific status of the faithful .Chapter three was our relationship forward on the Prophet political wedrorh , and also be the first load of two sections address of Imam Ali relationship the Prophet , and the second was in the title role of Imam Ali political .I have found through this letter to the conciliator algorithm, though he wrote in tribute to Imam Ali except that it was unfair in many novels which attempted to give a distorted image of the faithful thus the Umayyad and Abbasid approach adopts to blur facts and try not to show and Write all the qualities of Imam Ali and the House pbut . We show that the conciliator algorithm try giving tribute to people and these qualities are not misrepresented in an attempt to compare them with Imam Ali or try to take them to the faithful .Proven through this study and having some distorted and false narratives in the book of qualities and scientific evidence either through Sindh officers or through the text of the novel and compare it with the other novels in the same subject proved futile

تشانغ كاي شيك ودوره السياسي في الصين حتى عام 1949م == Chinang Kai - Shek and His political Role in China Antle 1949

Author name: محمد محسن بديوي الكلابي
Supervisor name: صلاح خلف مشاي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: اقترنت عظمة الصين في التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر باسماء ساستها الكبار فبعد ان تمكن سن يات سن من تاسيس النظام الجمهوري في الصين 1911 , قدر لتشانغ كاي شيك ان يتجاوز العثرات التي مر بها ذلك البلد بعد الحرب العالمية الاولى, لاسيما بعد ظهور امراء الحرب على المسرح السياسي الصيني واقتطاعهم اجزاء واسعة من شمال الصين ليؤدي دورا بارزا في توحيد الصين عام 1928, على الرغم من المعارضة الكبيرة التي تعرض لها من قبل الماكنة الاعلامية للحزب الشيوعي الصيني. ان تجاذب القوى الدولية على الصين في النصف الاول من القرن العشرين واظهار دور تشانغ كاي شيك على المسرح السياسي الداخلي والخارجي كان السبب المباشر وراء دراسة تلك الشخصية اذ توخيت منه الاجابة على بواعث حقد تشانغ وكرهه للشيوعيين , واشتطاطه في محاولات لم شتات الصين فضلا عن مهادنة الولايات المتحدة الامريكية على امل استثمار دعمها لتبديد خصومه في الداخل والخارج , فيما كان افتقار المكتبة العراقية لدراسات تخصصية في هذا المجال حافزا مضافا اخرا لانجاز رسالتي مستوفيا للمعاير الاكاديمية الرصينة. هدفت الرسالة الى التعرف على هذه الشخصية ودراستها ومعرفة اثرها في تاريخ الصين كما انها عالجت حقبة تاريخية مفصلية في تاريخ ذلك البلد, كانت حافلة بالاحداث الداخلية والخارجية تمثلت بالحملة الشمالية والصراع مع الشيوعيون فضلا عن الحرب الصينية اليابانية والحرب الاهلية. لقد طرح الباحث مجموعة من التساؤلات محاولا الاجابة عنها من خلال هذه الدارسة ابرزها : 1. ماهو دور تشانغ كاي شيك في حزب الكومينتانغ .2. هل كانت سياسة تشانغ كاي شيك ناجحة .3. لماذا اتهم تشانغ كاي شيك بالدكتاتورية .4. هل استطاع تشانغ كاي شيك ان يقف بوجه المد الشيوعي؟ ولماذا ؟5. هل استطاع تشانغ كاي شيك ان يوحد الصين.6. هل نجح تشانغ كاي شيك من اشراك الصين في المحافل الدولية وجعلها قطبا من اقطاب الدول الكبرى. | The Study of the History of Countries can not be completed without going through the study of the personalities that it has made and has been a central and central part of it, especially those whose influence has become local and regional and has become part of international History. The tracing of international characters is not only about History but also of a clear picture of the policy adopted by that country during a certain Historical period. Hence, the greatness of China in Modern and Contemporary History was accompanied by The names of its great politicians. After Sun Yat Sen established the republican system in China 1911, Zhang Kai - shek was estimated to go beyond the pitfalls of China after the First World War, especially after the advent of warlords on the Chinese political scene and their capture of large parts of northern China to play a prominent role in the unification of China in 1928, despite the great opposition to it By a Media machine of the Chinese Communist Party.The attraction of international powers to China in the first half of the 20th century and the portrayal of Chiang Kai - shek on China's domestic and foreign political scene was the direct cause behind the study of this character. He was expected to respond to the motives of Chang's hatred and hatred of the Communists and his dabbling in attempts to partition China as well as appeasement. The United States of America in the hope of investing its support to dissipate its opponents at home and abroad, while the lack of the Iraqi Library for specialized studies in this area added incentive to accomplish the completion of my mission in accordance with strict academic standards.The letter aimed to identify this character and study its impact on the history of China. It also dealt with a pivotal historical period in the history of that country. It was full of internal and external events. It was the northern campaign and the conflict with the Communists as well as the Sino - Japanese war and the civil war.Chiang Kai - shek was not a minor figure in China's history. If there was no mention of a history in that country from 1921 to 1949, Chiang Kai - shek was a part of it, and many of the events he had created himself. He was also a regional and international controversy both in his relations with The United States or in its response to communists

سياسة الولايات المتحدة الامريكية تجاه كوريا الجنوبية (1961 - 1974) == Policy of the United States of America toward South Korea (1961 - 1974)

Author name: طارق مهدي عباس الجبوري
Supervisor name: فؤاد طارق كاظم العميدي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: The Study of the Foreign Policy of the United States of America is a vital and vital studies in the field of modern and Contemporary history as a Policy of divergent and fixed priorities, and the other variable and the importance of this study being linked to one of the most prominent pillars of national security in the North East Asia and the Pacific, Which represents the greatest threat to the safety of the United States of America in the Korean Peninsula, as the Most dangerous Nuclear Weapons Can still explode at any time, in addition to what contributed to the US Policy to find a State of Modernity and development in the Spring Political, Economic and Military generated in the Southern Part of the Korean Peninsula and transforming society from a society of poverty and Underdevelopment to innovation and community regeneration.can be described as poor for such important studies that combine the American orientations with the South Korean developments, Therefore, one of the reasons that led the researcher to choose is placed in the US - South Korean affairs. In addition, the post - Korean period is the beginning of the emergence of the modern South Korean state. It represents a pivotal stage for the beginning of the new history of the US - South Korean alliance, its role in building the South Korean people and its Contemporary historical development. It was in this sense that the subject of the study was chosen under the title "The United States Policy Towards South Korea (1961 - 1974)." John Kennedy first assumed the presidency of the US Administration, accompanied by internal transformations in South Korea and the coming of Park Chung. The end of the administration of Richard Nixon, and what has seen the reign of his administration of the effects of South Korean reality. The thesis consisted of introduction, introduction, three Chapters, a conclusion and a list of sources and references : The preamble entitled "The US Policy Towards South Korea1953 - 1960" included three aspects : The Political aspect concerns Washington's Policy toward South Korea, its Political issues, Diplomacy from the end of the war and its Military operations, with the signing of the truce on July 27, 1953 to 1960, the internal Political change in South Korea following the student revolution, the removal of the Sangman Re regime and the advent of the interim government Led by Chang Miyun. The Second aspect dealt with the role of the United States in rebuilding the economy and infrastructure of South Korea during the years 1953 - 1960.The Third aspect was the activation of the role of the United States Military Forces in South Korea and their use in civil and Economic activities, as well as in the development and assistance of South Korean Military forces during this period. The first chapter dealt with the Policy of the administration of John F. Kennedy towards South Korea 1961 - 1963, divided into five sections : The First part is the John F. Kennedy administration's policy on the internal political developments in South Korea, 1961 - 1962, following the Military Coup and the nature of the US position and Policy. The Second Part discusses John F. Kennedy's Administration's Policy towards the democratic transition in South Korea after Washington's Conditional acceptance of the South Korean Military Council on November 14, 1962, 1963, and the transformation of South Korea into a democratic approach. The Third topic addresses the efforts of the John F. Kennedy administration to normalize bilateral relations between South Korea and Japan, 1961 - 1963. The Economic dimension in the fourth topic, under the title : The role of the United States of America in guiding and developing the South Korean economy from 1961 to 1963, as the main factor in saving South Korea economically. The fifth topic dealt with the Military dimension of policy, John Kennedy, entitled : The Policy of John Kennedy's Military administration towards South Korea 1961 - 1963. Which was characterized by weakness and did not rise to advanced situations between the two countries in this area that the political factor is still in the process of maturation. The second chapter is entitled : Strategic Options for US Policy on South Korea during the Lyndon Johnson Administration 1963 - 1969. The First topic is the administration of President Lyndon Johnson and its success in the normalization of the South Korean relations of Japan 1964 - 1969, which constituted a major and strategic demand for Washington at this stage. The second topic : South Korea and the US strategy in Asia 1963 - 1969. And discussed two important points : First, the South Korean move towards the regional states in Asia and the American position from 1963 to 1969. This was a success for South Korean diplomacy and with the blessing and support of Washington, which led to the convening of the Asian Regional Council's conferences to support the American orientations.II. The nature of US policy towards South Korea in the wake of Pyongyang's provocations, 1966 - 1969.And discussed the third topic : the impact of the economic policy of the United States of America in the development and construction of the South Korean economy during the administration of President Lyndon Johnson 1963 - 1969, where it witnessed the most delicate stages of laying the foundations of the modern economy and renewed South Korea, as well as the best US in providing Economic Assistance and consultation Miscellaneous. He discussed the Fourth Section_ Lyndon Johnson's Military Policy Toward South Korea 1963 - 1969 : First, Lyndon Johnson's policy on the issue of reducing and regulating the status of US military forces in South Korea 1964 - 1969. Second, the alliance between the United States and South Korea in the Vietnam War 1964 - 1969. These aspects have been key factors in increasing the momentum of harmony, understanding and cooperation between Washington and Seoul and opening new horizons for their alliance in the region. The fourth chapter examines Richard Nixon's policy toward South Korea, 1969 - 1974. Three investigations included : The first part was devoted to the study of the Nixon administration's policy on Pyongyang's provocations against South Korea (1969 - 1974), which showed US adherence to the option of escalating Positions with North Korea and pushing all forces toward appeasement and containment of crises. While the second topic discussed the political impact of the Nixon Doctrine on South Korea, 1969 - 1974, which affected several internal and external political aspects, which constituted a real Challenge to the US - South Korean Relations, led to cracks that almost died in harmony between the two sides, South Korean Political reality. The third topic : Nixon's Economic Policy towards South Korea, 1969 - 1974, also set up in some of its stations a climate of mistrust and divergence of views, but remained where the US funds are the biggest hand in supporting the South Korean Economy. The last topic is : The Military Impact of the Nixon Doctrine on South Korea, 1969 - 1974. Where the military transformation of the large and reduce the presence of US forces in South Korea and the resulting Military implications for the Modernization of the military capabilities of the South Korean forces, in addition to government intersections between the executive and legislative US and the impact of its results on Seoul's acquisition of military modernization required, as well as the Korean disengagement South of the Vietnam War following the cessation of Military escalation and acceptance of the truce and foreign withdrawal.

