University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: عمليات الحفر تنتج كميات كبيرة من الماء الملوث يعرف بالماء المنتج او الماء المنتج من البئر. مختبريا تم التحقق باستخدام Autoclave بحجم لتر واحد مصنوع من مادة الصلب stainless steel لمعالجة الماء المنتج من حقول الرميلة الشمالية والزبير الخطوة الاولى استخدمت م | The oil drilling operations create large quantities of contaminated water known as “Produced Water” (PW), or water that is produced from the well. An experimental investigation was conducted using 1litter stainless steel autoclave to treat the oily water produced from North Rumaila and Zubair oil fields. The first approach was a pretreatment to remove solid particles using sedimentation with and without flocculation. The second approach included studied the effect of pH, pressure, temperature, salinity, operation time, outlet time and RPM. The third approach was investigate the effect of the surfactants (detergents and alcohol) to reduce surface tension, finally, was addition of some sorbents like polypropylene, polyethylene, used plastic and sawdust.The ranges of salinity, pH, pressure and temperature were selected according to the PW conditions which out from dehydrator and desalter (80000 ppm, 6, 3bar and 60°C respectively), the RPM of mixer was selected to satisfy laminar flow, while the time of operation and outlet product represented the minimum residence time in batch reactor and its discharge to choose the minimum design cost. The results showed that the best conditions were : - Pressure =1 bar, temperature =45°C, mixer speed =300 RPM, treating time =15 min and skim time starting =5 minutes. Best additives to reduce surface tension : ethanol volume = 0.05vol %, powder detergent = 400 mg/litter and liquid detergent volume = 0.03vol%. Best sorbents : Sawdust amount addition = 2.5 gm, polypropylene = 4 gm, polyethylene = 3 gm and used plastic = 2.5 gm The results showed that using polymers made a great change in the oil recovery percent (all the oil was recovered).

اكسدة ايون الحديدوز الى ايون الحديديك باستخدام المضافات في العمود ذو الفقاعة == Oxidation of Ferrous To Ferric Ion By Additives In Bubble Column

Author name: صباح محمد حسن الجبوري

Supervisor name: رافع جمال يعقوب

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Salahaddin

First pages:

Abstract: تم دراسة اكسدة كبريتات الحديدوز الى كبريتات الحديديك من خلال التركيز على اختبار تاثير الظروف التشغيلية للمنظومة على عملية اكسدة كبريتات الحديدوز بالهواء ومن ثم دراسة تاثير المضافات في اتمام عملية الاكسدة باستخدام الاوكسجين في العمود الفقاعي. تم استخدام ا | This study was discussion converting of ferrous sulfate to ferric sulfate by oxidation with using the bubble column and concentrates by using air and then studied the effect of additives to complete the oxidation with oxygen. Air is used as an oxidation agent in the first step to study the oxidation reaction in bubble column with(5 cm inside diameter ,120 cm tall ), in this part of process, studying the operation condition on the oxidation and determining the rate of conversion. Temperature ( 50,60 and 70 )°C ,air flow rate (100,150,200 and 250)L/h and initial concentration of ferrous (0.5 , 0.25 , 0.1 and 0.05 )M with fixing the pressure slightly up to 1 atmosphere are used to study the performance of the parameters (initial concentration ,temperature and air flow rate on oxidation ferrous sulfate.The effect of these conditions are studied throughout the experimental work to increase the conversion rate of ferrous sulfate.The results are shown that the maximum conversion rate is 53.5% at the temperature 70 °C ,air flow rate 150 L/h and initial concentration of ferrous is 0.1M.The results of the optimum conditions are depended on the second part of this work by using oxygen gas and additive material, (CuSO4, KMnO4, H2O2 and HNO3) at the different concentration (100 , 200 , 300 , 400 , 500 ) ppm, the effect of each material is studied to show the conversion rate of ferrous to ferric sulfate.The test of these material gave different results for each material and gave different result for each concentration of additive on the conversion rate of ferrous.The best result is that the conversion rate is 81.1 % by using CuSO4 at additive concentration 400ppm, the conversion rate is 78.9% by using HNO3 at concentration of additive 200 ppm , the conversion rate is 73.1% by using KMnO4 at concentration of additive 400 ppm and the conversion rate is 70% by using H2O2 at concentration of additive 200 ppm.Mathematical correlation for each additive and the main operating variables on oxidation of ferrous to ferric sulfate are solved by using (Excel) program are illustrated : - (d[?Fe?^(+2)])/dt=0.612067 t+0.011378 Cadd ? 2.86622.

ازالة الكبريت ودراسة الحركية لوقود الديزل بعملية الامتزاز ذو الوجبة باستخدام الكاربون المنشط == Desulfurization And Kinetic Study of Diesel Fuel By Batch Adsorption On Activated Carbon

Author name: سمر خالد الجنابي

Supervisor name: نيران خليل ابراهيم

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Oil Refining and Gas Technology

Degree: Master

University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering - Chemical Engineering and Oil Refining Branch

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: منتجات التقطير في المصافي , وخاصة قطفة زيت الغاز تحتوي على كميات كبيرة من مركبات الالكيل - بنزوثيوفين والتي هي الاكثر تمردا لازالة الكبريت عن طريق السلفرة الهيدروجينية التقليدية. وتستمر لوائح الوقود في جميع انحاء العالم في التشديد استجابة للحاجة الملحة | Refinery distillates, especially gas oil fractions contain considerable amounts of alkylated benzo - thiophene which are the most recalcitrant to desulfurization via conventional hydrodesulfurization. Fuel regulations continue to tighten worldwide in response to the need to cleaner air and refiners meet these regulations at a very significant cost. The need to cut the operational and capital costs has necessitated a renewed look to the non - hydrogen, low temperature and pressure processes for producing ultra low sulfur fuels.Non - conventional approaches for ultra low - sulfur fuels belong either to oxidative or a selective adsorption routes. The present research focuses on a batch adsorption desulfurization process for diesel fuel containing 580ppm sulfur, based on physical adsorption of refractory sulfur compounds on activated carbon (AC). The effects of time (0 - 3.5 hr), temperature (30 - 70 °C), diesel to AC ratio (2 - 10 ml/gm), AC particle size (0.2 - 1.44 mm), mixing velocity(100 - 1000 rpm), and initial sulfur concentration (280 - 580ppm) in commercial diesel fuel on the desulfurization efficiency were studied. The residual sulfur concentration in diesel fuel was decreased from 580 to 247 ppm, corresponding to a desulfurization efficiency of 57 %, at best conditions of 2.5 hr contact time, 50 ?, 2ml diesel/gm AC, 0.8 mm AC particle size, and 1000rpm mixing rate. The sulfur adsorption dependency on contact time and initial sulfur concentration in commercial diesel fuel (280 - 580ppm) were studied. Different kinetic models : Pseudo - first order (PFO), pseudo - second order (PSO) and intraparticle diffusion models were applied to fit the experimental data. The results of the kinetic analysis showed that the pseudo - first order model underestimates the equilibrium sorption capacity by about 33%. However the pseudo - second order model has succeeded in predicting the equilibrium sorption capacity with correlation coefficient, R2 = 0.995. The experimental adsorption isotherms were correlated by Langmuir and Freundlich models. The results indicated that Freundlich isotherm exhibits the best fits for the adsorptive desulfurization of diesel fuel with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.989 as compared with the Langmuir model ( ). The adsorption intensity as estimated from the Freundlich isotherm is larger than one which is indicative of physical adsorption.

ازالة المحتوى الكبريتي بالاكسدة العميقة باستخدام الكاربون المنشط المحفز == Deep Oxidative Desulfurization Using Catalyze Activated Carbon

Author name: ياسمين منذر جاعد

Supervisor name: ودود طاهر محمد

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: ازالة المحتوى الكبريتي من الوقود هي قضية بيئية حاسمة على نحو متزايد. عملية الهدرجة(HDS) تزيل المركبات الكبريتية مثل المركبتان والكبريتيد من الهيدروكربونات، ولكن بعض الكبريت - يحتوي على مركبات (مثل dibenzothiophene) من الصعب جدا ازالتها وتحتاج عمليات عميقة | Removal of sulfur species from fuels is an increasingly critical environmental issue. Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) removes sulfur compounds, such as mercaptans and sulfides from hydrocarbons; however, some sulfur - containing compounds (such as dibenzothiophene) are very difficult to remove and need deep desulfurization processes.This work was applied to the desulfurization diesel fuel produced from the conventional HDS process or ultra - desulfurization. The used fuel types were either real diesel fuel or simulated diesel fuel, where sulfur - containing compound (dibenzothiophene) converted to its corresponding sulfone by oxidation using hydroperoxide as an oxidant and formic acid as cocatalyst with activated carbon (AC), in addition to its adsorbent virtue. Simulated diesel fuel according to British Petroleum 200B doped with dibenzothiophene was prepared.The experimental study was divided into two parts, preliminary study, that include thermally (activated carbon with heat treatment (ACH)) and chemically treatments (i.e. activated carbon impregnated with copper (Cu/AC), activated carbon impregnated with nickel(Ni/AC), activated carbon impregnated with copper and nickel (Cu - Ni/AC) and activated carbon with nitric acid treatment (ACN) ) to the parent activated carbon, these types were tested at different operating conditions (i.e. temperature = 25 and 60 ?C, pH=2, H2O2/diesel fuel ratio=3/100 and activated carbon doses = 0.7 and 1.0 g) to achieve the best one that gives higher desulfurization efficiency. ACM that is a mixture of ACH and ACN (equal percentage) gives 80% sulfur removed at operating conditions of temperature= 60 ?C, pH=2, H2O2/diesel fuel ratio=3/100 and ACM doses = 0.7 g. In general, the activity of activated carbons as follows ACM >ACN > ACH > Ni/AC > Cu/AC > Cu - Ni/AC > parent AC While, the second part represents the main study, that deals with the desulfurization process in details, using ACM with operating conditions of temperature of 60 - 80 ?C, pH of 0 - 4, H2O2/diesel fuel ratio of 3/100 to 7/100 and ACM doses of 0.5 to 1.0 g Maximum desulfurization efficiency achieved was 92.3% at operating conditions of temperature= 80 ?C, pH =0, H2O2/diesel fuel ratio= 5/100 and ACM dose =1.0 g.Finally, two experiments with the best conditions above were done on the real diesel fuel. Maximum desulfurization efficiency was 25% at temperature= 80 ?C, pH =0, H2O2/diesel fuel ratio= 5/100 and ACM dose =1.0 g.

