First pages:

تحضير وتشخيص بعض المعقدات الفلزية احادية ومختلطة الليكاند المشتقة من سلفاميثاكزول و4,4' - ثنائي مثيل - 2,2' - باي بريدال == Synthesis And Characterization of Some Metal Complexes With Mono And Mixed Ligand Derived From Sulfamethoxazole And 4,4' - Dimethyl - 2,2' - Bipyridyl

Author name: ميسون مزهر عـبد الحسـن

Supervisor name: محاسن فيصل الياس

General topic: Chemistry

Specific topic: Inorganic Chemistry

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Science For Girls

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: تم في هذا البحث تحضير معقدات جديدة للعناصر الثقيلة Rh(III)} وPd(II) Pt(IV)و {Au(III) من تفاعل الليكاند (sulfamethoxazole L1) مع ايونات املاح هذه الفلزات بالطريقة التقليدية وتم تحضير معقدات جديدة اخرى في الحالة الصلبة بواسطة تفاعل مزيج من (sulfamethoxazol | In the present study, new heavy metal complexes of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) as L1 have been prepared with Pd(II), Au(III), Rh(III) and Pt(IV) ions , in a solid state by conventional method. Two mixed ligands were chosen : sulfamethoxazole and 4,4/ - dimethyl - 2,2/ - bipyridyl (L2). This is done to prepare another series of complexes with some metal ions ( Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Cr(III) , V(IV), Pd(II) and Au(III)) in order to investigate the coordination behavior of these ligands(L1) and (L2) toward these metal ions.These complexes, already prepared by the solid state, were characterized by the elemental analysis (C.H.N.S) and FT - IR , UV - Vis spectroscopy, in addition to the flame atomic absorption, magnetic susceptibility , melting point and conductivity measurements. According to the results obtained, it is noticed that ligand L1, with the light and heavy metal ions, clearly behaves as a bidentate through the O atom of sulfonyl group and N atom of sulfonylamid group for all the prepared complexes except Cu(II) and Ni(II). In this case, the ligand confirms that the bonding of the metal ion in a tridentate chelate through the O atom of sulfonyl group and N atom of sulfonylamid group and N atom of amine group.While L2 behaves as a bidentate ligand through two N atom. Conductivity measurements have shown that all the prepared complexes are ionic except PdL1L2 complex. Based on the results of the measurements, the following formula have been suggested for the new prepared complexes : - [VOL1L2]SO4.2H2O and [CuL1L2]2( NO3)4.0.5H2O have square pyramidal geometry while the following complexes are having octahedral geometry : - [CrL1L2 Cl2] Cl.H2O,[NiL1L2NO3]2 ( NO3)2.0.5 H2O,[PdL1L2 Cl2].0.5H2O,[PtL1Cl3H2O]Cl.H2O, [Au L1L2Cl2] Cl.2H2Oand the complexes below have tetrahedral geometry : - [CoL1L2] (NO3)2.3H2O,[CdL1L2](NO3)2.3H20 while [PdL1Cl]2 Cl2.H2O,[AuL1Cl2]Cl.3.5H2O,[RhL1ClH2O]Cl2.0.5H2O have square planar geometry.Different bonding and structural behaviors were revealed throughout the study of coordination chemistry of the newly prepared metal complexes.The nature of bonding between the metal ion and the donor atoms of the ligands were demonstrated by calculating Racah parameter and the other ligand field parameters which were calculated using suitable Tanaba - Sugano diagrams.The nature of the complexes in ethanol solution was studied for some of the prepared complexes such as (RhL1,PdL1,PtL1 and AuL1) in the solution state to determine the ratio between ligand to metal state by using the molar ratio method which gave results which approximately identical results when compared to those obtained from the isolated solid state. Besides the stability constant of the prepared complexes were studied and it was found that they were stable in molar ratio 1 : 1.

دراسة دورالانترلوكين - 36 كاما والبارااوكزونيز وحامض السياليك ومتغيرات اخرى في مصل المريضات بهجرة بطانة الرحم في بغداد == Study The Role of Interleukin - 36? , Paraoxonase , Sialic Acid And Other Parameters In Sera of Endometriotic Patients In Baghdad

Author name: رشا زهير جاسم

Supervisor name: زهير ابراهيم المشهداني | بشرى حميد علي

General topic: Chemistry

Specific topic: Biochemistry

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: Endometriosis , a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease, is among one of the most challenging of the 21st century that affects women in reproductive age. Seventy five consecutive married women endometriotic patients with age range (25 - 40) year were enrolled in this study , divided into three groups , the first included twenty five newly diagnosed endometriotic patients ( without any treatment) , the second consisted of twenty five endometriotic patients who were treated with zoladex for 3 to 5 months , the third involved twenty five patients with recurrent endometriosis (post treatment of zoladex) for one to two years ago. Patients groups were compared with two matched age and sex control groups , control group included twenty five healthy women while pathological control group involved twenty five women suffering from infertility caused by gynecological disorders not linked with endometriosis. The present study highlights the role of some morphological characteristics (BMI and W/H) , immunological / inflammatory aspect (Interleukin - 36 ? , Angiopoietein - 2 , Tumor Necrosis Factor - ? , Immunoglobulin G , Immunoglobulin A , Immunoglobulin M , Sialic acid ) , oxidative aspect (Total Cholesterol , Triacylglycerol , High Density Lipoprotein cholesterol , Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol , Very Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol , Paraoxonase - 1 , Ceruloplasmin ) and hormonal aspect (estrogen) in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. …………… Results have revealed that endometriotic patients have approximately a normal BMI and lower than pathological control group, but it was increased in patients under treatment with zoladex. A greater W/H ratio was associated with both endometriosis and pathological control group , while W/H was approximately not affected after treatment with zoladex. The present study have reported for the first time a positive relationship between IL - 36? , Sia and endometriosis. Those parameters could be considered novel biochemical markers in endometriosis because their levels were higher in sera of endometriotic patients without treatment compared with control and pathological control groups. Moreover , Ang - 2 appears to be a good biochemical marker in endometriotic patients. Hence, Ang - 2 levels were higher in sera of endometriotic patients compared with control and pathological control groups In contrast high levels of TNF - ? are associated not only with endometriosis but with pathological control group also. IgA and IgM could be used as possible biochemical markers for endometriosis. The present study is the first dealing with zoladex action on depressing IL - 36? , Ang - 2 , Sia while TNF - ?, IgG , IgA, IgM were decreased under treatment with zoladex. The present study have also suggested that TC and LDL - could be used in diagnosis of endometriosis , HDL - c levels were lower in patients without treatment compared with control and pathological control, but elevation obsereved under treatment with zoladex. PON - 1 activity was low in sera of patients while it was increased after treatment. Furthermore , this is the second study that proves a positive relation between CP and endometriosis and the first dealing with zoladex role on decreasing CP level in endometriosis. Lastly , estrogen was higher in endometriosis compared with control and pathological control groups , while it was decreased by zoladex action

تحضير ودراسات طيفيه لمعقدات ليكاندات الاميدوبنزوثايزول الممزوجه باستخدام الطريقه المايكرويفية == Synthesis And Spectral Studies of Amide Benzothiazole Mixed Ligands Complexes Using Microwave Method

Author name: فرح سعدون جعفر

Supervisor name: محاسن فيصل الياس

General topic: Chemistry

Specific topic: Inorganic Chemistry

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Science For Girls

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: في هذا البحث تم استخدام احدى تطبيقات الكيمياء الخضراء حيث حضرت المعقدات بالطريقة المايكرويفيه حيث تتيح هذه الطريقه ظروف افضل للعمل من حيث تقليل التلوث ,استخدام كمية مذيب اقل, اقل تكلفة, نسبة منتوج عاليه , تفاعل بزمن اقصر وكطريقة عمل ابسط.تم استخدام ليكا | One of green chemistry applications has been used in this work ,where the complexes were prepared by microwave irradiated reactions that availed reduced pollution, free or less solvent conditions, low cost, high yields, shorter reaction times and simplicity in processing. Two of benzothiazole derivatives ligands 2 - benzamid benzothiazole (L1) and 2 - acetamid benzothiazole (L2) were used to synthesize two types of transition metal complexes ; Rh(III), Pd(II), Cd(II), Pt(IV) and Au(III) , the other set of complexes was prepared in presence of a co - ligand 1,10 - phenanthroline(L') or 4,4? - dimethyl - 2,2? - bipyridyl (L") with the metal ions V(IV), Cr(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Au(III) using microwave and conventional methods to compare the results between them. These ligands and their metal complexes were isolated and characterized in solid state using FT - IR, UV - Vis spectroscopy, flame atomic absorption, elemental analysis C.H.N.S. and magnetic susceptibility measurements as well as melting point and conductivity measurements. According to the results of the above measurements, the following shapes were suggested for the prepared complexes : Complexes of ligand (L1) : Complexes of Rh(III), Pd(II) and Au(III) have a square planar geometry, while Cd(II) complex has a Td geometry and Pt(IV) complex has an Oh geometry.Complexes of mixed ligands (L2 with L'/ L") : All complexes have an Oh geometry except V(IV) complex has a square pyramid and Co(II) complex has a Td geometry. The nature of bonding between the metal ion and the donor atoms of the ligands was demonstrated through the calculation of Racah parameter and other ligand field parameters, which were calculated using suitable Tanabe - Sugano diagrams.The nature of some (L1) complexes in liquid state was studied by following the molar ratio method which gave results approximately identical compared with those obtained from the isolated in the solid state; also, stability constants of the prepared complexes were studied , they were stable in the molar ratio 1 : 1. A theoretical treatment of the ligands and the prepared complexes in gas phase was done using two programs; Hyperchem - 8 and Gaussian program (GaussView Currently Available Versions (5.0.9) along with Gaussian 09 which is the latest in the Gaussian series of programs).Hyper chem. - 8 program used the molecular mechanics and semi - empirical calculation, the heat of formation (?H?f), binding energy (?Eb) dipole moment (µ) for the free ligands and their metal complexes were calculated using ZINDO/1, PM3 and AMBER methods at 298 K. It was found that the complexes were more stable than their ligands; furthermore, the electrostatic potential of free ligands was calculated to investigate the reactive site of the molecules, PM3 was used to evaluate the vibrational spectra of free ligands ,the obtained frequencies agreed well with those values experimentally found; in addition, the calculation helped to assign unambiguously the most diagnostic bands. Electronic spectra measurements for the ligands were calculated theoretically using ZINDO/S method comparing it with the experimental results. It was found that there was a closely relationship between the theory and experimental spectra.Gaussian program semi - empirical (PM3) method which used in order to calculate : the geometry optimization, dipole moment (?),total energy ,electrostatic potential, ELUMO and EHOMO was obtained, evaluate the vibrational spectra of free ligands and these obtained frequencies agreed well with those values experimentally found.Also electronic spectra measurements for the ligands were calculated theoretically by using the job type : Single point energy (SP) along with ZINDO method and also the job type frequency (Freq) used along with CIS method (3 - 21G).