سياسة انكلترا الخارجية 1307 - 1272 == England Foreign Policy 1272 - 1307

Author name: محمد عبد الرضا موسى
Supervisor name: كريم مطر حمزة الزبيدي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تعد الدراسات في العصر الوسيط الاوربي من الدراسات التاريخية المهمة, اذ لم يسلط عليها الضوء بشكل كاف والغور في احداث ذلك العصر واشباعه بحثا وتحليلا. ولا شك ان لدراسة تاريخ انكلترا في العصور الوسطى اهمية بالغة نظرا لمكانة تلك المملكة في اوروبا والعالم في العصر الوسيط وما الت اليه تلك المملكة بعد ذلك, فهذه المدة التاريخية التي تناولناها في هذه الاطروحة (1272 - 1307) كانت بداية جادة لتوحيد الجزر البريطانية بقيادة انكلترا تحت مظلة مملكة واحدة موحدة فقد تمكنت انكلترا من السيطرة على ويلز بالقوة والحال نفسه ينطبق على اسكتلندا على الرغم من الصعوبات والتقلبات الي شهدتها السيطرة الانكليزية هناك, فضلا عن تبعية ايرلندا لانكلترا. ومن جانب اخر عد الملك ادوارد الاول الذي حكم انكلترا ابان تلك المدة من ابرز ملوك انكلترا في العصر الوسيط ان لم يكن ابرزهم على الاطلاق, كما تميز عهده الذي امتد طيلة خمسة وثلاثين سنة بوافر من الاحداث ولاسيما على المستوى الخارجي بدءا من الجزر البريطانية ومرورا بممالك اوروبا وصولا الى الشرق الاسلامي. ولعل ذلك من جملة ما دفعنا وحفزنا على البحث والكتابة في هذا الموضوع بعد توكلنا على الله تعالى لاختيار موضوع الاطروحة والموسوم ( سياسة انكلترا الخارجية 1272 - 1307). وقد تضمنت الاطروحة اربعة فصول مسبوقة بمقدمة وتحليل لما ورد في المصادر وتعقبها استنتاجات وملاحق وقائمة بالمصادر, وقد بحثنا في الفصل الاول دور الامير ادوارد في ظل حكم ابيه الملك هنري الثالث لانكلترا (1239 - 1272) اما الفصل الثاني فقد تناول السياسة الصليبية لانكلترا ودورها في حل النزاع الاوربي حول صقلية, وشرعنا في الفصل الثالث لتتبع النزاع والحرب ما بين انكلترا وفرنسا خلال المدة (1293 - 1303) وكان محورها دوقية جاسكوني ومحاولة المملكتين السيطرة عليها, وجاء الفصل الرابع ليوضح سياسة انكلترا تجاه اسكتلندا (1286 - 1307). شهدت انكلترا خلال النصف الثاني من القرن الثالث عشر وبداية القرن الرابع عشر الميلاديين جملة من الاحداث المهمة على الصعيد الخارجي, تمثلت في تطورات ملحوظة في مختلف جوانب الحياة السياسية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية, انعكست على مؤسسات المملكة على كافة الصعد التشريعية والتنفيذية والقضائية والعسكرية, اذ كانت السياسة الخارجية لانكلترا في ذروتها على الرغم ان اغلبها اتسمت بطابع الحروب والقوة والتوسع. ولا شك ان الحروب الكثيرة التي قامت بها انكلترا قد جعلت خزينة المملكة خاوية ومدينة في اغلب الاحيان, وبالتالي فان تكلفة تلك الحروب وقيامها تقع في معظمها على كاهل المواطنين الانكليز عبر فرض الضرائب او جنودا للقتال في تلك المعارك, وبالرغم من ذلك كان هناك قبولا ولو على مضض وهم يرون ان مملكتهم تتوسع رقعتها وتزداد هيبتها, فضلا عن رغبتهم بالحصول على الغنائم ان استطاعوا ذلك وهذا ما ينطبق ومنطق العصور الوسطى. سعى الملك ادوارد الاول في تكوين امبراطورية كان يتوق اليها عبر توحيد الجزر البريطانية تحت سلطة التاج الانكليزي فضلا عن سعي انكلترا للاحتفاظ باخر ممتلكاتها القارية وهي جاسكوني ونجحت في ذلك الى حد كبير, الا ان ذلك جاء نتيجة حروب وقتال راح ضحيتها الالاف من سكان تلك الجزر, وبذلك يمكن القول ان فكرة توحيد تلك الجزر ترسخت اكثر خلال عهده. | During the second half of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth century, England witnessed a number of important events on the external level. These were notable developments in various aspects of political, social and economic life, which were reflected in the Kingdom's institutions at all levels of legislative, executive, judicial and military. Of England at its peak, although most of them were characterized by the nature of wars, force and expansion. In the first chapter we discussed the role of Prince Edward under the reign of his father King Henry III of England (1239 - 1272). The second chapter dealt with the crusader policy of England and its role in solving The first was to trace the crusade of England from 1274 to 1291, and the attempts of King Edward I of England, to A crusade to the Middle Islamic and contacts Papacy other foreign powers to do that campaign, and the third section the role of England and its king Edward the first in resolving the European dispute over the Kingdom of Sicily for the period between the year (1284 - 1289). In chapter 3 we began to trace the dispute and the war between England and France during the period (1303 - 1303), centered on the Duchy of Gaskone and the attempt of the two kingdoms to control it. Chapter IV explains England's policy towards Scotland (1286 - 1307). From the above, we can deduce a number of points : - The Character of King Edward I was refined in a good framework and gradually with the stages of progress of his life, the responsibilities entrusted to him at an early age and his participation in the formulation of political events in England as well as personal involvement in battles The parliamentary institution under the reign of King Edward I witnessed a remarkable development by representing large sections of the English people, especially the Model Parliament in 1295, although the king's main purpose was to obtain funds by authorizing the Parliament to impose taxes. That On the other hand put another brick in the evolution of the legislative institution in England to be representative of all strata. King Edward I worked hard to carry out a crusade that would be reprisal and personal consideration after the failure of his campaign with the King of France Louis IX in 1270 - 1272. England and the other European kingdoms had the lead in it, but it did not succeed where the conditions and preparations were not appropriate. The Englishman comes first regardless of his strong desire to carry out this campaign. He can not risk his rule in England for the Crusaders in the East unless he is sure that this does not pose a threat to his rule. Proof of this is his confiscation of money and Crusader infidelity, She desperately needs to meet his expenses Internal or external wars. The Duchy of Gascone was the compass of Anglo - French relations, which was dominated by tension and attraction, especially with the ambition of French King Philip IV to annex the Duchy to his property and expand his influence at the expense of the King of England, which he was able to control already for nearly a decade, but King Edward was able to retrieve With great difficulty after losing a fatal mistake, to maintain at least the last part of English property in France King Edward I sought to form an Empire he longed for by unifying the British islands under the authority of the English Crown. He succeeded in doing so to a great extent, but this was the result of wars and fighting using iron and fire, which claimed the lives of thousands of inhabitants. The islands became more established during his reig.

