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ازمة الرهائن في ايران 1979 - 1981 == The Hostage Crisis In Iran 1979 - 1981

Author name: زينب صبري مهدي
Supervisor name: كاظم باقر علي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: It led the strategic and economic importance for Iran to pay big countries like the United States to direct its attention to the interests of almost constant in this region, and this is what led to the treatment of Iran's special treatment, especially during the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1941 - 1979) as it was aimed at creating a system to be a regional imperialist, based on her eastern shores of the Arabian Gulf in particular, and the Middle East in general.Came the American hostage crisis, which was the premier event in the strained political relations between the United States and Iran after the shah's fall at the hands of religious 1979 Foundation, was take over the Government of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, marking the beginning of a new phase of relations with the United States, marked by an escalation of tension that reached peak of attacking Iranian students the American embassy in Tehran in November 4, 1979, and seizing him and his employees as well as their documents, as this crisis lasted 444 days, and immediately after the storming of the students embassy were 52 Americans were held employees hostage to them, it has been the move came in response to allow the governmentAmerican Shah to enter for treatment of cancer, although the Iranian government warning of this act, as well as put an end to US influence in Iran; and strike a powerful United States and humiliating to push to end the rule of the Shah officially; and pre - empt any attempt to return to the rule of Iran, again, has the US government made it clear that allowing the entry of the Shah of treatment, required by humanitarian considerations. On 18 December, Ayatollah Khomeini declared that the hostages will be treated spies by the Iranian Islamic court in the event of non - delivery of the United States, the shah to Iran for trial, and this was an important condition for ending the crisis with its requirement as well as the confiscation of the Shah's assets in US banks for the benefit of Iran, and an apology America openly about the grave mistakes against Iran, has supported the Ayatollah Khomeini's students perform this when he said, "if they refuse extradition will take too much."As for the Shah he has left the United States in January to settle in Panama and then left in March 1980 to Egypt width of President Anwar Sadat, and in this period, the United States did not hesitate a moment ago hostage, seeking to secure their liberation in various peaceful means and sometimes forced at other times and I went in it to the extreme, as it sought to negotiate with the Iranian side, to secure the release of its nationals, tried to resort to peaceful settlements (political, diplomatic and judicial), as the United States has resorted after the hostage - taking to the Security Council, and engineered from a decision condemns the taking of hostages, and asks release, and instructed the Council Secretary - General of the United Nations, the formation of a fact - finding committee in Iran, but they are not successful in their work, the United States also resorted to the international Court of Justice, requesting the issuance of a provisional orders them to release the hostages, and the court complied with the US request, and issued its verdict on 15 / 12/1979, which it decided to Iran in violation of the Vienna Conventions on diplomatic relations 1961, relations consulate in 1963, and demanded that the court Iran to re embassy and US consulates buildings to the control of the United States, and immediate release of the hostages, but Iran does not heed the decision of the court in question, as failed attempts similar made America through the many parliamentary and personal missions of US, and when these attempts failed last resorted to coercive means through of the trade embargo and the freezing of assets of economic sanctions, as the United States decided to ban the import of Iranian oil, has also freeze the assets of Iran and property in US territory, in all the American banks; as Carter of trying to use force to rescue the hostages in April 24, 1980 aircraft tasked landed to carry out the rescue in the desert near Tehran, but the airline Marines toward Tehran ended in disaster in the desert of Tabas in eastern Iran, did not solve this crisis the death of the Shah in Egypt July 27, 1980, but lasted until the US political efforts went strongly to end the crisis
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الامام جعفر الصادق (عليه السلام) واثره السياسي == Al - Imam Ja'Afar Al - Sadiq And His Political Efect

Author name: حيدر محسن بندر العبودي
Supervisor name: علي صالح رسن المحمداوي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
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اثر العوامل الجغرافية في الفتوحات الاسلامية لبلاد المغرب والاندلس (21هـ ـ 123هـ / 641م ـ 740م) == The Impact Of Geographical Factors In The Islamic Conquests Of The Maghreb And Al - Andalus (21 A.H - 123 A.H/ 641 A.D - 740 A.D)

Author name: زينب حمزة عباس المالكي
Supervisor name: جاسم ياسيـن محمد الدرويش
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The fighting in the way of Allah Almighty of important topics that deserve study, legitimized by God Almighty after the migration of the Holy Prophet peace be upon him and his family to the city of Medina, was one of the priorities of this legislation is self - defense. After that this legislation shifted to other stages, fit with what achieves the goals of the Islamic nation, and to uphold the right word. There is no doubt that the Islamic conquests waged by Muslims all over the world, carries with it a lot of lessons, lessons, that line had Muslim leaders, in order to uphold the word of truth, and the spread of Islam.It is worth mentioning that the previous studies and researches, competent on militant Islam, starting with the life of the Prophet, peace be upon him and his family, and until the end of the Abbasid state at the hands of the Mongols in 656 AH / 1258 AD, are studies worth the owners respect and appreciation for their tireless efforts in this topic. However, these studies focused on the leaders of the Conquest, said their heroism and their conquests, without reference to geographical factors, which had a key role in these victories, one of the incentives that led us to study the subject, no one can deny the impact of these factors in the battles of war, may interfere with the terrain, the change Mejrayat battles, it is known that the land battles require, for example, the development of military plans to attack, and the selection of appropriate places for stationed, dig trenches to repel the attacks, these demands for Ataathakq, unless it has military commander, fully aware of the comprehensive, knowledge of terrain battlefield. The climate in the second division after the terrain, in terms of size and strength of its impact on military operations, both of them, and the weather prevailing while doing 0 to military operations may affect the movement of the soldiers, and the weapons and equipment, so commanders calculated account the climatic conditions expected. As for water, they are military significance paramount, the country was considered marine or island safe from invasion, also it adds seas for countries in the additional power through the ability to move and move and provide additional ways to provide logistics, and through seas may armies access to remote locations its territory, as well as the rivers, wells, springs and other water sources, to the indispensable because they are the backbone of life, and can not walk without the armies of the availability of water for Soldiers and their horses, which is given by commanders when in account the movements. Hence the choice of subject was entitled (the impact of geographical factors in the Islamic conquests in Morocco and Al - Andalus), and the focus was on the Maghreb and al - Andalus, because of her great variation in geography for both the region environment, obviously, and its impact on the conduct of military operations there is. Notably, we have tried to write a research, keep track of the analytical method, which is not limited to historical facts and events listed, but standing on the reasons and causes of these events, analyze, and draw its results, and its impact, according to what suits title search.Article Search divided into four chapters have been required, the first chapter : it was entitled (historical geography of the Maghreb and Al - Andalus), and a section of this chapter into two sections : Section I (historical geography of the country of Morocco), and the second section (the historical geography of Andalusia), where ensure Alambgesan, label, and the location and boundaries, terrain, rivers, climate, and elements of the population, for both countries. The second chapter, and it was entitled (the impact of the terrain in the open country of Morocco and Al - Andalus), which included the extent of the impact of the shapes terrain in the opening battles, and consisted of this chapter seven sections are (mountains, plains, valleys, and deserts, and plateaus, rocks, vegetation).The third chapter, titled (the impact of climate in the open country of Morocco and Al - Andalus), which included the extent of the impact of climatic elements in the conquest battles, and contains five sections are (temperatures, rain, wind, and time, and drought) Finally, the fourth chapter, entitled (the impact of water in the open country of Morocco and Al - Andalus), which includes a statement of the impact of water types in the opening battles, and contained this chapter on the three sections are (seas, and springs and wells, rivers).Add to that the special maps supplements, which describes the progress of the Islamic armies in the conquest operations.
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التجليات الفكرية لمبادئ نهج البلاغة في ثورة الامام الحسين (عليه السلام)

Author name: مسلم زغير كريم
Supervisor name: حميد سراج جابر الاسدي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The study entitled "The Ideational Distinctness of Nehj al balagha Principles in Imam Hussein's Revolution" since these principles reflect a concrete and abstract sharing interest implying a forming and establishing aim behind those ideas and beliefs put forward by Imam Ali (peace be upon him).Those ideologies embody a reflection of ideas and behaviors in Nehj al Balagha from one hand and how they are incarnated in Imam Hussein's revolution (peace be upon him). These beliefs were put into concrete realizations especially when Imam Ali (peace be upon him) applied and followed them, and then, how Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) also followed and applied them.The investigation of every belief and doctrine of Ahl al Bait (peace be upon them) has its reasonable justifications with the goal of attaining developmental notions. These notions acquire meaningful traits since they build concrete frames, Thus, exploring these frames and concepts is helpful and necessary in understand the theoretical and practical sides, that is, to understand their thinking and believability. Accordingly, the main purpose in a historical research is what is concerned with what Ahl al Bait (peace beupon them) tried to explain and communicate regardless the religious aspect of their life. The investigation should also be concerned with what they represent at the level of values and ideas that develop and reform the human society.On this basis, the similar belief rendered by Ahl al Bait (peace be upon them), according to this idea, is something taken for granted because of unity of belief and goal though, through the passage of time, some environmental and temporal changes occur, their goals remained the same.
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العلاقات الروسية - الامريكية 1783 - 1867 == The Russian - American Relations 1783 - 1867