معالجة مياه المصب العام للحقن في حقل الناصرية النفطي == Water Treatment of Main Outfall Drain For Injection In Nasiriyah Oil Field

Author name: جعفر جبار مدلول

Supervisor name: احمد فائق العلوي

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: يهدف العمل الحالي لانتاج مياه ملائمة للحقن في حقل الناصرية النفطي من المصب العام يتكون الجزء العملي من هذا البحث من ثلاثة مراحل(1) التخثير/ التلبد , (2) مرشح ماء الجاذبية الطبيعية او غشاء دقيق و(3) تقنية اغشية النانو. المرحلة الاولى, تخلص عملية التخثير/ | The aim of the present work is to produce water appropriate for injection in Nasiriyah oil field from Main Outfall Drain (MOD). The experimental work in this research consists from three stages (1) coagulation/ flocculation, (2) natural gravity water filter or microfiltration membrane (MF) and (3) nanofiltration membrane (NF) technology. The first stage, coagulation/flocculation process removed the suspended solids from MOD and reduced the turbidity to the demand limits. The variables studied were initial turbidity (11.8 - 100 NTU), coagulant dosage (0 - 55 ppm), speed of the slow mixing step in the jartest apparatus (2nd step) (20 - 40 rpm), time of 2nd step (20 - 40 min), and settling time (10 - 50 min). Turbidity increases by increasing initial turbidity and decreases by increasing the coagulant dosage, speed and time of 2nd step and settling time until the reaching to the optimum for them at the minimum turbidity, then any increasing of the coagulant dosage, speed and time of 2nd step will increase the turbidity, while any increasing of settling time will do no effect on turbidity. The optimum dosage for alum was 35, 40 and 50 ppm. While, for ferric chloride it was 15, 20 and 30 ppm and for polyelectrolyte 4, 8 and 10 ppm for 11.8, 30 and 100 NTU initial turbidity respectively. The optimum speed of 2nd step was 25 rpm for each of alum (35 ppm), ferric chloride (15 ppm) and polyelectrolyte (4 ppm). While the optimum time of 2nd step was 30 min for each of alum (35 ppm), ferric chloride (15 ppm) and polyelectrolyte (4 ppm) and settling time was 30 min for each of alum (35 ppm), ferric chloride (15 ppm) and polyelectrolyte (4 ppm). The second stage, natural gravity water filter or microfiltration MF was used to ensure that the particle size was in the demand limits (less than 10 ?m) and reduce the turbidity and the total suspended solids (TSS) to the demand limits (5 NTU and 3 - 3.5 mg/l). It was found that turbidity and TSS increases by increasing the inlet turbidity and TSS and the results was arranged progressively as the following : Natural gravity water filter ? 5 ?m MF ? 1 ?m MF. The final stage, nanofiltration NF membrane technology was used to remove sulphate from MOD. The variables studied were feed concentration (1800 - 9630 mg/l) and operating temperature (27 - 37 oC). Also concentrate recirculation was used to obtain high recovery percentage of water can be inject. It was found that product flow rate increases by increasing temperature and decreases by increasing salts concentration in feed. Also it was found that salts concentration in product increases by increasing feed concentration and temperature. Rejection percentages were (94.475 - 95.631 %), (88.088 - 90.714 %), (83.33 - 93.2 %), (85.116 - 92.727 %) and (65.385 - 72.727 %) for sulphate, total hardness (TH), Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl - respectively and recovery percentage of product water was (11.429 - 38.143 %) for polyamide membrane (TFC). In the case of concentrate recirculation, feed concentration, permeate concentration and volume of permeate increases with increasing in operating time and 12.69 liter of water valid for injection in oil field was recovered from 25 liter feed after 180 minute.

عمليات التحميض للطبقات المنتجة للنفط الخام في ابار الانتاج البترولية == Acidification of Crude Petroleum Bearing Strata In Production Wells

Author name: سيف عبد الحق عبد الستار

Supervisor name: نجاة جمعة صالح

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Oil Refining and Gas Technology

Degree: Higher Diploma

University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering - Chemical Engineering and Oil Refining Branch

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: تم في هذا البحث دراسة عملية التحميض بصورة عامة وتحميض طبقتي ( التنومة والخصيب) المنتجة ) ضمن حقول EB - 91 للنفط والواقعة ضمن حقول شرقي بغداد بصورة خاصة. وتم اعتماد البئر (.(Case Study ) شرق بغداد كـ نموذج تعتبر عملية تحميض الابار النفطية من العمليات ا | In this work, acidification process in general and in particular at Al - Tanuma and Khasib layers is studied. Al - Tanuma and Khasib layer's in well (EB - 91)are located in east of Baghdad oil field. That well was taken as a case study.Acidification process is important to increase productivity of old oil well, and new one. Before acidification a test was carried out with water. During the test water is injected in these two layers under high pressure. If the test is successful that means the two layers are able to absorbed the dilute acid. - At first acid concentration must be diluted for 30 % to 15 % by using water as dilutent. - Additives are added to the acid, these additives are : • Anti - corrosion (A1 - 48) 0.5%.• Anti - emulsifier (NE - 50) 0.5%.• Emulsifier (WFT - 9256) 0.5%.• Solvent (WMS - 121) 1%. - Acid and the additives were injected inside Al - Tanuma and Khasib layers under high pressure. - Displacement liquid (gas oil) was injected inside the two layers to remove the acid and let it enter the formation. - The well was closed for minimum (1) hour to complete the reaction of acid with well formations. - The well was opened.The crude oil, gas oil and remaining acid will elute from the well by the action of pressure. - The crude oil eluted from the well was transferred by fire pipes to burning hole, where it was burned for about (3 - 4) hours. - After burning process is completed the well is ready for production.

السلوك التاكلي للحديد الكاربوني في نواتج المياه للصناعات النفطية المحتوية على غاز CO2 == Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel In CO2 - Containing Oilfield Produced Water

Author name: خالد حامد رشيد عبد الخالق

Supervisor name: ابرائيل سركيس يارو

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: ان وجود غاز ثاني اوكسيد الكاربون ( (CO2في طبقة الماء المالح بشكل غاز مذاب تحت ضغوط عالية والمصاحبة للنفط الخام يكون حامض الكاربونيك. الحديد المطاوع يشغل المادة الاساسية في تركيب خطوط الانابيب الناقلة في الصناعة النفطية والغازية , بسبب رخص ثمنها , مقاومته | Carbon dioxide is present in water as a dissolved gas under the high pressures common in underground oil and gas reservoirs. In the dissolved state it forms carbonic acid. The primary material of construction for pipelines in the oil and gas industry is mild steel, because of its price, strength and availability. However, carbon steel corrodes in the presence of carbonic and organic acids such as acetic acid (HAc). It is therefore important to investigate the conditions in which HAc causes corrosion damage to mild steel. The extent of HAc/CO2 corrosion depends on many other variables such as : temperature, CO2 partial pressure, pH, flow regime, etc.The corrosion rates of API X65 mild steel alloy have been studied by three different techniques : i. Weight Loss Technique.ii. Potentiodynamic Polarization Technique.iii. Characterization of the Corroded Surface Techniques.i. Weight Loss Technique : A series of experiments were performed to study the effect of simulated brines solutions on the corrosion rate of mild steel with and without acetic acid. The corrosion rates of mild steel were found to be similar in simulated brines solutions and 3.5 wt % NaCl solutions. The corrosion experiments were planned to form a second - order mathematical expression using Full Factorial Experimental Design (FFED) : a - Four variables experiments (influence of temperature, solution pH, acetic acid (HAc) concentration and speed of rotation). b - Three variables experiments (influence of temperature, solution pH and speed of rotation).The results of this investigation are summarized as follows : The second - order polynomial regression analysis of the objective function (corrosion rate), using Full Factorial Experimental Design (FFED) via STATISTICA software, gave two mathematical expressions for four and three variables experiments. Arrhenius Equation and Transition State Equation were used to evaluate the activation parameters : Activation Energy (Ea), Enthalpy of Activation (?H*) and Entropy of Activation (?S*). The values of average Equilibrium Constants (K*) were also calculated at each value of average Gibbs Free Energy Change (?G), to determine the spontaneous of corrosion reaction. The corrosion rate of mild steel in presence and absence of acetic acid were increased with increasing of temperature, acetic acid (HAc) concentration and speed of rotation, but decreased with increasing of pH of solution. Multi - variable regression analysis of objective function (corrosion rate) in presence and absence of acetic acid in weight loss technique as a function of experimental variables (temperature, solution pH, acetic acid (HAc) concentration and speed of rotation), yielded two suggested mathematical expressions.ii. Potentiodynamic Polarization Technique : In this investigation a theoretical model Equation proposed by Korobove and Medvedeva Korobove and Medvedeva, [2000] was used to analyze the shape of polarization curves. The values of polarization resistance (Rp) were also obtained, these values were increased with decreasing of temperature and speed of rotation in absence and presence of the protective film formation. The polarization resistance values in absence of acetic acid are larger than the polarization resistance values in presence of acetic acid, due to the formation of the protective film.The values of mass transfer correction factor (?) were also obtained, these values will approach unity at low overpotential and it decreases as overpotential increases in presence and absence of the protective film formation. Generally, in absence of acetic acid, the values of (?) are adjacent to each other and almost unite value compare with presence of acetic acid at different temperatures and speeds of rotation due to the protective film formation as diffusion barrier is accelerated by measures that restrict the transport of reaction products from the surface.The limiting diffusion currents of hydrogen in CO2 saturated, 3.5 wt% NaCl solutions under turbulent conditions in presence and absence of the acetic acid has been correlated. iii. Characterization of the Corroded Surface Techniques : The effect of presence and absence of the acetic acid (HAc) on the CO2 corrosion of grade API X65 mild steel alloy was investigated at optimum conditions in weight loss technique (45.4 °C, pH 4.8, 2178.5 ppm HAc and 1296.6 rpm) and in absence of acetic acid (68.7 °C, pH 7.9 and 1425.8 rpm) by using analyses of protective film thickness, porosity, roughness, Vickers micro - hardness (VMH), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), computerized metallurgical optical microscopy technique (CMOMT) and X - ray diffraction (XRD). In presence of acetic acid, a porous layer (Fe3C cementite/FeCO3 siderite layer) was formed. In absence of acetic acid, a fairly dense layer ferrous carbonate (FeCO3 / siderite layer) was formed. In absence of acetic acid, the roughness and hardness of protective film were greater than that of film formation in presence of acetic acid.