Author name: عمر اياد ياسين القيسي

Supervisor name: نغم شاكر تركي العوادي

General topic: Chemistry

Specific topic: Chemistry

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Science - Chemistry Department

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

دراسة مقارنة ترددات الاهتزاز والصفات الفيزياوية والطاقية لوحدات بناء جزيئة الفلرين و(ZigZag) (SWCNT) باستخدام طريقة ميكانيك الكمي == Comparative Study of Vibrational Frequencies, Physical And Energetic Properties For Units Construction of Fullerene Molecule And (ZigZag) (SWCNTs) Using Quantum Mechanical Method

Author name: خالدة عبيد سماوي

Supervisor name: رحاب ماجد كبة

General topic: Chemistry

Specific topic: Analytical Chemistry

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Science - Chemistry Department

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: Chapter one : Includes an introduction of the light scattering, types of light scattering and its relation ship to the size of precipitate particles which causing the scatter of light. It also involves an introduction to the concept of turbidity and nephelometry for the scattering of incident light, units of both these, as well as an introduction of light emitting diode. This chapter also describes an introduction to flow injection analysis, its principles of the FIA, dispersion, diffusion law , kinds and application and finally followed with the aims of the project.Chapter two : Comprises a complete description for the chemicals used, their preparations in addition to describe the components of flow injection system.Chapter three : consists of two parts : First part : Describes the design of Ayah 6SX1 - T - 2D solar cell CFI Analyser. Also, a full well clear representation of the expected echanism of what might be happened inside the measuring cell for what was measured whether turbidity solutions (measured reflection of incident light by the presence of precipitate particles surface) or a coloured transparent solutions will act normally as absorbance measurement. In second part : A description for the calculation of dilution factor toevaluate the designed manifold system in continuous flow injection analysis via the chasse and following an air bubble through the whole design. Chapter four : Describes the efficiency and its capability of Ayah 6SX1 - T - 2D solar cell CFI Analyser in distinguishing between precipitated and coloured transparent solutions.For precipitate reaction product gives a positive responses by the effect of reflection , this method is used to determine Cd(II) ion. A method is based on the formation of a yellowish white precipitate for the complex Cd3[Fe(CN)6]2.The linearity of Cd (II) ion is ranged from 0.05 to 12 mmol.L - 1, with correlation coefficient r= 0.9951, limit of detection (LOD) 25.29 ng/sample (3SB)(S/N=3) and the percentage relative standard deviation for 4 and 8 mmol.L - 1 less than 1 % (n=5). This method has been applied successfully to determine a Cd (II) ion in a random river samples. Also provided a comparison between the new method with the classical method (HANNA instrument for turbidity measurement) using the standard additions method via the use of ANOVA - treatments. It was noticed that there is a significant difference at ?=0.05 between the two methods at level < 0.05 was obtained.On that basis the new method can be accepted as an alternative analytical method.While a coloured transparent solutions gives a negative responses, this idea is applied for the determination of vanadium (V) ion. This method is based on oxidation of pyrogallol by vanadium (V) ion in acidic meadium to form color species. The linear dynamic range for the instrument response versus vanadium(V) concentration was 1 - 200 mg.L - 1 with correlation coefficient r = 0.9920. The limit of detection (S/N=3) was 70 ng/ sample from the step wise dilution for the minimum concentration in the linear dynamic range of the calibration graph with RSD % for the repeatability lower than 1% for 90 mg.L - 1 (n=5) concentration of vanadium(V). The method was applied successfully for the determination of vanadium (V) in three river samples. A comparison was made between : two methods proposed method with classical method (UV - Vis spectrophotometry at wave length 427 nm) using the standard addition method via the use of paired t - test. It was noticed that there was no significant difference betweentwo methods at 95 % confidence level. Chapter five : Metronidazole (MTZ) and Mebeverine hydrochloride (MVH) are determined in pharmaceutical preparation as alternative analytical procedures. That were developed by continuous flow injection analysis via turbidimetric (T0 - 180 o).For metronidazole (MTZ), the developed method was based on the formation a greenish yellow precipitate as an ion pair complex by reaction between phosphomolybdic acid with metronidazole in aqueous medium. Linear dynamic of metronidazole is ranged from 0.05 - 8 mmol.L - 1,with correlation coefficient r = 0.9821. The limit of detection (S/N= 3 )(3SB)=171.15 ng/sample from the step wise dilution for the minimum concentration in the linear dynamic ranged of the calibration graph with RSD% lower than 0.5% for 4, 4.5 mmol.L - 1 (n=5) concentration of metronidazole. The method was applied successfully for the determination of metronidazole in three pharmaceutical drugs. A comparison was made between the newly developed method analysis with the classical method (HANNA instrument for turbidity measurement) using the standard additionmethod via the use of t - test. It was noticed that there was no significant difference between two methods at 95 % confidence level. For mebeverine hydrochloride (MVH) is determined by formation of a pinkish banana color precipitate as an ion pair complex between Phosphotungstic acid with mebeverine hydrochloride in aqueous medium.The linearity is ranged form 0.05 to 12.5 mmol.L - 1, with correlation oefficient r=0.9966, limit of detection (S/N=3)(3SB)= 521.92 ng/sample and RSD% (n=6) at 2 and 6 mmol.L - 1 MVH concentration less than 1% was obtained. The method was applied successfully for the determination of mebeverine hydrochloride in three pharmaceutical drugs using standard addition method. A comparison was made between the quoted value and the practically found values for three different kinds of drug by t - test. It showedthat there was no significant difference between the quoted value of each individual company with calculated t - value at 95% confidence interval from developed method.Chapter Six : Summarizes a set of conclusions based on the results of this research work which relates to the use of new patterns and methods for the determination of some analytical species by the developed FIA technique, as well as, some future prospects for the homemade FIA system.

التقدير الطيفي لبعض المركبات العضوية المعوضة والمستحضرات الصيدلانية من خلال الاكسدة بايون السيريوم الرباعي باستخدام المحلل الطيفي الدقيق للتحليل بالحقن الجرياني المستمر (Ayah 3S BGR x3 -3D solar cell) == Spectrophotometric Determination of Some Substituted Organic Compounds And Pharmaceuticals Formulation Via Their Oxidation With Ce(IV) Ion Using Ayah 3SBGRx3 - 3D Solar Cell CFIA Microphotometer

Author name: مالك حسين علي العلوش العامري

Supervisor name: نغم شاكر تركي العوادي

General topic: Chemistry

Specific topic: Physical Chemistry

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Science - Chemistry Department

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: تم استخدام حسابات ميكانيك الكم التقريبية شبه التجريبية وفق نموذج الحساب PM3)) وحسابات ميكانيك الكم الاساسية التامة غير التقريبية وفق نظرية دوال الكثافة (DFT) وباسلوب B3LYP وعناصر قاعدة 6 - 311G لحساب جزيئة الفلرين التي امتلكت التماثل Ih مع وحدات بناءها (5 | Semi - empirical quantum mechanical methods (PM3) and Density Functional theory calculations (DFT/ B3LYP/ 6 - 311G) were executed to evaluate the fullerene molecule ,the internal coordinates (bond length and angles) and some physical and energetic properties.Calculations of the geometrical Parameters (bond lengths and bond angles), have shown that the (C=C) bond length is increased with increasing the size of the molecule that increased elasticity especially to fullerene to be like a ball. The (C - C) bond length is decreased with increasing the size of molecule, that means fullerene will be more stable than the other molecules.The energetic values (heat of formation) is found to be increased with the increasing of the size of molecule. The total energy is decreased with increasing size of molecule that means the stability will increase with the increasing of the size of unit construction of fullerene molecule , on the other hand , the energetic difference (E HOMO - LUMO) between the higher level of orbital and the lower level of orbital are decreased with the increasing of the size of molecule ' unit construction reaching to the fullerene molecule. So, this property will increase the significance of fullerene in the industrial and the electrical purposes.The vibrational modes frequencies with ( 3N - 6) whereas N is represented by number of molecule atoms which are evaluated with the absorption intensities of infrared frequencies. symmetrical and coordinated modes were discussed at the equilibrium geometric formation by using the programs MOPAC & Gaussian 05.It is worthy to say that it was not mentioned before that the complementary classification for the vibrated motion modes for such molecules , so our evaluations may considered unique. It is noted , as well , that CH stretching frequency has had fluctuations that means increasing and decreasing in the values of frequencies. In connected with the bending vibrated modes which taking place out of plane of the molecule are decreased with the increasing size of the unit constructions of molecule but it is increased only at the fullerene molecule. Conversely, the bending vibrated modes which are taken place in the plane of molecule are increased with the increasing the size of unit construction of molecule but are decreased at the fullerene molecule.The distribution of the electronic charges density on the atoms of unit construction of fullerene molecule were studied, the results shown the absence of the electronic charge on the atoms of Fullerene molecule and its concentrated at atoms of the outer circumferential edges C - Cc for the aromatic rings in its own unit construction. Semi - empirical methods (PM3) and Density Functional theory calculations (DFT/ B3LYP/ 6 - 311G) were carried out to evaluate the vibration frequencies and infra - red (IR) absorption intensities for equilibrium geometries of construction units of (6,0) zigzag (Mono (D6h), Di (D6d), Tri(D6h), Tetra (D6d)) ring layers SWCNTs and the internal coordinates ( bond length & angles ) at the equilibrium geometric formation symmetrically according to group theory were evaluated. The most important notes were axial bond length C - Ca which is decreased with the increasing of the tube length whether odd or even number of ring layers. The length of these mentioned axial bonds will be longer in the outer layers than the middle layers that means the increasing of stability of the tube with its length increasing , with the ability of replacing the external atoms of the tube because they are connected with longer and weaker bonds. The reverse was found with the circumferential bond lengths C - Cc was as they were increased with the increasing length of the tube whether the tube was odd or even in number of ring layers. Moreover , the lengths of these bonds are decreased in the middle side to the outer one for the odd and even ring layers. This will confirm the stability of the tube with its length increasing. The lengths of outer bonds C - H which are situated on the edges of the tube which were approximately fixed , with exception of the bond length of CH bonds in Mono ring layers which were longer because the large negative charge on carbon to which it is bonded and the large positive charge on it compared with the positive charge on hydrogen atoms of the multi - layers tubes. The heat of formation which was found to be increased with the increasing of the length of the tube , that means increasing of the stability and the aromatic properties , with the increasing of number of tube' layers. This property will increase the importance in the uses of these tubes for the industrial and electrical purposes as semi - conductors.The vibrational modes frequencies with 3N - 6 with the absorption intensities of infrared frequencies were evaluated and classified. These modes were discussed in symmetrical and coordinating manners at the equilibrium geometric formation, by using the programs of MOPAC and Gaussian 05 , with confirming on unavailability of bounded specification for such modes with 3N - 6 in the literature. We have a through our studies that the stretching vibration modes of symmetric and anti - symmetric Carbon - Carbon axial bond (C - Ca) increased with the increasing length of tube , and this will increase the physical properties for electrical conductivity with confirming on the significance of nanotube industrially. For the vibrational bending frequencies which are taking place in plane and out of plane of molecule surface as well as the vibrational stretching for odd number of ring layers (Mono and Tri) fluctuation will be happening in the relations , as all of them will be decreased with the increasing of tube ' length except (C - Caasym, C - Casym , ? CHsciss. , ? ringasym , ? ringsym and ? ringsym ) which be increased with the increasing the length of tube. The vibrational bending frequencies which are taking place in plane and out of plane of molecule surface for the even number of ring layers ( Di and Tetra layers ) will be decreased with the increasing of tube' length except (? CHsciss.) which is increased with the increasing of tube' length. Furthermore , all vibrational modes which are related to the puckering , breathing and bending movements of clockwise and anti - clockwise according to "group theory" were determined in accurate manner to which deformations are related , which are happened in the tubes , as a result of vibration, that may prevent the flow of electrons' movements and their transitions. The numerical values for the vibrational frequencies which are resulted from Semi - empirical methods (PM3) were acceptable in comparing with the strict calculations , hopping to achieve best values and to be close to the values obtained for the strict calculations (DFT) method to be suited with the basis and standards that are depended internationally. Some of these values were corrected by multiplied by constant scaling factors for such molecules. The results of scaling were good and very close to the experimental and calculated values.The distribution of charges' density on units of construction atoms of (6,0) zigzag nanotube SWCNTs also were studied. The results were consistent with the physical and experimental conductivity properties for such calculated tubes , as the intensity of the electronic charge was concentrated on the outer circumferential edges of atoms C - Cc for the aromatic molecules as well as for nanotubes with its disappearing form outer side towards the middle side of multi - ring layers ( Mono , Di , Tri and Tetra ).