Author name: منتهى صبري مولى المنصوري
Supervisor name: مشعل مفرح ظاهر العونان
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The research tackles the "Russian - American relations from 1783 to 1867". The period is of historical importance for the two states which has never been dealt with by any Iraqi or Arab studies. The research is divided into an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter includes " The Roots of the Russian - American Relations Till 1801". It consists of three sections : the first examines the early Russian expansion : "The Roots of the Russian - American Relations Till 1775"; the second section studies "the Russian Position of the American War of Independence from 1775 to 1783 and its Effect on the Russian - American Relations"; and the last section deals with "the Establishment of the Russian - American Company in 1799 and its Role in strengthening the Russian Presence in the Western Coast of the Pacific Ocean and the Support of Orthodox Missionary" which identifies the relations between the two states through this company. The second chapter, entitled “The Russian - American Diplomatic Relations from 1803 to 1823”, studies the start of the diplomatic relations between the two states. The chapter is divided into two sections : the first one deals with “ The Russian - American Diplomatic Relations from 1803 to 1815”, whereas the focus of the second section is “ The American - British War of 1812 and its Influence on the Russian - American Relations”. The third chapter is devoted to study “The American Isolation Policy of 1823 to 1850 and its Effect on the Russian - American Relations”. Thefirst section studies “Monroe Doctrine and its Effect on the Russian - American Relations”. The second is entitled “ The Russian - American Treaty 1824 - 1834”, whereas the third section comes under the title “The Russian - American Negotiations 1834 - 1850 and the Renovation Attempt of the Treaty’s Fourth Item”.The fourth chapter deals with “Russian - American Approximation 1850 - 1867”. Its first section is entitled “ The Crimean War and its Effect on Russian - American Relations 1853 - 1856”, whereas the second section tackles the “Russian Position towards the United States of America during the American Civil War 1861 - 1865”. The last section comes under the title “ The Sale of Russian America in 1867 and its Influence on Russian - American Relations” which forms the end of the relations. The following are the ultimate conclusions of the research : 1. There was a wide Russian expansion towards Siberia since the era of Peter the biggest especially after the discovery of leather as the number of Russian explorers increased reaching finally to the northwest coast of the Pacific Ocean which became later a closed Russian trade area according to the first decree of Tsar Pawl in 1799 with the establishment of the Russian - American company which became later a center for Russian - American relations. 2. It has been noted from the Russian expansion policy that after including the northwest coast of the Pacific Ocean it starts to converge with the United States of America because of the Russian - British3. competition policy in those American areas. After the eastern Russian expansion towards Asian Siberia and the coming of Russian voyagers and explorers to the American northwest coast, Russia starts to weaken the British presence in these areas through the American independence war in 1774 after Russia taking the neutral policy. 4. The Russian - American company, which was established by Russian tradesmen with the support of Tsar Pawl the first in 1799, contributed in establishing the Russian presence in the northwest coast of the Pacific Ocean which became known later as Russian America. 5. The holy alliance was one of the reasons for announcing Monroe principle in 1823 which came in response to Tsar’s decree in 1821 about the northwest coast of the Pacific Ocean. The years following the issuance of Monroe principle witnessed tensions in the Russian - American Relations which ended with the treaty of 1824 to declare the rights of the two states concerning the north coast. 6. One of the most important conclusions is that the Crimean war ended the Russian presence in the northwest coast of the Pacific Ocean after selling Alaska to the United States because of the bankruptcy of the Russian - American company and the inability of Russia to protect its colonies. In addition the war ended the Russian - American competition in the Pacific Ocean
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خطط سمرقند في العصر العباسي حتى اواخر القرن السادس الهجري == Samarkand'S Plans In The Abbasid Age Till The Last Of Sixth Hijree Century

Author name: مروة ياسر صيوان
Supervisor name: توفيق دواي موسى الحجاج
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Fattouh Samarkand city of dangerous tasks that Arab Muslims were able to achieve in succession Walid bin Abdul Malik bin Marwan, so when he took over the leadership of Koutaiba ibn Muslim and management of Khorasan region, commanded the Emir of Iraq and Mashreq Al Hajjaj bin Yusuf year 86 AH / 705 AD, subjecting areas east of the Amu Darya River, known as AQIM beyond the river after periods Nqdahm previous era, where Qutaiba Baahili record and his army where the greatest victories in the fields of editing and heroism and jihad in order to raise the banner of Islam and its principles and uphold the word of truth and justice in all around the city of Samarkand because I enjoyed this city of an important and dangerous site. Geographers Arabs and Muslims have been counting the gate overlooking the provinces of the Islamic East and the cities through which the Muslims were able to continue their duties for jihadist Fattouh beyond the river and the settlement and stability in its lands Samarkand city has become a large and important cities after serious interaction that occurred between Muslim Arabs and residents of the city natives in the intellectual , social and economic aspects , it took the city respond to the process of the development of civilization , led by the Arabs in the areas of public life , thus becoming the largest city in the Muslim East and the most important in the scientific , cultural, political and economic reconstruction movement. And so it took Samarkand city since then develop Arab and Islamic sophisticated and show the intellectual and religious character emergence of a large number of scientists and scholars and modernists , writers , and at the same time I took Samarkand attracts them a lot of owners of science and knowledge and culture Venctt the movement of Arab and Islamic thought and expanded the areas writing and authoring among people spread across Cruel, science and literature and modern literature in a wonderful city has not softened before.The reason for choosing topic : These large in status, the prestigious WAN and fame he enjoyed Samarkand City in Islamic history that motivated me to study and stand on the historical reality and understanding of geographical and physical nature and the search for its plans since opening until the end of the sixth century of migration.Difficulties that I faced in the preparation of the letter : That to study plans to the city of Samarkand obvious importance in the understanding of the general historical mainstream of the development of the city civilized mystery of intellectual and scientific interaction, the historic The event, which was being above the battleground had an active role in shaping the political and administrative activity of the city, hence the gravity separation between the event and its courtyard looks a is very complicated for the intensity of their interdependence, and research in historical geography of the city of Samarkand is not without difficulty in its construction and its codification, and that the lack of resources that enable us to draw a complete picture of the geography of Samarkand and plans Urban, as well as the scarcity of novels and lack of historical texts and contradictory at times what passed by the city of Samarkand, Especially Persian studies needed for research in historical , geographical and physical things , but pay God 's help we were able to draw a picture of good general framework of this famous city, which has recorded a significant presence among the regions of the Islamic cities in the Muslim Orient.The contents of the letter : My studies were divided on : introduction, four chapters , and a conclusion , with the proven sources and references. The introduction, which systematically has shown in the writing of the letter , and the reasons for choosing the subject, and the scope of research and analysis of the sources.And dealt with in the first chapter naming Transoxiana , geography and administrative division , which is located in two sections : I studied in the first part, geographical and historical aspect of Transoxiana in terms of the label , location, administrative boundaries , demographics , and the second section dealt with naming Samarkand and location and the date of its establishment.The second chapter in which she dealt with the construction and urbanization plans Samarkand , came this chapter in two sections : Section I mention eating plans Samarkand from the walls , and doors , and shops, and fields. In the second section it dealt with the consequences of the city of Samarkand in detail and Rsatiq cities and villages.The third chapter studied the Samarkand agricultural and irrigation plans , and included this chapter two sections : The first study came from Samarkand River plans and types of perfusion in Samarkand , the second topic dealt with the study plans for irrigation projects in Samarkand.The fourth and final chapter touched it to Samarkand own plans its markets , and mosques , and Skkha , and cemeteries. And dividing the three sections , the first section dealt with in the markets , ports and industries in Samarkand plans. In the second part, schools, mosques and scenes Samarkand plans , but in the third section was the widest since the study examined the fascias , and Gorges , and boxes , and rails , and the tombs of Samarkand. The finally fulfilled the hope of acceptance is not flattery , and that my efforts failed , it remained in front of the dignity and greatness of the state of Islam in the Levant , and ask God to fix our feet on the faith and the straight path and him every success.
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المنهج النبوي في معالجة الفتن == The Prophet'S Ways For Solving Seditions

