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علاقة الهرمونات الجنسية بصورة الدهون المصلية والاجهاد التاكسدي في عقم الرجال

Author name: ذو الفقار غانم محمد المحنه
Supervisor name: سلمان علي احمد
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

دراسة نظرية لبعض معقدات المغنيز (III) الحاوي على ذرتي النيتروجين والاوكسجين == Theoretical Studies for some Manganese (III) Complexes Containing Oxygen and Nitrogen Atoms

Author name: احمد عبد الستار علي
Supervisor name: مثنى عبد الجبار شنشل | ایاد حمزة جاسم
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are small, highly reactive, oxygen containing molecules that are naturally generated in small amounts during the body’s metabolic reactions and can react with and damage complex cellular molecules such as fats, proteins, and DNA. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) represents an essential defense system against oxygen - derived free radicals, specifically superoxide (O2• - ). Superoxide can initiate a series of free radical reactions that yields other oxygen radicals, which together are thought to actas inflammatory mediators and induce cellular damage. The presence of natural superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) is to perform as defense systems against the cells damage which caused by superoxide compounds. These various enzymes allow to founding a widely area of treatment of many diseases.In our thesis, a series of ten Schiff - bases manganese (III) complexes which is previously prepared have been designed and build as SOD and CAT mimetics. The complexes along with the known Mn - Salen [(C1 : a known drug used as standard against superoxide anion (O2 - ) (SOD - mimetic activity) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (CAT - mimetic activity)], have been characterized using the Gaussian 03 program (2003). The results show the following : 1. The manganese (III) ion in these complexes is surrounded by two nitrogen atoms of the Schiff - base, and two oxygen atoms and metal ion above the basal plane toward the anion (Cl - ).2. The behavior of building complexes is different in the oxidationreduction reactions.3. Some complexes which have mixed ligands (heteroligands), show to have better activities than that of the same ligands (homoligands).4. Some complexes get high mimetic enzyme activity in one reaction (SOD - mimetic or CAT - mimetic activities), but low mimetic enzyme activity in the other reactions.5. The activities of both C2 and C7 complexes are higher than that of C1 complex in both reaction types (SOD - mimetic and CAT - mimetic activities).6. The activities of (C4, C9, C10) complexes are higher mimetic enzyme than that of C1 complex as superoxide dismutase. 7. The activities of (C3, C5, C6, C8, C11) complexes are higher mimetic enzyme than that of C1 complex as Catalase.8. The calculation of geometrical shapes of building complexes were achieved by calculate the bond frequencies and force constant, the results indicate that all the building complexes have square pyramidal shape.

تحضير بعض قواعد شف كمثبطات لانزيم اليوريز ودراسة تاثيرها على بكتيريا المتقلبات Proteus M == Preparation of some Schiff bases as Urease inhibitors and study their effect on Proteus mirabilis bacteria

Author name: احمد حسين علي التميمي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The current study involves preparation number of cysteine derivatives by the reaction of cysteine with different aromatic aldehydes forming the following Schiff bases : "2 - (4 - bromobenzylideneamino) - 3 - mercaptopropanoic acid, 2 - (4 - hydroxybenzylideneamino) - 3 - mercaptopropanoic acid, 2 - (4 - (dimethylamino)benzylideneamino) - 3 - mercaptopropanoic acid and 2 - (4 - chlorobenzylideneamino) - 3 - mercaptopropanoic acid".The new prepared derivatives were identified by using spectroscopy (FTIR) and measuring their melting points.The biological activities against Proteus mirabilis were estimated using well - diffusion method around the plate then the antibacterial activities were estimated.The effects of the prepared compounds on urease activity were studied. The results showed good effect in urease inhibition. All the prepared compounds showed competitive inhibition since the value Vmax was the same and Km increased.Finaly, Vmax, Ki, Km and i % values of the enzyme was calculated using line weaver Bruk equation.It is noticed from enzymatic and biological studies that Schiff bases compounds are strong inhibitors of the urease enzyme where the(2 - (4 - (dimethylamino)benzylideneamino) - - 3mercaptopropanoic acid ) inhibition force was (Ki=0.0043 M) which is the highest inhibition force comparing with the other prepared compounds.The percentage of inhibition (%i) was equal to (96.77%).

مقارنة التشخيص والتحاليل الحياتية لانزيم الفوسفاتيز القاعدي في الاكياس المائية المتكونة من جنس Echinococcus Granulosus ومصل دم الانسان