تقدير بعض الملوثات العضوية وازالتها من محاليلها المائية باستخدام اطيان عراقية واطيان عراقية محورة وتطبيق برنامج شبه تجريبي لدراسة الامتزاز نظريا == Determination And Removal of Some Organic Pollutants From Aqueous Solution By Using Iraqi Clays, Modified Clays And Applied Semi - Empirical Program To Theoretical Adsorption Study

Author name: اقبال سلمان محمد

Supervisor name: سعدية احمد ظاهر | خلود عبد صالح

General topic: Chemistry

Specific topic: Chemistry

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: تم في هذه الدراسة تحضير معقدات مخلبية للموليبدنيوم (V) مع ليكاندات ثنائي الالكيل ثنائي ثايوكاربامات وتشخيصها طيفيا" باستخدام مطيافية الاشعة المرئية والفوق البنفسجية ومطيافية الاشعة تحت الحمراء, وهذه المعقدات هي : 1 - فنيل هايدرازايدو - ثلاثي (ثنائي مثيل ث | This study included Preparation of chelate molybdenum(V) complexes with diethyldithiocarbat ligands and characterized them by (UV - Visible) and infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.These complexes are : 1 - Phenyl hydrazido - tris - dimethyldithiocarbato molybdenum(V) [Mo(N2ph)(S2CNMe2)3].2 - Phenyl hydrazido - tris - diethyldithiocarbato molybdenum(V) [Mo(N2ph)(S2CNEt2)3].3 - (2,4 - dinitro - Phenyl hydrazido) - tris (diMethyldithiocarbamato molybdenum(V). [ Mo( N2ph - (NO2 )2) (S2CNMe2)3 ]. 4 - (2,4 - dinitro - Phenyl hydrazido) - tris (diethyldithiocarbamato molybdenum(V). [ Mo( N2ph - (NO2 )2) (S2CNEt2)3 ].The study of the kinetics of chemical decomposition for these chelates complexes by using irradiation of these complexes solution, by using a mono wave light (? = 365nm) and temperature (25?C) for (60 min) in ethanol solvent. The result for all complexes were that the order of photochemical decomposition was first order reaction. As well as the rate constants of photo decomposition reactions (kd) were calculated by observed a spectral changes during irradiation process. To know the best conditions for decomposition of these complexes, it is necessary to study the effect of several factors on photo chemical behavior for complexes which included : Effect of concentration of complexes, where five concentrations of complexes have been studied and found that the highest decomposition rate have observed at lowest concentration (2.5x10 - 5M). In addition, study the impact of change in intensity of light on decomposition rate. The result was when the light intensity increase, rate of complexes decomposition also increased. Also study a decomposition of complexs at temperature range (25 - 40?C). The result was when increasing temperature, the rate of complexs decomposition was increas, also the values of activated energy of all complexes where calculated and the results where show in the table : Activated Energy (kj / mole) Complex24.808 B122.971 C120.209 B217.778 C2 Also study effect of pH value at ranging (3 - 11) and found that the rate of the complexes decomposition increased when pH of solutions decreases. The effect of four alcoholic solvent were studied such as (methanol, ethanol, 1 - butanol and isopropanol), and found that the highest decomposition rate of these complexes achieved in Methanol, while the lowest decomposition rate of these complexes achieved in Isopropanol. In addition study the effect of each of nitrogen gas, oxygen gas and the atmospheric air on the rate of complexes decomposition and compile the results with recorded results in normal conditions, the highest decomposition rate observed in presence of oxygen gas and the lowest decomposition in presence of nitrogen gas. The mechanism of photo chemical decomposition of these complexes has been interpreted by spectrophotometric technique, were the conclusion that have been obtained that there is (redox - reaction) happening in these complexes and the output of processes of homo cleavage of bond (M - L) that leading to reduction of metal ions and oxygenation of ligand and formation free radicals.

التقدير بتقنية الحقن الجرياني المستمر التعكرية لايون الاوكسونيوم من خلال مبادل ايواني واستعمال مصفوفة خطية للتشعيع بنظام فوتومتري 5SX1 - T - 1D وباستعمال خلية شمسية كمتحسس == Turbidimetric - Cfia Determination of Oxonium Ion Through Ion Exchange Resin With The Use of Linear Array Ayah 5Sx1 - T - 1D Solar Microphotometer

Author name: احمد ازهر منصور الصراف

Supervisor name: عصام محمد علي شاكر الهاشمي

General topic: Chemistry

Specific topic: Biochemistry

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Science For Girls

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: لوحظ في الفترة الاخيرة ظهور مرض متلازمة تكيس المبايض في الاناث خلال سن الانجاب، ان نشوء المرض ربما يعود للاختلال الهرمونات ( المبايض، الغدة النخامية ) ومقاومة الانسولين. ومؤخرا تم استخدام هرمون الانتي - مولرين كمؤشر في التشخيص الدقيق لمرض متلازمة تكيس | In the recent period there had been increased emergence of polycystic ovary syndrome in females during the reproductive age, which may be due to hormonal imbalances (ovaries, pituitary gland) and insulin resistance. Recently Anti - Mullerian hormone had been used as an indicator for determining the degree and accurate diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome in serum of patients as well as the measurement fasting insulin and other hormones routine.Aim of study : - ? Proof that anti - mullerian hormone is a marker for diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome patients. ? Compares hormones level as : anti mullerian hormone, fasting insulin, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulation hormone, Prolactin, testosterone between polycystic ovary syndrome and normo - ovulatory women. ? Correlate the level of anti mullerian hormone with other the biochemical features as hormones follicle stimulation hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, prolactin and insulin resistance.? To find a cut - off value for anti - mullerian hormone in Iraqi women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Subjects and Methods : - Forty patients with polycystic ovary syndrome , aged ( 20 - 35) years attending AL - Seweraa hospital / Waset , Kamal AL - Samarai hospital / Baghdad for infertility and gynecology and Al Elwiya Maternity Teaching Hospital were included in the present study , also forty normal fertile females ,aged (21 - 37) years who serve as control group. Blood samples were taken from all subjects from day 2 - 5 day of menstrual cycle. The level of all parameters were quantitatively determined in patients and control subjects by Vidas. Except Anti - mullerian hormone and insulin hormone quantitatively determined in patients and control subjects by Enzyme - Linked Immuno Assay [ELISA]. Test using commercially available Kits as well as the important measurements that had been done include body mass Index.Results : - ? There was a significant [P = 0.0001] increase in Anti mullerian hormone in polycystic ovary syndrome patients compared to controls.? There was a significant [P = 0.0001] increase in luteinizing hormone in polycystic ovary syndrome patients compared to controls , while the level of follicle stimulation hormone and fasting serum glucose was found to be insignificantly when compared with control group.? There was a significant [P = 0.001] increases in testosterone and prolactin hormones in polycystic ovary syndrome patients compared to controls.? Anti - mullerian hormone is more sensitive and specific than the other tests in predicting the occurrence of the disease with a cut off value (>7.9). ? The mean serum level of fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment was significantly [P=0.0001] elevated in the polycystic ovary syndrome patients when compared to that found in the control group.