Author name: علي زناد كلش
Supervisor name: ابراهيم جدوع محسن السلمي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تشغل الدراسات التي تتعلق بالسيرة النبوية مكانة مهمة في دائرة الابحاث التاريخية نظرا لما تمثله من اطار منهجي ( نظري / سلوكي ) ذات بعد الزامي لمن ينتمي للمدرسة الاسلامية، على اعتبار ان شخص النبي الاكرم ( ) هو المحدد الامثل لحركة الانسان في طوره التكاملي و| The studies which concern the biography of the prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him ) have a special place in the historical researches , because it is obligatory for Muslims. The study becomes more important because it doesn't deal with an ordinary man, but it deals with the greatest man on the earth. This reason attracts my attention to choose this topic (( The Prophet's Ways for Solving Seditions )). Although, there are a lot of studies dealt with the biography of the prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him ) but, the they didn't pay more attention the sedition and how the prophet Mohammed dealt with them. The plan of the study consists of an introduction , four chapters and conclusion. The first chapter entitled ((A Study of The Concept and the Motivations of The Sedition )). It consists of three sections, the first section deals with the linguistic meaning of sedition while the second section focuses on the concept of sedition in Islamic thought. The third pays more attention to the reasons and the motivations which lead to sedition. The second chapter concentrates on the seditions which are made by Non - Muslims and the Prophet's ways for solving them. This chapter consists of four sections, the first one deals with the ways of making seditions by the polytheists and how the prophet Mohammed solved them. The second section focuses on the ways of making seditions by the Jews and how the prophet Mohammed solved them too. The fourth one studies the inductions and the predictive policy of the Prophet for solving the seditions of Non - Muslims. The third chapter concentrates on the skills of the prophet in dealing with the seditions of Muslims. This chapter consists of four sections , the first one introduces the dimensions and the inductions of hypocrites' seditions and the wisdom of the prophet Mohammed in solving them. The second sections pays the attention to the policy of the Prophet in dealing the seditions of immigrants and the supporters. The fourth one explains the impact the prophetical thought in the productive approach against Muslims' seditions before they occur. While the fourth chapter which we named it as the general landmarks for the concepts of seditions' affects. This chapter consists of five sections to illustrate the effects of seditions. The first section explains the religious effects of seditions ,but the second section deals with the military and political effects of seditions. The third one focuses on the social effects of seditions, while the fourth section concentrates on the economic effects of seditions , and the last section pays the attention to the intellectual effects of seditions. The study presents some of the following results : • The word 'sedition' has a lot of meanings, It can be understood from the context of the sentence. Sedition often means ordeal , test or exam , but in the present study we dealt with sedition as ordeal. • The seditions wasn't against the prophet Mohammed ( peace be upon him) or Muslims only , but everyone who was affected socially or economically or even politically, he or she will make a sedition against Islamic Religion in order to stop this almighty religion. Furthermore , this religion came against those people. • The seditions of Non - believers were more than the others especially at Mecca or at the beginning of Islam. • The Jew have the great portion of the seditions , and they did not stop at the pint of seditions but they began to fight Muslims because they felt envious of the prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him ).• The seditions which made by the Christianity is the weakest in this case. There are two reasons for that , the first is that the Christians were few people in Mecca , this is from one hand , on the other Christians have some common grounds with Muslims.• The prophet Mohammed paid more attention to teach Muslims different sciences in order to face the thought of the nonbelievers. • The seditions shows that there were two sides , the first side is the side of the prophet Mohammed and his followers which is the side of practicing the right principles of Islam. The next side is the side of those people who follow their interests paying no attention to Islam.• The seditions shows there were a lot of negative aspects such as social , economic , political and religious whether in direct or in indirect ways. The present study warns people from these negative aspects because history repeat itself. • The study shows the great personality for the prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him ) in all the aspects of life to drive the people to paradise at any circumstances. It also presents the right ways of the prophet Mohammed for solving the problems and the seditions
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دور المراة الغرناطية في الحياة العامة (635 - 897هـ / 1238 - 1492م) == The Role Of Woman In The Granada'S Public Life (635D.H - 879A.H / 1238Ah - 1429DH)

Author name: سارة رمزي نعمة حسن
Supervisor name: عصام كاطع داود الشويلي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In this research we have tried to present a vision of the public life of the Granada woman : Her conditions , customs, traditions , culture , showing her contribution in building that Andalusian city from the year (635 Hijri - 1238 AD) which was the date of establishingthe Nasrian State up to (897 Hijri - 1492 Ad ) , a date that witnessed the fall of Granada Kingdom. The research included three chapters, in chapter one we stopped at the beginnings of Granada , its location , its historic significance , its social components during thatera. In chapter two we dealt with( the social phenomena of the kingdom of Granada) getting in touch with the material life in the city : Customs , traditions, costumes , cuisine, fiestas ,public baths and wedding ceremonies.In chapter three we dealt with the role of the Granada woman socially, culturally and politically where we studied the nature of her life at home and outside home.We also stopped at her role in the cultural and scientific life of Granada.We also presented a few outstanding examples of women. We focused on the political factor as the Granadan woman could reach very high occupations in the kingdom. She was known for her witness and cunning and plots, consequences that led to the division of Granada and its fall by the CatholicChristians.We can not deny that we faced many hardships trying to gather the necessary resources and refernces, a task that was characterized with lack and shortage that hindered our task to giving a broad brilliant idea of the Andalusian Granada woman of that epoch.
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الولايات المتحدة الامريكية ويوغسلافيا : دراسة في العلاقات السياسية 1948 - 1963 == United States Of America And Yugoslavia : A Study Of The Political Relations 1948 - 1963

Author name: علاء رزاك فاضل
Supervisor name: ناظم رشم معتوق
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The American - Yugoslavian political relation ( 1948 - 1963 ) was regarded as one of the best relations in the world and that was noticeable in the political arena in Europe in particular and the world in general. Those who study the events that occurred during the cold war can realize the evident role the two Countries played in the world affairs and how that was reflected on nature of political relation between them. The fact that Yugoslavia was a Communist Country after the second world war influenced its own political relations with the United States of America which was , in its turn , leading the imperial thought because of the obvious differences in attitudes , interests and political and economic regimes in the two Countries. The study is divided into an introduction , four Chapter , conclusions and appendixes. Chapter one is devoted to describe the political relation between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes which constituted the nucleus of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia which was established in 1945. That relation continued till 1948 and witnessed times of rapprochement and alienation because of the ideological differences in the two countries. Chapter two studies the political relation between the two Countries after expulsion of Yugoslavia from the Cominform at the middle of 1948 till end of 1952 because Yugoslavia's departure from Moscow strengthened its relation with the United States of America. Chapter three deals with the American - Yugoslavian political relation during the first Eisenhower administration (1953 - 1957) when the events in the region highly affected those relations especially Balkan Pact , the problem of Trieste and resumption of Soviet - Yugoslav relations. Chapter four focuses on the relation from 1957 to 1963 which was a result of the attempt of the Yugoslavian government to follow the policy of neutrality which led to tension with the American government especially after Belgrade conference in 1961. That situation Continued till the end of 1963. The conclusion is about the findings the researcher arrived at. The most important conclusions that the study arrived at were : the relation between the two countries was characterized by rapprochement at one time and alienation at the other. The Soviet Union and the fact that Yugoslavia was a Communist state were decisive factors behind that. Also, the fact that America was the leader of the capitalist world due to its military and economic power did not affect tendencies and directions of the foreign policy of Yugoslavia and it Proved many times that it was not affected by the American aids to change its positions
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نشاط الولايات المتحدة الاميركية في ايران 1926 - 1941م == United States America Acitvity In Iran (1926 - 1941)

Author name: مؤيد عويد جبير الصالحي
Supervisor name: جاسم محمد هايس
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The American influence in Iran is of great importance through the diversity and multiplicity of ways and methods of the United States to prove its supreme interests, and that the missionaries US in Iran had been settled and established religious and educational institutions and worked through her missionary, educational, medical and during its long able to obtain religious institutions and learning and even building hospitals, so the United States has continued to prove and promote their interests through economic missions in order to strengthen the relations between them have been reinforced by the influence through economic mission Dr. Arthur Milsbo 1922 - 1927 Mission has formed a quantum leap in US relations and the Iranian Maatmr to increase US support in Iran and the entry of foreign companies to Iran, and especially those that worked in the field of construction of the railway project.The interests of the United States and increase its influence through attention to the cultural aspect and relics in Iran and try to get him to exercise diplomatic pressure on those other countries, and through the rush of representatives of American museums to Iran, especially after the orientations of the National Rdachah by highlighting the heritage of Iranian culture that date back before Islam, continuing the work of those museums, including the Chicago Museums and Museums Institute of Oriental Studies and Metropolitan Museums, the rescue of American influence through trade agreements between the two countries. Therefore, we find that the US diplomatic mission and its role in proving the US commercial interests with Iran in the import of Iranian carpets and certain agricultural materials and food - for - export dried United States motor vehicles and parts. In 1935 was an important event strained Iran's relations the US through the Iranian Jaafar Jalal diplomat to drive quickly in Maryland US, which led the diplomatic book on violating effect, but after know it was released was an apology from the governor of Maryland, and this incident marked the beginning of tension through the deployment of US newspapers and eating incident ridicule and attacks on diplomatic and that the Shah of Iran, and therefore After a series of meetings between officials of the two countries and make an apology to Iran for the incident. Iranian newspapers and appeared attacking the Nile against the United States, but US newspapers took publishes news and sarcastically. That incident and to make matters worse by an American newspapers published articles about the Shah of Iran has claimed that he does not represent a descendant of the kings of Iran and that he was working in a stable British consulate in Tehran and continued US newspapers to publish news about the Shah of Iran and cynically complete, the United States does not have the force of the American newspapers , has taken even French newspapers published articles about Reza Shah, this led to the Rdachah sever diplomatic ties between the two countries, and the withdrawal of staff of the Iranian embassy in Washington the other hand remained standing US charge d'affaires in Iran, as a result of tension that diplomatic relations was reflected in the crisis, the US Postal publications occurrence of which was sent to ambassadors and consuls of foreign countries and participants, the lack of distribution and blocked Iran these publications for a long time and on the track set up negotiations between the parties from the other side has Rdachah liquidation owners missionaries American of institutions and schools teaching hospitals that were widespread in Iran, and during the negotiations and for the return diplomatic relations and allow for mail that regards the American publications of magazines and newspapers, as well as it has crystallized international factors contributed to the occurrence of the Second World War, the geographical shape to Iran, and at the outbreak of the second scientific war and the announcement of Iran's strict neutrality Walter announced Shah policy, Iran has become a focus of attention of the warring states Given global developments of the war and Mashklt United States of sterile Iran's geographical importance in strengthening its influence and moves faster and is strongly supported by the strong economy and its industry leading companies as well leave the isolation policy Aldoulihh and enter the war alongside the Allies and the adoption of resolutions of the Congress and vote on a law that loan and leasing
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التراث العلمي البصري في فهرست ابن النديم