حزب التجمع الوطني للاحرار ودوره السياسي في المغرب 1977 - 1997 == National Rally of Freedoms Party and its political role in Morocco 1977 - 1997

Author name: شهد محمد هادي جاسم
Supervisor name: نعيم جاسم محمد
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: ان تاريخ المغرب هو احد الموضوعات التي تستحق الدراسة التاريخية لندرة الدراسات الاكاديمية التي تتناول المجالات السياسية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية لتاريخ هذا البلد. المغرب هو البلد العربي الوحيد الذي حافظ على وجوده وسيادته طوال تاريخه الطويل. لم يتعرض لاي احتلال اجنبي ، كل اجزاء العالم العربي ، باستثناء فترة الحماية الفرنسية والاسبانية ، التي استمرت 44 سنة للفترة (1912 - 1956) ، حيث شكل الاستقلال بداية السياسة عمل الاحزاب في الواقع العملي في المغرب المعاصر ، والاحزاب السياسية في المقاومة ضد الحماية الفرنسية ، وفي حشد الجماهير لتحقيق اهدافها في الحرية والاستقلال والتقدم. لعبت الاحزاب المغربية دورا في تحقيق التنمية السياسية من خلال المشاركة السياسية في الانتخابات التشريعية ودورها في التحول الديمقراطي من خلال المذكرات المقدمة الى المؤسسة الملكية ، والتي تضمنت المطالبة باصلاحات دستورية وسياسية واقتصادية للبلاد. الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو دراسة الجذور التاريخية للتجمع الوطني للاحرار (NRA) منذ عام 1977 حتى عام 1997. اسسها المستقلون الاحرار الذين شاركوا في الانتخابات البلدية والريفية عام 1976 والانتخابات التشريعية لعام 1977. تم انتخابهم بالاغلبية وتجمعوا تحت جناح احمد عصمان ، الذي كان له دور كبير في قيادة الحزب طوال تلك الفترة. تعتبر اهمية دراسة تاريخ حزب التجمع الوطني للاحرار احد اكثر الاحزاب اثارة للجدل في الساحة السياسية المغربية لانه منذ مؤتمره الاول عام 1978 تم اعتباره حزبا مركزيا، لكن الاحزاب المعارضة وانطلاقا من مواقفه المؤيدة للملك يعدونه من الاحزاب الملكية ، فضلا عن الادوار التي قام بها التي اثبتت انحيازه للحكم الملكي في المغرب اعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي لبيان اهم التطورات التي شهدها المغرب ودور حزب التجمع الوطني للاحرار فيها للمدة 1977 - 1997 . في ضوء منهجية البحث ، تنقسم الرسالة الى اربعة فصول ومقدمة. يتناول الفصل الاول ( لمحة تاريخية عن الاوضاع السياسية في المغرب حتى عام 1977) ، وتحدث الفصل الثاني عن ( تاسيس حزب التجمع الوطني للاحرار ودوره السياسي في المغرب 1977 - 1983 ) وقد احتوى على اربعة مباحث ، اما الفصل الثالث فدرس ( دور الحزب في الحياة السياسية في المغرب 1984 - 1991) ، وسلط الفصل الرابع الضوء على ( موقف الحزب من تجربة التحول الديمقراطي في المغرب 1992 - 1997) . | The history of Morocco is one of the topics that deserve the historical study of the scarcity of academic studies that dealt with the political, economic and social fields of the history of this country. Morocco is the only Arab country that has maintained its existence and sovereignty throughout its long history. It has not been subjected to any foreign occupation, All the parts of the Arab world, except for the period of protection of French and Spanish, which lasted 44 years for the period (1912 - 1956), as independence formed the beginning of the political action of the parties in practice in contemporary Morocco, And political parties in the resistance against French protection, and in mobilizing the masses to achieve their goals of freedom, independence and progress. The Moroccan parties played a role in achieving political development through political participation in the legislative elections and their role in democratic transformation through the memoirs submitted to the Royal Institution, which included demanding constitutional, political and economic reforms of the country.The aim of the study is to study the historical roots of the National Rally of Independents (NRA) since 1977 to 1997. It was founded by the Free Independents who participated in the municipal and rural elections in 1976 and the 1977 legislative elections. They were elected by majority and gathered under the wing of Ahmad Asman, Hassan II, who had a major role in leading the party throughout that period. The importance of studying the history of the National Rally of Independents Party is considered to be one of the most controversial parties in the Moroccan political arena because since its first conference in 1978 it has been counted as a center party. However, the opposition parties and their pro - king positions are considered by the royal parties as well as the roles played by Which proved his bias towards ownership. The study was based on the historical approach as well as the analytical descriptive method to show the most important developments in Morocco and the role of the National Rally for Independents Party (1997 - 1997. ( In the light of the methodology of the research, the thesis is divided into four chapters and an introduction. The first chapter deals with the establishment of the National Rally of Independents and the political cycle in Morocco until 1983. Chapter III (The Role of the Party in the Political Life in Morocco, 1983 - 1990), Chapter Four (The Party's Position on the Experience of Democratic Transformation in Morocco 1992 - 1997).

الرحلة العلمية من مدينة نيسابور الى العراق في المختصر من كتاب السياق لعبد الغافر الفارسي (ت529هـ / 1134م) == The scientific journey from the city of Nishapur to Iraq In the acronym of the context book Abd al - Ghafir al - Farsi. (v. 529 AH / 1134 AD)