تحضير وتشخيص بعض المشتقات الجديدة للبنزايميدازول المعوضة == Synthesis And Characterization of Some New Substituted Benzimidazole Derivatives

Author name: سحر ثامر عداي

Supervisor name: عبد الامير مطلك فنجان

General topic: Chemistry

Specific topic: Analytical Chemistry

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Science - Chemistry Department

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: The project conducted in this research work was carried out from December 2013 to June 2014 which leads to this thesis, which are in five chapters. All these chapters cover up the survey, the practical part of preparing, manufacturing and using Atomic force Microscopy that have been adopted during this research work, and the results were subjected into various internationally used mathematical and data treatments.Chapter OneDiscusses the acids, ion exchange, precipitation reaction, crystal growth theories, light scattering, turbidity and describe FIA in general, it is classification and fundamentally involved ideas without forgetting the use and applications of FIA. Chapter one also discusses derivative spectroscopy, definition, classification, the applications. This chapter ends with the aim of the project.Chapter Two : In this chapter a complete description of the chemicals and ion exchange column, their preparations and their use throughout this project. This chapter describes the use of flow system with all it is components (i.e. peristaltic pump, connection tubes, junction(Y - junction), six ports injection valve, ion exchange column and measuring readout system). Chapter Three : Consists of four parts The first part describes the design of Ayah 5SX1 - T - 1D Solar cell CFIA and deals with calculation of dispersion to evaluate the change in concentration ateach location of the designed manifold system via the chasse of an air bubble. The second part deals with the analysis carried out in this research work. Determination of oxonium ion (HClO4, HNO3, H2SO4 and HCl) via turbidity of solution of zinc (II) ion in cation exchange column - K3[Fe(CN)6] system. A comprehensive detailed study was carried out using Ayah 5SX1 - T - 1D Solar cell CFIA microphotometer. The linear range (10 - 100 mMol.L - 1), limit of detection (43.20, 57.14, 30.28, 30.97 ng/sample) for above mentioned acids and percentage of relative standard deviation < 2% for five successive measurement of 20 and 80 mMol.L - 1 for used acids. The method was applied successfully for determination of the mentioned oxonium ion in pure and commercial samples. A comparison was made between the newly developed method and the classical method pH meter using of paired t - test. It was noticed that there was no significant difference between two methods.The third part deals with the analysis carried out in this research work. Determination of oxonium ion (HClO4, HNO3, H2SO4, HCl) via turbidity of solution of copper (II) ion in cation exchange column - K3[Fe(CN)6] system. A comprehensive detailed study was carried out using Ayah 5SX1 - T - 1D Solar cell CFIA microphotometer. The linear range (10 - 100) mMol.L - 1, limit of detection (42.94, 39.14, 20.61, 26.11 ng/sample) for above mentioned acids and percentage of relative standard deviation < 2.5% for five successive measurement of 20 and 100 mMol.L - 1 for used. The method was applied successfully for determination of the mentioned oxonium ion in pure and commercial samples. A comparison was made between the newly developed method and the classical method pH meter using paired t - test. It was noticed that there was no significant difference between two methods.The fourth part deals with the approache that was used through linear array Ayah 5SX1 - T - 1D continuous flow injection analyzer to distinguish between the responses that were obtained i.e. discrimination between the kind signals that were completely different.Chapter FourDeals with studying topography and morphography of the Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2 and Cu3[Fe(CN)6]2 complexes using atomic force microscopy. Chapter Five : This chapter concludes few interesting points based on the obtained results throughout this research work, such as conclusions and future work, Published work, and references. -

تقدير السبروفلوكساسين, النورفلوكساسين والحديد الثلاثي باستعمال الطرق الطيفية مع الاستخلاص بنقطة الغيمة == Determination of Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin And Iron (III) Using Spectroscopic Methods With Cloud Point Extraction

Author name: نورا سعد مبدر

Supervisor name: زهير عبد الامير خماس

General topic: Chemistry

Specific topic: Organic Chemistry

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Science For Girls

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: يتضمن البحث تحضير ستة وثلاثون مشتق جديد من مشتقات]2 - (5 - كلورو - 1H - بنزو]د[ايميدازول - 2 - يل انيلين[، وقد تمت دراستها وتشخيصها بواسطة اجراء تحاليل اطياف الاشعه تحت الحمراء FT - IR)) واطياف الرنين النووي المغناطيسي للبروتونH - NMR)1) لها.تم تقسيم تح | This research includes synthesis of thirty six new derivatives of [2 - (5 - chloro - 1H - benzo[d]imidazol - 2 - yl)aniline] and these derivatives were characterized by their FT - IR and 1H - NMR spectra.The synthesized compounds were divided into three parts : - The first part involved : - 1 - Synthesis of 2 - (5 - chloro - 1H - benzo[d]imidazol - 2 - yl) aniline [1] by the reaction of 4 - chloro - 1,2 - diaminobenzene with anthranilic acid and hydrochloric acid as a reagent.2 - Acetylation of compound [1] by using acetic anhydride in order to obtaine the Acetamide compound [2]. 3 - Synthesis of N - [2 - (5 - chloro - 1H - benzo[d]imidazol - 2 - yl) phenyl) - hydroxyl N' - methyl] acetimidamide [3] by the reaction of compound [2]with hydroxyl amine hydrochloride and sodium carbonate.4 - Synthesis of Benzimidazolyl Chalcone derivatives [4 - 11] by the reaction of the compound [2] with various aromatic aldehydes such as benzaldehyde ,4 - nitro benzaldehyde,4 - chloro benzaldehyde and 4 - methyl benzaldehyde.The second part included : Mannich reaction was carried out based on the compound [1] using formaldehyde and different secondary amines such as piperdine , indole, diphenyl amine , morpholine , indole - 3 - acetic acid , and imidazole to offered [12 - 24]. The third part was synthesized as following : - 1 - Synthesis of Schiff bases [25 - 32] from the reaction of compound [1] with various aldehydes such as benzaldehyde, 4 - bromobenzaldehyde, 4 - hydroxy benzaldehyde, and glutar aldehyde.2 - Reaction of Schiff bases [26 - 29] with mercaptoacetic acid to give new compounds containing thiazolidin ring [33 - 36].

تحضير وتشخيص الدقائق النانوية لاوكسيد النحاسوز بواسطة الكتروليتات مختلفة == Preparation And Characterization of Cuprous Oxide Nanoparticles By Different Electrolytic Media

Author name: حيدر خضير خطار

Supervisor name: فؤاد عبد الامير السعدي | سامي وحيد راضي الحسناوي

General topic: Chemistry

Specific topic: Physical Chemistry

Degree: Master

University: University of Kufa - College Of Science For Girls - Chemistry Department

Language: English

University location: Najaf

First pages:

Abstract: في الواقع، لم تلقي عملية فصل واستخلاص الكميات الضئيلة من الادوية في العينات الحيوية وكذلك في المستحضرات الصيدلانية اهتماما واسعا وكبيرا باستعمال مايسمى الاستخلاص بنقطة الغيمة. وفي هذا الصدد، نعتقد ان العمل البحثي الحالي سوف يسهم في فتح افاق جديدة في تصم | The separation and extraction of trace amounts of medicaments in biological specimens, as well as in pharmaceutical formulations have not received much attention by using the so - called cloud - point extraction (CPE). In this context, we think that the present research work will contribute to opening new prospects in designing procedural steps and expands the applications of the cloud point extraction methodology in most important areas, including pharmaceutical sciences, forensic and environmental analyses. The present work concentrates on the developing of new eco - friendly procedures for determination of two selected antibiotic medicaments namely cirprofloxacin chloride (CIPRO) and norfloxacin (NOR) using iron (III) ion in human serums and pharmaceutical formulations, as well as the exploitation of these two drugs in chemical analysis as chelating agents for the detection of iron in pharmaceutical formulations via using cloud point extraction coupled with molecular spectrophometry. Generally, these methods implicate the use of a nonionic surfactant (Triton X - 114) as an extracting medium which entrap the hydrophobic colored complex formed between one of these drugs and iron (III) ion in acidic medium as a reaction system for designing the CPE procedures.This thesis includes three main chapters as follows;Chapter One summarizes some theoretical and practical principles of cloud point extraction (CPE) methods and then highlights the knowledge of the target analytes (CIPRO, NOR and iron) in term of their structures, pharmacological importance besides a concise chemical literature review for the estimation of these analytes by different analytical techniques. Chapter Two consists of an outline of instrumental techniques , general apparatus and chemicals used in the present work. The full analytical procedures for CPE which have been designed for the determination of the target analytes under study are made in this thesis.Chapter Three covers a detailed study for the discussion of the analytical data obtained throughout this work which can be summed up as follows;A. Formation of chelates between CIPRO or NOR and Fe(III) in acidic medium , where the drugs have individually been estimated in the resulting complex by spectrophotometry after the cloud point extraction at each respective ?max, and the use of developed method so that to determine any of the interested drug in human serum and pharmaceuticals. At first, the study was conducted to pinpoint the optimum conditions for the formation of complexes by CPE and the results were as follows; 1. The optimum experimental conditions for Fe - CIPRO and Fe - NOR complex for the determination of CIPRO and NOR respectively : H2SO4 concentration (5x10 - 4 M and 2.5x10 - 4M; Fe(III) concentration ( 6 ?g mL - 1 and 10 ?g mL - 1); Triton X - 114 amount ( 1%) for both drugs; temperature and time ( 75 °C at 25 min and 65 °C at 20 min).2. The achieved analytical figures of merit on applying the developed methods for CIPRO and NOR are : linear range (2.5 - 120 ?g mL - 1 ) for drugs, limit of detection (0.770 and 0.204 ?g mL - 1), Enrichment factor (143 and 280 fold), extraction efficiency (96.46 and 96.62%) and mean recovery percentage (98.89±0.87% and 98.95±1.09). 3. The newly established procedures have been applied for the determination of CIPRO and NOR in human blood serum and pharmaceuticals. For the determination of these medicaments in serum samples , the statistical paired t - test was used to test the significance of the proposed method comparing with the conventional UV - spectrophotometry, while in pharmaceuticals, the findings were compared statistically with quoted values that stated by the manufactures. B. Iron (III) ion was also determined in the pharmaceutical formulations based on the above reaction system in (A) via formation of yellow colored complexes with each medicament which extracted by micelles generated by CPE and subsequently detected spectrophotometrically at the same ?max of the above mentioned complexes. The optimum established conditions and the analytical data obtained could be summarized as follows : 1. The same optimum conditions were used in (A) except that the concentration of CIPRO or NOR here was of 7x10 - 5 M and Triton X - 114 amount of 0.6% in final solutions.2. The analytical figures of merit obtained on applying the developed methods for iron using CIPRO and NOR respectively; linear range (5 - 150 ng mL - 1); limit of detection (2.67 and 3.42 ng mL - 1); preconcentration factor (71 and 83 fold); mean recovery percentage (99.78±0.53% and 98.77±2.29); extraction efficiency (99 and 98.7%). 3. The effect of some additives of the pharmaceutical formulations was also studied and the iron determined in three selected formulations collected from local drugstores. The results were compared statistically with quoted values and shown not to be significant at 95% confidence level.