Author name: ابتهال محمد عبد الكريم
Supervisor name: عبد الفتاح عبد الله محمود
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
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الاوضاع العامة في اليابان (1972 - 1989) : دراسة تاريخيه == The General Situation In Japan (1972 - 1989)

Author name: سحر عباس عبد الحسن النجار
Supervisor name: فوزي خلف شويل
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Japan is one of the major industrialized nations that have contributed to the development of many developing countries, the economy and comes with an introduction of donor countries in the world this study was to shed light on the nature of the internal political system and the impact of this system on the general situation in Japan, which include economic and social situation and came thesis under conditions title public in Japan (1972 - 1989) and the thesis consisted of five chapters. each chapter contains three sections, preceded by an introduction and a conclusion. Because the study focused on the subject of the political process in Japan in terms of holding elections and forming a government by the winning party and winning the majority of votes, in the elections that take place every four years, according to the text of the Constitution of Japan in 1947. General political study addressed in Japan (1945 - 1972) and was keen researcher to give historical information brief on the political situation and economic and social in Japan before 1972 in order to create the reader does not accommodate subsequent study classes, and discussed the thesis subject of political forces in Japan after the surrender of Japan in 1945 Japan and they happen for the first time in the political datable under foreign occupation, and also touched on the most important political forces in Japan for the period (1945 - 1955) where he threw light on the most important political forces which have contributed to the leadership of the political system in Japan at the time and was able to rebuild Japan the new post - World war II, through cooperation with the occupation authorities, led by the United States. In 1955, the Liberal Democratic Party came to power and the study focused on discussing the political achievements of the party, which was in the forefront of recovery in Okinawa 1972. the third the One of the main topics discussed by the thesis is the oil crisis and its impact on the political situation and economic and social (1972 - 1978), where she studied the general political situation in Japan under the government of Tanaka Kakuei (1972 - 1974) and talked about the internal politics of Prime Minister Tanaka it was to clarify the impact of this policy on the internal situation and the position of the opposition political parties against the government's policy, and touch on the most important measures taken by the government following the first oil crisis, especially in the field of foreign policy in an attempt to get out of the crisis with minimal losses, so it has taken a series of political steps bold in the field of foreign policy, which was discussed in the second topic, which came under the foreign policy of Prime Minister Tanaka and its impact on the internal political and economic situation in Japan, address, and reviewed the researcher results of this policy and its role in achieving political gains and economic in favor of Japan, the study examined the political situation under the government of Miki Takeo (1974 - 1978) and the most important internal political developments that resulted from the first political scandal taking place in Japan after World war II, where he is accused former Prime Minister Tanaka, and shed light on the implications of this issue at the local and global levels. In addition to the above - mentioned study deals with the Liberal Democratic Party, LDP reforms and their impact on the internal political situation in Japan (1976 - 1980) and internal policy pursued by Prime Minister Fukuda and the position of the opposition political parties to the government as well as to talk about the most important political achievements and economic, which has during the period of his government, and foreign policy pursued by the government with the neighboring countries, particularly China. They also discussed Japan's economic growth and its impact on the internal political situation in Japan (1980 - 1985). It was reviewing the issue of Japan's trade surplus and the impact of this surplus in foreign relations as well as its impact on the internal political situation and how the Government of Japan has dealt with caution in order not to strain relations with the countries at that time were also internal political explanation during the government of Suzuki Znko (1980 - 1982) and touched study the subject of political parties opposed to the ruling party and the main political orientations in addition to the issue of the fiscal deficit in the state budget with said the most important economic measures taken by the government for the fiscal deficit to address that focused on the study reviewed the most important political achievements and economic and social Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone, who is the most prominent prime ministers of Japan and the his role in the modernization of INA - scale Japan and make it the country's number one. And dropped the study highlights the general situation in Japan (1985 - 1989), where she spoke about the internal political situation in Japan (1985 - 1989) and reviewed the most important political events that took place on the internal politics of Japan, particularly the issue of political corruption dubbed naming hiring scandal which shook the pillars of the liberal Democratic party, LDP government, also discussed the issue of the new consumption tax imposed by the Government Nakasone to address the fiscal deficit in the state budget, as well as discuss the sex scandal raised about Prime Minister Uno and how they have contributed to these events in the loss of the liberal Democratic party, LDP election and was the beginning the end of the loss of the majority, dominated by which to judge since 1955.
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اسرة السيد الاعلى ابي حفص عمر بن عبد المؤمن ودورها في دولة الموحدين

Author name: ستار جليل عجيل
Supervisor name: علي صدام نصر الله الفريجي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The Muwahdia state was built on the ruins of the Murabtian State and it became one of the greatest state in the Arabian west (AL - Maghrib).This state Flourished and expanded to vast areas extending from boundaries of Eggpt in the east to the Atlantic ocean in the west and from the Spanish kingdoms of Castalt, Lyon and Navara in the north down to the Green island south of Andulsia. Ibn Tomrat, the Founder of this state, thought of reforming the society and thus he started urging for the well - doing and forbidding enormitg. His political ambition, was in a way, behind that idea. Tus, he started adocating his ideas in the society some times by debating with the scholars and sometimes by pubhcalpy forbidding enormity which characterized society at that time. That led the different regimes to restrict his moves. As a result ,he escaped to protect himself and his followers to the strong forts in his birth town Agli in the remote high mountains where the Murabtians could not reach him. consequently, he disobeyed the Murabtians and declared himself belonging to the Mahdians. From that place, he started his wars till the time of his death. After him, the actual founder of those ideas, Abd Al - Mu'min Bin Ali Al - Kumi completed his mission who, after reinforcing his position in the Muwahdian state, he declared the rule as hereditary (Khilafah) after it was based on consultation.khalifa Abd Al - Mu'min did his best to place his sons in important posts in the state.As a result, we witnessed his distinguished role as the supreme master, a position that was reflected on his family after his death.This study 'Family of the Supreme Master Abi Hafs Omar Bin Abd Al - Mu'min and lts Role in the Muwahdian State' is based on the fact that he worked hard and took many steps to enable him make his sons inherit his rule (Khilafa). He appointed them as rulers of the provinces and declared his son Mohammad as crown prince.Those works gave the supreme master good opportunity to appear on the surface of events.so, the crown prince became the grand minister and took in his hands all the powers of the state.That also led his lorother to rule. Because ofall that ,he increased his authorities and enjoyed more powers that enabled him to advance to defeat some opponents of the state, the first of whom was the principality of lbn Mardnesh. During that, he also decided to go back to Al - Maghrib (countries of the Arabian west ) to hit with iron arms the opposing movements there.His work were useful for the state in all military, economic and constructional levels. The state witnessed many military developments and was able to fight the Christians in Andalusia both in land and in sea, a Fact that obliged them to ask for friendship and to conclude treaties with the state. Economically, there was notable increase in the financial returns which resulted in more constructions like building new mosques, bridges and palaces.By these steps, the supreme master politically paved the path for his sons to complete the same role after his death in supporting the Muwahdian Khalifas who were the reasons behind crowning Al - Mansur and his son Al - Nasir as well as Khalifa Al - Muntsir. Militarily, they were able to terminate some internal disturbances of mutiny and opposing the state and the law. Besides, they supported the Khalifa in his fighting of the Christians in Andalusia. The had a great role to maintain security and stability that resulted in notable economic and constructional development. Also, they ruled the important provinces in the state. One of them could even be vice Khalifa in the capital Marakish.After Khalifa Al - nasir fought the battle of punishment in Andalusia , it was clear that the state started to decline. That in turn, affected the political structure of the state. At that time, the state was ruled by ayoung wan (Al - Nasir) controlled by a minister and uncles who did not care for the state and only look after their personal interests. When the state became weak and there were those ambitious who wanted to rule as khalifas, grandsons of the supreme master constituted part of that struggle and they fought their cousin Abdullah Al - Bayasi and khalfa Al - wathiq. That struggle was omninous to the state. Thus, theeconomic structure of the state completely deteriorated both because of the wars and the plagues at that time.Besides, the door was fully open to those greedy men who wanted to rule the state. For example, the Hafsi state separated itself from the near Maghrib. In the middle Maghrib, Banu Zayyan appeared in the far Maghrib. That cut the state into parts till it fell down during the era of khalifa Al - wathiq by Banu Mareen. ln general, the reasons behind the fall of the state were already there since its first existence.
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المائدة في الاندلس من الفتح الاسلامي حتى سقوط مملكة غرناطة 92 - 897هـ / 711 - 1492م == The Andulusian Food From The Muslim Conquest Until The Fallof The Kingdom Of Granada( 92 - 897 A.H / 711 - 1491 A.D )