تسريع انتاج الخل بالطريقة المستمرة == Speeding - Up The Production of Vinegar By Continuous Ferementation

Author name: خليل عيدان حمد الدليمي

Supervisor name: عبد القهار مهدي محمد السامرائي

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: Arabic

University location: Salahaddin

First pages:

Abstract: تمت الدراسة على جهاز تخمير ريادي؛ باستخدام الطريقة المستمرة في انتاج حامض الخليك ومن ثم اجراء تقييم للظروف المثلى في عملية الانتا م في هذا البحث دراسة تاثير المتغيرات (معدل تدفق الهواء, وسرع المزج, ودرجة الحرارة ,والدالة الحامضية (pH ), وتركيز الاوكسجين ا | The research has been achieved by means of fermentation system by Continuous method to produce acetic acid and then evaluation of the optimum condition of production process. This research aims to study the effect of some operation variables like (air flow rate, speed of mixing, temperature, acidic function ( pH ) , and dilution rate of alcohol ) , on acetic acid production. The operation conditions that worked are (air flow rate ( 1 - 4) m3 / hr ) , speed of mixing( ( 50 - 400) rpm ) temperature (( 18 - 33)C? ) , and dilution rate ( ( 0.005 - 0.02) hr - 1 )). The optimum operating conditions to produce acetic acid by continuous process are as follow : (air flow rate ( 3 m3 / hr ) ,speed of mixing (100 rpm) , temperature ( 30 C? ), dilution rate of alcohol(0.005 hr - 1) initial alcohol concentration ( 48 g / l ) and initial concentration of acetic acid ( 40 g / l )).. The biological variables of acetic acid bacteria have been studied in the fermentation process in continuous method ( concentration of living mass , consumed alcohol , the produced acetic acid and the dissolved oxygen concentration) in addition to the lateral variables of the process ( aeration flow rate, speed of mixing , temperature , function of acidity and dilution rate ) as algebraic differential equations Mathematical models of the continuous process of fermentation process (used as simulation solutions).

معالجة عناصر الخارصين والنحاس والمنغنيز في مياه الفضلات الصناعية بطريقة الترسيب الكيمياوي == Treatment of Zinc ,Cupper And Manganese In Wastewater By Chemical Precipitation

Author name: يوسف صالح عيسى

Supervisor name: دريد فاضل احمد

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: Arabic

University location: Salahaddin

First pages:

Abstract: تهدف هذه الدراسة الى ايجاد تاثير المعالجة الكيمياوية بطريقة الترسيب الكيمياوي على كفاءة ازالة العناصر الثقيلة في مياه الفضلات الصناعية المطروحة لتصل الى النهر بالتراكيز المسموح بها. تتم عملية الترسيب الكيمياوي بالسيطرة على الدالة الحامضية لمياه الفضلات ب | This study aims to find the effect of chemical treatment by chemical precipitation on the efficiency of removing heavy metals from wastewater to be poured back to the river. Chemical precipitation is done by controlling the (PH) of wastewater by adding a suitable hydroxide ,different hydroxides were used like the hydroxides of sodium ,calcium and potassium 0.05N each and sodium carbons 0.1N in removing heavy metals of wastewater. The study has taken prepared samples contain different concentrations of heavy metals ions like cupper 2,4 and 6 ppm zinc 5,10 and 15ppm and manganese 2,5,8 ppm Jar taste is used to show the chemical precipitation. Fast and slow mixing periods were written down to get the velocity gradient (G) and (GT) The used materials were highly efficient to remove the ions of metals. The removed amount of metals was measured by (AAS) Atomic Absorption spectroscopy. The paper has also studied the effective factors on the efficiency of precipitation like the (PH) is (8,9,10,11) and The precipitation time is (0.5,1,2,3)h.The result show that the best precipitation efficiency when an ion is used alone in the solution (PH) is (10,11) precipitation time 2h hydroxides precipitation (0.05N) it removes about 98% of cupper ions when sodium and calcium hydroxides are used ,more than 96,66% when the potassium hydroxide is used.a complete removing appears of manganese ions when the calcium hydroxide is used more than 90% when the potassium hydroxide is used.77% when the sodium hydroxide is used more than 98.4% of zinc ions removed when the sodium and calcium hydroxide is used 95.9% of zinc ions is removed when the sodium carbons are used the best treatment condition appear when the (PH) is (9 to10) and precipitation time is 2h when an ion is used alone in the solution 98% of cupper and zinc ions are removing 90% of manganese ions.When the ions are mixed in the solution the best removing efficiency appears when the (PH) is (9 to 11) and precepitition time is 2h when the hydroxides and carbons are used a complete removing of cupper ions 90% of zinc ions and more than 98.2% of manganese ions.The time of reaction to get 10.5 PH using hydroxides is (25 - 30) second when sodium carbon's are used the reaction time to get 8.5 is (50) second for cupper and zinc ,(25) second for manganese.The reaction is zero order when hydroxides are used and first order when carbons are used in treating heavy metals.

المعالجة البايولوجية في المياه الصناعية المصرفة لتخفيض تركيز الميثانول == Bioremediation of Industrial Wastewater For Reducing Methanol Concentration

Author name: نغم اديب عبد الكريم

Supervisor name: Mahmood M. Barbooti | Mumtaz A. Zablouk

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Biochemistry Engineering

Degree: Master

University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: تعتمد المعالجة البايولوجية للمياه الصناعية المصرفة على عملية بسيطة وذلك بتامين الكائنات الحية التي لها القدرة على تفكيك المركبات العضوية حيث تستغلها البكتريا كمصدر للتغذية.ان اغلب المركبات العضوية واللاعضوية يمكن ازالتها بصورة فعالة من خلال المعالجة الباي | The present work biological treatment by activated sludge is advocated to reduce methanol concentration in wastewater.Activated sludge is prepared in laboratory from contaminated soil with heavy hydrocarbon. Aerobic biological treatment is applied for synthetic wastewater containing 2 gm/L methanol. Important operating parameters in this system are the sludge volume, temperature, pH and total time. Investigating these parameters can establish sufficient microbial mass for efficient treatment. The treatment is carried out under various conditions of temperature (20, 30 & 40) 0C, pH (6, 7 & 8), total treatment time (2, 3 & 5) days and for different sludge volume (100 ,280 & 450) ml. The best volume used is 280 ml from the prepared activated sludge which gives best removal down to 160 ppm. Treated wastewater samples were collected at different time and stored in deep freeze.The stored samples are analyzed for methanol content by direct injection to Gas - Chromatography. From the experimental investigation results, it has been shown that the aerobic biological treatment is efficient in reducing methanol concentration in treated wastewater. The addition of 280 ml of sludge to seven liters of synthetic wastewater gives maximum removal of methanol. The results are analyzed mathematically. The experimental data collected by this sludge volume are successfully fitted to a second order polynomial empirical correlation.The most favorable operating conditions for the 280 ml sludge volume are 400C temperature, pH = 6.8 and 102 hr total treatment time with 30h aeration.On the basis of the best conditions obtained the empirical correlation, is obtained as follows : Y = 14616.62 - 17.4202X1 - 10.6311X2 - 3592.75X3+ 0.028335 - 0.159515 + 254.532X32 - 0.1263X1X2 + 0.452606X1X3 + 1.7638X2X3. Where : X1=Treatment time. X2=Temperature.X3= pH Average absolute error =10.8 % Correlation coefficient =0.98.

Author name: وسام عدنان حيدر العبيدي

Supervisor name: عدنان عبد الجبار عبد الرزاق السالم

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Oil Refining and Gas Technology

Degree: Higher Diploma

University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering - Chemical Engineering and Oil Refining Branch

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

دراسة تاثير النانو سليكا المحضرة من رمال السيليكا العراقية على بعض الخواص الميكانيكية لمتراكبات الكونكريت == Study The Effect of Nano - Silica Prepared From Iraqi Silica Sand On Some Mechanical Properties of Concrete Composites

Author name: علي داود سلمان

Supervisor name: نجاة جمعة صالح

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Processes

Degree: Master

University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering - Chemical Process Engineering Branch