دراسة التاكل والحماية من التاكل لسبائك من حديد الفولاذ في ماء البحر باستخدام دقائق اوكسيد الزركونيوم وكربيد السليكون واوكسيد الالمنيوم النانوية == Corrosion And Corrosion Protection Studies of Carbon Steel Alloy In Seawater Using; Zirconia, Silicon Carbide And Alumina Nanoparticles

Author name: حيدر عبد الكريم يوسف

Supervisor name: خلود عبد صالح السعدي

General topic: Chemistry

Specific topic: Physical Chemistry

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Science - Chemistry Department

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: يعتبر اوكسيد النحاسوز واحدا من المواد ذات الاستخدامات العلمية المتعددة الاغراض وذات الاهمية الصناعية الكبيرة ,ومنها استخدامه كمتحسس للغازات وفي العوامل المساعدة وكذلك في انتاج الواح الطاقة الشمسية ويدخل وبصورة كبيرة كمحطم للصبغات العضوية في مجال الكيمياء | Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) has been extensively studied because of its potential use in several electronic applications, which include solar cells and gas sensors. This Thesis is devoted to the synthesis, characterization of nano - structured cuprous oxide by using a simple electrochemical cell with a potassium chloride solution as an electrolyte, the electro cell contains a two high purity copper electrodes as a sheet form in different areas at varying sizes the area of the cathode was twice of the area of anode , the two electrodes zone were separated using a fine diameter silica diaphragm,Within this broad scope , the Thesis focuses on : • Production of different shape nano - crystals (Cu2O) and investigation of the correlation between experimental parameters and resulting microstructure.• Production of highly purity nano - crystalline Cu2O powder, with the estimation it’s by the available investigation instruments.• Study the different parameters, current density, bath temperature, KCl concentration , types of additives , time of precipitation, and there’s effects on the shape ,quantity ,surface roughness, powder color, on the Cu2O powder. Models have been proposed for the nano - crystal formation validated by several techniques uses such as X - ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Fourier Transform Infra - Red spectroscopy (FTIR). The produced nanocrystals show good crystallinity with Cu2O purity and Copper oxide semiconductor nanoparticles were prepared by electrochemistry using galvanostatic and potentiostatic approaches. The optimum deposition conditions ( electrolyte composition , medium pH , type of additives, electrodes area ,current density , temperature of the electrolyte and applied potential of the cell) , to prepare the Cu2O nano particles have been identified; in particular the conditions that allow getting this product by using KCl ,(PVA ,SDS ,and glycerin as emulsifying agent) have been well identified for the first time. The configuration of deposited Cu2O , purity and amounts. These values depend on the electro deposition conditions such as the pH of the solution, the deposition potential and temperature. Where the study results showed that there is direct effect of these factors, it has been observed that the sizes of the precipitate crystalline decreased with increasing current density and especially at high bath temperatures its ranged about 10 - 20 nm , in addition to the effect of the percentage of additives emulsifier agents the best results at poly vinyl alcohol.. The X - ray diffraction pattern and 2? values reflect that the high purity of the deposit where obtained, without any of the other undesirable products like CuO, CuCl2 and CuCl. Also the FTIR analysis was considered. the effect of additives of the type of emulsifier on the crystalline form of the deposit, the PVA produced of the Star (Branches) crystals shape, the addition of the SDS compound leads to the form of the cubic , and the glycerin product the binary pyramid crystals shape.. Finally the conditions effect on the surface roughness of the precipitated powder also discussed. Depending of the electro - deposition conditions, different surface morphologies with various preferential crystal orientations were obtained for the temperatures of the electro - deposition of 80 °C , pH = 8 - 9 , The influence of several deposition parameters of the Cu2O, such as applied potential, pH, the temperature of the bath , the chemical composition, grain size and orientation parameters of the sample was systematically studied using X - Ray Diffraction , Atomic Force Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy ,Fourier Transmission Infra - Red, and scanning electron microscopy.

تحضير وتشخيص وتقييم انواع جديدة من البولي يورثان القابلة للتفكك الاحيائي ودراسة تطبيقاتها الحيوية في اطلاق الدواء == Preparation , Identification And Evaluation of New Types of Biodegradable Polyurethane And Study Their Application In Drug Delivery

Author name: صابرين فرحان جواد

Supervisor name: محمد علي مطر

General topic: Chemistry

Specific topic: Physical Chemistry

Degree: Master

University: University of Al-Qadisiyah - College Of Science - Chemistry Department

Language: English

University location: Qadisiyah

First pages:

Abstract: Corrosion and corrosion protection of carbon steel (C.S) alloy in seawater (3.5% NaCl) was achieved in this thesis. Three types of nanoparticles (NPs) were used to protect C.S the first silicon carbide (SiC), second alumina (Al2O3) and the third zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles (NPs). Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique was applied to coating the C.S surface. Different polyacrylic acid (PAA) percentage (0.1 - 1)% were added to the suspension solution of coating by the three types of NPs, to improve the protection efficiency (PE%) for the coated C.S surfaces.The corrosion rate with respect to uncoated and coated C.S with the three above NPs were measured. Different corrosion parameters were obtained; corrosion current density (icorr), corrosion potential (Ecorr), cathodic and anodic Tafel slopes (bc,ba), protection efficiency (PE%), polarization resistance (Rp) and the surface porosity (P%). The effect of temperatures (298 - 328)K on the corrosion of uncoated and coated C.S by the three NPs in presence and absence of PAA were also investigated and therefore activation energy (Ea) and preexponential factor (A) were calculated. Thermodynamic parameters ?G, ?H and ?S for all corrosion processes were obtained. Coated C.S were analysed using atomic force microscopy (AFM) to detect the morphology of surface and the particles size of coat layers which range from 60 - 103 nm, which greater than thestarting particles.The corrosion current densities (icorr) were increased generally with increasing temperatures for all cases and icorr reduced after coated C.S by different NPs in absence and presence PAA, therefore icorr reduced from 168.88 ?A.cm - 2 to 19.45, 28.71 and 30.2 ?A.cm - 2 for C.S coated by SiC, ZrO2 and Al2O3 respectively at 298K.While the Ecorr shifted to more active potential after coated by different NPs excepting when C.S coated by SiC in presence of (0.25%) PAA in coating solution suspension where Ecorr shifted to noble direction. The protection efficiency (PE%) of all coated C.S in absence and presence of PAA showed noteworthy degree of enhancement and the PE% ranged between (85 to 99.65)% for SiC , (69 to 91)% for ZrO2 and (77 to 87.9)% for Al2O3. The surface porosity (P%) were increased with increasing temperatures for all cases. The activation energy (Ea) values for the corrosion of coated C.S by different NPs lead to higher values than Ea for uncoated C.S and the highest value was (71.936) kJ.mol - 1 obtained when C.S coated by SiC in presence of (0.25%) PAA. The free energy (?G) Values for the corrosion of coated C.S generally more negatively than uncoated and the values of enthalpy (?H) for the corrosion of coated C.S by ZrO2 and Al2O3 were less negatively than uncoated C.S while coated C.S by SiC lead to more negatively ?H values.

تحضير وتشخيص مركبات حلقية غيرمتجانسة ودراسة الفعالية الحيوية لها == Synthesis And Identification of Heterocyclic Compounds And Study Their Biological Activity

Author name: رنا نعمة عطية

Supervisor name: ماجد جاري محمد | نغم محمود الجمالي

General topic: Chemistry

Specific topic: Chemistry

Degree: Master

University: University of Kufa - Faculty Of Education - Chemistry Department

Language: English

University location: Najaf

First pages:

Abstract: تضمن هذا البحث تحضير سلسلة انواع جديدة من البولي يوريثين المتفكك احيائيا والحساس لــلدالة الحامضية والذي يحتوي على مشتقات البنزوكائين المتضمنة مجموعة الازو بالبلمرة التكاثفية لـ 1,6 - hexamethylene diisocyanate في درجة حرارة 80 م مع مونمرات الازو، كيميائ | In this work series of new types of biodegradable and pH - sensitive polyurethane containing azo derivatives of benzocaine were synthesized by the condensation polymerization of 1,6 - hexamethylene diisocyanate at 80 ?C with the azo monomers. The chemically controlled release methods have been applied in which the benzocaine (drug) with active group (NH2) linked up with the spacer group (dihydroxy monomers) by azo bond formation.The First stage : The monomers synthesized from the reaction of (cyclohexanone , 1 - naphthole, 2 - naphthole , 4 - bromophenol , 3 - chlorophenol , phenol , 4 - (2,4 - dihydroxyphenyl)but - 3 - en - 2 - one , 4 - (4 - hydroxyphenyl)but - 3 - en - 2 - one and p - hydroxy acetophenone ) with acetone in presence of HCl as catalyst under reflux condition. M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9The Second stage : The azo monomers were synthesized from the reaction of monomers : (M1 ,M2 ,M3 ,M4 ,M5 ,M6 ,M7 ,M8 ,M9 ,hydroquinone ,pyragollal ) with Benzocaine in presence of HCl , NaNO2 and NaOH 10% by stirring for one hour in ice bath at (0 - 5 ?C). AZO1 AZO2 AZO3 AZO4 AZO5 AZO6 AZO7 AZO8 AZO9 AZO10 AZO11 Where (R) : is the above monomers which shown in first and second stage.The Third stage : polyurethane azo was synthesized from the reaction between the azo monomers (which are shows in second stage) with 1,6 - hexamethylene diisocyanate in oil bath by refluxing for 8 hours at 80 ?C in dry nitrogene.where : ( R ) are the monomers which shown in first and second stage.The U.V - Visible , FT - IR , H1NMR techniques were used to confirm the chemical structure of the synthesized Polyurethane azo.A calibration curve between absorbance and concentration was constructed to stock solution of pure drug. the concentration of Benzocaine release was calculated by extrapolation of the result on the calibration curve every 24 hrs. The detection limit for Benzocaine was minimum used 0.001 gm/mol wavelength at 293 nm. Benzocaine was loaded into the polymeric matrix during in situ polymerization. The drug release from the benzocaine loaded was studied in two different medias ( pH=7.8, pH=4 ) at the human temperature.The results was shown that degradation of polyurethane azo in phosphate buffer solution was dependant in the pH value. In pH7.8 the polyurethane azo was rapidly released over 45 hrs. Incubation of polyurethane azo with rate cecal content at 37 ?C gradually released of benzocaine and the percentage of drug released was follow sequence (57% ,82% , 84% , 73% , 73% , 78% , 80% , 82% , 79% , 75% , 86% ) in 45 hrs. In pH=4 polyurethane azo was released slower than basic condition over 45 hrs. at 37 C, and the percentage of drug release was follow sequence (49% , 76% , 72% , 49% , 68% , 60% , 66% , 77% , 70% , 66% , 60%).The release rate of Benzocaine increased with increasing pH (i.e. , 7.8?4).