Author name: ابتهال احمد ياسين العيداني
Supervisor name: انسام غضبان عبود الباهلي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The tables Andalus when the Muslim conquest marked bait and private tables Muslims simplicity far from the sophistication and limited varieties, and diversity in the food and drink shows because of conquests, and revolutions that have emerged after the Islamic conquest ,and that influenced the foods and drinks and the method of preparation.And marked by lavish tables of the ruling class, luxury and the large number of foods and drinks, while the poor class was simple made and the lack of diversity over the Andalus Islamic eras.It was the beginning of the diversity in foods and drinks when entering (Ziryab) coming from Iraq to Andalusia, it was the first taken from the colors of foods, and what happened in the diversity of food colors and sophistication in cooked at the end of the era of theemirate. And numerous types of foods Bmnas padtha for every occasion and became a special color of the food, and those kinds of tables, tables religious or social, political, and military and other tables.The total tables heyday Andalus in a modern uniform, the children of the Red, where a thousand private cooking in these two eras of two books, the first book (cooking in Morocco and Andalus in the era of the Unitarian) for (anonymous author), and the second book (residual Akhawan in the good things of food and colors) for (son demure Altchibey), where there were many types of cuisine and recipes and cooks and working methods in these two books.The affected table Andalus Bmwaid East and the West, was transferred arrivals to Andalusia coming from the East and the West traditions and customs, including foods and drinks of various species and varieties, as it was influenced by the people of the East and the people of Morocco Bmoaid Andalus which moved them through the arrivals to them or through migrations that occurred in Andalusia both before and after its fall from the hands of the Muslims, as there was a reciprocal effect between the natives and the Muslims of Andalusia in the preparation of foods and drinks and eat.Varied opinions of the scholars of Andalusia around the tables of food and drink in Andalusia, where some of them are denied to non - Muslims foods eating People of the Book, Others have analyzed their foods and Acherbthm, and Atvqo not to extravagant and lavish events and festivals, and the large variety of foods and their own identity, because it is contrary to the teachings of Islam.
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الشيعة في روايات ابن كثير (ت 774هـ/1372م) في كتابه البداية والنهاية == Shei In Ibn Kathir Novels ( 774 H - 1371 M ) In His Book For Beginning And The End

Author name: رسول دفار عبد الرضا الساعدي
Supervisor name: علي صالح رسن المحمداوي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The subject of the Shia It is one of the most important intellectual and ideological topics That took a large area of Islamic history , The importance of the topic comes and necessity under the circumstances now What experienced by the nation of intellectual conflict contributed to the destabilization and destruction of Islamic unity , So it must be to highlight the most dealt with ibn - Kathir Shia and their Imams , And his role in the distortion of their image by taking some promoted and published for granted is debatable. Which cast a shadow over the Muslim community structure. So these ideas must be purified and rid it of impurities in order to rid the nation of this intellectual scourge. The study included an introduction and preface , three , three chapters and a conclusion it came in the boot linguistic meaning and idiomatic. Word Shia have been addressed this issue by relying on the vievs of Islamic sects owners regarding idiomatic meaning. The study included an introduction and preface , three chapters and a conclusion. It came in the introduction of linguistic and terminological meaning of the word Shia. It has been addressed this issue relying on language As well as relying on dictionaries in terms of linguistic meaning the views of Islamic sects owners regarding idiomatic meaning This included the first chapter title the biography of Ibn - Kathir section and divided ever chapter into four sections. The first section of this chapter to his name and his birth and the proportion of the second section and gilded. The third section on his wife and children. The fourth section of scientific activities in the Koran and Hadith and fiqh Al - muhammadi and the Arabic languge and history. The second chapter , entitled The position of the Ibn - Kathir of the imams of the Shia In this chapter into four sections The first section of the banished the virtues of Imam Ali ( peace be upon him ). It allocates a certain field in his beginning and end of the Imam (peace be upon him ) as a jewele Shia , and Shia accused develop the virtues of the Imam (peace be upon him ). The second part , the cause of our names Fadak , and he accused the Shia of liying in this topic. And took the third position on the topic of cosmic accidents title , after the martyrdom of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him ) and denial of its location , which occurred after his death ( peace be upon him ) and chared with heresy for Shia to stay decrees solace. And crying on the Imam ( peace be upon him ) , as well as touched upon in the fourth section of the deanial of the existence of Imam scholars. and divided by into three sections. he made the first section under the Shiite belief in the twelve Imams address.The second topic heading back to the front. The most important things that we reach to it in our research as follow : 1 - we cannot say that Ibn katheer was really truthful historical and he was far away from fundamentalism and honestly in recalling the truthful of historical , one of the most feature of historical be avoid this is qualities in order to be successful historical. one of the most important reasons that made him trade in duplicity with shea and Amams , was his study that was beside Sheks that they were full of intolerant and the environment that he had lived in it , it was Sham and they do not Know about the Islam its name. 2 - His influence with Ibn taemeh that was basic of corruption that was fuul of duplicity , rare of scientific descriptive , tamper with truth , deny the virtues of Amam Ali ( peace be upon him ) , his defense with Alamueen with the martyrdom of Amam Hussein( peace be upon him ) , lack of purity in his book in his duplicity with the strict criteria on of the most important things that we found in his writing. 3 - In his critical point about Sheas holy orders and their believes , he had not started with logical mind and it is not submitted with scientific research , but submitted with full of fundamentalism that were born all the truthful things. 4 - He made some of the most historical novels weather imperefect in their meanings or ygnored them , so its mean that he was blind mind in his thought and his believes because he did not return back this is historical novels in their sources. 5 - He embraced selective sight in the choice of historical novels , this is selective means that are conspiracies in the mind of Ibn katheer in order to make conflict inside the Muslims.
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خطط اصبهان في العصر الاسلامي حتى نهاية السيطرة السلجوقية == Asbhan Planing In The Modern Islamic Age Till The Salchokian Control

Author name: محمد عبيس حميد الطائي
Supervisor name: نزار عزيز حبيب الخاقاني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This research titled Isfahaan city plans in the Islamic era have been divided into four chapters, the first of which entitled analysis of the sources and references that draw on Isfahaan city since ages Muslim first and up to the modern era, and it was to identify the most important of these Arab sources, who wrote about Isfahaan such as source layers modern Asbahan and contained them not Bo Sheikh Asbahani (d. 369 AH / 979 AD), and the book said News Isfahaan not Bo Naim Asbahani (d. 430 AH / 1038 AD), and the book pros Isfahaan for Mavrokha a fifth - century scientists, as well as mention many Persian references I wrote about Isfahaan.The second quarter was the geographical historic city Isfahaan entitled and which we dealt with the meaning of a single Isfahaan in the language and terminology, also touched on the history of the establishment of the city and its geographical location and area of the border, it has been the definition in all its cities and its importance, said castles and fortified research indicated demographic composition and beliefs of religious people and sources waters and the nature of the climate, as well as the male open Isfahaan at the hands of Muslims in 23 AH / 643 AD, and the different words in a year and the leaders and armies of conquest.The third chapter, entitled government plans to Isfahaan in the Islamic era, and these plans we approached the mosque, which is one of the most important government plans virility spin the rest of the plans are linked by all the streets of the main city and subsidiary, was exposure to male House emirate plans and plans for libraries and schools in Isfahaan, and kinds of different times, as well as the talk of the town wall is ancient history plans and developments that have taken place him in terms of the nature of the construction and Doors defensive purposes to which they showed it to in order to defend the city in case of attack on them, including training grounds plans and stores of weapons and prisons where she was dedicated to this type of castles plans.In the fourth quarter Search on service plans contained no Sbhan in the Islamic era and which have been identified Isfahaan city markets plans, relevance and developments that have taken place by the state's interest in the mentioned kinds and competence of each of them, and these plans are the most important service plans which are connected by all main and branch roads and their importance such as the importance mosque plans, and in this chapter have been identified on the settlement plans that were based on the three foundations of a basically tribal and ethnic, sectarian, also touched on the streets plans, in addition to the Parks plans or public parks and the date of its establishment and the extent of its beauty, and treat them like the Jews and Christ and Muslims and the types of these graves, and our research also pointed to the bridges which plans to set up Zayanderud Rhode River, and finally mentioned the equestrian field in Isfahaan
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السياسة الامريكية تجاه لاوس (1964 - 1975) == American Policy Towards Laos 1964 - 1975

Author name: فريال صبري علي العيداني
Supervisor name: ابراهيم فنجان صدام الامارة
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اصبحت لاوس نقطة محورية في التوترات الدولية منذ بروز الحرب الباردة بين المعسكرين الشرقي والغربي واتساع النشاط الشيوعي في الهند الصينية، وهو ما دعا الولايات المتحدة بالعمل على وقف انتشار الشيوعية، التي بدات بالتنامي في لاوس منذ الاستقلال الذي منح للبلاد عام
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الاوضاع الاجتماعية والاقتصادية في لواء العمارة (1958 - 1963) : دراسة تاريخية == The Social And Economy Conditions In Amarah Province (1958 - 1963)