Author name: احمد عبيد كاظم الشمري
Supervisor name: يوسف كاظم جغيل الشمري
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: نيسابور حضارة اسلامية خرج منها علماء كبار في مختلف العلوم الاسلامية عرج عليهم عبد الغافر الفارسي ، وقد شجع على الرحلة انها كانت يسيرة لطلب العلم وكانت من اهم مزايا الحياة العامة في العالم الاسلامي كافة, بما فيها مدينة نيسابور فهي تعد مطلبا رئيسا من اجل استكمال المعرفة في العديد من المعارف والعلوم والثقافات التي اصبح لها دور مهم في تقوية الصلات الفكرية والثقافية بين ارجاء العالم الاسلامي مشرقه ومغربه, وعملت على ابراز وحدة اقاليم الدولة الاسلامية, وقد ساعد الاهتمام بالرحلة طلبا للعلم على اثراء الحياة الفكرية ولقد كان لانعدام الحواجز والعوائق بين البلدانمن خلال ما تقدم من صفحات البحث وجدنا ان الرحلة العلمية قد تعرف عليها العرب منذ اقدم العصور ومارسوها بانواعها المختلفة لكنها نشطت بعد الاسلام لتشكل ضرورة من ضرورات الحياة بهدف البحث واكتشاف الحديث النبوي الشريف وتحصيل العلوم الاخرى وما كانت الرحلة من خراسان الى بغداد او من بغداد الى بقية الامصار الاسلامية الا من اجل ذلك كما ورد في كتاب المختصر من كتاب السياق في تاريخ نيسابور لمؤلفه عبد الغافر الفارسي والذي اوردنا تفصيلات هذا الكتاب وما يحيط بالرحلات العلمية من نيسابور الى بغداد ومن بغداد الى نيسابور . | Nisapur is an Islamic metropolis from which senior scholars of various Islamic sciences came out, They were encouraged by Abdul Ghafer Al Farsi. The journey encouraged it to be easy to ask for knowledge and was one of the most important features of public life in the Islamic world, including the city of Nishapur. Of knowledge, sciences and cultures, which have played an important role in strengthening the intellectual and cultural ties between the postponement of the Islamic world and its enlightenment, It has worked to highlight the unity of the regions of the Islamic State, The interest in the trip has helped to inform the enrichment of intellectual life, document between countriesThrough the above search pages we found that the scientific trip has been known to the Arabs since ancient times and practiced different types, but active after Islam to form a necessity of life to search and discover the Prophet's Hadith and the collection of other sciences and the journey from Khorasan to Baghdad or Baghdad to The rest of the Islamic point of view except for that as stated in the book of the short of the context book in the history of Neshapur by the writer Abdul Ghafer Persian, which we have detailed the details of this book and the surrounding scientific trips from Nishapur to Baghdad and Baghdad to Nishapur

الدولة البيزنطية : دراسة تاريخية في ضوء كتاب التاريخ السري لبروكوبيوس (500 - 565م) == The Byzantine State A HistoricaI Study in the Light of the Secret Book of the Procopius History ( 500_565 AD

Author name: فرح عباس عياد كاظم
Supervisor name: اسامة كاظم عمران الطائي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تعد الدولة البيزنطية التي تاسست في النصف الاول من القرن الرابع الميلادي ، واستمرارها في النصف الثاني من القرن الخامس عشر الميلادي ، امتدادا تاريخيا لاحد عشر قرنا , وكانت وريثة الامبراطورية الرومانية , وتعد فترة الامبراطور جوستنيان (Justinian) هي فترة تاريخية مهمة مشحونة بالاحداث والتطورات الداخلية والخارجية ، ونظرا لتاريخ الدولة البيزنطية , ونلاحظ اهتمام المؤرخين في ذكر الجانب السياسي والعسكري والعمراني تاركين وراءهم فجوة تاريخية لمعالجة الجانب الشخصي لحياة الامبراطور جوستنيان وزوجته ثيودورا (Theodora) وحاشية قصر الامبراطور التي كان لها اثر مهم في رسم الخارطة السياسية للدولة انذاك . لذا سنحاول دراسة المجال الشخصي او الامور السرية التي حدثت في بلاط الامبراطور بالاعتماد على مصدر كلاسيكي معاصر لاحداث القرن السادس الميلادي الا وهو بروكوبيوس (Procopius) فهو يعد المؤرخ الاول لعهد الامبراطور جوستنيان (527 - 565م) وكذلك المؤرخ العظيم لاعمال القائد العسكري بليساريوس(Belisarius) ومستشاره ، وبالنظر الى قرب بروكوبيوس للامبراطور والقائد بليساريوس كتب بروكوبيوس كتابا بحق هذين الاثنين وبحياتهم الشخصية وهو التاريخ السري (The Secret History) . كان كتاب التاريخ السري لمؤلفة بروكوبيوس عينة انطلقنا من خلالها لفهم مجريات التاريخ البيزنطي بوصفه شاهد عيان للاحداث ومعاصرا مع الامبراطور جوستنيان وملامسا لابرز شخوص امبراطورتيه, وعليه اتسمت كتاباته بانها مدونه بموجب مشاهداته الواقعية التي لا يمكن القول باطلاق انها كانت جميعها موضوعية ودقيقة الا انها محققة لتكوين صورة عن ماهية الواقع البيزنطي لاسيما الداخلي انذاك. بنيت الدراسة الكيفية التي مكنت جوستنيان لارتقائه العرش الامبراطوري بموجب صفات كان لها الاثر البالغ في تدعيم نفوذه وتثبيت دعائم دولته , التي كان لزوجته ثيودورا العامل المهم في توجيه جوستنيان الاداري وحتى العسكري بغض النظر عن انعكاسات هذا السلوك المتاثر بمحيطه الخارجي والمدعوم من زوجته في نكوص الاحداث التاريخية لحكمه الى درجة ان دون بروكوبيوس تلك الجرائم والاخطاء التي ارتكبها مقربو الامبراطور تجاه المؤسسات الادارية او عامة الشعب. | The Establishment of the Byzantine state in the first half of the fourth century AD, and its continuation in the second half of the fifteenth century AD, represented a historical extension of eleven centuries. It was the heir to the Roman Empire, and the Emperor Justinian's period is an important historical period fraught with events and developments. Internal and external, and given the history of the Byzantine state we note the interest of historians to mention their political, military and urban, leaving a gap and historical gap to address the personal side of the lives of Emperor Justinian and his wife Theodora and the foot of the Emperor's palace, which had An important impact in the drawing of the political map of the state at the time. Thus, we will try to study the personal sphere or the secret things that happened in the court of the emperor based on a classic contemporary source of the events of the sixth century AD (Procopius), which is the first historian of the reign of Emperor Justinian (527 - 565 AD), as well as the great historian of the work of the military commander Blessarios and his adviser, Prokopius wrote to Procopius the Emperor and the Commander of the Blessarios. Prokopius wrote a book about these two men and their personal life, the Secret History. This book was the basis of our study entitled "The Byzantine State : Historical Studies in the History of Procopius' Secret History" 500 - 565m). The study devoted attent to the academic scientific research, which is related to classical archeology, which is the most important historical tributaries in historical studies based on temporal theory and its proximity to events. The book of the secret history of Perkopius was a sample from which we began to understand the history of Byzantium as an eyewitness to the events and And his writing was characterized as a code by his realistic observations that can not be said by saying that they were all objective and accurate, but it is achieved to form a picture of what the reality of Byzantium Especially the internal level at the time. The study produced a number of conclusions that can be included in the following points : We did not find a direct and accurate account of the life of the author Berkopius at the social and family level. We have not found any texts that are indicative of his ethnicity, his family origin, and his influence in the intellectual formation, which became evident by the scientific achievement he left to the reader. Of the historical importance of them : The Book of Wars, which falls on eight parts, varied in its fields of study, Byzantium, Persia, Goths and Vandal. The book of buildings important in the diagnosis of the physical facilities left by Justinian of churches, hospitals and others embodied the place presented in Byzantium during the reign of the latter, which represented in this book a contradiction between his book and the other subject of study (secret history), which in its general nature turned and turned in the course Prakobius' pen, as a critic and bitter interpreter of the history of the ruling power, pointing to their shameful deeds and bad history. The study was designed to enable Justinian to elevate the imperial throne by virtue of qualities that had the profound effect of bolstering and consolidating the foundations of his state. His wife, Theodora, was the important factor in guiding Justinian, even military, regardless of the implications of this behavior, In the reversal of the historical events of his rule to such an extent that Percopius did not commit such crimes and errors committed by the emperor's associates towards the administrative institutions or the general public

المستشرق جون جلكرايست واراؤه في السيرة النبوية من خلال كتاب محمد ونبي الاسلام : دراسة نقدية مقارنة == Orientalist John Gilchrist and his Opinions of his book the biography of the Mohammed Prophet of Islam (Comparable Study)