Author name: مريم فضيل ناصر
Supervisor name: سلمان علي احمد
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Hydatidosis, a zoonitic parasitic disease, is one of the most important economic and health problem in Iraq and many other countries in the Middle East. It is caused by Echinococcus Multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus, the larval stage of which is localized in the liver, lungs and other visceral organs of intermediate hosts such as sheep, goats and cattle.Human are considered to be an accidental intermediate host, either by eating improperly disinfected vegetables or by close contact with dogs. The mature form lives in the ileum of candies as its definitive hosts, where it leads to an asymptomatic infection .Serology or immunodiagnostic tests are the most useful techniques for the detection of hydatid cysts in human patients.Objectives : One of the reasons why Echinococcus granulosus cysts are described as a public health problem is the lack of effective chemotherapy.Reviewing the literature bears in mind the possibility of an effectual and successful chemotherapeutic treatment in the early stages of cyst development, as indicated by many reported studies. Thus, the major problem in the management of Hydatid disease seems to be related to the lack of an efficient routine diagnostic test capable of identifying asymptomatic patients at early stages of the disease. Consequently, the need for a consistent diagnostic test, applicable for mass screening in hyperendemic regions, has become mandatory.Much attention has been focused on the multilocularis species which represent the major type affecting western countries. These cumulative efforts have recently evolved a commercially available and reliable immunodiagnostic test for the specific diagnosis of Alveolar ehinococcus. Unfortunately, the test fails to identify most of the patients suffering from cystic echinococcosis, caused by the closely related echinococcus granulosus.Hence, this will detract from the valuablity of the test in districts, where echinococcus granulosus is well known as the main endemic type, including Iraq, and necessitating the requirement for further studies with regard to echinococcus granulosus.The present study was conducted to estimate the kinetic parameters and biochemical characteristics of alkaline phosphatase in fertile and sterile cyst membranes from patients with hepatic cystic echinococcosis. The raised alkaline phosphatase serums of patients suffering cholestasis caused by gallstones were used as a representative alternate to Human liver - type alkaline phosphatase. Comparisons were aimed to reveal whether these two cyst membranes enzymes are different from each other and from the Human liver - type alkaline phosphatase.Subject and methods : In this study two samples were used, the cyst and human serum.Hydatid cysts were obtained from six hepatic cystic echinococcosis patients attending The Red Crescent Private Hospital, Baghdad, for surgical intervention from January 2007 through August 2008. Based on ultrasonographic examination, only two were identified as fertile, three were sterile and one patient with calcified cyst.Fasting venous blood samples were acquired from patients with professional diagnosis of gallstones, attending the above hospital for surgical treatment. Serum was separated, 5' - nucleotidase activity was measured to confirm that the raised alkaline phosphatase activity is mainly due to liver isoenzymeCollected serum samples were pooled and divided into aliquots, stored at - 2 C until further analysis.The present study was measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity in serum and cyst homogenate according to the method of kind and king.Kinetic studies will involve the affinity of these enzymes to their substrate, as well as the effect of other factors including hydrogen ion concentration (pH) and temperature. Heat inactivation and the effect of specific inhibitor, namely L - phenylalanine, are also to be examined on the activity of the three alkaline phosphatase enzymes.Results : 1.Different alkaline phosphatase activity were observed in fertile cysts while there was no alkaline phosphatase activity in hydatid cyst homogenated from sterile cysts and still not able to be detected even when larger volume of the hydatid cyst homogenated sample were used for the estimation and can be explained that by the presence or the absence of fresh protoscoleces in fertile or sterile hydatid cyst, respectively. Because of this statement it can be differentiate between the sterile & fertile cyst.By the results of the biochemical characterization of alkaline phosphatase, there were different Km values, optimum pH and optimum temperature for each hydatid cyst homogenated & human - liver type.The heat - sensitive specifically showed that the echinococcus granulosus alkaline phosphatase was more heat resistance than echinococcus multilocularis & liver - type enzyme.The respond of different human alkaline phosphatse isoenzymes to L - phenylalanine have been shown to varied from low sensitive (liver and bone) to highly sensitive (placental and intestinal). Thus, the wide range of IC50 observed herein, can be ascribed to the presence of isoenzymes other than liver type in the serum samples enrolled in this study. No inhibitory effect was observed on alkaline phosphatase from hydatid cyst homogenate.Conclusion : Considering present findings along with the following discussion, the following conclusions might be derived : Echinococcus granulosus Alkaline Phosphatase serve as a marker of cyst viability.The different characteristic of alkaline phosphatase from hydatid cyst membrane revealed that echinococcus granulosus Alkaline phosphatase is distinct from human isoenzymes more specifically from liver alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme.

دراسة امتزاز وامتصاص بعض الملوثات العضوية على ثنائي اوكسيد التتانيوم == Sorption study of Some Organic Pollutants on Titanium Dioxide