Author name: ذو الفقار فرحان حسين صالح
Supervisor name: عمار محمد كاظم فرج
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The province witnessed wide changes included social and economic conditions after the revolution July14, 1958 , which has worked to end the manifestations of underdevelopment and confirmed the application objectives of the revolution in terms of construction and development , and conduct qualitative changes through what happened to remember the achievements immortalized in history over the years , Although most of the academic studies and research started on the brigade did not deal with that time period, where it was an important turning at the level of the history of Major points. And the researcher most important achievements and historical events that came in the revolution of July 14, 1958 was divided into an introduction and preface, three chapters and a conclusion Highlights include the findings of the study. Researcher occur in the boot on the social and economic conditions in the period before the revolution confined between 1953 - 1958 in terms of the rural community and its components from the Senate and the feudal procurator , peasants and city community and migration from the countryside to the city, Eating for health and education situation and the obstacles they faced in spite of the effort made by the Board of ages , but he did not suffice. The economic situation has been confined to talk about the other side of the agricultural wealth , the industrial side represents a factor of milling plants and bricks and milk. The focus in the first chapter on the social conditions during the research period 1958 - 1963 province community in the city and countryside and religious composition , and the most important changes that have occurred after July 14 , and the most prominent of the laws and their impact on society in terms of the development of education and health institutions.And singled out the second chapter on the economic developments in the province 1958 - 1963 represented the agrarian reform law and what is the nature lands of province formations agrarian reform law and the application of the reform law by seizing land , pumps and the creation of peasant associations and constraints interface agrarian reform as problems seizure and distribution, and the impact of reform on the farmer law process and the most important irrigation projects that have worked on completion , and the migration of peasants to the cities and productivity developments.And ensure that the third quarter industrial situation and what are the industrial sectors that have spread them food industries and divided into private sector milling plants and sugar mills and plants in the dairy sector and the coefficient of sweets and plants for soft drinks Alekhala private sector and the coefficient of curry , and construction industries the brick industry and industry slab and plaster craft and private sector industries , which contains a collection of ancient primitive industries that rely on the skill of the workforce and industry the pipes and floor mats and weaknesses boats , And appeared in that period of Amara Industry Corporation in terms of establishment and the most important economic effects that resulted in its establishment as a laboratory bricks and commercial activity for internal and external trade , markets and smuggling trade and the chamber of commerce and transportation routes , river and land transportation.It turns out that the researcher historical period between the year 1958 - 1963 was marked advancement in the social and economic situation in the province of Amara, as a result of the big efforts provided and represented by the following results : 1 - Revolutionary government , particularly concentrated in Iraq in general and in the province of Amara on the conditions of the countryside and the suffering of underdevelopment and neglect at all levels , and the only way is to re - work in the organization and interest in peasant life in terms of the distribution of agricultural land and to provide the necessary farming inputs and work to end the control of the Senate Squires who became dominated by large areas of farmland , which is where the farmer lived the worst days of his life and the resulting continuous migration to the cities.2 - Revolutionary government sought through the issuance of the interim constitution , which included a set of laws aimed at Equality between the debtor 's sons and the countryside which eliminates tribal claims , as amended, which was roosting on the issuance of the poorer classes in the countryside, and the issuance of Agrarian Reform Law No. 30 of 1958 , which is the turning point of the community law countryside by identifying agricultural areas and distributed to farmers , but this law has encountered great difficulties in the province because of limited resources and pressures Squires resulted in the deterioration of agricultural production and increasing migration of peasants to the cities.3 - The province entered a new phase after the revolution of July 14, 1958 was characterized by freedom of expression and the establishment of political parties and mass of organizations supporting role Authority attempt to ensure the success of the goals of the revolution especially with Provisions of laws that achieve the principle of justice between workers and owners of crafts , but it faced the ambitions of political parties and conflict Remote competition the objectives and principles of the revolution , which called for them because the conditions of the community began to go wrong.4 - Social structure of the community in various religions was and still reflect the extent of cohesion and unity among the members of the society have prevailed more in support of the revolution July 14 through their participation in the holidays , events and organizations to join the Republic.5 - The reality of education improvement in the province after the July 14 and the evolution of a lot because of the efforts made by the Provincial region represented Executor Abdul Hadi Saleh, who is widely credited with the completion of most of the projects in the province , especially the development of the educational sector , and make it compatible with the new phase characterized by changes on all social and economic levels.
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المراة البصرية ودورها في الحياة العامة (14 - 247 هـ /635 - 861 م) == The Basri Woman And Her Role In Public Life 14 - 247 A. H / 635 - 861 A. D

Author name: رسل عادل نعمة
Supervisor name: صبيح نوري خلف الحلفي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The study of this research which deals with Basri Woman and her role in Public life (from 14A. H./297A. D) is of the social, economic and political studies. It studied all women who lived and died in Basrah, or those who lived in Basrah and died in Basrah, or those who lived in Basrah for a while then left, and those who came to Basrah from pther places and their roles in these places and in Basrah whether they had a socids economic, political or in tellectud role. The first chapter dealt with Arabian Peninsule and women in urban and nomad societies. It dealt with the talents enjoyed by the women in Arabian penin sule in addition to the marriage, clothing, perfumes and accessories of Bassi women. It also included the economic side and what Basri women did according to their living standards, jobs and occupations. The second chapter studied the role of Basri women in political life. They participated by offering their opininon and advice in political matters. They expressed their opinions and obtained political condonation. They fought for the right and stand by men to encourge and suppore them to fight. Basri women readned the battlefield and participated there and helped the fighter by supporting them, healing the wounded, taking care of the patients and providing food and drink. The third chapter is concerned with the intellectual role of Basri women. The first section studied the role of Basri narrators and companiens in keeping and recording the sunna in addition to the role of adorers and ascetics in Basrah society. The role of women in liteature was also studied for their role was not limited to politics and religion, but extended to literature and rhetoric as well as singing and poetry.
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قضية التبت ومواقف الدول الكبرى والاقليمية منها (1949 - 1959) == The Issue Of Tibet And The Attitudes Of The Great And Regional Powers (1959 - 1949)

Author name: منتصر حسن دهيرب
Supervisor name: فرقد عباس قاسم المياحي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The Issue of Tibet is one of the most important Issues, which Occupied the Formal and Informal world Opinion during the Fifth decade of last Century, Tibet Issue is Regarded as an Important Issue because it Started with the beginning of the Cold war between the two Camps of the Communist and Capitalist after World War II, and the Success of the in control of the General Rule in 1949 Chinese Communist Party in taking Power in 1949 after its Success to move Kuomintang Party away to Taiwan. The Researcher Chose the Year 1949 as a Start for the Thesis title because on that Year the Communist Party has Controlling on Power in China, and his Leaders Started calling for the unification of China and entering Regions and one of them was Tibet to Chinese State Authorities. The end of the Thesis was in the Year 1959, which was the Year Tibet Revolution happened in Tibet Revolution was against Chinese existence. The Revolution ended by Escape of the Dalai Lama outside Tibet and asking for Asylum in India. Moreover Tibet Leadership has Succeeded in showing their Issue to the United National Assembly and getting an International Decision to Condemn china. The Thesis is divided into an Introduction and four Chapters and a conclusion. The introduction included general explanation for the Thesis and its way of building. The Titled of the first Chapter was (General Situation in Tibet 1900 - 1949). And it included three Sections. The First Section Referred to the Geographic, Economic and Social Importance in addition to the beginning of the Political establishment of Tibet. the second section that indicated to political developments in Tibet during period of the British Occupation in 1904 and Chinese Occupation in 1910, while the third section has included political developments during period of independence (1912 - 1949), the Second Section had title (Chinese claim with returning Tibet and attitudes of regional and great States 1949 - 1951). it consist of three Section , first Section indicates to Chinese threats with re - annexation of Tibet and of great and regional States. The Second Section that expresses to shuttle fighters for TibetanDelegation in an attempt to avoided their country the risk of Chinese occupation for Eastern Tibet areas (Chamdo) and force Tibetan Government to inter in bilateral negotiation with china. It also dealt with attitudes of regional and great states of the occupation. Third Section had title (internal political developments in Tibet and attitudes of great and regional States of them )1951 - 1958 that consists of two sections first section indicated to bilateral relations between local government of Tibet and Chinese government this Section dealt with refusal of local government for Chinese administrative procedures in AL Tibet and opposition against Chinese existence on both formal and popular levels the second section dealt with first Tibetan revolution against Chinese Authorities have implemented in two provinces Kham and Amdo. It also dealt with Military and logistics Aids that USA Intelligence (CIA) have Provided to Tibetan Resistance. The four section had title (political developments in Tibet and international and regional attitude of them (10 of march 1959 - November 1959) consists of two sections : first section dealt with second Tibetan revolution in 1959 that has reported direct reasons to starting revolution and procedures that popular Chinese government has taken to its suppression the second section indicated to regional and international attitude of Tibetan revolution the conclusion has included the most important results that have reached the thesis
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علاقات ايران مع الكيان الصهيوني 1949 - 1969