Author name: صلاح فلاح عمران حمزة الخفاجي
Supervisor name: زينب فاضل مرجان
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: The subject of the study of the Prophet's biography is very importance because it was not written before by missionaries to get benefit from their position in South Africa and their contact with Muslims to change them from Islam to Christianity..John Gilchrist is one of the most important people who studied the Prophet's biography (~) at this time with some fairness and objectivity in some of his subjects, but we see him deliberately mislead and try to distort the biography of the Noble Prophet (~) in other subjects, but in a different style from other orientalists. we can consider him on the top of Orientalists because he adopted a new method which is holding debates and try to argue with opponents, whether direct debates or the writing of books and articles. the articles did not stop at this point, but he is still evangelizing in South Africa . therefore. he is in have full contact with Muslims and that gives him the opportunity to change his style from time to time for the purpose of influencing Muslims. Therefore, it is necessary to mention this orientalist and try to prevent such ideas. we have to point out that Orientalism has great effects on a large number of Muslim children, which led to the deviation of many of them and try to stand up against many of those who want to become Muslims. they use special ways. they have a preconceived idea and then take the facts of the events, including what supports their idea.Since the scientific studies do not allow to judge on the orientalist because his identity or nationality, it is necessary to identify the orientalist and his works. we also try to search in his words using the analytical approach. we have to present his words and compare them with the Islamic narrative the researcher found himself in front of a great responsibility to try to stop the arrows that are directed to the Prophets (~). the researcher tries to respond to them. as we know , there is no study of the orientalist John Gilchrist, especially in the subject of his book Muhammad the Prophet in Islam and exposed to him to deal with his biography in the spot of the Islamic vision We critique these views in scientific criticism The researcher follows the chronological order of the events that were discussed by the orientalist with reference to the correct Islamic sources, with a focus on the sources of biography and reference to some orientalist writings and answerAbstract Bto support the discussion in order to attempt to uncover the effects of the intellectual invasion of the Orientalist and to influence the biography of the Prophet.then, I refuted all the lies that the orientalist John Gilchrist addressed to the facts of the Prophet's biography, which came from the Islamic sources, depending on the weak events, and the writings of the orientalist John Gilchrist about the Prophet (~) was not studied and criticized scientifically, and highlight what in these studies, he followed multiple approaches in his works. the researcher divided the message into three chapters : - Chapter OneThis chapter is devoted to the orientalist's life, writings, debates ,resources, and the orientalist methodology.Chapter twothe researcher dealt with the life of the Prophet Muhammad in Mecca where he lived and grew from the book of Muhammad the Prophet in Islam by the orientalist John Gilchrist.Chapter ThreeIn this chapter, the researcher touched upon the life of the Prophet Muhammad in the city since the migration until the fifth year of migration and its events.chapter fourthIn which the researcher mentioned the life of the Prophet since the fifth year until the death of the Prophet.The researcher was able to reach several result that Orientalism is an integral part of the intellectual colonization exercised by the West towards the countries of the East and that trend appeared as a result of bloody conflict in the Crusades until it turned into a clash of civilizations and later turned into a dialogue of civilizations to alleviate the impact this word.Abstract CMost of Christians who tried to address the biography of the Noble Prophet (peace upon him ) are the men of theology. The Pontifical Church aspired to turn to the East in order to convert Muslims and to support the Christians against Islam in order not to turn to Islam. the reading of the sources of the Prophet's biography Selectivity of resources is both positive and negative. the novel that prepared by John Gilchrist is one of the most serious novels that have appeared in the modern times because it is affected by the impact on the medieval without regard to the spiritual and symbolic status of the Prophet Muhammad's prophet hood. the vision of modern orientalism, which was created by John Gilchrist based on three things first, the historical systematic of the novel. second, the popular folklore. finally, the mythological mythology. This is a reflection of the evolution of contemporary Orientalist mentality, which emerged from the development of the West and the power of the Church

الحروب الصليبية في ضوء كتاب تاريخ متى الرهاوي : دراسة تاريخية مقارنة == Crusades in mind of Book History Matta AI - Ruhawi Comparative Historical Study

Author name: عائد عبد ايوب حميد الخفاجي
Supervisor name: يوسف كاظم جغيل الشمري
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:

التطورات التاريخية للنزاع البريطاني الارجنتيني حول جزر الفوكلاند : حرب عام 1982 انموذجا == Historical Developments Of The British Argentian Dispute Over The Falklands Islands 1982 War As A Model

Author name: علي عدنان عبد سعد الشمري
Supervisor name: عصام عبد الحسين نومان الدليمي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate,Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds. Prayer and peace upon Prophet of prophets and messengers Mohammad and his progeny and his best followers to the day of judgment, One of the important necessities for any academic researcher specialized in modern European history is to shed light on a subject or important event as long as operates the interest of specialized researchers and learners in the field of modern history, especially the subjects and events that raised argument in the scientific circles as it has no specialized expanded academic universal study. After studying, search, prospecting and discussion researcher has chosen (historical developments in the British Argentinian struggle over the Falkland Islands the war of 1982 as an exemplar). So I consulted my respected supervisor and some of my respected teachers and found a great welcome. I put my trust in God and decided to try in this field. It is clear that for each study there is an aim and my aim of this study is to give a deep and clear idea about the dramatic background that is still vague about the nature of this important historical incident and to shed light on the long exhaustion process the British and Argentinian which has its roots from the age of geographical discoveries till 1833. It is important to notice that the researcher has tried his best to keep a possible objective picture of the facts and analyze events and incidents of the study and make them the core of research which left a wide debate about the real owner of these islands. The researcher depended on data of the historical method in documenting the incidents of this study and its changes and the developments that joined it and the result incurred. The nature of research demanded to be based on three chapters preceded by a preface and followed by conclusion presented the important findings of the study in addition to a list of resources and references used in this study,The preface gives a geographical and historical brief about the Falkland Islands till 1914.So the first pivot is the geographical one and it includes the study of the natural geographical features of these islands,Geographical characteristics of mankind "demographic", while the share of the second axis, a historical axis is the study of the historical roots of international conflict over the Falklands, as well as the study of international disputes and conflicts over those islands,As for chapters study have to stop the first chapter of the importance Elchibolatkih to the Falkland Islands and its location in the area of international conflict, and this chapter included four sections : the first : the Falkland Islands during the period of World Wars I and II, and the second chapter : economic importance to the Falkland Islands and its impact on the British - Argentinean relations, and the third the crisis of the Falklands as part of political negotiations between the British, Argentina and internationalization of the United Nations (1945_1974), and fourth : developments crisis in light of the political negotiations between Britain and Argentina, and its impact within UNITED NATIONS (1975_1982), and ensure that Chapter II study of political and economic developments in the British, Argentina and orientation towards war Falklands has included four Detectives also : first : Political and economic realities in Britain, Argentina and its impact on the Falklands (1981 - 1982), and the second phase of the crisis (March - 2 April 19 1982), and the third : the military operations (April 2 to June 14, 1982), War Results of the Falklands and its impact on reality Britain and Argentina and the Falkland Islands, and there was talk in the third chapter on the international and regional situations of the Falklands war, Has continued on two detectives : first : attitudes international and represented the position of both the UN Security Council, the US position and the Soviet and French and NATO, the North Atlantic and the market of European common, the Vatican and Israel, while the second section : attitudes regional and there was talk of the positions of both the Organization of American States and the position of Brazil, Peru, Chile and Bolivia and Colombia, Costa Rica, Uruguay, and a treatise on its contents based on a wide range of sources varied according to the requirements of chapters, during which many of the official documents published, Especially documents from the United Nations, and documents Foreign and Commonwealth Office, the prime minister British, as well as documents and German foreign ministry and the US State Department, and the White House, US as well as intelligence documents US Central (CIA), as well as documents Wiki Leaks, either the documentation is published are : Archive personal documents Constantine Davidoff, and adopted a researcher at the completion of the treatise on the total sources varied between Arab and foreign books, treatise and theses , as well as newspapers and published research.