Author name: محمد قاسم سلطان الخزاعي

General topic: Chemistry

Specific topic: Analytical Chemistry

Degree: Master

University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Science - Chemistry Department

Language: English

University location: Dhi Qar

First pages:

العلاقة بين المشعرات المهبلية والعوامل المرضية التناسلية الاخرى بين النساء في مدينتي كركوك وتكريت == Relationship Betwee Trichomonas Vaginalis And Other Genital Infectious Agents Among Women In Kirkuk & Tikrit Cities

Author name: برهان احمد محمد علي بيباني

Supervisor name: يحيى جرجيس سلمان | ابراهيم شعبان داود

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Zoology

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Al-Haytham College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: تم خلال الفترة من الخامس عشر من شهر تشرين الاول 2006 ولغاية الثلاثين من شهر حزيران 2007 اجراء دراسة عن وبائية طفيلي المشعرات المهبلية وبعض مسببات الالتهابات المهبلية الافرازية المرافقة وغير المرافقة لها بين النساء المراجعات لقسم الاستشارية النسائية والتول | An epidemiological study was carried out from 15th, October 2006 to 30th, June 2007 for prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis parasite and some causative agents of secretary vaginal inflammations associated or non - associated with the parasite among women attending the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in two General hospitals in Kirkuk city and Tikrit teaching hospital in Tikrit city. A total of 300 samples (200 in Kirkuk, 100 in Tikrit) were colle - cted from (15 - 47) years old women. Two swabs were taken from the vaginal (high vaginal) and the lining of uterus cervix (endocervical) for each woman by Gynecologic physician. A gross examination of the swabs was done to determine the color of vaginal secretions and measurement of pH. A wet preparation was done from the (high vaginal swab) and examined microscopically for diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida spp. In addition a Gram stain smear was prepared from a portion of the same swab and examined by oil - immersion for diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Trichomonas vaginalis. A chemical test was done for the detection of Gardnerella vaginalis bacteria & Candida spores. The swabs prepared from endocervical were treated by ACON - Chlamydia Kit specific for diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis in vaginal swabs samples. The study concluded the following results : 1 - The infection with various sexually transmitted diseases agents were 68% , 78% in Kirkuk & Tikrit cities respectively (P>0.05).2 - The maximum infection rate for T. vaginalis was 19.5% in Kirkuk city & 16% in Tikrit city among co - infection with other agents and single infections.3 - The percentages of single infections with T. vaginalis alone for various age groups were 16.5%, 8% in Kirkuk and Tikrit cities respectively (P>0.05).4 - The rate of infections with various vaginal micro - organisms were in the following sequence : T. vaginalis (19.5%), G. vaginalis (18.5%), C. trachomatis (14%), Candida spp. (11.5%) & N. gonorrhoeae (4.5%) in Kirkuk city, whereasin Tikrit city the sequence of infection rates were as follows : G. vaginalis (43%), T. vaginalis (16%), C. trachomatis (12%), Candida spp. (6%) & N. gonorrhoeae (1%).(P>0.05).5 - The highest rates of infections with T. vaginalis only as a single infecting agents were 21.27%, 10% among a group age range (36 - 45) years in both Kirkuk & Tikrit cities respectively (P<0.05). 6 - The maximum rate of infection with the T. vaginalis were recorded among women with yellowish vaginal secretions without itching (37%), (31.25%), whereas in those with symptoms of copious secretions onlythe corresponding figures (30.17%), (18.51%) were recorded in bothcities respectively (P<0.05). 7 - The maximum infection rate with C. trachomatis in bloody swabs were (40%), (50%) in Kirkuk & Tikrit cities respectively correlated withclinical signs & symptoms. However, maximum infection rate with G. vaginalis was recorded in women with whitish vaginal discharge (60.86%) or yellowish (53.12%) then greenish (52.94%) in Tikrit city in comparison to Kirkuk city. The maximum infection with G. vaginalis were among women with bloody secretion (40%) followed by whitish secretion (30.35%). (P<0.05). 8 - The maximum infection rate with Candida spp. were recorded in women discharge milky secretions (33.33%), (25%) in Kirkuk & Tikrit cities respectively. Infection with N. gonorrhoeae showed different color vaginal discharge (P>0.05).9 - The maximum rate of infections with T. vaginalis (27.43%), (19.69%) were recorded in women whose pH of vaginal secretion range was between (5 - 6). (P> 0.05). The high vaginal swabs have been revealed to be more efficient in diagnosis of vaginal infection with T. vaginalis than endocervical swabs. The maximum rate of infections recorded by these swabs were (22.22%), (19.73%) respectively. The infection rate of pregnant women were (48%), (22.22%) from positive cases in both cities.10 - The maximum rate of infections with T. vaginalis were recorded in women using various contraceptive, women using intrauterine contraceptive device were the highly infected (33.33%), (31.57%) in both cities. P<0.05

تقييم دور الجين في دم نساء عراقيات مصابات بسرطان الثدي == Evaluation The Rule of Mammoglobin A Gene In Blood of Iraqi Women With Breast Cancer

Author name: نانسي فيصل رشيد

Supervisor name: امنة نعمة الثويني

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Biotechnologies

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Al-Haytham College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: Mammaglobin A is a member of the superfamily of secretoglobins. Its expression is highly specific for mammary tissue and has been shown to be overexpressed in breast tumor tissue, indicating that mammaglobin A might confer a growth advantage to mammaglobin A - expressing tumor cells. The present study was undertaken to develop the mammaglobin A as a serum biomarker for the early detection of breast cancer, and breast cancer patients follow up after treatments. This study had taken ten months, it involved 84 patients with age ranged 15 - 74 years who had diagnosed with either stage I to III breast cancer or benign lesions of breast at certain Iraqi hospitals and breast cancer centers, and a total number of 10 apparently healthy individuals, with comparable age range of patients as control group.Ten ml of venous blood was collected from studied groups in order to be used for measuring estrogen and progesterone levels, Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT - PCR) test for detection of their serum m - RNA mammaglobin A existence, and serum mammaglobin A levels using Enzyme - Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. Demographic study revealed that most cases enrolled in this study were women within their reproductive age 25 - 44 years old. Distribution of patients according to age group, marital status, and lactation status showed no statistically significant association (P>0.05) with any of these variables, in all comparison.The hormonal study states that elevated levels of estrogen were observed in 52 (62%) patients, also decrease in progesterone levels were observed in 50 (59%) patients out of the 84 cases studied. This indicate a highly significant SUMMARYassociation (p < 0.01) between breast cancer risk, elevated estrogen levels, and decrease in progesterone levels. Mammaglobin A protein was detectable by ELISA in 100% of breast cancer patients (65 case), and not in any benign tumor patients (19 case) nor healthycontrol women (10 females) which indicate the highly specificity of ELISA test (P<0.01) for measuring mammaglobin A levels in patients serum. With high concentration of protein in sera of women with late stage of breastcancer compared with a low protein concentration in sera of women with early stage of breast cancer. By applying a statistical analysis on the result it was found that serum mammaglobin A ELISA test is highly significant (P<0.01) for, differentiation between patients with metastatic breast cancer and patients with early diagnosed breast cancer. In this work, SCGB2A2 gene which coded for mammaglobin A was detected in 64 out of 65 breast cancer cases, but not in the benign or healthy individuals indicating its high specificity as a marker gene (SCGB2A2) for cells derived from mammary glands. A statistical analysis was made for comparison between the three groups, E - Malignant Tumors \ Early Stage, L - Malignant Tumors \ Late Stage, and B - benign, (E, L, and B) which show that the results of molecular study of mammaglobin A detected by RT - PCR is statistically high significance (P<0.001) when used for the differentiation between E group and B group, also between L group and B group. The results showed that mammaglobin A can become an important tool for detecting primary and metastatic breast cancer, and predicting disease outcome.

تحضير لقاح مضاد للبكتريا المرضية المسببة لالتهاب القــدم السكري باستخدام التشعيع بالليـزر واطئ الطاقة == Preparation of Vaccine Against Diabetic Foot Pathogenic Bacteria Using Low Level Diode Laser

Author name: زينب عواد راضي محمد

Supervisor name: احسان فتح الله رستم محمد

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Microbiology - Bacteria

Degree: Master

University: Al-Muthanna University - College Of Science - Department Of Biology

Language: English

University location: Muthanna

First pages:

Abstract: تهدف الدراسة الحالية الى تحضير نوعين من اللقاح (الحي المضعف، والمقتول) ضد البكتريا المسببة لحالات داء القدم السكري في الانسان، وذلك باستخدام اشعة الليزر ثنائي الصمام. تم جمع العينات من (40) شخص يعانون من التهاب القدم السكري، باستخدام مسحة قطنية معقمة Sw | The objective of this study is to prepare two types of vaccine (Live attenuated and killed vaccines) against pathogenic bacteria of diabetic foot infection in humans, using laser irradiation. Samples collected from forty patients suffered from diabetic foot infection, using sterile cotton tinge (Swab), the samples diagnosed depending on a number of morphological examinations, biochemical tests and culturing on selective media, as well as to use of the API system. The bacterial isolates obtained including the followings : Staphylococcus aureus (24.59 %), Klebsiella pneumoniae (22.95 %), Escherichia coli (21.31 %), S. epidermidis (9.84 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.84 %), Proteus mirabilis (8.20 %), and other species (3.28 %). The sensitivity of the bacterial isolates before irradiation to a number of antibiotics were examined, they all gave high resistance to the antibiotics, except two types (Amikacin & Ciprofloxacin), which the bacterial isolates were sensitive to. The bacterial isolates irradiated with laser using wavelengths (660, 820, and 915nm) to increase their sensitivity reaching to a step of attenuating or killing the bacteria with increasing exposure times. Then the attenuated and killed bacteria from each isolate used to prepare a mixed vaccine. Laser effect on the bacterial isolates showed a significant decrease in the viability of the bacteria of all species when the dose was increased, where occur killing the bacteria after 20 min and more of laser dose. The efficiency of the vaccine was tested by using laboratory animals, fifteen rabbits were used in the current study, they were divided into three groups with five rabbits each, one group for live attenuated vaccine inoculation, and the other one for the killed vaccine while the third group used as a control group. One month after the completion of the vaccination, the concentrations of the immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM C3, and C4) in the rabbit serum measured using Radial Immunodiffusion (RID) method.The results showed very high significant differences P < 0.001 for the level of IgG between the live attenuated vaccine group when compared with the control one, high significant differences P < 0.01 for the level of killed vaccine group compared with the control one.The results of IgA concentrations for the three groups were highly significant, P < 0.01, when comparing the attenuated with control group, while were significant, P < 0.05 between the killed vaccine group and the control one, it was also significant for the level of IgM, C3, and C4, when compared both the live attenuated and killed vaccine groups with the control one respectively. There were no significant differences between the live attenuated and the killed vaccine groups of all measured concentrations.Subsequently the animals inoculated again with a live dose of the bacterial isolates and the levels of (IgM, IgA, IgG, C3, and C4) were measured, the same results as in the vaccinations readings were obtained.Finally the animals were inoculated with the challenge dose of all the isolated live bacteria. The animals of the control group died, while the immunized animals remained healthy revealing the efficacy of the vaccine and the vaccination program.