Author name: قيس محمد عبد الحسين
Supervisor name: خلود عبد صالح السعدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Physical Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The subject of this thesis involves studying the possibility removed of four organic compound by TiO2. These organic compounds (considered as pollutants) which are; Birlliant blue (dye), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) and Lambdacyholothrin as (pesticides). The thermal and photo - stability were studied and the results showed that all pollutants are stable in temperature range about (288 - 318) K, and stable against UV - linght in the wave length range (290 - 320) nm.Titanium dioxide successed in removing; 95 - 54% of dye, 6.2% of PVA, 13.19% of LAS and failed in removeing pesticides.UV - Vis absorption spectrophotometric technique was used to follow the pollutants concentration before and after adsorption process and after different periods of time, since the sorption isotherms were obtained by obeying Langmiur and Freundlich adsorption isotherms, with R2 (1 - 0.9993) for dye, R2 (0.9992 - 0.9574) for PVA, R2 (0.9503 - 0.9813) for LAS.The dye adsorption isotherms take S - shapes which related to a strong interaction between dye and TiO2 with thermodynamic values DH = +(5.962 - 26.57)J, DG = - (966 - 999)J, DS = +(3.45 - 9.1906)J.The thermodynamic parameters were studied by using the sorption process of the three pollutants on TiO2 of different temperatures ranging (293 - 318)K, and from the sorption isotherms the values of DH, DG, and DS for PVA DH = - (133.4 - 212.83)J, DG = +(78 - 157.4)J, DS = - (500)J, LAS DH = +(53.14 - 66.14)J, DG = - (1.21 - 1.38)kJ, DS = +(4 - 14)J. The sorption process of dye and LAS a positive DH values, negative DG values and positive DS values, which indicates the spontaneous absorption process, which for the negative DH values, positive DG values and negative DS values are due to the non spontaneous adsorption process for PVA. The kinetic study of pollutants sorption on TiO2 was studied depending on three kinetic equations : 1 - Lagergren equation : it was used to obtain the order of the sorption process, and the results showed a good obey with R2 = (0.9477 - 0.9995) for dye, R2 = (0.956 - 0.9942) for PVA, R2=(0.9948) for LAS, to this equation, which indicates that the sorption processfollowed a pseudo - 1st order kinetics, and from the linear Lagergren equation for the pollutants sorption the rate constants of sorption were calculated at different temperatures, and the activation energy for the sorption process was also calculated which reached 39.011 kJ.mol - 1 for sorption of dye.2 - Morris - Weber model : was employed and it gave a good match with the straight linear equation with R2 = (0.98 - 0.994) for dye, R2=(0.9892) for PVA, R2 = (0.9989) for LAS. This relation indicates that the diffusion process was so obvious, and it involvesthe transport of pollutant from the bulk solution into the TiO2 surface, which is considered the rate - limiting step. 3 - Reichenberg model : was employed and it gave a good linear relationship between Bt and time with acceptable correlation coefficient R2 = (0.9891) for dye, R2 = (0.9306) for PVA, R2 = (0.9776) for LAS.This relation indicates that the rate limiting mechanism is the absorption and the sorption process involving three steps : absorption, adsorption and desorption).

تحري الخواص الحرارية لبعض السوائل الايونية الحاوية على اليوريا والاستمايد == Investigation of Thermal Properties for some Ionic Liquids containing Urea and Acetamide

Author name: هدى سلام عبد
Supervisor name: هادي محمد علي عبود
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Characterization of some room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) as candidates for thermal storage media and heat transfer fluids in thermal applications were investigated. Five ionic liquids prepared from ammonium alum [NH4Al(SO4)2.12H2O] pronounced S, as inorganic salt with urea [NH2CONH2] pronounced U, or acetamide [CH3CONH2] pronounced A, as organic compounds, and aluminum nitrate [Al(NO3)3.9H2O] pronounced N with urea or acetamide compounds in different mole ratios were investigated alone and with addition of some improving materials to study their synergetic effect using thermo - gravimetric analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetery (DSC), X - ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and conductivity measurements. Thermo - physical properties such as enthalpy ΔH, heat capacity Cp and thermal energy storage capacity were determined. It was found that hydrated aluminum nitrate : acetamide (1 : 22 mole ratio, AN2IL) alone and hydrated ammonium aluminum sulfate : urea (1 : 5 mole ratio, USIL) alone or with addition of some materials characterized with high density, chemical stability, heat capacity, thermal energy storage capacity and wide temperature range. The results indicated that ionic liquids alone or with addition of some materials could be considered as a promising candidate for liquid thermal storage media and heat transfer fluids.Studying the synergetic effect by addition of some alkali metal hydroxide (NaOH) with hydrated aluminum nitrate : urea (1 : 1.2 mole ratio, UNIL) and KOH with hydrated ammonium aluminum sulfate : urea (1 : 5 mole ratio, USIL) ionic liquids increased thermal energy storage capacity of these ionic liquids, while the addition of NaOH to hydrated aluminum nitrate : acetamide (1 : 22mole ratio, AN2IL) gave less thermal stability and storage capacity of ionic liquid.Also addition of alkaline earth metal oxide MgO, CaO to hydrated ammonium aluminum sulfate : urea (1 : 5 mole ratio, USIL) and BaO to hydrated aluminum nitrate : urea (1 : 1.2 mole ratio, UNIL) decreased thermal stability, heat capacity and thermal energy storage capacity than ionic liquid alone.Moreover, addition of transition metal oxide (VOSO4.5H2O, CuO and ZnO) to hydrated ammonium aluminum sulfate : urea (1 : 5 mole ratio, USIL) increased thermal stability and storage capacity of hydrated ammonium aluminum sulfate : urea (1 : 5 mole ratio, USIL), while the addition of NiO to hydrated ammonium aluminum sulfate : urea (1 : 5 mole ratio, USIL) only improve thermal stability of ionic liquid

التثبيت الضوئي لمتعدد كلوريد الفانيل باستخدام معقدات مخلبية == Photostabilization of poly(vinyl chloride) by chelate complexes