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: ان الهدف من هذا البحث هو تحضير دقائق السليكا النانوية من رمال السليكا العراقية من منجم ارضمة غرب العراق باستخدام طريقة الطحن المتعدد في (جهاز الطحن بالكرات)،حيث تم تشخيص دقائق السليكا بواسطة اجهزة التشخيص التالية SEM, AFM, PSA,FT - IR, XRD, XRF, BET,TEM. | The purposes of this work are to prepare, characterize silica nanoparticles for a first time from Ardma location at Anbar province in western Iraq by combination of top down approach using ultrafine grinding (Ball milling) and drying processes, evaluate the effect of nano - silica sand (NSS) addition on mechanical properties (compressive and splitting tensile strengths) of mortar mixture, and optimization of the operating variables (NS particle size and percentage of (NS) by using [WinQSB] and [STATISTICA] software technique to find the optimum values. (XRF) test shows enrichment of SiO2 after leaching with sulfuric acid. The prepared (NS) is characterized by SEM, AFM, PSA, FT - IR, XRD, XRF, BET and TEM. According to Particle Size Analyzers (PSA) silica sand has successfully been reduced to particle size of 50 nm after (30) hours of milling. The (AFM) test reveal two different groups of samples were analyzed, the range of first group was (60 - 120) nm after 40 hours of milling, the range of second group was (90 - 170)nm after 50 hours of milling. X - ray diffraction of silica sand before and after milling process shows that surface , structural changes duo to amorphization phenomenon result from an intensive mechanical treatment by (Ball milling) of silica sand. This result supports the incorporating (NS) into cement mortar. The (BET) analysis shows that the (NS) has different surface areas according to particle size. The (TEM) and (SEM) images of NS show that various shapes of the(NS) particles including irregular, spherical, and highly agglomerated in shape due to Van der Walls force on the particles surface. Three different ranges of particle sizes of (NS) have been used; (30 - 100)nm,(60 - 120)nm and(90 - 170)nm with three percentages of each (2% ,6% and 10% per weight of cement) and a w/c of 0.48. The SEM images of mortar mixture at the age of 28 days show existence of many Ca(OH)2 crystals needles over - shadowed and cover a large area with porous structure, while after adding (NSS) the Ca(OH)2needles are invisible and compact structure with the absence of the un - hydrated crystals which explains the superior strengths results. NSS contributes to enhancement of cement mortar through yielding denser, more compact and uniform mixtures. The optimization results of mechanical properties proved that an improvement in compressive strength of 29.889% at optimum conditions (adding 6% of 50nm particle size) in 28 days age, while for tensile strength was 22.863% at optimum conditions (adding 8% of 50nm particle size) in 28 days age. NSS obtained by ball milling of silica sand can be produced in large quantities at low prices, by sustainable method so that mass application in concrete is within reach According to my knowledge there is no previous work focusing on preparing of silica nanoparticles from Iraqi silica sand, and using it to improve mechanical properties of cement mortar by using optimization technique.

دراسة الهيدروديناميكية والحركية في مفاعل الطبقة الفوارة لوحدة النفط الثقيل == Hydrodynamic And Kinetic Study In An Ebullated - Bed Reactor For The Heavy Oil (H - Oil Unit)

Author name: هالة حسين حسن ابو نايلة

Supervisor name: محمد فاضل عبد | شاكر محمود احمد

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Oil Refining and Gas Technology

Degree: Master

University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering - Chemical Engineering and Oil Refining Branch

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: ان النمو المضطرد في انتاج النفوط الثقيلة والطلب المتزايد على المقطرات الوسطيه اعطى اهمية قصوى لعمليات التكسير في المصافي النفطية، وتعتبر طريقة (H - Oil) باستخدام مفاعلات الطبقة الفوارة واحدة من اهم عمليات التكسير المحفز والتي تهدف الى تكسير النفوط الثقيل | The present work was devoted to study the hydrodynamic characteristics of a lab - scale cold - flow ebullated bed three phase column. It was also to investigate the kinetic behavior of an industrial - scale ebullated bed reactor, licensed by Axens Co., installed and operated in Lukoil refinery at Bourgas - Bulgaria.For the design of experiments in the lab - scale cold - flow column, factorial method was introduced to study the influence of the operating variables (i.e., gas and liquid superficial velocities and the liquid internal reflux ratio) on the objective functions (i.e., individual holdups and bubble characteristics).Pressure gradient method was used to estimate the individual holdups and bed porosity along the column, while photographic method was utilized to obtain images of the moving gas bubble which analyzed using Ai Adobe Illustrator CC (64 Bit) software to determine the geometric characteristics of bubbles.The results showed that liquid internal reflux ratio, which characterized the ebullated bed three phase bubble column, has a predominant effect on the individual holdups and bubble sizes.The operating and geometric variables of the lab - scale cold - flow ebullated bed were carefully selected to simulate the hydrodynamic characteristic of the industrial unit through matching five dimensionless groups (M - group, E?tv?s number, Reynolds number, density ratio and velocity ratio) of the cold - flowlab - scale and industrial systems.The percentage average deviations between each two particular groups of the two systems were (14.7%, 25%, 13.14%, 15.2%, and 20%), respectively. Although this did not result in a perfect match, considering the uncertainty in the industrial units exact operating properties, the match was considered to be sufficiently close.A five - lump kinetic model was selected, to describe the catalytic hydrocracking of heavy oil, to formulate the reaction rate equations of vacuum residue, vacuum gas oil, middle distillate, naphtha, and gases. These equations were inserted into the individual mass balance equation of each lump and then utilized in a program of MATLAB based on the nonlinear least square method to estimate the kinetic parameters (rate constants and activation energies of the proposed reaction pathways), to investigate the effect of the operating variables (e.g., operating temperature, WHSV, and reaction time ) on the kinetic parameters and performance of the industrial ebullated bed reactor. It was found that, - The intra - pellet (internal) diffusion was the rate - limiting step in the H - Oil reaction system. - The effectiveness factor decreases with increasing reaction temperature and WHSV. - The outcomes of the mathematical model confirmed the reaction orders of hydrocracking of vacuum residue and catalyst deactivation to be 2.1 and 0.18, respectively. - Activation and deactivation energies resulted to be quite similar of 48.87 and 50.68 kcal/mole, respectively, meaning that there is no strong effect of the deactivation process over the global hydrocracking reaction. - The hydrocracking of vacuum residue has a higher selectivity toward VGO production than toward other lumps in the following order : VGO < Middle Distillate < Naphtha <Gases. - WHSV has a negative impact on yield fractions of the industrial ebullated bed reactor while the images were different with the operating temperature. The formulated model was validated by comparing its outcomes with the findings of other related model (e.g Sa´nchez and Ancheyta, 2007) from literature. The results of comparison confirmed the reliability of the present model.Key words : Hydrodynamic, Kinetic Parameters, Heavy Oil, Ebullated Bed, Reactor.

تاكل الفولاذ الكاربوني تحت ظروف الخلط في وسط ثنائي الطور لمحلول ملحي مع زيت الغاز وثنائي اوكسيد الكاربون والسيطرة علية بالحماية الكاثودية == Corrosion of Carbon Steel In Stirred Two Phase Media of Brine - Gas Oil And Brine - CO2 And Prevention By Cathodic Protection

Author name: ساهر محمد عزيز

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: Al-Nahrain University

Language: English

Full text from the source: https://nahrainuniv.edu.iq/sites/default/files/Combined_321.pdf

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: Corrosion tests of carbon steel (CS) in single and two phase media of two immiscible liquids (CaCO3 solution - gasoil mixture) and liquid - gas (CaCO3 solution - CO2 gas) under different operating conditions of temperature, agitation velocity, phase fractions, gas flow rate, and immersion time were carried out using weight loss method and electrochemical polarization technique. Flat blade disc turbine mixer was used to simulate the two phase flow conditions.The ranges of operating parameters in two immiscible phase tests were agitation velocities of (0 - 1200 rpm), temperature of (25 - 45 oC), (1 - 10 vol %) gas oil. The effect of presence of acids such as HCl and H2SO4 on corrosion rate was also investigated under different conditions.Corrosion rate (iL) measurements in CO2 saturated solution were also attained in different operating conditions of temperatures(25 - 45 oC), agitation velocity (0 - 800 rpm), salts concentrations (2.5 × 10 - 3 to 9.9 × 10 - 3M), CO2 flow rate (0.142 to1.132 m3/h ), and immersion time by determining the limiting current density.The pH values, oxygen solubility, and electrical conductivity of tested solutions were measured under all to interpret the obtained result.The results revealed that increasing agitation velocity and temperature leads to an increase of the corrosion rate in single phase brine solution. The corrosion rate in brine - gasoil mixture is irregularly varied with concentration of gasoil and agitation velocity. The limiting current density in single phase CaCO3 increases with the increase in agitation velocity, concentration of brine, and temperature. The corrosion rate in two phase brine - CO2 mixture decreases with the increase of agitation velocity flow rate of CO2, temperature, and immersion time. The corrosion potential of Carbon steel under various conditions were determined and discussed.Cathodic protection was used to protect carbon steel in brine - CO2 mixture by using zinc as sacrificial anode under different operating conditions of flow rate of CO2, agitation velocity, and temperature. Good corrosion protection efficiency was attained.

العوامل المؤثرة على ظاهرة تقليل الاعاقة المصاحبة لجريان السوائل بواسطة المضافات البوليمرية والمواد الخافظة للشد السطحي == Effect of Operating Variables On Drag Reduction Phenomenon By Polymers And Surfactants Additives

Author name: ليث مجيد عبود

Supervisor name: issam kamil salih

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Industrial Processes

Degree: Master

University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering - Chemical Process Engineering Branch