Author name: فرات عبد الحسن كاظم
Supervisor name: فوزي خلف شويل
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Iran is a state lies at the east of the Arab homeland with long international sides. Where as the Zionist is a conquered state fixed in the hemi of the Arab homeland, which is represented by Palestine with force by the west. Beside , this state is being the more dangerous threatening the Arab countries and a wall upon this it's "east - west unity.From this point , the real dangerous relationship of Iran and the Zionist state appears , especially and after it's passing for an accurate lines which increase the Arab - Zionist conflict. The period ( 1949 - 1969 ) was chosen from the Iran - Zionist entity relationship subject for it sensivity with Palestine issue and the other sides of Arab - Zionist conflict.The study began in the year ( 1949) because this year represented the temp ls of the Zionists entity gain ,Iran government confession and this is ascertained during few months. i.e. a real relation between the tow states took place during lees than one year, exactly in 1950. From that time, an important stage of relation history began. The study is ended in the year 1969 because it represents an agitated stage of the history of that relation , after it becomes more confirmly , and reaches the participated alliance in so many other aspects. The stag that follows this period has it own special characteristics thatrequires an independent study , in which the united states appears as it get great benefits and so many entrances into the middle east after England announcement in 1968 to draw bake from the Arab gulf in 1971.The study consists of an introduction, prologue, three chapters, and the The prologue deals with the history roots of Jew's in Iran, and their bests and activities to penetrate in it's life aspects. The way that paned for Zionist institution to play a vital role in helping Zionists in 1948.The first chapter 'deals with the, Zionist entity to tempts get Iran admission in the period ( 1949 - 1953). So these tempest began in 1949 Le. a year after the' help of Zionist entity. The Zionists get this confession in 1950, on the basic of the event. We deal also with the reactions, and effects, in and out, and the illustration of the end of these relations in the period (1951 - 1953).The second chapter deals with relations of Iran and the Zionist entity since the coming of shah Mohammed Radha Bahlwi , and after the fall of Musaddiq government where Zionist activity appears and works with it ally on surrounding Arab - unity by the surrounded states like Iran , Turkey and Ethiopia, especially and after the rising of the Arab voice by Egypt - Syria unity , the held of united - Arab Republic , and the brooking out of 14 - July revolution in Iraq. The third chapter contains the development of relation between Iran and Zionist entity in the period (1960 - 1969) and the sides oflran announcement confession of Zionist entity in the year 1960, Beside the study of the development of that relations in many aspects. And Iran attitude towards June - 5 - 1967 war, and its effects on the relation of the two stales as well as Iran policy towards Zionists when British announces its intention to draw back with it forces from Arab - Gulf land in 1968. So this is really done with the coming of 1970. Finally, the Zionist's attitude by burning Al - Masjid Al - Aqsa and it re~ections on the relations of the to states.The end contains the most important conclusions which this study reaches.The most important conclusion are - Iran is the second Islamic - state after Turkey confesses Zionists entity on the base of the events of the year 1950. It is considered the first state in the Middle East makes various relations with the Zionists entity. - Iran is the vital source of oil for Zionists entity, hence they penetrated into the Iranian military - force and make closed relation with the major leader of pahlwi - system So, those leaders make so many visits to the Zionists entity. The Zionists were mediators in American equipments sale - processes for Iran , and they gate a lot of money from these processes. This money increased the Economical ability of there illegal state. Shah system proved that it is a good ally for Zionists entity as well as , It helps the Zionists entity with their aggression against Arab - unity by giving them oil and don't permit Arab's to use the oil as a weapon in the battle. The most closed relations between 'Shah system and the Zionist entity come after June war.
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العلاقات الاسرائيلية الرومانية 1948 - 1973 : دراسة تاريخية == Fhe Israeli - Rumanian Relations Since 1948 To1971 A Historical Study

Author name: عماد مكلف عسل عبد البدران
Supervisor name: فوزي خلف شويل
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The researcher has chosen the ·~Israeli - Rumanian r ations Since 1948 to 1973" to be the topic of his thesis b cause it is an outstanding period in the history of relations between the two sides. Moreover, Rumania had diverged from her communist allies in her view towards the Arabian - Israeli conflict which was embodied in the wars of 1948, 1956,1967, and 1973. Rumania, also, established wide relations with Israel, Son1ething which no other communist state did. The thesis falls into an introduction, four chapters, and a conclusion. Chapter one deals with the circumstances of Rumanian Jews Since the Seventeenth century up to the establishment of Israel in 1948. It tackles their economic, political, and social circumstances since 1882 thereafter, then it focuses on the reasons behind their migration to Palestine up to 1948.Chapter two is devoted to follow the Rumanian Jews migration to Palestine till the fourth Arabian - Israeli war in 1973 and the consequences of this war, it investigates he reasons obstacles and influence at the migration on the elations between Israel and Rumania with the beginning f the n1assive n1igration during the years 1948 to 1951. he chapter, then, follows up the developn1ent and tumbling of the migration up to 1960. After that it studies t e reason behind its decrease up to 1973. The third chapter concerns itself with the political I raeli - Rumanian relations in (1948 to 1973). It 1 vestigates the reason of their improvement since 1948 up t the third Arabian - Israeli war in 1967. Then, it sheds ht on the Rumanian attitude changed up to 1969 when e bassies between the two sides were exchanged it £ cuses on the new Rumanian tendencres in (1970 to1 73), i.e. the first years of the reign of Anwar Al - Sadat, th Egyptian president, and the role and influence of these te dencies on the Rumanian - Arab relations. It also in estigates the Rumanian attitude towards the Israeli - A bian conflict in the United Nations Organization. The fourth and last chapter studies the economic Isr eli - Rumanian relations since 1948 to 1973, i.e. sinc e emergence of Israel up to the signature of the most 1portant economic agreement between the two sides in pril 1967. Then, it gaves on to follow these relations up the October war in 1973.On of the most outstanding finindings that the research mes up with is the difference between the Rumanian ws and the lJ.S.S.R and its communist allies towards Israel - Arabian conflict, and Israel's success to win mania to its side. The Ru1nanian policy was that ofb rgain between the conflicting parties, which aimed at g tting more interests from interests from the two sides in a ition to playing an eminent diplomatic role which gave (Rumania) an influence in the conflict dimensions
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موقف الجمهورية الفرنسية الرابعة من القضية الفلسطينية 1945 - 1958 : دراسة تحليلية == The Attitude Of The French Fourth Republic Towards Palestinian Problem 1945 - 1958

Author name: عماد مكلف عسل عبد البدران
Supervisor name: فائق حاكم عيسى الغانم
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The fourth chapter handles the culture sides as, in particular , The administration , The governance regimes , the economic development and the country including the traditions and customs.
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العلاقات الهندية - السوفيتية 1964 - 1971 == Indo - Soviet Relations 1964 - 1971

Author name: حسام احمد شوقي
Supervisor name: خولة طالب لفتة الحميداوي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The Indian - Soviet relations during 1964 - 1971 dielnt go on asingle frequency , but influenced by the duration of the study anumber of internal , regional and international factors which hav had an impact on the nature of relations if the relations between the two countries after the Lal Bahadur Shastri judgment continued evolving relations which were at the time of Jawahar Lal Nehru evolution which up to amaximum gradesin September 1964 , when the soviet union gives the deal that aircraft ( MiG 21 ) so that India be the first illegitimate country gives these aircraft by the soviet union that relations soon collided alter the political leader ship in the soviet union October 1964 with the arrival Bretiv to the post of first secretary of the communist parties and Alex Kosygin to the post of primeminister and the dedaration of the new leadership to take the new policy in south Asia and to try timprove relations with Pakistan after the tension that with essed dvring the reign of khro show this policy , which Anzmt evident in the second Kashmir war in 1965 and the pursuit of the soviet union convergence between the two parties and resolve the issue through a meeting sponsored by the soviet and the success of this thin is the success of the new policy that is followed by the soviets in the region. The Study also found the impact of internal events of India on the nature of relations between the two countries and reflected positively or negatively where Ibdia witnessed during the study period afood crisis decimated Ibdia making Indihira Gandhi request economic assistance from the united states thatit reflected on there lations with the soviet union , especially with the after soviet rapprochement with pakitan to withess in 1967 and 1968 strained relations between the two parties ont seen therug hout many ears ago that the tension reached its maximumgrades in July 1968 when the soviet union was awarded ar arms deals Pakistan , which raised poputar discontent and navigation with in India and the voices of rapproch ement with the united states the us response to the soviet rappro chemsnt with Pakistan. This tension quickly goes away in 1969 arrival of soviet relations with china to the stayes of crisis and exploit the united states of America and adopted anew policy china trend known as the ( opening - up policy ) by Pakistan president yahya khan whenhe feared both India and the soviet union from triple - column appearance ( united states - china - Pakistan ) which led to arappro chement between India and the soviet union this convergerce desire soviets that is reflected on the described bilateral treaty between the two countries , but Indira Gandhi refused to do sobecause of its adherence to the policy the Non - Aligned followsd by India after independence , but then Irealized Indhira Gandhi that the lack of tinkering with the treadty will lead to breach the military balance in favor of Pakistan , especially since the situation in East Pakistan was waring caution - pakis tans new this year 1971 withessed ahistoric event India signed abolateral treaty with the soviet union was the first its kind to be held by India with major coutries after independence
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السيـرة النبــوية في مرويات الامام الصادق (عليه السلام) == The Prophet Biography In Immam Al - Sadiq'S Narrations A Dissertation