Author name: علي نجاح حسن
Supervisor name: عماد عبد الحسين يوسف السراج
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Five metal complexes of Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Ni(II) and Sn(II) with {4 - (Benzylidene - amino) - 5 - pyridin - 4 - yl - 4H - [1,2,4]triazole - 3 - thiol}, of Schiff base ligand (L), were prepared in alcoholic medium.The ligand (L) and its metal complexes were characterized qualitatively by using : FTIR, UV - visible spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility, conductivity measurements and 1H NMR only for ligand. The ligand acted as bidentate which coordinated to the metal ions through sulphur and nitrogen of Azomethine group.According to the spectral data of the complexes a tetrahedral geometry was suggested for these complexes, except Cu(II) complex which exhibited octahedral geometry distorted to square planar structure.The metal complexes were used to enhance the photostabilization of PVC contains a concentration of ML2 0.5 % by weight. The photostabilization of PVC films were studied at room temperature under irradiation of light with λ=313 nmand an intensity of 7.75 X 10 - 7 einstein dm - 3 sec - 1.The photostabilization activity of these compounds was determined bymonitoring the carbonyl (ICO), polyene (Ipo) and hydroxyl (IOH) indices and weightloss method with irradiation time. It was found that the (ICO), (Ipo) and (IOH)indices values increased with irradiation time and this increase found to depends on the type of additives.The surface morphology for these films was studied during irradiation time.The changes in viscosity average molecular weight of PVC with irradiation time were also tracked (using THF as a solvent). The quantum yield of the chain scission (Φcs) of these complexes in PVC films was also evaluated.The following trend was obtained for the photostabilization effect on PVC films in presence of additives as shown below : CuL2 , CdL2 , ZnL2 , SnL2 , NiL2 Increasing the photostability According to the obtained experimental results, mechanisms were suggested, depending on the structure of the complexes.

الاكسدة الضوئية التحفيزية للفينول الاحمر على دقائق ثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم النانوبلوري == Photocatalytic Oxidation of Phenol Red on Nanocrystalline TiO2 Particles

Author name: احمـــد عبد الله حسين
Supervisor name: هـــلال شهاب وهاب
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: انجزت هذه الدراسة البحثية للتفكك الضوئي للصبغة العضوية الفينول الاحمر كنموذج للملوثات الفينولية وذلك باستخدام ثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم النانوي المحضر مختبريا وفي وسط مائي.استخدمت تقنيات تشخيصية عديدة مثل المجهر الالكتروني الماسح وحيود الاشعة السينية ومطياف الانتشار الانعكاسي والمجهر الالكتروني التنافذي وطيف رامان لدراسة شكل السطح والحجم الحبيبي والمساحة السطحية وطاقة الفجوة لثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم النانوي المحضر. وجد ان متوسط حجم الحبيبة هو 9, 9.95, 11 نانو باستخدام مجهر الالكتروني الماسح, مطياف الانتشار الانعكاسي وحيود الاشعة السينية على التوالي.وتم كذلك احتساب المساحة السطحية وحجم المسامات باستخدام منظومةBET حيث كانت النتائج للمساحة السطحية 48 م2\غم وحجم المسامات 3.7 نانو مما يؤكد كون ثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم النانوي ذات مسامات صغيرة. ((mesoporos.تمت دراسة تاثير العديد من المتغيرات التجريبية على عملية التفكك الضوئي مثل كمية ثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم النانوي, حامضية المحلول, التركيز الابتدائي للفينول الاحمر, شدة مصدر التشعيع, الحجم الحبيبي لثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم النانوي واضافة المؤكسدات.ثبتت الظروف التجريبية المثلى لعملية التفكك الضوئي لصبغة الفينول الاحمر عند الدالة الحامضية 4.5 والتركيز الابتدائي للفينول الاحمر مساويا الى 10.3 ملغم\لتر وكمية المحفز ثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم مساويا الى 500 ملغم\لتر, حيث تم الحصول على ثابت سرعة التفاعل بقيمة 0.01052 لكل دقيقة وعمر نصف العملية 1.098 ساعة عند الظروف المثلى.اوضحت دراسة حركية التفكك الضوئي للفينول الاحمر بان العملية من الدرجة الاولى. اضافة على ذلك تم احتساب الناتج الكمي لعملية التفكك الضوئي حيث تساوي 0.1.اظهرت النتائج بان عملية الاكسدة الضوئية للفينول الاحمر بواسطة ثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم النانوي تفضل كيمياء الهيدروكسيل لانه عند اضافة بيروكسيد الهايدروجين حفزت عملية التفكك وتحسنت وتاكيدا على هذا الكلام عند اضافة ايزو بروبانول ثبطت عملية تفكك الفينول الاحمر لانه يعتبر من اهم المثبطات لجذر الهيدروكسيل. وتم كذلك احتساب الدوال الثرموديناميكية الاساسية لعملية التفكك الضوئي للفينول الاحمر مثل طاقة التنشيط وطاقة جبس والانثالبي والانتروبي. | In the current research study, the photocatalytic (photodecolorization) degradation of the phenolic model ecotoxicant, phenol red dye has been investigated using laboratory synthesized anatase TiO2 nanoparticles in aqueous solution. The prepared nano TiO2 powder has been characterized using several advanced instruments including, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X - Ray Spectroscopy (EDXS), X - Ray Diffraction (XRD), Diffused Reflectance UV - VIS spectrometry (DUR - UV - VIS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Brunauer - Emmett - Teller (BET) theory and Raman Spectrometry. Average particle size of 9, 9.95 and 11 nm was found using TEM, XRD and SEM, respectively. The surface area and pore size were also measured employing BET nitrogen adsorption apparatus which resulted in surface area of 48 m2/g and a pore size of 3.7 nm, which indicates the mesoporosity of the prepared nano anatase TiO2 particles. The impacts of several operational parameters for the photodegradation process were explored encompassing, TiO2 loading, solution pH, initial phenol red concentration, UV light source intensity, photocatalyst particle size and added oxidants. Under optimum experimental conditions, 4.5 solution pH, 500 mg/l TiO2 loading and 2.9 x 10 - 5 mol /l (10.3 mg/l) phenol red, the value of the apparent rate constant, kapp , obtained has been 0.01052 min - 1 (17.53x 10 - 5 sec - 1) and the half life of the process, accordingly is equal to 1.098 hours.The kinetic of phenol red photobleaching has also been studied and it was found that it follows the pseudo first order pattern regardless of reaction conditions. Furthermore, the apparent quantum yield for the photodecolorization process was also determined and found to be approximately 0.1.Results reveal that the photooxidation process of phenol red follows hydroxyl type chemistry in which the addition of hydrogen peroxide has contributed massively in the promotion of the process rate and yield, and further, suppressed to a great extent by addition of isopropanol as .OH radical scavenger.The main process activation thermodynamic parameters namely, Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy were also deduced following the computation of photolysis activation energy employing the well known Arrhenius relation.