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: تناول البحث دراسة وتطبيق ظاهرة تقليل الاعاقة لاطالة مسافة تصريف السوائل الساقطة بشكل حر من انبوب افقي. حيث تمت دراسة تاثير ارتفاع ونوع السائل , نوع وتركيز البوليمر , قطر الانبوب وخشونة سطحه, واحدى المواد ذات الفعالية السطحية.تم اجراء الاختبارات العملية | Drag reduction phenomenon has been studied and applied to extend the discharge distance of kerosene, gas oil and tap water falling freely from horizontal tube. The effect of liquid head, type of solvent, polymer characteristics and concentration, pipe diameter and roughness and addition of surfactant were investigated.Experimental tests were performed using apparatus consisting of a reservoir connected to a horizontal tube from which the flux was allowed to fall freely under different heads. The distance traveled horizontally was measured and used to estimate the friction factor (ƒ) and the percentage drag reduction (%DR). The tests were carried out under liquid heads of 140, 165, 190, 215, 240 cm to ensure turbulent flow circumstances, i.e. Re ? 3000.Three types of polymers were tested, viz., polyisobutylene (PIB), xanthan gum (XG) and guar gum (GGM). The activities of these polymers for drag reduction were evaluated at concentrations of 10 - 200 ppm for PIB and 50 - 400 ppm for XG and GGM using three solvents, viz., kerosene, gas oil and tap water. Glass tubes of 3,7,10 and 11mm diameters in addition to carbon steel and stainless steel pipes of 10mm diameter were used to investigate the effect of pipe diameter and roughness.The interactions between polymer and surfactant were investigated using sodium luaryl sulfate (SLS) so that experimental tests were performed with PIB in the absence and presence of (SLS) at different concentrations. The discharge distance and %DR is generally increased with increasing liquid head and additive concentration. However %DR is sometimes reached to a maximum value at a specific concentration termed " critical concentration" beyond which %DR is fallen, the %DR observed with 100ppm of PIB is 44.3% at head equal 140 cm and 56% at head equal 240 cm from stainless steel tube. Moreover, %DR is progressively increased with increasing Reynolds number (Re) at any specific concentration, %DR achieved due to the addition 50ppm of PIB is 20.8% at Re equal 17236 and 45.9% at Re equal 26056 from stainless steel tube.Polyisobutylene has effectively reduced drag with kerosene and gas oil. Its activity seems to be higher with gas oil compared to that with kerosene. The maximum %DR achieved due to the addition 100 ppm of PIB in gas oil and kerosene are 63% & 56% respectively from Stainless steel tube. The activity of SLS for drag reduction with kerosene is evidently lower than that of PIB, and the difference between %DR observed is reduced with increasing concentration. Efficiency of PIB is considerably decreased by adding SLS so that the maximum %DR achieved with their mixture is 40.1%.The polymers XG and GGM are effectively reduced drag when added to tap water. Their activities at any specific operating conditions are decreased according to the sequence of XG ? GGM. The maximum %DR observed with them at 300 ppm are 77% and 48.8% respectively. The values of (%DR) measured with all tested liquids seem consistent with Blasius equation and they are progressively shifted to the direction of Virk asymptote with increasing of polymer concentration. The percent drag reduction is well correlated with Reynolds numbers, (L/D) and polymer concentration according to the relation of the form %DR= a (Re)b (C)d (L/D)k, where a, b, d and k are constants, so that a specific empirical correlation is observed for each polymer.

تحسين مواصفات / ازالة الكبريت من النفوط العراقية الثقيلة باستخدام طريقة الاكسدة المعانة بالموجات فوق الصوتية == Upgrading / Desulfurazation of Iraq Heavy Crude Oils Using Oxidation Assisted By Ultrasound

Author name: شيماء كاظم محيسن

Supervisor name: نيران خليل ابراهيم

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Oil Refining and Gas Technology

Degree: Higher Diploma

University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering - Chemical Engineering and Oil Refining Branch

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: وجودالكبريت في النفط الخام يشكل تحديات هائلة فيما يتعلق بالاثار البيئية والاقتصادية السلبية.وعلى هذا النحو ايضا سلامة المعدات معرضة لمخاطر عالية اثناء معالجة نفط خام الاحدب(3,55? كبريت) بسبب طبيعته الحامضية.وبالتالي فان هذا البحث يهدف الى تقليل محتوى الك | The presence of sulfur in crude oil posses enormous challenges as regards its negative environmental and economic impact. As such, the safety of the equipment is at high risk during the processing of Al - Ahdab crude oil because of its sour nature (3.55wt% sulfur). The present work is aimed at reduce the sulfur content of Al - Ahdab crude oil prior to processing by oxidative desulfurization treatment method using ultrasonic irradiation probe and high speed homogenizer for the enhancement of oxidizing the sulfur compounds and converting them into sulfones. The oxidation step was then followed by solvent extraction to extract the sulfones.An ultrasound - assisted oxidative desulfurization (UAOD) with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of acetic acid and subsequent solvent extraction using a polar solvent (acetonitrile ) has been applied for the desulfurization of Al - Ahdab crude oil in a bench scale unit. The results indicate that the desulfurization efficiency is dependent on the sonication rate. The measured sulfur content of the crude oil, obtained after 10 minutes contact time indicated that the highest efficiency obtained is 81.86%, corresponding to reductionin sulfur content up to 0.664wt.%, when sonication energy of 21139J was used. The second mixing scheme examined was that of using a high speed homogenizer. The results indicate that the desulfurization efficiency increases with increasing mixing speed from5000 to 26000rpm, and reaction time from 15 to 60min. The highest desulfurization efficiency obtained was 72.6% at 26000rpm and 60min reaction time. The above results indicate that UAOD is a successful process to upgrade Al - Ahdab crude oil. However, oxidative desulfurization assisted by high speed agitation also gave reasonable desulfurization efficiency. The sulfur content was reduced to about 1.2% which is less than that of Kirkuk crude (2.8%) and that of AL - Basrah crude (3.16%).

تثبيط التكلسات في انظمة التناضح العكسي باستخدام مواد كيمياوية == Scale Inhibition In Reverse Osmosis Systems Using Chemical Materials

Author name: زهراء احمد عبد الامير

Supervisor name: نجوى صابر مجيد

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: تم في ھذا البحث دراسة تثبيط تكون تكلسات كاربونات الكالسيوم على سطح غشاء نظام تناضح عكسي باستخدام نوعين من مثبطات تكون التكلسات وھما كلوريد الزنك ومادة بوليمرية بتراكيز منخفضة ودراسة تاثير تغيير معدل جريان المحلول الداخل, حامضية المحلول الداخل, تركيز ال | The present study deals with the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) inhibition on the membrane surface of the reverse osmosis (RO) desalination system by using two types of scale inhibitors which are Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2) and Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonate (PAPEMP) in low concentrations and study the effect of changing the feed solution flowrate, PH of the feed solution, concentration of the inhibition material and the type of the inhibitor used on the inhibition process. In this study a range of 10 - 25 l/h of feed solution flowrate was used, the concentration of CaCl2 was 610 mg/l, the concentration of NaHCO3 was 511 mg/l, the concentration of MgSO4 was 49 mg/l, the feed pH was in the range of 6 - 10, the operating pressure kept constant at 3 bars and the temperature washeld constant at room temperature (about 40 °C) through all experiments. The concentration of the feed solution was constant, but the concentration of the inhibitors was changed using 2, 4 and 8 mg/l of Zinc Chloride then using 8 and 15 mg/l of Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonate The results showed that : Permeate rate increases as the feed flowrate increases while it decreases with time.Total dissolved solids decreases as the feed flowrate increases while it increases with time.Recovery rate decreases as the feed flowrate increases and it also decreases with time.Permeate rate, recovery rate and the total dissolved solids decreases as the inlet solution pH increases.Permeate rate and recovery rate increases while the total dissolved solids decreases when Zinc chloride or Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonate was used.Permeate rate and recovery rate increases when Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonate inhibitor was used more than the increment of them when Zinc chloride inhibitor was used.Total dissolved solids decreases when Zinc chloride inhibitor was used more than the diminution of them when Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonate inhibitor was used.

معالجة الماء من حقول النفط باستخدام محاليل ايونية في منظومة التعويم بالهواء المذاب == Treatment of Oilfield Produced Water Using Ionic Liquids In A Dissolved Air Flotation System

Author name: اوس عباس فاضل

Supervisor name: سوسن عبد مسلم محمد | سعدي كاظم عبد الحسين

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: في العراق معدل تراكيز الزيوت والشحوم (OG) في الماء المنتج يجب الا يتجاوز 09 ملغم\لتر. ولذلك فانه يتطلب معالجة المياه المنتجة بغية تلبية الحد التنظيمي للتصريف مسبقا.تم جلب نماذج الماء المنتج الخام من شركة نفط الوسط ) Md.O.C ( من الحقول النفطية من شرق بغد | In Iraq the average Oil and Grease (OG) in water concentration in discharge produced water must not exceed 10ppm. Therefore treatment of produced water is required in order to meet the pre - disposal regulatory limit.Raw produced water samples were procured from the Middle oil company (Md.O.C) (from East of Baghdad fields).Jar tests experiments were used to give a first, rough estimation for coagulants dosage of Ferric chloride and aluminum sulfate and pH values that will be used in the batch Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) experiments. Then, the effects of the three ionic liquids (ILs) types; 1 - hexyl - 3 - methylimidazolium tetra fluoroborate (ILE), 1 - hexyl - 3 - metylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (ILF) and 1 - octyl - 3 - methylimidazolium tetra fluoroborate (ILG) on the performance of the batch DAF unit were evaluated.It was concluded that, the beast operating conditions of the batch DAF unit were at a saturation pressure of 5 bar, recycle ratio of 50% and ambient temperature of 30 - 35 ?C. Ferric chloride with a dosage of 10 ppm was chosen as the suitable coagulant due to its low sensitivity to pH change, and its high removal efficiency for oil and turbidity in about ten minutes. ILs were used at concentration of 50 ?l per one liter of treated produced water. It was used in two positions of the DAF system; the saturation vessel and the treatment tank. The OG removal efficiency using ILG as an efficient surfactant in saturation vessel was higher than that in the treatment tank and higher than other ILs (ILG>ILF>ILE). The highest demulsification rates were obtained through saturation pressure range (2 - 5) bar. It reached about 90% removal efficiency at a pressure of 5 bar, and it was obtained 85% at saturation pressure of 3 bar which reduces the operation costs. The treated water concentration at 3bar was 9.5 ppm which meets the Iraqi pre - disposal regulatory limit.The results of testing the three ILs (ILE, ILF and ILG) in the saturation vessel and the treatment tank were used to produce contour line for the OG removal efficiency. This was conducted in order to detect the performance of the three ILs The results of optical microscope which was used to study coalescence of oil droplets in water phase, lead to consider the ILG as an effective demulsifier for Iraqi oil field produced water It was noted that the use of ILs in saturation vessel allowed micro bubble generation at operating pressures lower than 3 bar with high - energy savings.