Author name: جمعة ثجيل عكلة الحمداني
Supervisor name: سلمى عبد الحميد حسين الهاشمي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study falls into four chapters. The first chapter focuses on the importance of the prophetic biography as contained in the narrations of Imam Al - Sadiq. The chapter was divided into two main topics; the first centered around the way by which the prophetic biography was subjected to deformity, distortionand misinterpretation, mentioned by many texts and historical testimonies which showed the influence of the authoritative interferencein this deformity. All different forms of this intervention were discussed; among these modes was the prevention ofrecording andcommunication ofAl - Hadith. This occurred during the reigns of the first three Caliphs. Other kinds of deformity, clarified in this research, were the methodology of Hadith fabrication, fraudulence and misinterpretation during both Umayyad and Abbasid ages. It alsohighlighted the qualities of fabricated Hadith and the reasons behind this fabrication, attested by examples, evidences and texts, with clarification of its effects on the recording of the biography. It also studied Israeli narrations and their role in the alteration of the biographical events. It emphasized the sense of the Israeli narrations, digging out the historicalroots behind their fabrication and reasons behind their proliferation in the Islamic society. The topic did not overlook the phenomenon of fanaticism, extremism and the extremists in Islam, headed by the scholars of different Islamic schools and sects. Those scholars took of Hadith invention as a legal method to justify and prove a certain ideology whether sunni or shia.Therefore, their impact was so great that they could manipulate the events of the prophetic biography backing their perspectives by fabricated Hadiths. The chapter also extended to Imam Ali's attitude towards extremists' phenomenon and his fight against it.The second chapter took completely different course. Instead of concentrating on the texts of prevention of Hadith recording, it tackled the priority of Ahl - Al - Baytin Al - Hadith recording. It also dealt with the significance of recording in Islam, attested by Quranic revelations, texts and testimonies from Prophet Mohammed's biography through his Hadith and Shari'a which both hinted to the importance of recording. Imam Ali, on his side, translated those hints into practical steps and left a lot of the prophet's recorded Hadith. He rejectedthe principle of preventing Hadith recording, so did his decedents Imams. Ahl - Al - Bayt school started writing down Prophet's Hadith as the prophet was still alive. It also continued after his death. The infallible Imams,alternately continued the process of recording until Imam Al - Sadiq's time. The researcher referred to the enormity of Imam Al - Sadiq narrations which fills the books of Islamic heritage and different Islamic sects', with no exception. Then, the chapter tended to study the scientific value of Al - Sadiq's narrations, their validity and other qualities. He also seized the chance to refer scholars' testimonies and discourses concerned with Imam's sciences as considered a solid evidence on his scientific superiority. Imam's supremacy was an impetus behind the researcher's choice to write on the Prophetic biography through Imam's narrations. The second chapter, entitled Mohammed's bringing up till his holy mission, focused on the fact that there were greater actions which largely affected Prophet's life. It is known that Mohammed grew up in a pagan society. This atheist environment was the secret behind his grandeur. He was the only one who was brought up in the environment of ignorance, stupidity and foolishness.Despite this, he grew up in an atmosphere of truth, science and wisdom. The second chapter is divided into five topics due to the multiplicity of its contents. The first was devoted to Imam Al - Sadiq's narrations, in relation to Mohammed's personality and disdain. The topic, first, dealt with the purity of Mohammed'sdecent, descriptions and qualities. It, then, referred to Mohammed's preference all over other prophets and messengers. Later, it focused on very important matter which was controversial among Muslims' creeds; his forerunners'belief and purity, and the connection between Abd Al - Mutalib's sons and the story of the harbinger in Quran concerned with Abu Talib'sbelief and that of his successors.This story hasan important place in this research because it tackled aspects of Imam's narrations, scientifically. It accurately analyzed them, based on sound logical criteria, far from prejudice,intending to attain what would support and avail thevalidity of the biography.The prophet's birth and genealogy constitutesan important side of this chapter. The second topic discussed Mohammed's birth and the stories associatedwith it. Some of those stories were over dominated by legendary and miraculous side. That's why they were studied through criticism and analysis, with aim of pinpointing elements of weakness and strength in them. It also dealt with subject of Mohammed's suckling by. Although there are modern studies involving Mohammed's suckling, which brought in new ideas. Scientific methodology was applied to discuss these ideas, to reach truth.Third part considered Mohammed's grandfather's guardianship. Al - Mutalib, his grandfather sponsored Mohammed two months after Mohammed's father's death. But when he became eight years old, his grandfather died. So he came under the guardianship of his uncle Abu Talib. During his uncle's time, great events in his life took place; his travel to Sham and the story of Buhayra, the monk, which was mentioned by many narrations. This part,analytically, studiedthis storyin detail as it will be seen.InBuhayra's story, there was a reference to Mohammed's work in trade, first, then to his being sheep shepherd. Did he mind sheep, or not?The fourth part discussed Imam Al - Sadiq's narrations concerning the prophet's marriage to Khadija and his children. It analyzed the marriage tales and studied the reasons behind selecting Khadija as a wife. It took by search the engagement ceremonies, and the amount of dowry. Then it went to Khadija's social position; was she virgin or matron (not virgin)? It also dealt with the tale of the prophet's children. The fifth part of the second chapter discussed the problem of rebuilding of Kaaba and placing of the black stone almost five years before Mohammed's mission.The third chapter was devoted to the study of Imam Al - Sadiq's narrations on the graceful prophetic mission until his Hijra to Madina. The chapter was divided into four parts. The first part consideredthe beginnings of the prophet's mission and of the divine inspiration. It also discussed the opinions accompanying thosebeginnings of the mission, thedivine inspiration, and how it descended, was parted. The topic concentrated on the differences between Ahl Al - Bayatschooland other Islamic schools in regards to Divine inspiration. Then it referred to thelagging of divine inspiration and the Quranicrevelations. The determination of the date oftheir decent, which assumes a special importance in the Islamic history and the prophetic biography, was seriously considered in the research; did the Prophet read or not? (Was the Prophet literate or illiterate? After all these proceedings prior to Islamic Call and its declaration, the second part came to study how Islamic call started within its two stages; secret and public. It discussed the conflict which took tribal, intellectual, religious and class aspects and so on. It also pinpointed methods used by Quraysh in this conflict and Abu Talib's stance towards these methods for combatting the Islamic Call.Due to the seriousness of Mohammed'sIsra and Mi'raj topic (journey and heavenlyascent) as entered in the framework of the Islamic creed and one of the Prophet's miracles which proved the truth of his prophecy, third part discussed the Isra and Mi'raj, coming out with new results by which the researcher proved that Isra and Mi'raj was not only one event but two, attesting that with what the infallible Imams brought of evidences from the Holy Book verses, texts,Prophets'Hadithand other scientific evidences. So the third topic paid great attention to the issue of Isra and Mi'raj; emphasized the fact that Isra and Mi'raj were subject to manipulation, forgery and falsification through what Jews inserted into it of their fabricated narrations after they had failed to combat Islam scientifically and correctly, for the Holy Book is void of defects.The fourth part dealt with the rest of happenings of biography, starting from the immigration to Abyssinia, then to Madina. It also studied the reasons behindHijra toAbyssinia; were there any political and religious reasons and impetuses which made Prophet Mohammed to order his followers to migrate toAbyssinia or only because of the oppression and coercion the first Muslims suffered at the hands of the unbelievers in Quraysh as many references mentioned? This situation was elaborately discussed here. It also focused on Quraysh besiege to BaniHashim in Abu Talib's passage, Abu Talib's death and its resultant effects on the battle between Messenger and the unbelievers inQuraysh. Then, the topic ended up with discussing of Mohammed's marriage to Aisha. The researcher made newfindings about Aisha's age when she was married to the Messenger. He proved by historical evidences that Aisha was older than what was commonly and explicitly known. The fourth chapter dealt with Imam Al - Sadiq's narrations during the civil reign. It falls into five topics. The first topic centered about the conditions of Hijra to Madina, setting up the foundations of the Islamic state, and the Messenger's actions of building up the state such as theconstruction of Al - Masjid (mosque), settlement of the conflict between Awas and Khazraj tribes, the attainment of brotherhood between the migrants and supporters so that he could get ready to face impeding dangers. The second focused on the intellectual dimensions of Jihad in Prophet's biography because Jihad occupied the first placein all actions in which the Islamic state was engaged since the beginning of its establishment. Jihad, as a concept,sprouted fromthe intellectual, religious and scientific principles ofIslamcore and it was not meant to be killing or bloodshed. That's why it was referred to at the beginning of the research, before the researcherembarked on the details of both Badr and Ehud battles as considered the first Jihadi fights for setting up the foundations of Islamic state.The third topic studied the ideological and political conflict up to Hudaybia truce. In this context, Imam Al - Sadiq mentioned that despite the profound ideological difference which separated Jews from the unbelievers, Jews hated the Messenger and his call too much. And this hatred made them cooperate with the unbelievers against Islam. The Unbelievers' cooperation with Jews continued even after their sham conversion into Islam due to Muslim's victory in Badr Battle. This ideological, political, and even intellectual conflict took five focuses in discussion. All of them concentrated on important events, such as change of the direction of Kiblah, the hypocrites' backing to Jews and the Messenger's attitude towards this backing. It also discussed the coalition of Arab unbelievers' parties with Jews against the Prophet and his policy towards BaniQuradhah. While the fifth dealt withlies and slanders as propaganda being fabricated against the Messenger to defame and underestimate his human personality, and finally with Imam Al - Sadiq's certification of some of those stories, through his narrations.The fourth topic concentrated on the discussion of the Messenger's policy toconsolidate the basics of Islam and impose its sovereignty, based on the events which took place after Hijra to Madina;Hudaybia truce, conquest of Khyber, conquest of Mecca, Hanin Day, and Al - Ta'f besiege. The fifth topic studied the end of the Message age by declaring innocence from the unbelievers, the farewell pilgrimage and the Prophet's sickness and then his death
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