Author name: مرتضى عادل الشامي

Supervisor name: محفوظة عباس عمران | احمد مجيد الشمري

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Biotechnologies

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Science - Department Of Biotechnology

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

تقييم الاستجابة المناعية عند المرضى المصابين بالجرب في محافظة النجف == Evaluation of Immune Response In Scabietic Patients In Najaf Governorate

Author name: ملاك ماجد عبد الامير الموسوي

Supervisor name: هادي رسول حسن | ازر هادي ملوكي

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Microbiology - Parasites

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Kufa - College Of Science - Department Of Biology

Language: English

University location: Najaf

First pages:

Abstract: اجريت الدراسة الحالية في محافظة النجف في الفترة الممتدة مابين شباط 2012 لغاية تشرين الثاني 2013 في العيادة الاستشارية للجلدية في مدينة الصدر الطبية وكليتي العلوم والتربية للبنات في جامعة الكوفة. كان عدد المصابين بالجرب الذين ارتادوا العيادة الاستشارية لل | The present study was carried out in Najaf governorate, during the period from February 2012 till November 2013 in Dermatology Outpatient Clinic in Al - Sader Medical City, College of Science and College of Education for Girls in Kufa University. The number of scabietic patients who attended the outpatient clinic during February to November 2012 were 300 (168 males and 132 females). Their ages ranged from 10 to 65 years. They were included to show the prevalence of scabies. Sixty scabietic patients (out of 300 patients) who did not have allergic diseases, helminthic infections, previous attack with scabies, and/or getting any antihistamines drugs were included for human IL - 1?, TNF - ?, IL - 4, IL - 5 and total IgE assays using ELISA technique; superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity assay and eosinophils(%). These assays were applied on scabietic patients (who were divided according to onset of symptoms or duration of scabies symptoms into early and late scabietic patients) as well as healthy controls.Also Sarcoptes scabiei mite proteins were extracted. Then heat stable mite proteins concentration was determined by Bradford’s method. SDS - Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS - PAGE) analysis was used. The activity of mite allergens was assayed by skin prick test (SPT) in 10 scabietic patients and 5 controls with 1.2 ?g/ml and 2.4 ?g/ml. House dust mite (HDM) antigens were skin prick tested in patients with scabies and controls.The prevalence of scabies in current study constituted 6.54% from all the dermatoses which attended the clinic. The males represented 56% and females were 44%. The age group (10 - 19) years was the highest prevalence of scabies (41.7%). Early scabietic patients represented 72% versus late scabietic patients were 28%. The results revealed that a highly significant elevation (p< 0.001) in serum cytokines (IL - 1?, TNF - ?, IL - 4 and IL - 5) as well as IgE, SOD and eosinophils (%) in the two groups of scabietic patients in comparison to the controls.Results of correlation demonstrated that IgE, SOD and eosinophils (%) were positively and significantly correlated (p< 0.001) with the studied cytokines in early, late scabietic and control groups. IgE was positively correlated with IL - 1?, TNF - ?, IL - 4 and IL - 5 in early scabietic patients, whereas, it had negative correlation with IL - 1?, TNF - ?, and positive correlation with IL - 4 and IL - 5 in late ones. SOD showed negative correlation with IL - 1? and TNF - ?, and positive correlation appeared with IL - 4 and IL - 5 in both scabietic patients. Eosinophils (%) were positively correlated with all the studied cytokines in two groups of scabietic patients.The results also revealed that SDS - PAGE profile of the parasite heat stable proteins consisted of protein bands with molecular weights ranged from less than 10 to over than 100 kDa. Skin test demonstrated that (7/10, 70%) and (8/10, 80%) of scabietic patients had a positivity against 1.2 ?g/ml and 2.4 ?g/ml of sarcoptic mite extracts, respectively when prick tested. HDM extract was found to be positive in (4/10, 40%) of scabietic patients; while controls revealed negative result.It can be concluded that scabies affect TH1 and TH2 immune response as well as SOD activity and eosinophils. Sarcoptic proteins contain heat stable allergens which able to cause immediate type - 1 hypersensitivity when 1.2?g/ml of mite protein is skin prick tested, and there is a cross reactivity between Sarcoptes scabiei and HDM allergens

التمنيع باضداد الخمل النوع الاول المنتجة من بكتريا الاشريكية القولونية المسببة لالتهاب المجاري البولية ضد استيطان واصابة المثانة == Immunization With Type 1 Fimbriae of Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli Against Colonization And Infection of Bladder

Author name: اروى علي شكر

Supervisor name: رسمية عبد ابو ريشة

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Microbiology

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: Between September and November 2013 a total of 140 urine specimens obtained from patients in Al - Kadhmiah Teaching Hospital, Ibn - Al Naffees Teaching Hospital, and Educational Laboratories in Medical city. These midstream urine specimens were obtained from patients clinically suspected to have urinary tract infection (UTI) in sterilized containers. All specimens were processed immediately after collection.A total number of 140 specimens of mid - stream urine were collected from patients suffering urinary tract infection symptoms. These isolates were obtained from 41 male and 99 female patients. They were distributed in the age group of 5 - 60 years old. All specimens were identified using biochemical tests and API 20 E system. 60 (42.85%) of urine specimens was Escherichia coli and 15(10.71%) of specimens growth was Klebsiella spp. and 25(17.85%) growth was Proteus spp. and 40 (28.57%) was G+ve bacteria.The adherence ability of E.coli isolates were evaluated by using Congo red agar and detected their ability to produce biofilm by using methylene blue staining technique in polystyrene microtiter plates and then Optical density was determined at 580 nm.All sixty isolates of E.coli were grown on Congo red agar medium to detect their adherence ability. Twenty (33.3%) isolates were given negative result by forming pink colonies on congo red agar, were as, forty (66.6%) isolates were given positive result by forming black colonies with a dry crystalline. Three isolates give strong results E.coli (13, 8, and 40). Consistency indicated biofilm production by microtiter plate. E. coli 40 which isolated produced the thickest biofilm (O.D. : =3.17).Type 1 fimbriae expression by E.coli 40 isolate was detected by mannose - resistant hemagglutination (MRHA) of human blood group (O) IRBCs in the presence of 2% D - mannose. The isolate showed strong MRHA characteristics of type 1 fimbriae under microscope (40x). The E.coli E.40isolate which produced the thickest biofilm and gave strong MRHA was elected to be the source of type 1 fimbriae.Type 1 fimbriae was extracted by heating and mechanical shearing and partially purified by Ultracentrifugation (48, 000xg for 3hrs). SDS - PAGE with a molecular weight 20, 000 Dalton.Anti - type1 fimbriae antisera were prepared in rabbits. The specificity and titration of anti - type1fimbriae antibodies were determined using IgG protein by radial immunodiffusion plate and bacterial agglutination. IgG antibodies to fimbriae type 1 were also detected in rabbit sera from immunized rabbit and non - immunized. Immunized rabbit test 1 had increases in Fim1 - specific IgG antibodies (9.5) mg/dl. Immunized rabbit test 2 had increases in Fim1 - specific IgG antibodies (8.6) mg/dl. The non - immunized rabbit had no increase in absolute IgG antibodies to Fim1.The antisera agglutinated bacterial cells up to 1/80 dilution confirming the presence and titer of specific antibodies against type1 fimbriae.The microtiter plate method was applied to estimate the role of the prepared anti - type1fimbriae antibodies in reducing the biofilim formation by E.coli. Prevention of bacterial adherence and subsequent biofilm formation to polystyrene microtiter plate was studied by employing different dilutions (1/10, 1/20, 1/40, 1/80, 1/160, 1/320, 1/640) of rabbit sera containing anti - type 1 fimbriae antibodies. The maximum inhibition of biofilm formation in terms of optical density (580 nm) was found in lowest dilution (1/10) (highest concentration of Abs). However, the minimum inhibition was observed in highest dilution of rabbit antisera (1/640) (lowest concentration of Abs). Here the inhibition occurs in a dose dependent manner as the biofilm formation increased dramatically with increasing in antisera dilution. The results also showed that there is a significant difference(P<0.05) among data treated with sera and data without sera and among serial dilutions.General urine examination and culture for urine that absorbed from test 2 and control was done (GUE) show that pus cell in urine was (1 - 2/HPF). There was no growth of bacteria in urine culture.The Histological section show that the Control and test 1 rabbit (have been immunized with fimbriae and adjuvant and injected with E.coli intra muscular) and Test 2rabbit (that has been immunized with fimbriae and adjuvant and injected with E.coli directly in bladder has normal epithelial cells and mucosa.

التقييم الجزيئي لنسخ جين المقاومة الدوائية MDR1 في بعض المرضى العراقيين البالغين المصابين بسرطان ابيضاض الدم الحاد == Molecullar Assessment of Multidrug Resistance Gene (MDR1) Transcript In Some Adult Iraqi Patients With Acute Leukemia

Author name: كفاح جبار شاكر اليعقوبي

Supervisor name: عبد الحسين الفيصل

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Biotechnologies

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Baghdad - Institute Of Genetic Engineering And Biotechnology - Department Of Biotechnology