الرحلة العلمية من الاندلس الى بلدان المشرق الاسلامي من خلال كتاب معجم البلدان لياقوت الحموي (ت 626هـ/1228م) == Scientific Travel from Andalusia to Islamic Mashreq Countries through the Book of " Mu'jam Al - Buldan " for " Yaqut Al - Hamawi "(d. 626AH / 1228AD)

Author name: انعام علي حساني عباس الجبوري
Supervisor name: محمد كريم ابراهيم الشمري
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: The Travel by all of its variant types ,consider to be one of the valuable source to study the Islamic history , it was such a historical document in which, the author depends on direct observation and recognition . It is an essential part for each researcher aims to explore the countries and communities from all political, Social and Economic aspects. The seeking for Mohammedan "Holy Hadith" , is one of the most important motives for the scientific travel , then the travel developed to involve the rest of science branches, therefore the travels varied and their destinations were mutated according to the variables that occurred by the rise of Islam , then an urgent appeared to practicing the travel in order to acquire variance sciences from Islamic Mashreq to Andalusia and vice - versa . So the travel and ambulant they both were form an essential part for each researcher , thus my study would needs to the travel and ambulant . the travel frames the standard to fulfil the goal of the study , which is demonstrates the historical value of the Andalusian ambulates within sixth and seventh A.H centuries and twelfth and thirteenth A.D Centuries.The scientific travels are one of these travels that had been made by the distinguished schoolers who seeking cognition and science , therefore they were travel from one country to another and faced difficulties and multi hardships , they endured all of that just to devoted themselves for cognition and science. We found through the research that, the travel of Andalusian's schoolers towards Mashreq had produce of expand the Islamic culture in the science of interpretation , Hadith , Jurisprudence ,Language ,Literature ,Philosophy ,History and other sciences which has been transferred as a result of these travel from Mashreq Countries to Andalusia , the schoolers of Andalusia transferred different types of sciences from Mashreq to Andalusia, through the course of the research, we decided to record most leading that we reached through this research which are the following : - 1. We derived the scientific subject from the book of " Mu'jam Al - Buldan " , for his author " Yaqut Al - Hamawi " , who died at (626 A.H , 1228 A.D ) , The author in the text of his book mentioned an Andalusian schoolers whom they had travel to the Mashreq Countries .2. Andalusian schoolers got benefits from variant religious and intrinsic sciences via their travels to Mashreq Countries , also they brought with them many books that deals with a lot of science scopes. 3. Perhaps one of the most important sciences which were transferred by Andalusian schoolers is that which related to the Islamic cognitive system , they transferred Quran sciences like Reading 's style , Hadith , Islamic jurisprudence and others. 4. Andalusian schoolers transferred creeds and doctrines that Muslims were followed through their travels to Mashreq Countries , they transferred most of the doctrines theologians like Maliki and Zahiri Doctrines and others. During recording of this research , I discovered that I presented a humble effort , hope that another researchers will discuss in details this subject after me , hope that Mighty Allah will achieve my ambition and hope that I scored some of the advantage which related for this subject

سياسة التغريب واثرها في النهضة المصرية الحديثة 1879 - 1805 == Westernization policy and its impact on Modern Egyptian Renaissance 1805 - 1879

Author name: علي جليل جاسم منصور
Supervisor name: علي هادي عباس المهداوي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: Still the history of Egypt in need of a serious and solid studies in many aspects, among many eras experienced by,and so what this region of strategic importance, economic, cultural, and that this region successively by political and international forces tried to control Bmekdradtha, according to their interests and their security national.We are pleased in this letter (Westernization and impact of policy on modern Egyptian Renaissance 1805 - 1879) to address this issue through a focus on the western activity and policy in Egypt, it has identified the time frame of the study since the Muhammad Ali Pasha in 1805 and ends with the time frame her up in 1879 m, which saw the end of the rule of Khedive Ismail.We've been limited to the subject of the message duration (1805 - 1879), because of the breadth of these past events and overlapping effects as well as the concentration of a researcher in this letter to the westernization policy and its impact on modern renaissance in Egypt.The letter four seasons, as well as the introduction and conclusion and a list of sources and references, and summary in English.The first chapter ways (the concept of alienation and the mechanism for entering Egypt in 1805 before) to Westernization language and idiomatically, and the role of foreign privileges and that was the beginning of foreign intervention in terms of protection and the legal basis for the nationals of foreign trade and control, and the seal of the European competition and the intervention of French military campaign on Msraam 1798 and out of Egypt after the battle Abu Qir and the peace of Amiens in the twenty - seventh of March in 1802 and became Egypt's political future is for the major countries in the political affairs of Europe, particularly Britain and France.Chapter II (westernization policy in the era of Muhammad Ali Pasha, 1805 - 1849), ascend the Muhammad Ali throne of Egypt's military and attention and the evolution of the Egyptian military establishment and its impact Social Council, where reliance on foreign expertise and attention to scientific missions to Europe, also addressed some industries and its relation to military formations and explained chapter the impact of the policy of Mohammed Ali Pasha, the Egyptian social construction and installation.Chapter III classes (Westernization and impact of the policy on the situation in Egypt during the reign of Khedive Ismail 1863 - 1879), the Suez Canal opened in Khedive Ismail era and introductions colonialism, foreign penetration in Egypt by his followers the means and methods that enable through which the absolute domination of the Egyptian economy, both through the harness and exploitation of European money in the inside Egypt, which has been serving the interests of European countries and contribute to influence the political decision - Masri, focused chapter on the most important European loans granted to Egypt and in the form that led to the Egyptian government's inability to meet those loans, which make way for these countries to enter the Egyptian political affairs , and the subsequent political developments have led to the isolation of Khedive Ismail and his removal from Egyptian affairs in 1879, forcing him to leave Egypt, ending an important chapter of modern Egyptian history pages.I have devoted the final chapter IV (the impact of westernization policy in the Egyptian culture) the pioneers of the intellectual movement and the extent of their influence on Egyptian society, as well as the press's role since Nostha and the variety and diversity of themes and the preparation of publications, as Chapter ensure political alienation repercussions on the Egyptian society, in terms of the decay of some communities and the extent of Western influence on segments of society, as well as the impact on the customs and traditions of the Egyptian heritage.

الصيرفة والصيارفة في القاهرة في العصر الفاطمي (358 - 567 هـ /968 - 1171م) == The Exchange And The Money Changer in Cairo in the Fatimid era (358 - 567H / 968 - 1171 AD

Author name: مصطفى ياسين ثامر الجبوري
Supervisor name: محمد حسين حسن الفلاحي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:

حروب الوردتين في انكلترا (1455 - 1485) : دراسة تاريخية == Wars of the Roses in England (1455 - 1485)A Historical Study

Author name: رشا مجيد منديل الحاجم
Supervisor name: ماجد محيي عبد العباس الفتلاوي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: The Wars of the Roses was the name given to the English civil wars fought roughly between 1455 and 1485. The principal conflicts took place in 1455 - 1460 (First War), 1460 - 1483 (Second War), and 1483 - 1485 (Third War). The wars developed during the reign of King Henry VI (1422 - 1461) , and the outgrowth of the conflict with the Duke of York to be the direct causes of the outbreak of the war,York was killed at the battle of Wakefield. His son Edward IV (1461 - 1483), the first Yorkist king, decisively defeated the Lancastrians in 1461. His reign was punctuated by a Second War, in which Warwick the Kingmaker made Henry VI briefly king again (the Readeption, 1470 - 1471). Edward recovered his throne at the battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury. Following Edward IV’s death and the succession of his son Edward V, in 1483, the throne was usurped by Edward’s uncle, Richard III (r. 1483 - 1485), who was overthrown at the battle of Bosworth in 1485 by Henry Tudor, who reigned as Henry VII (1485 - 1509). Thesis Included, preface, four chapters, further to the introduction and conclusion, preface Devoted, which came under the title (the general situation and the nature of the monarchy in England system until the year 1337) to shed light on the general situation in England since the Norman Conquest until the outbreak of the Hundred Years War between England and France, to address political, economic and social to situations in England during this period and then touched on the nature of the hereditary monarchy system in England and the rules that have been used in the Middle Ages. The first chapter (introductions and the causes of War of the Roses), which consisted of three sections, studied the historical roots of the wars of the Roses, which has its origins traced back to the reign of King Edward III, then explained chapter the effects and reflections of Hundred Years War between England and France on the internal situation in England and being of the outbreak of War of the Roses factors, the illustrate the case of political conflict in the early reign of Henry VI and the outgrowth of the conflict with the Duke of York to be the direct causes of the outbreak of the war. While the second chapter which marked (the first phase of the Roses 1455 - 1460 war) and be one of the three sections discussed by the beginning of the outbreak of war between the Lancaster and the York in the battle of St Albans first and the conduct of battles and military campaigns between the two parties and the victory of York at this juncture and Richard Duke York take over the Regency of England. While the third chapter (the second stage of the War of the Roses (1460 - 1483) and be one of the three sections is also studying the longest duration of this war, which were highlighting the significant role played by Queen Margrethe Of Anjou Henry VI's wife and her leadership to the of Lancasters In their struggle with the Yorks and its defense of the right of her son on the throne against attempts to remove him from the throne and the most prominent military campaigns during this period, which resulted in a loss of Lancaster to the throne and the arrival of Edward the fourth son of Richard Duke of York, to power. The fourth chapter (the end of the War of the Roses and their results (1483 - 1485)) to study the final phase of the wars of the Roses, which almost three years, but it was eventful and developments in the process of conflict consisted chapter of Investigation three also discussed the demise of the House of Lancaster and the arrival of the third Richard to power after that usurped the throne by force of his nephew Edward V and then the emergence of a new prosecutor for the throne of England, but it is Henry Tudor, which was estimated to be the end of the wars of the Roses on his hand and then was showing notable results and effects of the wars of the Roses on England in the various political, economic and socialists aspects . thesis Pena conclusion the main conclusions reached by the dissertation.