اداء الحماية الكاثودية لخطوط الانابيب == Performance of Cathodic Protection For Pipe Lines

Author name: انس ثائر علي

Supervisor name: نصير عبود عيسى الحبوبي

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

Full text from the source: https://nahrainuniv.edu.iq/sites/default/files/ANAS%20THESIS%20.pdf

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: ان تاكل الهياكل المعدنية المدفونة في التربة والتي على اتصال مع التربة لفترة طويلة تعتبر مشكلة هندسية واقتصادية كبيرة.في جميع انحاء العالم هنالك الكثير من انابيب النفط والغاز والماء وكابلات الاتصالات وكذلك صهاريج التخزين والمباني والاسسات والعديد من الهيا | The corrosion of metallic structures buried in soils or in contact with soils has long been a serious engineering and economic problem. All over the world millions of kilometers of gas, water, oil pipelines, communication cables, power cables as well as storage tanks, buildings foundations, and many other structures are buried in the soil, suffering from soil corrosion problems which affect mainly the external surfaces of these structures. In many countries pipelines are by far the most important means of hydrocarbon transportation. This applies to the transport of crude, finished products and natural gas.It is an international problem with more structures and materials buried in the soil. The truly international scope of interest of this subject can be seen by the amount of literature and researches in this field. Attempts have been made to overcome this problem by the use of various types of techniques. The most common and applicable technique is cathodic protection.In this research a carbon steel pipe of length 100 cm buried in a wooden box submerged by soil and impressed current cathodic protection system (ICCP).was applied using power supply and electrical closed circuit, several important factors affecting the pipe protection from corrosion has been studied, like Anode position (distance and depth), soil resistivity (wet and dry), condition the pipe (coated and un - coated), distribution of potential and currents along the pipe(cathode) and the amount of current required to achieve cathodic protection.A correlation was achieved to simulate the ranges of parameters and factors affecting Impressed Current Cathodic Protection. Regression of this model to data and results yielded parameter values vary depending on the effect of the same factor.

ازالة الكبريت بالامتزاز من النفثا الثقيلة العراقية بواسطة 13X زيولايت == Adsorption Desulfurization of Iraqi Heavy Naphtha Using 13X Zeolite

Author name: موفق محمد يحيى

Supervisor name: حسين قاسم حسين

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: اجري هذا العمل لدراسة تاثير الامتزاز الانتقائي في ازالة مركبات الكبريت من النفثا الثقيلة العراقية التي تم توريدها من مصفاة الدورة. انجزت عملية الامتزاز بواسطة 13 منخل جزيئي داخل العمود ذو الحشوة الثابتة. X 6?? - من ??5 LHSV وقد نفذ الامتزاز الانتقائي في | This work was conducted to study the effect of selective adsorption on removal of sulfur compounds from Iraqi heavy naphtha which was supplied from Al - Dura refinery. The adsorption was carried out by molecular sieve 13X in a fixed - bed column.The selective adsorption was run out at different operating conditions such as LHSV from 1.5 - 6.0 h P - 1 P , molecular sieve bed weight from 15 - 30 g , sulfur inlet concentration of feedstock from 600 - 1650 ppm, and adsorption temperature at 25 PoPC and 40 PoPC.The breakthrough time, breakpoint and saturation state ( bed replace point ) were determined for different operating conditions in addition to the ratio of accumulated effluent weight per bed weight. Also , regeneration possibility of 13X spent catalyst was studied by using oxidative technique at different temperatures and air flow rates.The results show that increasing in LHSV and inlet concentration makes the breakthrough curves more steeper , also the breakthrough time and breakpoint decreases. Increasing the bed weight will increase both the breakthrough time and breakpoint.The best operating conditions for removing sulfur compounds were LHSV 3.0 h - 1 , bed weight of molecular sieve about 20 g and 25oC temperature , where the sulfur content in a heavy naphtha was reduced from nearly 600 ppm to less than 1 ppm (by weight).Regeneration step was thermally took place by hot air flow in a range of 16.66 - 25 liter / min and temperature range from 200 - 350 oC , the best desorption conditions for (85.8%) weight percent removal were at 16.66 liter / min air flow and 350 oC.

دراسة الحركية ونمذجة تفاعل استرة حامض الاوليك باستخدام NaY زيولايت المحضر == Kinetic Study And Modeling of Olic Acid Esterification Over Prepared Nay Zeolite

Author name: رويدة نزيه عباس

Supervisor name: عمار صالح عباس

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: تم تحضير زيولايت من نوع استرة حامض الاوليك. اجريت فحوصات الاشعة السينية ونسبة الصوديوم ونسبة السيليكا الى الالومينا والمساحة السطحية والحجم المسامي للعامل المساعد المحضر.اظهرت الفحوصات التوافق بين العامل المساعد المحضر مع التركيب العام للزيولايت القياسي. | The NaY zeolite catalyst was prepared from locally available Iraqi kaolin in order to use it in the esterification reaction of oleic acid. X - ray diffraction, scanning electronic microscopy, sodium content, silica to alumina ratio, surface area and pore volume were determined for the prepared NaY zeolite. The results of x - ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy show that the prepared NaY zeolite has approximately the same crystal structure as the standard. The sodium content was 12.26 wt. %, and the silica to alumina mole ratiowas 2.6, surface area 330 m2/g and pore volume 0.35 cm3/g. Because of the oleic acid is one of the free fatty acids that can found in vegetable oils and animal fats. Oleic acid used as a suggested feedstock to study and simulate production of biodiesel via esterification reaction.Esterification reaction was analyzed at different operational conditions including the ethanol/oleic acid molar ratio of 3/1 and 6/1, different temperature from 40 to 70 °C, reaction time up to 180 minutes and catalyst (2, 5 and 10 wt. % NaY zeolite). The maximum conversion of oleic acid (about 0.83) was observed at 6/1 ethanol/oleic molar ratio, 70 °C reaction temperature, 10 wt. % NaY zeolite as a catalyst, and 60 minutes contact time. The study of the kinetics of the esterification reaction of oleic acid, indicated that the value of the activation energies of esterification ware 42692 and 17218 J/mol for forward and backward reaction respectively, and frequency factors were 7.2*104 (mol - 1/minute) for forward reaction and 4.5 (mol - 1.25/minute) for backward reaction. The values of reactants and products orders were 1, 1, 1.2 and 1 for oleic, ethanol, ester and water respectively.The statistical analysis of the esterification reaction and experimental data indicates that the average relative error was 1.53, within 0.95 confidence level.ReactOp cascade package simulator used for simulation the behavior of batch and plug flow reactors in different operating modes (adiabatic and isothermal) carried out at selected operating conditions Contents Contents.

استخدام المادة النانو مسامية SBA - 15 لازالة الملوث العضوي من المياه الصناعية == A Nanoporous SBA - 15 As Adsorbent For Removal of Organic Pollutants From Wastewater

Author name: رغد عدنان حبش

Supervisor name: انعام اكرم صبري | طالب محمد نايف

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Industrial Processes

Degree: Master

University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering - Chemical Process Engineering Branch

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: تم تحضير ماده السليكا النانويه المسامية (SBA - 15) باستخدام (TEOS) كمصدر للسيليكا و(P123) كقوالب ومن ثم اجريت فحوصات عليها منها حيود الاشعة السينية (XRD),المجهر الالكتروني (SEM)،المساحة السطحيه ( (BET وطيف الاشعة تحت الحمراء (FTIR). بعد ذلك تم دراسة سلو | Santa Barbara Amorphous (SBA - 15) nanoporous silica was prepared using Tetraethylorthosilicate TEOS as silica precursor, Pluronic P123 as template, and characterized by means of X - ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), BET surface area and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The adsorption behavior of methylene blue from synthetic wastewater onto mesoporous SBA - 15 was studied. Both batch and continuous systems were studied. Batch experiments were carried out to measure the adsorption as a function of contact time, initial concentration (15 - 110 mg/l), pH (3 - 11) and adsorbent dose (0.1 - 2.3g/l) to specify the optimum operation condition. The equilibrium of the process was achieved within 20 min. Adsorption isotherms were fitted with the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin models. The equilibrium data were best represented by the Langmuir isotherm model with higher correlation coefficient R2 value of (0.990). The kinetics of the MB sorption on SBA - 15 were examined by using pseudo - first and pseudo - second order kinetics models. The kinetics analysis manifested that the overall adsorption process was successfully fitted with the pseudo - second - order kinetic model. In continuous studies, the adsorption of methylene blue from synthetic wastewater onto SBA - 15 in fixed bed was investigated and breakthrough data of the dye was determined. This research is run in small scale column with an internal diameter of 0.7 cm and 35 cm height at constant temperature and pH value. The effect of bed height (3, 6, 9 cm), flow rate (0.6, 1.0,1.4 ml/min) and initial MB concentrations (40, 70, 100 mg/l) on breakthrough curves were investigated. It is found that breakthrough time increases with increasing bed height, but decreases with increasing methylene blue inlet concentration and flow rate. Thomas and Yan models were used to determine the kinetic constants and to predict the breakthrough curves. The experimental data showed a better fit to Thomas adsorption model. In order to find out the possibility of reuse SBA - 15, desorption study was also carried out in this investigation. SBA - 15 can be effectively recovered by calcinations and reused fourteenth times in batch system and five times in continuous system without significant loss in removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution. The long reuse life of SBA - 15 makes it an efficient adsorbent for removal of methylene blue from wastewater at high potential for application in industry.