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: The present study aims to shed light on the follow up of acute leukemic (AL) patients at initial diagnosis and after treatment to assess the response and early relapse through evaluating the gene expression level of one of the major multidrug resistance genes which is the multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) to investigate the possible association between level of MDR1 gene expression and the clinical outcomes and this may be considered as a potential marker for response to chemotherapy of acute leukemic patients. Furthermore, the current study correlates between the MDR1 gene phenotype and MDR1 genotype in three important coding regions (C1236T, G2677T/A, and C3435T considering the potential influence of altering MDR1 activity and its effect on therapy outcome as well as susceptibility to develop cancer.White blood cells (WBCs) isolated from 106 blood sample of acute leukemic patients were provided by Iraqi hospitals in Medical City. These samples were distributed as follows : 46 newly diagnosed patients with acute leukemia who had not received chemotherapy and follow - up 25 after 1st induction, 17 after 2nd induction and 8 at consolidation, with 10 blood samples of healthy voluntaries. Two comparative groups were taken included 46 sample of peripheral blood (PB) and 26 sample of bone marrow biopsy (BMB) in paraffin blocks to validate the level of gene expression compare to WBCs. For genotyping analysis, 56 of blood sample were taken to study genetic variation of MDR1 gene polymorphism. The samples preservation with TRIzol was done. Samples subjected to total RNA and DNA extraction, then molecular study by using reverse transcription, Quantitative Real Time - polymerase chain reaction (qRT - PCR) and direct sequencing, at Molecular Oncology Unit in Guy´s Hospital - Kings College / London.The study reached at the following results : 1 - The results showed age groups (20 - 39 years) were associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), while (13 - 19 years) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).2 - The level of MDR1 gene expression showed high significant differences with WBCs compared to PB and BMB.3 - The clinical outcomes indicated that the rate of complete response (CR) of newly diagnosed acute leukemic patients was 19(41%), while 27(58.7%) was non - responder (NR).4 - Statistical analysis showed significant differences with NR at initial diagnosis in acute myeloid leukemia, while appeared after 1st induction in lymphoid type.5 - The results of positivity MDR1 gene expression were 10(21.7%) out of 46 newly diagnosed in acute leukemia, while 36(78.3%) were MDR1 - negative depend on (1.1±0.03) cutoff value.6 - The positivity MDR1 gene expression appeared mainly in non - responders patients at initial diagnosis, and with early relapse patients, after complete remission, in consolidation.7 - The MDR1 mRNA expression showed significant differences with high level in NR compared to CR patients at initial diagnosis. During treatment follow up the increased level of MDR1 gene expression in CR patients and appeared non - significantly with NR.8 - The results of MDR1 C1236T genotype and allele frequency showed that 1236CC wild type genotype and C allele were significantly frequent in healthy control. While CT heterozygous genotype frequency was highly significant in AML and no significant difference in allele frequency. ALL showed non - significant difference in genotype and allele frequency of MDR1 C1236T.9 - Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (ORs and 95%CI) analysis showed no evidence associated with risk factor in MDR1 C1236T ALL carriers. While risk factor observed in AML with MDR1 1236CT carriers.10 - The results of MDR1 phenotype - genotype association indicate that MDR1 1236CC wild type was significantly high expression among healthy and it was aprotective genotype. While the MDR1 1236CT showed significant differences with high level of MDR1 gene expression in AML patients. Whereas ALL revealed significant differences in high level of MDR1 gene expression with MDR1 1236TT genotype. Both CT and TT were affected genotypes.11 - The results of MDR1 G2677T genotype and allele frequency indicated that 2677GA genotype significantly appeared with low frequency in healthy control with no significant difference in allele frequency. Both ALL and AML showed high significant frequency in 2677GT genotype. G allele frequency was showed significant differences in AML while non - significant in with ALL.12 - Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (ORs and 95%CI) analysis showed the MDR1 2677GT genotype was associated with risk factor to developing ALL and AML. Whereas the GG appeared associated with AML only.13 - MDR1 phenotype - genotype association, indicate that MDR1 2677GA genotype was significantly high expression in healthy individual. While AML patients showed significant differences with high level of MDR1gene expression in 2677GT genotype. ALL showed significant differences with high level of MDR1 gene expression in MDR1 2677TT genotype.14 - The results of MDR1 C3435T genotype and allele frequency showed significant difference in genotype and allele frequency with heterozygous CT in both control and AML patients and mutant T allele. Whereas non - significant genotype and allele frequency with ALL.15 - Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (ORs and 95%CI) analysis showed that the MDR1 3435CC genotype carriers associated with risk to developing ALL. While no risk factor associate with MDR1 C3435T variants to develop AML.16 - MDR1 phenotype - genotype association, indicate that the wild type 3435CC genotype was significantly high expression in healthy control. The MDR1 3453CT genotype showed high significance with high level of MDR1 gene expression inAML. While ALL showed significantly high level of MDR1 gene expression in 3435TT genotype.17 - The results of MDR1 genotype - phenotype association showed similar impact of MDR1C1236T, G2677T/A and C3435T genotypes in AML clinical outcomes. The MDR1 CT/GT/TT genotypes were associated in NR AML with high level of expression at presentation, compared to significant low level in CC/GG genotype. In contrast, CR patients were observed non - significant with MDR1 gene expression at presentation and significant with low MDR1CC/GG genotypes in post treatment. In regards to ALL patients the MDR1 TT genotype showed significant differences with high level of MDR1 gene expression in NR and CR ALL at presentation and significant only with NR at post treatment. So there was no clear evidence between MDR1 genotypes and clinical outcome with ALL.18 - The haplotype results showed that the three MDR1 C1236T, G2677T/A and C3435T genotype were linkage disequilibrium significantly with heterozygous haplotype B (CT - GT - CT) compared to A(CGC) and C(TTT). Also B haplotype appeared significantly with high level of MDR1 gene expression compared to A and C. According to the clinical outcome, haplotype B was observed significant differences in NR AML patients while other haplotypes were non - significant

تقييم بعض جينات المقاومة للمضادات الحيوية في عزلات الكلبسيلا == Evaluation of Some Antibiotic Resistance Genes In Klebsiella Isolates

Author name: زاهد سعدون عزيز

Supervisor name: عباس شاكر جواد المحنة | سلمان عزيز عدوس

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Microbiology

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Kufa - College Of Science - Department Of Biology

Language: English

University location: Najaf

First pages:

Abstract: هدفت الدراسة الحالية الى تقييم انتشار جينات البيتا لاكتاميز ? - lactamases ومنها جينات البيتا لاكتاميز الواسعة الطيف lactamases - Extended Spectrum ? وجينات اخرى مثل جينات المقاومة للكوينولونات Quinolones المرتبطة بالبلازميدات plasmid mediated quinolones | The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of plasmid mediated ? - lactamases including Extended Spectrum ? - lactamases and non - lactamases and study the horizontal gene transfer. A total of 800 of urine samples were taken from patient suffering from urinary tract infections had been collected during a period from February, to September of 2012, from the hospitals of AL - Najaf province. All the samples were cultured on MacConkey agar. From those 300 samples gave positive bacterial growth , 250 were lactose fermentative isolates, which were submitted to conventional tests including IMVIC and motility tests ultimately lactose fermentative, non motile isolates were candidate to Vitek 2 system to confirm the identification. the results revealed that there were 42 (16.8%) of isolates identified as Klebsiellae represented by Klebsiella pnumoniae ssp pneumoniae, 9(3.6%) of isolates diagnosed as Raoultella ornithinolytica, and 1(0.4%) for both K. pnumoniae ssp.ozeanae and Raoultella planticola. Screening tests were performed , disk diffusion test revealed different pattern of resistance, screening of ESBLS by MacConkey agar medium supplemented with 2 mg /l of Ceftazidime showed that 31 (58.5%) of isolates were initially ESBLS producers.Phenotypes confirmatory tests were conducted to different classes of antimicrobial agents, Disk synergism test revealed that 20(37.74%) of isolates were ESBLS positive, while Disk combination test by Ceftazidime + clav and Cefepime + clav revealed that 28(52.83%) and 43(81.13%) were ESBLS producers respectively, disk replacement test pointed that positive isolates were 26(49%), vitek2 system revealed 33(62%) of isolates were ESBLS producers.Imipenem - Ceftazidime antagonism test revealed that there was no isolate produce induced AmpC beta - lactamase, AmpC disc test revealed that no one of isolates were AmpC producer.The result of MHT(Modified Hodge test) revealed that all isolates were not Carbapenemases producers. Molecular study of different antimicrobial resistance genes were performed, the results reveald high percent of occurence as follow : blaTEM genes (90.6%), blaSHV gene(81.13%), blaCTX - M genes (88.6%), sul genes (88.6%), aac(6')Ib - cr genes (84.9%) and qnr - B genes (41.5%).the study also highlighted an association between studied genes. Finally many attempts to study of gene transfer by conjugation were conducted but all of them were failed, except one isolate (No. 5) was succeeded with frequency of conjugation (0.5×10 - 7). This study concluded that there were high prevalence of some plasmid mediated genes of isolates with clear multi gene resistance patterns as compared with some other genes which propose the high selective pressure of these genes and isolates might acquired resistance by mobile elements such as plasmids and integrons.

دراسة جزيئية عن جين المقاومة mecA في بكتريا العنقودية الذهبية المقاومة للمشيسلين والمعزولة من بعض مستشفيات بغداد == Molecular Study For Detection of Meca Gene In Methicillin - Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated From Some Hospital In Baghdad City

Author name: لمى ياسين موسى

Supervisor name: محمد ابراهيم نادر

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Biotechnologies

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad - Institute Of Genetic Engineering And Biotechnology - Department Of Biotechnology

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: Two hundred and thirty clinical specimens were collected from two different hospitals in Baghdad during the period (December 2012 to April 2013). These specimens were collected from visitors, hospitalized patients and the health care workers in these hospitals. The specimens included nasal swab, wound swab, burn swab, abscess and pus, sputum, ear swab, urine and blood culture diagnostic results show that 150 out of the (230) specimens gave positive bacterial cultures and (100) isolates are characterized as Staphylococcus aureus depending on the cultural and biochemical examinations.the coagulase test was performed and the results showed that from total 150 isolates of Staphylococci, 100 isolates (61%) were coagulase - positive (COPS), while only 50 isolates (39%) were coagulase negative (CONS). In addition, the distribution of methicillin resistance among Staphylococcus spp. was investigated.The use of the antibiotic susceptibility profile for these isolates was examined against methicillin resistance. Using disk diffusion method revealed that (13) isolates were proved to be methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), While (87) isolates of S. aureus showed sensitivity to methicillin (MSSA) and there was no intermediate resistance among these isolates.The ability of MRSA isolates to produce some virulence factors were investigated and the results showed that MRSA isolates produce many enzymes and toxins that contributed in their virulence such as protease, urease, dnase and gelatinase, and also produce a beta types of haemolysins.The ability to produce slime layer by MRSA isolates was also investigated and the results showed that all isolates of MRSA were produced slime layer when theytested by Congo red agar method and the results showed that all of MRSA isolates produced strong slime layer.One of the aims of this study was to adopted a accurate diagnostic method to detect S.aureus by its genetic material contents through extracting of DNA and gel electrophoresis of the PCR product for the specific gene.Detection of methicilline - resistance gene represented by A confirmatory test was carried out for the selected isolates using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for further characterization up to the species level by the amplification of (mecA) gene.This is Staphylococcus aureus specific gene that encodes the extra Penicillin Binding Protein, which is unique to methicillin - resistant staphylococci. All the (13) positive isolates by disk diffusion test are found to be positive for the presence of (mecA) gene as their agarose gel revealed the presence of DNA band of mecA gene with a molecular size about (200 bp.).Results of the detecting (femB) gene showed that it was positive in all of MRSA isolates as they appear to have a band with a molecular size of about (651 bp). The genetic determinants of methicillin resistance mecA and femB genes were amplified using multiplex PCR technique in order to identify methicillin resistant (mecA+) and susceptible (lacking mecA) staphylococci and to differentiate S. aureus (femB+) from coagulase negative staphylococci (lacking femB). All of the S. aureus isolates (100%) were found to harbor femA gene, it is species specific marker for S. aureus.