دور المراة المصرية في التطورات السياسية والاجتماعية (1952 - 1970) == The role of Egyptian Women inpolitical and social developments 1952 - 1970

Author name: سراب خماط جخيم
Supervisor name: وفاء كاظم ماضي الكندي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: The woman is still an effective element in building the society and in all, both the political or economic or social, and history of the Arab, and since ancient civilization ages and through civilization and Islamic until the present time record for us bright pages of examples of Arab women who have been able to markers of advanced civilization in their states track Egyptian women and her role was most prominent in this area, Egyptian History is full of names was them their mark in history, both at the global level or Arab, and participated with men along with hand in shaping history, but unfortunately we find that a lot of historical sources overlook documenting this positive role and clear, for social reasons, most often have been and continue to limit the moral value of women Bgr customs and traditions inherited, and this form of incentive to look beyond the resources and the most prominent this apparent role of Egyptian women and concealed sometimes in my palace, and writing on the subject (the role of Egyptian women in the political and socio - 1952 developments - 1970), Egyptian women have undergone a range of influences that played a major role in shaping its image in the community, however, it has proved its presence is clear and continuing it, and we talked to in this letter gives us a clear picture of that role in the following aspects : The social aspect : The most obvious and sophisticated side in the field of Renaissance women's education, which expanded the number of schools and primary and secondary schools teachers, universities and the establishment of the first school for girls in 1873 in Cairo and the entry of Egyptian women Wire education, surpassing all obstacles and difficulties that she was standing deduced from a woman going out to seek knowledge, and considers it an order bring shame upon her and her family was this era that served as the main base laid by feminist education and expand in subsequent periods which saw the entry of Egyptian women to universities and higher than many of the women in the educational field as well as send women's missions abroad in order to complete their studies. - Of the most prominent things that have emerged in this aspect during the first period of the research, is the conflict that took place between supporters of the unveiling, veil, who served multiple categories of people, The political aspect : - The Egyptian women political activity is evident in all the revolutions and uprisings in Egypt since the 1919 revolution, was limited activity at first to go out in demonstrations and chanting national slogans, and Egyptian women managed to inflame Hamas masses, a role which has its roots Allowaglh in depth history did the role of women remain confined to only the demonstrations, but the impact that a host of social phenomena - the new national, was left to the veil itself constitute a declaration for a new role for women in public life, and did not leave the veil represents a departure from the moral values, but such a shift in a way to express those moral values are those that stuck it out as long as Egyptian society, hence the distinctive Egyptian women participate in the revolutions of 1919 and 1952 and 1967.

الاثار الاجتماعية للحملة الفرنسية على مصر حتى عام 1863 == The social implications of the French campaign Egypt until 1863

Author name: مها عدنان عبد الحسين المعموري
Supervisor name: وفاء كاظم ماضي الكندي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: The political and militarism development in Egypt gained a lot of historical studies, which dealt with these aspects, with a lot of details. Besides the study of the external relations of Egypt whether with Arab or European countries. At the same time , the Egyptian characters gained personal biography. With these studies ;however ,we can find weaknesses and lack of clarity in studies that dealt with the social aspects for them. There were few studies and most of them were neither scientific nor academic. Considering the importance of the social history of Egypt in the period between (1798 - 1863) concerning the changes happened on its social conditions. The French invasion of Egypt from 1798 to 1863 personified the beginning of new period in its history which attached it with the Great Nations in a wide range and this alerted these Nations to the economic and military importance of it. Although the invasion was unsuccessful experience for the French, but it was the beginning of the French interference especially after France got great care and interesting from the authority of Egypt Mohammad Ali Basha later on. From there I chose the subject of my study to illustrate the effects of the French campaign and its results on the Egyptian community which became like an obedient tool for the western and then to get the control on Egypt. Then ,Egypt became under the debt and independence of the West. The researcher depended on the scientific approach which relied on the historical succession of the events from the monitoring the events and the developments that occurred in Egypt during the period from 1798 to 1863 with illustration about the French effect in these events.The thesis consisted of an introduction, four parts and a conclusion. The first part dealt with the state of Egypt during the Osmanli authority. I illustrated in it the difference aspects of the economical , political and administrative Egypt life in the last eighteenth century.While the second part dealt with "the social targets of the French campaign" .It was presented in four steps. first, the historical development of the idea of the French invasion. Second, the effect of the invasion. Third, results of it. Four, A biography of the writer ; Abd Al - Rehmaan Al - Jeberti who lived during the French campaign in Egypt and was aware of it.In the other hand , the third part dealt with the study of the historical Egypt during Mohammad Ali period ; from 1801 to 1848 . The research concentrated on the political anarchy and how to stabilize Mohammad Ali authority. It also concentrated on the administrative , educational and cultural reformation which Mohammad Ali made. In addition, the research took care on the appearance of the Egyptian journalism. It also concentrated on the circulation of translation as well as his economical reformation.Whereas ,the fourth part referred to Egypt situations during the period of Mohammad's successors. At which the research took care discussed Abbas Basha 1 management ; from 1848 - 1854 and his general politics , economical and educational reformation. His general politics and his cultural and educational reformation as well as Al Suez Canal project and the effect of the foreign fund in the Egyptian economy during that period.There were a clear difference in the parts of the thesis. This is because of the topics of the thesis which need illustrations in some of them as they are essential and come to the point of the subject. Another difference is the large quantity of the scientific material in the research. Whereas the last part lacked the scientific material which the researcher tried to get it from different ways.The study was concluded with the most important results on which the researcher got it. The study depended on a lot of and different sources from the most important books and the Arabic and the Iraqi brochures which enrich the parts of the thesis by valuable information. Whereas the thesis lacked of the unpublished documents because of the difficulties of getting them easily. Referring to that ,I tried to get these documents by going to the Egyptian Consulate who ensured me the difficulties to find these documents during this period of time. In the other hand, the lack and the rarity of the document related to social aspects. Most of the documents related to the political and the economical aspects. For this reason, the great dependence was on the books which we can consider most of them as document books , like Al - Jeberti book : "The wonderful effect in the biography and the information". The importance of this book is that the writer lived during the French campaign and the events that accompanied it. He also lived during Mohammad Ali Basha management and authority. At the same time , most of the works of the historian Mohammad Fuad Shokri had an effect to enrich the thesis by the valuable information because it depended on the Arabic, the British and the Osmanli documents.Particularly ,the book : (The French campaign and the departure from Egypt )and the book : (Mohammad's Ali State Structure) as well as the other sources . We don't neglected the prominent role of the theses and the dissertations, whether the Iraqi ones or the Arabic. The most important source which comes first and enriched the thesis was the PHD dissertation titled in : " Abd Al - Rehman Al - Jeberti and his approach in writing the history". For the researcher Alaawi Abbaas Abd . The dissertation contained important information about the Egyptian life during the Osmanli and the French campaign period against Egypt. As well as , it took the life of the historian Abd Al - Rehman Al - Jeberti and his attitude to the conditions at that time. While the MA thesis titled in ( The popular opposed of the French invasion from 1798 - 1801) for the researcher Ammar Mohammad Ali Al - Taae, considered as the second important source that helped in the presentation of this thesis. The advantage of this thesis appeared in the first part since it dealt with the Egyptian social life during the Osmanli period and during the existence of the French campaign. As well as the PHD dissertation titled in : (The French Effect in the Eastern civilization from the two Thesauruses ; Egypt Qualifying and the Scientific discovery of Algeria ) for the researcher Mustafa Obead .The advantage of this thesis in the third part to illustrate the range of the French effect on Mohammad Ali Basha politics and tendency in modernization Egypt.Finally , I put this humble work in the hands of my respectable teachers ; the boss and the members of the deliberation . I am sure there will be a great role for their opinions and directions to reduce the gaps and the shortcomings