تحري قنص غاز ثاني اوكسيد الكربون بواسطة السوائل الايونية عند درجة حرارة الغرفة == INVESTIGATION OF CO2 GAS CAPTURING BY ROOM TEMPERATURE IONIC LIQUIDS

Author name: ايفون اكرم عبد الجبار
Supervisor name: هادي محمد علي عبود
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Some ionic liquids were investigated for abilities to capture CO2 alone or with added some catalysts at room temperature under atmospheric pressure to increase the capacity of ionic liquids to capture carbon dioxide gas some catalysts were found effective such asHydrated aluminum nitrate/urea ionic liquid with added CaO and NaOH , monoethanolamine and ammonium chloride were added to hydrated ammonium aluminum sulphate/urea ionic liquid did not show in FTIR sign of either physical or chemical absorption of CO2 . The addition of NaOHaq to hydrated ammonium aluminum sulphate/urea ionic liquid showed a new vibration absorption at 1666 cm - 1 and changing the frequencies in the amine group vibrational bands above 3000 cm - 1 . While the distilled water when added to the ionic liquid hydrated ammonium aluminum sulphate/urea showed a broaden effect on the high vibrational bands above 2500 cm - 1 and the carbonyl group vibrational band at 1662 cm - 1 was not effected .Calcium oxide was added to hydrated ammonium aluminum sulphate/urea showed a new splitting vibration absorption bands at 1666 cm - 1 ,1618 cm - 1 .Aluminum chloride - urea ionic liquid very effective to capture carbon dioxide gas without add any catalysts showed a chemical absorption of CO2 1655 cm - 1 while aluminum chloride - acetamide showed weaker or no ability to capture CO2 .

تحضير مركبات عضوية اروماتية تحوي على ذرات غير متجانسة لغرض استخدامها كمثبطات للتاكل لمعدن الحديد في محلول حامضي == Preparation of Aromatic Organic Compounds containing Hetero - atoms as Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel in Acidic Solution

Author name: حنان حسين علي
Supervisor name: مهدي صالح شهاب
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

تحضير معقدات لاعضوية مشتقة من 4 - امين - 5 - بيريدايل 4,2,1 ترايزول - 3 - ثايول ودراسة الثباتية الضوئية - 4H - لها لبوليمر البولي ستايرين == Synthesis of inorganic complexes derived from 4 - amino - 5 - (pyridyl) - 4H 1,2,4 triazole - 3 - thiol and study their photochemical stability with polystyrene

Author name: رغد علي عبد الرسول حداد
Supervisor name: عماد عبد الحسين يوسف السراج
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Five transition metal complexes of Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Sn(II) with {4 - amino - 5 - (pyridyl) - 4H - 1,2,4 - triazole - 3 - thiol}, as a ligand (L) has been prepared in alcoholic medium. These complexes are : 1. Bis(4 - amino - 5 - (pyridyl) - 4H - 1,2,4 - triazole - 3 - thiol) Nickel(II), Ni(L)2 .2. Bis(4 - amino - 5 - (pyridyl) - 4H - 1,2,4 - triazole - 3 - thiol) Cupper(II), Cu(L)2 .3. Bis(4 - amino - 5 - (pyridyl) - 4H - 1,2,4 - triazole - 3 - thiol) Zinc(II), Zn(L)2 .4. Bis(4 - amino - 5 - (pyridyl) - 4H - 1,2,4 - triazole - 3 - thiol) Cadmium(II), Cd(L)2 .5. Bis(4 - amino - 5 - (pyridyl) - 4H - 1,2,4 - triazole - 3 - thiol) Tin(II), Sn(L)2 .The ligand (L) and its metal complexes were characterized quantitatively and qualitatively by using : FTIR, UV - visible spectroscopy, 1H and 13C NMR, magnetic susceptibility and conductivity measurements. This ligand act as bidentate that coordinated to the metal ions through sulphur and nitrogen of amine group. According to the spectral data of the complexes a tetrahedral geometry was suggested for these complexes except Cu(II) complexes which exhibit a square structure.In this work the prepared complexes of 4 - amino - 5 - (pyridyl) - 4H 1,2,4 triazole - 3 - thiol were used to enhance the photostabilization of Polystyrene (PS).Polystyrene has been mixed with these complexes in chloroform solvent which containing concentration of complex 0.5 % by weight, which produced by the casting method from chloroform solvent. The photostabilization of polystyrene films were studied at room temperature under irradiation of light λ=365 nm wave length with intensity 20.6*10 - 9 Ein Dm - 3 S - 1 .The photostabilization activity of these compounds was determined by monitoring the carbonyl (ICO) and hydroxyl (IOH) indexes, weight loss method with irradiation time. It was found that the (ICO) and (IOH) indexes values increased with irradiation time and this increase depend on the type of additives. The surface morphology for these films was studied during irradiation time. The changes in viscosity average molecular weight of PS with irradiation time were also tracked (using chloroform as a solvent). The quantum yield of the chain scission (Φcs) of these complexes in PS films was also evaluated.The following trend is obtained for the photostabilization effect on PS films in presence of additives as shown below : Sn(L)2 , Cd(L)2 , Ni(L)2 , Zn(L)2 , Cu(L)2 Increasing the photostability According to the experimental results obtained, mechanisms were suggested, depending on the structure of the complexes