عمليات التنافذ الامامي - العكسي لمعالجة المياه الملوثة بالزيوت == Forward - Reverse Osmosis Processes For Oily Wastewater Treatment

Author name: نور حمود زغير

Supervisor name: حسن فرهود مكي

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: في هذه الدراسة, تم بحث مدى ملائمة عمليات التنافذ (الامامي - العكسي) لمعالجة المياه الملوثة بالزيوت. حيث طبقت عملية التنافذ الامامي لاسترجاع الماء النقي من المياه الملوثة بالزيوت. تم استخدام زيت محرك الديزل والكازولين نوع (15W - 40) لتحضير محلول اللقيم, بي | In this study, the feasibility of Forward - Reverse membrane osmosis system was investigated for treating the oily wastewater. Forward osmosis (FO) process was applied to recover pure water from oily wastewater. Gasoline and diesel engine oil (15W - 40) was used to prepare the feed solution (FS). While sodium chloride (NaCl) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) salts were used as draw solutions, and the membrane that was used in FO process was cellulose triacetate (CTA) membrane. While reverse osmosis process was used to recovery water from the diluted draw solution using polyamide (thin film composite (TFC)) membrane. In the first stage was applying the FO process for treating the oily wastewater with two parts. The first part included the FO process using the batch system whereas the second part included the FO process using the flowing system for different draw solutions. Theoperating parameters studied were : draw solution type, draw solution concentrations (0.25 - 0.75 M), oil concentration in FS (100 - 1000 ppm), the temperatures of FS and DS (30 - 45 °C), pH of FS (4 - 10) and for the forward osmosis flowing process the flow rate of both DS and FS (20 - 60 l/h), while the pressure was maintained at 0.5 bar. The run - time of the FO process was for five hours. It was found that water flux through membrane decreases with increasing time, while oil concentration in the FS increases with increasing time. Also, it was found that the water flux produced from the osmosis cell and oil concentration in FS increase by increasing the concentration of draw solutions, the flow rate of FS and the temperature for a limit (40oC), then, the water flux and oil concentration decrease with increasing the temperature because of happening the internal concentration polarization phenomenon. By increasing the oil concentration in FS and the flow rate of the DS, the water flux and oil concentration in FS were decreased. While it had a fluctuated behavior with increasing the pH of oily wastewater. It was found also that MgCl2 gives water flux higher than NaCl. It was observed that the best operating conditions in this study were : concentration of salt (0.75 M) for MgCl2, oil concentration (100 ppm), pH of FS (7.3), temperature of feed and draw solution (40oC), flow rate of FS (60 l/h), and flow rate of DS (20 l/h). The values of resistance to solute diffusion within the membrane porous support layer were 55.93 h/m and 26.21 h/m for NaCl and MgCl2 respectively. The second stage was applied reverse osmosis process for separating the fresh water from a diluted (NaCl) solution using different parameters such as draw solution concentration (0.08 - 0.16 M), feed flow rate (20 - 40 l/h) within two hours of work of the reverse osmosis system.

تاثير المحتوى المائي , درجة الحرارة وكلوريد الصوديوم على تاكل CO2 للصلب الكربوني (A106 B) في النفط العراقي == Effect of Water Content , Temperature And NaCl On CO2 Corrosion of C - Steel (A 106 B) In Iraqi Crude Oil

Author name: انعام يوسف عبد الرحمن

Supervisor name: سعد احمد جعفر

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Salahaddin

First pages:

Abstract: ان التاكل الداخلي في انابيب الصلب الكربوني الذي يحدث بوجود غاز ثاني اوكسيد الكربون يعتبر مشكلة جوهرية في صناعات النفط والغاز وهو يقترن دائما مع وجود الماء. ان احتمالية حدوث التاكل تزداد بصورة عامة مع تزايد نسبة الماء ومع زيادة مستوى الماء المنتج تزداد مع | Internal corrosion of carbon steel pipelines occurring in the presence of CO2 is a substantial problem in the oil and gas industries. It is always associated with the presence of free water. The likelihood of corrosion generally increases with the volume fraction of the water phase. As the produced water level increases, the corrosion rates of carbon steel increase very rapidly and causes damage of petroleum and gas pipelines. The present research work focuses on the investigating of the corrosion rate of carbon steel as flow line in crude oil production with CO2 content employing three Iraqi crude oil (Kirkuk crude oil, Halfaya crude oil, Rumalia crude oil) with different brine concentrations [1%NaCl, 2%NaCl, 3%NaCl]. Determining the corrosivity of Iraqi crude oil was studied for the first time. Experiments were performed in an autoclave test apparatus, crude oil - produced water mixtures, water cuts were (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 100%), and total volume of mixtures inside the autoclave was always kept at 100ml and temperature (20, 40, 60°C). For all experiments, CO2 partial pressure was maintained at (4 bar) and rotational speed (500 rpm).The corrosion rates were determined by the weight loss technique. The results revealed that the corrosion rates of carbon steel increased by increasing water cut and temperature, but decreases with increasing salt concentration for all types of crude oil. Results also indicated that different crude oil has significantly different effects on corrosion of carbon steel, with identical brine compositions. Therefore, Rumaila crude oil exhibits the highest corrosion rates and Kirkuk crude oil exhibits the lowest corrosion rates while Halfaya crude oil exhibits a moderate corrosion rates e.g. at 1% NaCl, 20% water cut, temperature 60°C, pressure 4bar, the corrosion rate of carbon steel in Rumaila crude oil is 0.9163mm/yr whereas it is 0.564 mm/yr and 0.705 mm/yr in Kirkuk crude oil and Halfaya crude oil respectively. The Corrosion Rate Break produced water level was determined from the experiments. These tests are employed to evaluate the requirements for corrosion inhibitor treatment. At 100% water cut (brine/CO2) the corrosion rates of carbon steel was the highest. The presence of crude oil decreases the corrosion rates e.g. at 1% NaCl,100% water cut(brine/CO2) the corrosion rate is 7.1197 mm/yr, whereas at 40% water cut/ Rumaila crude oil the corrosion rate is 1.4097 mm/yr.

محاكاة لمعمل الاثلين في العراق باستخدام الاسبن بلسن والماتلاب == Simulation of Iraqi Ethylene Plant Using Aspen Plus And Matlab

Author name: هدى عامر عبد القادر

Supervisor name: صفاء الدين عبد الله النعيمي | زيدون محسن شكور

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Processes

Degree: Master

University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering - Chemical Process Engineering Branch

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: يعد معمل الاثيلين واحد من اهم معامل البتروكيماويات والاكبر حجما في العالم في الوقت الحاضر. بالاضافة الى ذلك، فانه يعتبر جوهر اي مجمع للبتروكيماويات. وفي مثل هذه المعامل، يخضع الغاز الطبيعي الى العديد من العمليات لفصل مكوناته.الهدف من هذه الدر | Ethylene plant is one of the most important and largest volume petrochemicals in the world today. In addition, it is a core of any petrochemical complex. In such plant, the natural gas is subjected to many processes to separate the components. The objective of this study is to develop a detailed model to simulate an ethylene plant, which includes a pyrolysis section, a separation system and an integrated refrigeration system. An optimization has been performed for a part of the plant; this part is the furnace.The ethylene plant at the Petrochemical Complex in PC1 - Basrah has been considered as a case of study. The kinetics of ethane thermal cracking in pyrolysis furnace has been simulated using Aspen Plus and MATLAB. The radiant coils in furnace have been modeled as a one dimensional plug - flow reactor in which ethane is subjected to steam cracking. The overall plant has been simulated using Aspen Plus version (7.3), and the reactor has been simulated using MATLAB environment, version (2013a) in addition to Aspen Plus. The validity simulation model test has been achieved by comparing the simulation results with the actual data collected from PC1and it showed a great similarity and reliability for both simulation models.A steady state simulation model has been developed to study the behavior of multi - types feed supplied to the plant. Furthermore, the model has been used to evaluate the effects of various process parameters, including temperature of reaction (Reactor outlet temperature), dilution steam to ethane ratio (DS/HC) and the outlet flow rate of hydrocarbons.The other aim of this study is to obtain the optimum operating conditions using Aspen Plus for the reactor in the furnace which has an effect on the final product to determine the maximum profit. Optimization using Genetic Algorithm (GA) by MATLAB has been used as well as Aspen Plus, and a comparison has been made between both methods. The selection of the optimum operating conditions of reactor was obtained to achieve the following objectives together : • Increasing the production rate of ethylene.• Increasing the outlet flow rate of hydrocarbons.These objectives have managed to be achieved all together by maximizing the total profit obtained from the furnace. Finally, Aspen Plus results show that the objectives have been satisfied by manipulating the decision variables Temperature of reaction (Reactor outlet temperature) in the range of (850 - 920) ?C, dilution steam to ethane ratio DS/HC in the range of (0.2 - 0.5) and the outlet flow rate of hydrocarbons ) in the range of (2421 - 1064) Kmole/hr to increase the profit of the furnace to approximately (10.541%) and (5.55%) for the whole plant.

دراسة استخدام الكاربون المنشط الحبيبي لازالة الفينول والباراكلوروفينول والبنزين من المياه المطروحة من مصفى بيجي == Study of Using Granular Activated Carbon For Removing Phenol , Parachlorophenol , And Benzene From Wastewater of Baiji Refinery

Author name: ابتسام احمد جدوع القيسي

Supervisor name: مزهر مهدي ابراهيم الدوري

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: Arabic

University location: Salahaddin

First pages:

Abstract: ان هدف الدراسة الحالية هو ازالة البنزين والفينول والباراكلوروفينول من مياه الصرف الصناعية في مصفى بيجي بعملية الامتزاز بواسطة الكاربون المنشط الحبيبي وامكانية تمثيل العملية بنموذج رياضي.وقد صمم وصنع جهاز مختبري لغرض انجاز الدراسة اخذين بالاعتبار امكاني | The aim of the present study is to remove phenol, parachlorophenol and Benzene from waste water of Baiji refinery by using granular activated carbon. Moreover using the present models to represents the experimental data.A Laboratory scale apparatus is designed and constructed taking into account the most important parameters effecting adsorption. In performing the present study Actual wastewater of Baiji refinery is taken to perform the experimental work.The results indicated that phenol, parachlorophenol and Benzene can be removed completely using granular activated carbon. Also the results indicated that breakthrough and exhaustion time are inversely proportional with the concentration of pollutants and liquid hourly space velocity, while they are directly proportional with the thickness of granular activated carbon. Its found that the Adsorption capacity is directly proportional with the concentration of pollutants and liquid hourly space velocity. The results of this work indicated also the thickness of adsorption zone, which is calculated depending on the result of this study, is directly proportional with liquid hourly space velocity.Application of the most famous available models that are used to represent adsorption phenomena on our experimental data show that only Freundlich model gives excellent agreement.In order to find mathematical model for breakthrough and exhaustion time as a function the most important parameters, an advanced computer program is used.We found two mathematical model for breakthrough and exhaustion time as a function of granular activated carbon thickness, liquid hourly space velocity and the concentration of pollutants. These two models give acceptable agreement with the experimental results.The adsorption capacity for the three pollutants are calculated and found to be directly proportional with liquid hourly space velocity and pollutants concentration.