تمرد الجند في العراق وانعكاساته السياسية والاقتصادية (132 - 590ه/749 - 1196م) == Soldiers Rebellion in Iraq and it's Economic and Political Reflection From (132 to 590 B.H / 749 to 1196 A.H)

Author name: ياسر قاسم ياسر حرز العوادي
Supervisor name: ماجد عبد زيد احمد الخزرجي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: The study of the soldiers rebellion in Iraq and its reflection on the economic and political situations during the Abbasid Caliphate is one of the important historical subjects. Many researchers are interested in such subject for many reasons and the most important one is the rarity of the available historical books for the researcher. Another thing is the distribution of information in the historical references that take double effort to be gathered and functioned in a way to reveal the important historical events. So we find this subject (the soldiers rebellion in Iraq) important because of the rarity of historical references. Iraq was of a great importance, that's why it became a center for fight between the Abbasid Era and the great forces appeared at that time like Buyids and Seljuks who made desirous of controlling Iraq and succeeded later on. The soldiers played a great role in Iraq in first Abbasid Era and were able to achieve their own interests through stealing the people's properties. The most dangerous rebellion was made by Abu Al - Saraya and Ibrahim bin Al - Mahdi who controlled the state because the Abbasid State was busy with other things at that period. Abbasid State affaires was controlled by Turkish leaders and soldiers at the time of Turkish rule. The Caliph dad no responsibility and leaders could dismiss him and elect another at any time. So that period witnessed the absence of the real control for Abbasid Caliphs and had a great influence on the economy of Iraq. The most prominent leaders at that time were Etagh, big Bagha, Salih bin Waseef, Moses bin Bagha and others who played important role in the Abbasid State. A number of prices of princes appeared at that time like Mohammed Raeq, Bajkum (the Turkish) and others who controlled the Abbasid State affairs and the Caliph had nothing just the name. The prices of princes controlled the Iraqi fortune and owned wide areas of lands and that had a negative effect on the economic situation in Iraq at that time. Buyids and Seljuks rulers controlled the real reign at their time and Caliph had nothing to do. A number of leaders and soldiers used that situation and rebel against their leaders and were able to control many villages and cities. That events had a great negative influence on the economic situation in Iraq at that time. The study is divided into an introduction and three chapters. The first chapter is about the soldiers rebellion in Iraq and its economic and political reflection at the time of the first Abbasid Era. It has two sections, the first is about the soldiers rebellion in the time of Abu Al - Abbas Al - Safah and Abu - Jaafer Al - Mansour (including literal meaning of rebellion) and the rebellion of Bassam bin Ibrahim and Abu Moslim Al - Kharasani. The second section is about the soldiers rebellion in the time of Al - Ameen and Al - Mamoon including the rebellion of Al - Hussein bin Ali bin Mahan, Khuzeima bin Khazim, Abu Al - Saraya, Ibrahim bin Al - Mahdi and the army leaders. The second chapter is about the soldiers rebellion in Iraq at the time of Turkish rule and its political and economic reflection. It has three sections, the first is about the rebellion of Turkish leaders including Etagh (the turkish), and the rebellion of a number of leaders like the big Bagha, the small Bagha, Autamish, Bagher, Salih bin Waseef, and Moses bin Bagha, and the political reflection. The second section is about the soldiers rebellion at the time of Al - Muqtader and Al - Qaher including the rebellion of Hamdan, Maunes (the servant), and Simaa Al - Managhli, and the economic reflection. The third section is about the rebellion of princes of princes including the rebellion of bin Raeq, Bajkum (the Turkish), Kortkeen Al - Duleimi, and Tozoon (the Turkish), and its economic reflection. The third chapter is about the soldiers rebellion at the time of Buyids and Seljuks which has two sections. The first section is about the soldiers rebellion at the Buyids Era including rebellion of Koorkair, Asfahdoost, Rosebhan Al - Dulaimi, Sbeqtekeen ( the Turkish), Aftekeen (the Turkish), Asfar bin Kardawei, Qaratkeen Al - Jihishyari, Lishukerstan Al - Dulaimi, and Barsutghan, and its economic reflection. The second section is about the soldiers rebellion at the Sejuks Era including the rebellion of Abu Al - Hareth Al - Basaseeri, Kohraeen, Yanal bin Anoshtekeen Al - Husami, Kamishtekeen Al - Qaisari, Ayaz, Sadaqa bin Mansour, Jawly Saqo, and Dubei

الديارات الشاميه واثرها الفكري في القرنين الرابع والخامس الهجريين == Aldearat alshamiya and intellectual impact in the fourth and fifth centuries AD

Author name: دعاء وهاب عبد الحمزة الطائي
Supervisor name: يوسف كاظم جغيل الشمري
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: The subject of aldearat in the levant and its impact scientific during the fourth and fifth alqarnin alhjrain of vital important topicsthat deserve research and study because such topics are the basic foundation upon which researcher who is familiar to know natural aldearat and monastic life where and how the scientific impact on human life and through our research we came to several points namely : 1 - Monastic life I grew up before the advent of Christianity where he was the ancient Egyptians had practiced bladaffh to some ancient Indian communities.2 - Evolution of life and order of isolation single people individually or in cave on the mountains raeads to more than a method where osubho civil and living in a place like a monastery apartment complex.3 - Had diarat laws and its own regulation and everyones commitment to them is contrary to this law are held accountable by the abbot had his sentence of up to expulsion extent of guilt by adair who qtervh4 - There costumes for their own momks and fashion and people simple very to indicate that they are far from life mundane devote themselves worship and asceticism.5 - The monks and nuns living p what they produce from work and each had its own work of a monk.6 - The monastery became aplace for walks and rest and hiding poets after that it was aspecial place pearls asceticism and worship where poets sang a lot of poems for which he was inside.7 - The spread of deviation inside the monastery because they contain bars ,which were carried out by the councils and con certs which were women and men gathered.8 - Found through this study how important These big Aldearat where senior translators who transferred science greek in to Arabic and they wrote themselves out of several books in addition to externalized the most prominent doctors astronomers and engineering

وزارة الارشاد العراقية 1958 - 1963 : دراسة تاريخية == Ministry Iraqi GUIDANCE (1958 - 1963) (Study Historicity)

Author name: دعاء جواد ناصر مهدي الطائي
Supervisor name: سعد كاظم حسن المولى
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: The study and the Ministry of Guidance Iraq dealt with in the period between (1958 - 1963) historical study, if this period of important periods are considered in the history of Iraq, which is located between two important events in the beginning of the revolution July 14, 1958, that ended the monarchy and proclaimed the republic either at the end of the period occurred revolution of February 8, 1963, that ended the rule of Abdul Karim Qasim.ksmt Study into three chapters with an introduction and conclusion and supplements, if the first chapter is divided into three sections address ways of advertising and publications in the period of the monarchy The second chapter is divided into threesections highlighted the establishment of the Ministry in terms of the reasons and motives and missions with a clarification of the ministry structure and the ministers who took over the ministry on the length of time (1958 - 1963), and the third chapter work of the ministry and its mechanism and financial regulation in the period between 1958 - 1963oz divided into four sections between the ministry and the development of interventions taking place which, together with the achievements of the ministry at the time and technical relations and financial affairs. The message has adopted a number of important sources, both were written Ooothaiq, letters or newspapers able to sing the message important scientific material Have resulted in the study of the Iraqi Ministry of Guidance (1958 - 1963) on a number of important things, namely, that the ministry is one of the Iraqi ministries, founded in the republican era for the organization and the reality of the media and advertising in the country, and to respond to each and policies of the enemy's hostile but activity remained limited and it is linked to state policy as the lack of interest of the state by making it simple and small ministry compared to other Iraqi ministries.
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