تصنيع ودراسة اقطاب بوليمرية جديدة لتقدير الكلاريثرومايسين == Construction and study of new polymeric membrane electrodes for clarithromycin determination

Author name: حيدر قيس منشد
Supervisor name: خالدة حميد محمد السعيدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: This piece of research includes constructing and characterizing two kinds of ion - selective electrodes (ISEs) based on PVC matrix membrane.First, four ion - selective electrodes for clarithromycin (CLM) which based on clarithromycin - tetraphenylborate (CLM - TPB) ion - pair complex as the electro - active materials were prepared. Second, four ion - selective electrodes for clarithromycin which based on using clarithromycintetraiodomercurate (CLM - TIM) ion - pair complex as the electro - active materials were also prepared. In both kinds of ISEs, some of the selected plasticizers were employed such as; Di - octyl phthalate (DOP), Di - butyl phosphate (DBP), Acetophenone (AP) and Di - butyl phthalate (DBPH) in PVC matrix. This thesis has mainly been structured in three different chapters, each one containing the following information : Chapter one provides a short historical review with the analytical performance characteristics of ISEs are described. The applications of ISEs in pharmaceutical and clarithromycin analyses are well - arranged in tables and the general and specific objectives of thesis are reported. Chapter two corresponds to the experimental part. Reagents, instruments, procedures and detail protocols for the preparation of two kinds of ISEs used in this study are reported.Chapter three contains the experimental results and discussion that lead to the possibility of successful applications the constructed ISEs in pharmaceuticals preparation and clarithromycin measurements. It is reporting the construction of two kinds of larithromycin ISEs; The first kind ISEs were : CLM - TPB+DOP (E1), CLM - TPB+DBP (E2), CLM - TPB+AP (E3) and CLM - TPB+DBPH (E4), give the linear range from (1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 3, 1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 3, 5×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 3 and 1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 3 M), the slopes of (51.206, 53.930, 58.104 and 58.484 mV/decade) respectively, with detection limits of (8×10 - 6, 6×10 - 6, 2×10 - 5 and 9×10 - 6 M), response time of 10 - 3 M (30, 35, 41 and 46 second) and the lifetime were about (24, 30, 12 and 20 days) respectively. The second, were : CLM - TIM+DOP (E5), CLM - TIM+DBP (E6), CLM - TIM+AP (E7) and CLM - TIM+DBPH (E8), give the linear range from (1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 3, 5×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 3, 5×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 3 and 1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 3 M), the slopes of (48.445, 42.970, 52.692 and 49.442 mV/decade) respectively, with detection limits of (5×10 - 6, 5.5×10 - 5, 5×10 - 5 and 1.5×10 - 5 M), response time of 10 - 3 M (26, 32, 30 and 48 second) and the lifetime were about (28, 22, 16 and 25 days) respectively.The best electrode is (E4) used to determine the clarithromycin in pure and pharmaceuticals samples. The working pH for (E4) electrode was ranged from (1.5 - 6.5), the selectivity coefficients (Kpot A,B) of ISEs for the CLM have been studied in the presence of interference ions (Na+, K+, Mn+2, Cu+2, Fe+3, Al+3, sucrose and gelatin) by using separated solution and fixed interfering methods and the results was ranged from (4.28×10 - 2 - 8.82×10 - 5), which revealed that there was no effect of the interferences on the determination of CLM in tablets by using the constructed ISE.Therefore the ISE (E4) gave a good electrochemical characterization among the others and it has been used successfully for the determination of clarithromycin in the Claricide tablets using different potentiometric methods.

دراسة طيفية لبعض املاح العناصر الانتقالية في السائل الايوني == SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION FOR SOME TRANSITION METAL SALTS IN IONIC LIQUID

Author name: مروة حميد فاضل
Supervisor name: هادي محمد علي عبود
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Aluminum chloride - urea ionic liquid was investigated by Lewis acid - base titration with chloride ions for its active species concentration with the aide of electronic spectroscopy. A coordination bonds between aluminum cationic species of the ionic liquid and the aromatic ring of toluene or benzene was assumed to be responsible for new bands formed in visible and ultraviolet regions.Upon Lewis acid - base titration these bands was found to disappear and the concentration of the acidic species therefore was elucidated to be around 75 mole % of the initial aluminum chloride used to prepare a 1.5 mole aluminum chloride to 1 mole urea ionic liquid. The product of this reaction was assumed to be between mole acidic species to mole chloride ion according to the mole fraction elucidated graph.The behavior of some transition metal compounds (chlorides and sulfates) of (Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II)) coordination in the ionic liquid was also investigated in this ionic liquid by electronic spectroscopy. Cobalt chloride showed a different behavior than the distorted octahedral geometry of copper chloride as it reacted with the anionic species to precipitate as form of a tetrahedral complex containing urea, aluminum and chloride ions.The behavior of nickel sulfate in the ionic liquid also showed an acid - base reaction with the acidic species of ionic liquid as the bands at 334 nm and 474 nm decreased with increasing the salt concentration. The coordination of Ni(II) cation was found to be an octahedral geometry with stronger ligand field effect. Similar strong ligand field was also observed with copper sulfate which showed four bands resulted from separating metal d - orbitals more obviously than the tetragonal John - Teller effect found with copper chloride in same ionic liquid.