Author name: خيرية مطر عيسى الخزاعي

Supervisor name: جمال مانع علي الربيعي

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Author name: اسماء فاضل عباس

Supervisor name: مثنى جبار احمد

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

ازالة الكادميوم من المياه الملوثة بالترسيب الكهروكيمياوي باستخدام حزمة من الانابيب الفولاذية متحدة المركز == Removal of Cadmium From Wastewater By Electro - Deposition On Stainless Steel Concentric Tubes Bundle

Author name: انس بديوي سلمان

Supervisor name: عباس حميد سليمون | بسمة عباس عبد المجيد

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: تم دراسة انتقال الكتلة الخاص بايونات الكادميوم الثنائية الى سطح اسطوانة دوراة مصنوعة من مادة الفولاذ المقاوم للتاكل (كقطب كاثود) بواسطة قياس التيار المحدد لتفاعل اختزال ايونات الكادميوم الكاثودي في محلول كبريتات الصوديوم بتركيز مولار باستخدام خلية ثلاثية | 1 - Mass transfer of Cd+2 ions to a smooth stainless steel rotating cylinder electrode was studied by measuring the limiting current for the cathodic reduction of Cd+2 in 0.5 M sodium sulphate supporting electrolyte by three electrodes cell with stainless steel rotating cylinder electrode working in hydrodynamic voltammetry mode. The studied parameters were electrolyte pH (4, 5, 6 and 7), initial Cd+2 concentrations (50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm) and rotation rates (100, 150, 200 and 250 rpm). Cadmium ions' reduction potential for mass transfer control conditions was found to be - 0.13 V. Diffusion coefficient was determined and correlated with the bulk concentration of Cd+2 in sodium sulphate solution. The increase in pH was found to enhance the mass transfer coefficient and this effect diminishes nearly at pH=7, and the experimental data were well fitted by an empirical dimensionless correlation among the Sherwood number, Reynolds number and Schmidt number. The obtained correlation was : Sh=0.047 ?Re?^0.769 ?Sc?^0.356 For (8015.519 < Re < 20587.07) Reduction potential obtained via the voltammograms constructed by the rotating cylinder cell was applied for the two pilot scale units in order to keep the process under mass transfer control conditions. Parameters studied in these units are : initial cadmium concentration, pH, and electrolyte flow rate. The first pilot scale unit was an electrochemical reactor with smooth stainless steel concentric tubes, and the second one was an electrochemical reactor with stainless steel mesh concentric cylinders.2 - For the stainless steel smooth concentric tubes cathode, mass transfer coefficient was calculated and correlated with initial concentration.Effect of pH on mass transfer coefficient was studied and correlated, and it was found that the effect of pH was found to be completely negligible at pH=7.On the other hand, effect of flow rate on mass transfer coefficient was studied and correlated. Performance of the reactor was analyzed by introducing figures of merit for fractional conversion, specific energy consumption, space time yield and normalizes space velocity. The experimental data were correlated in a dimensionless expression as flows : Sh=0.804?Re?^0.632 ?Sc?^(1/3) For 254 < Re < 1018.3 - For the stainless steel mesh concentric cylinders was adjusted to work under mass transfer control conditions by applying the reduction potential obtained in hydrodynamic voltammetry experiments.Effect of initial cadmium concentration, pH and solution flow rate was studied and analyzed. Mass transfer coefficient was correlated with these studied parameters.Similar to smooth cathode, the mesh cathode showed a negligible response to pH at pH=7.Noticeable enhancement in mass transfer coefficient was investigated by the action of flow rate, and the mass transfer coefficient was correlated with the solution flow rate.The mesh cathode showed a higher conversion than that adopted by the smooth cathode, and showed lower cumulative current efficiency than that of smooth cathode.Mesh cathode showed specific energy consumption, space time yield and normalized space velocity higher than that for the smooth cathode.Experimental data for the mesh reactor were correlated in a dimensionless relation as follows : Sh=1.898?Re?^0.514 ?Sc?^(1/3) For 235 < Re < 943 Cadmium ions reduction reaction was found to follow a first order reaction with respect to Cd+2 concentration, and reaction rate constant was predicted under different operating conditions.

تطبيقات مغنتايت / اثيلين كلايكول كمائع نانوي لانظمة التبريد في الصناعات النفطية == The Application Of Fe3O4 / Ethylene Glycol As Nanofluid For Cooling Systems In Petroleum Industries.

Author name: لقاء صادق جعفر

Supervisor name: تحسين الحطاب

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Electrochemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: University of Babylon - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Babylon

First pages:

التكسير الحراري والحفازي لمخلفات البولي اثيلين البلاستيكية في مفاعل شبه دفعوي == Thermal And Catalytic Pyrolysis Of Polyethylene Plastic Waste In Semi Batch Reactor

Author name: فهمي ابو القاسم محمد

Supervisor name: عمار صالح عباس

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

تاثير تصميم موزع الغاز على هيدروديناميكيات ومعامل انتقال الماده في العمود الفقاعي الثلاثي الاطوار == Effect Of Distributor Design On Hydrodynamics And Mass Transfer Coefficient Of Slurry Bubble Column

Author name: هبة علاء عبد الكريم

Supervisor name: صبا عدنان غني | رافع جمال يعقوب

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Salahaddin

First pages:

Author name: مصطفى جعفر نايف

Supervisor name: طالب بهجت عمر

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

Full text from the source: https://nahrainuniv.edu.iq/sites/default/files/Thesis_64.pdf

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

تعزيز انتقال الحرارة باستخدام مسبباب شدة الاضطراب == Enhancement Of Heat Transfer Using Turbulence Promoters

Author name: عباس نوار زناد

Supervisor name: قاسم جبار محمد سليمان

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

Full text from the source: https://nahrainuniv.edu.iq/sites/default/files/Thesis_65.pdf

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

نمذجة ومحاكاة المفاعل المهذب الثانوي الصناعي الشركة العامة لاسمدة المنطقة الجنوبية بالبصرة == Modeling And Simulation Of An Industrial Secondary Reformer Reactor (State Company Of Fertilizers South Region In Basrah)

Author name: علي عاشور الجاسمي الظفيري

Supervisor name: علاء عبد الرزاق جاسم | عباس زكي الاسدي

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Basrah

First pages:

التنبؤ بالمعامل الاجمالي لانتقال الكتلة في استخلاص سائل- سائل للابراج الرذاذة باستعمال الشبكات العصبية الاصطناعية == Prediction Of Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient In Liquid - Liquid Spray Tower Extraction Using Artificial Neural Networks

Author name: مروة سامي نعيم

Supervisor name: مصطفى محمد رضا الفائز

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Basrah

First pages:

التنبؤ بالتيار المطلوب لمنظومة الحماية الكاثودية باستخدام الشبكات العصبية الصناعية == Prediction Of Current Required For Cathodic Protection System By Artificial Neural Network

Author name: سمر محمد محسن

Supervisor name: Nawal J. Hamadi | Mustafa M. Ridha

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Basrah

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كسر الاستحلاب في الماء الحاوي على النفط == Deemulsification Of Oily Water

Author name: هبة خضير عباس

Supervisor name: Rafi R. Muhammad

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Salahaddin

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امكانية استغلال الغازات الفائضة في مشاعل محطات عزل الغازفي البصرة في وحدات تحلية المياة الفجائية == Feasibility Of Utilization The Waste Gases In Basrah Degasser Stations Flares For Multi - Stage Flash Desalination Units

Author name: ميعاد عبد الحسين لفتة

Supervisor name: علاء عبد الرزاق جاسم

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Basrah

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دراسة السلوك الديناميكي والسيطرة على برج التقطير المستمر == Studying Of The Dynamic Behaviour and control of continuous distillation column

Author name: محمد حمزة خلف

Supervisor name: دريد فاضل احمد

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: Arabic

University location: Salahaddin

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محاكاة وعمل تجريبي لانماط جريان الهواء داخل مجفف الرذاذ باستخدام CFD == Simulation And Experimental Work Of Air Flow Pattern In A Spray Dryer By Using Cfd

Author name: ليث امجد حميد

Supervisor name: سعد ناهي صالح

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Salahaddin

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استخدام مطاط الاطارات المستعملة كمضاف للاسمنت الاسفلتي المنتج من مصفى البصرة والمستخدم في تبليط الطرق == Utilization Of Recycled Tires Rubber As An Additive To Basrah Refinery Asphalt Cement For Roads Paving Uses

Author name: فرات ياسر شراد الجابري

Supervisor name: عبد الوهاب عبد الرزاق سلطان | عدنان عبد الله عتيق

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Basrah

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ازالة ايونات المعادن الثقيلة من المحاليل المائية باستخدام المواد الزراعية الطبيعية == Removal Of Heavy Metal Ions From Aqueous Solution Using Natural Agricultural Materials

Author name: علي هاشم طعمة

Supervisor name: Ahmed A. Mohammed

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Basrah

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دراسة حركيات تفاعل فشر- تروبش في مفاعل عمود الفقاعة ذو العالق == Kinetic Study Of Fischer - Tropsch Reaction In Slurry Bubble Column Reactor

Author name: علاء الدين حسين صالح

Supervisor name: صبا عدنان غني

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Salahaddin

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فصل الماء من الايثانول بطريقة الامتزاز بتغير الضغط == ETHANOL-WATER SEPARATION BY PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION (PSA) PROCESS

Author name: عبد الرحمن محمد محمود

Supervisor name: زيد عدنان عبد الرحمن | احمد جواد علي

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: Arabic

University location: Salahaddin

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Author name: لبنى عادل عيسى

Supervisor name: تحسين الحطاب

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Electrochemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: University of Babylon - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Babylon

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