الخواص الثرموديناميكية والحجمية لبعض الفيتامينات الذائبة - مائيا في حامض الهيدروكلوريك المخفف وكذللك في المحاليل المائيه لملح كلوريد الصوديوم عند درجات) 51.392 و51.392 و1.392 . و1.392 . (كلفن == Thermodynamic and Volumetric Properties of Some Water - Soluble Vitamins in Dilute HCl and in Aqueous NaCl Solutions at (293.15, 298.15, 303.15, and 308.15) K

Author name: خطاب عدنان عبد
Supervisor name: تغريد علي سلمان
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Densities , ρ, and viscosity, η, have been measured for ascorbic acid, thiamin HCl, nicotinic acid and pyridoxine HCl have been measured in water and in aqueous sodium chloride solutions at (293.15, 298.15, 303.15 and 308.15) K. The apparent molar volumes were determined from the measured density data. These volumes were extrapolated to zero using suitable empirical or theoretical equations to determine the corresponding infinite dilution values.Ionization of the vitamins under studied were suppressed using sufficiently acidic solutions. Apparent molar volume at infinite dilution for all vitamins, were found to be increase with increasing temperature in acidic solution and the presence of co - solute NaCl. On the other hand, increasing the concentration of co - solute NaCl leads to decrease the apparent molar volumes. These results were interpreted in terms of complex vitaminswater - co - solute NaCl interactions.Apparent molar volumes of transfer at infinite dilution for vitamins from water solutions to NaCl solution at various temperatures in the range (293.15 - 308.15) K were calculated. The resulting data have been utilized to the effect of overlapping of the hydration co - spheres on net volume of vitamins. The viscosity data have been analyzed using Jones - Dole equation, and the derived parameters, Jones - Dole coefficient, B, and Falkenhagen coefficient, A, were interpreted in terms of solute - solvent and solute - solute interactions respectively, for ascorbic acid, thiamin HCl, nicotinic acid and pyridoxine HCl. The variation of B coefficient with temperature, (dB/dT), have been also calculated for vitamin solutions, and the obtained data was interpreted on the basis of the structure - making and structure - breaking behavior.Free energy of activation of viscous flow per mole of solvent, Δμ1°, and solute, Δμ2°, were obtained by application of the transition - state theory to the B coefficient data and the corresponding activation enthalpy, ΔH0, and entropy of activation, ΔS0, of viscous flow were also determined for vitamins.

مثبتات ضوئية جديدة لبولي كلوريد الفانيل باسخدام بعض ايونات العناصر لمعقدات2 - 6 - ميثوكسي نفثالين - 2 - وايل بروبانويت

Author name: حسام اكريم سلمان
Supervisor name: عماد عبد الحسين يوسف السراج | جواد كاظم شنين
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The preparation of Bis[2 - (6 - methoxynaphthalen - 2 - yl)propanoate] chelate complexes with nickel(II), copper(II), zinc(II), cadmium(II) and tin(II) were described in this thesis.Infrared, ultraviolet - visible, spectrophotometric techniques, magnetic susceptibility, atomic absorption, conductivity measurements and melting point were used to characterize the free ligand and the above chelate complexes. All these complexes were found to act as stabilizer in PVC films.The light of wavelength (313 nm) with intensity of (1.052×10 - 8 ein.dm - 3.S - 1) was used for irradiation of polymer films at room temperature. The rate of photodegradation and photostabilization of PVC film (thickness 30 m) were monitored by measuring the carbonyl, polyene, hydroxyl and chlorine indices (Ico, Ipo, IoH and Icl) values as a function of irradiation time and ultraviolet - visible spectrophotometry using 0.5% wt/wt concentration of stabilizer.It was found that the carbonyl index (Ico), polyene index (Ipo) and hydroxyl index (IoH) values increased with irradiation time, while the chlorine index (ICl) values decreased with irradiation time, and this increase depend on the type of additives (free ligand and complexes).The following trend was obtained for the photostabilization effect of PVC film in presence of these additives : Cd(L)2 > Zn(L)2 > Sn(L)2 > Ni(L)2 > Cu(L)2.According to the experimental results obtained several mechanisms were suggested depending on the structure of the additives. Among these mechanisms, HCl scavenging, UV absorption, peroxide decomposer and radical scavenger for photostabilizer additives.The mode of chain scission was also investigated by measuring the variation of average viscosity molecular weight with irradiation time for PVC films with and without additives. It was found that the values of the variation of average viscosity molecular weight decreased with increasing irradiation time

تحليل الطيف الالكتروني لمركبات ايونات بعض العناصر الانتقالية في سائل ايوني جديد

Author name: زينة نذير رجب
Supervisor name: هادي محمد علي عبود
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The behavior of some transition metal cations [Cr (III), Fe (III), Fe (II), Co (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II)] were investigated in ammonium alum - urea ionic liquid. The study was followed by UV - Visible electronic spectroscopy to establish their coordination geometry in the liquid and estimate the ionic species attached to the transition metal cations.The reactivity of the metal cations were found to vary from one to another. Chromium (III) cation was found, (as expected) to be in octahedral geometry with ionic liquid species and was inert toward the addition of ligands. Similarly iron (III) did not show a tendency to react with added ligands, yet charge transfer was prevailed. However, interesting iron (II) showed high spin octahedral coordination with thiocyanate ion but a low spin octahedral complex with nitrite ion.Cobalt (II) showed an interesting behavior in alum - urea ionic liquid, as it coordinated in an octahedral geometry with its ionic species. A gradual geometrical changes were appeared as a major change in their spectra most probably forming a mixture of two species tetrahedral with some original octahedral complex when its solution was studied with increasing thiocyanate ion concentration up to 35 thiocyanate : 1 cobalt mole ratio.The solubility limit of nitrite in ionic liquid ceased the concentration ratio of nitrite : cobalt to be 5 : 1.Nickel (II) also showed an octahedral geometry behavior in ionic liquid species. It reacts with added ligands particularly when theconcentration of thiocyanate ion : Ni (II) increased up to 30 to 1 mole ratio, the color changed from pale green to olive - green solution.Cupper (II) cation showed a clear blue solution and its spectra are assigned to be octahedral geometry, while the added nitrite did not show color change but less absorbance was recorded. However, thiocyanate ion seems to react with cupper (II) ionic liquid solution producing suspended green solution with much less absorbance than with ionic liquid.Interestingly, the water molecules present in the original ammonium alum was not found to coordinate with metal cations as their spectra was found to differ when compared with those obtained in aqueous solution.

تصنيع اقطاب انتقائية جديدة لتقدير كل من الكلور امفينيكول صوديوم ساكسينيت والحديد الثلاثي وتطبيقاتها في المستحضرات الصيدلانية == Construction of new Ion Selective electrodes for Determination Chloramphenicol sodium succinate and Iron(III) and their applications in pharmaceutical samples

Author name: وئام رعد عزيز
Supervisor name: خالدة حميد محمد السعيدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Two kinds of electrodes were prepared in this study based on PVCmatrix. Four ion selective electrodes for Chloramphenicol sodiumsuccinate which based on chloramphenicol palmitate (CPP) and sodiumtetraphenylborate (TPB) as additive, Another Four ion selectiveelectrodes for Iron(III) based on Chloramphenicol sodium succinate - Iron(III) [CPSS - Fe(III)] ion - pair complex as the electro - active material,.Many plasticizers used :  Di - butyl phthalate (DBPH) Di - butyl phosphate (DBP) Di - octyl phthalate (DOP) Tri - butyl phosphate (TBP)The electrodes parameters were include, linear concentration range,Nernestian slope, limit of detection, response time, life time, working pHrang and selectivity were evaluated. Also the statistical treatments wereapplied for the results that include : relative standard deviation (RSD),relative error (RE), error and confidence limit for concentration. The resultsshowed : 1 - ISES for Chloramphenicol sodium succinate : CPP+TPB+DBPH (membrane A1), CPP+TPB+DBP(membrane A2),CPP+TPB+DOP (membrane A3), CPP+TPB+TBP (membrane A4), givesthe slopes (53.98, 51.45, 49.66 and 48.98 mV/decade), linear range from(1x10 - 4 - 1x10 - 1, 5x10 - 4 - 1x10 - 1, 1x10 - 4 - 1x10 - 1, 5x10 - 4 - 1x10 - 1), withdetection limit (5x10 - 5M, 2x10 - 5 M, 3x10 - 5 M and 1x10 - 5 M), responsetime of 10 - 3M (15, 18, 20 and 35 second) and the lifetime were about (50,15, 23 and 21 day ). The working pH ranges were ranged from (2 - 7.5).The electrode A1 (CPP+TPB+DBPH) has been used to determineVIChloramphenicol sodium succinate in the pharmaceutical samples of(Chloramphenicol sodium succinate injection).2 - ISES for Iron(III) : CPSS - Fe(III)+DBP (membrane B1), CPSS - Fe(III)+DBPH (membraneB2), CPSS - Fe(III)+DOP (membrane B3) and CPSS - Fe(III)+TBP(membrane B4), gives the slopes (19.79, 26.60, 16.01 and 13.82), linearrange from (1x10 - 5 - 1x10 - 2 M, 1x10 - 5 - 1x10 - 2 M, 1x10 - 6 - 1x10 - 2 M and1x10 - 5 - 1x10 - 2 M), with detection limit (9×10 - 6 M, 7×10 - 5 M, 2×10 - 6 Mand 9×10 - 5 M), response time of 10 - 3 M (10, 35, 15, 35 and 30 second),lifetime were about (37, 41, 23 and 16 days). The working pH rangeswere ranged from (2 - 6) by using electrode (CPSS - Fe(III)+DBP), andthis electrode has been used to determine Iron(III) in the pharmaceuticalsamples of (Feroglobin Capsules).The selectivity coefficients (KpotA,B) of ISES have been studied for thefollowing interference ions (Na+, K+, Mn+2, Cu+2, Zn+2, Fe+3, Al+3,Chloramphenicol palmitate, folic acid , Sucrose and Gelatin) by usingseparate solution method and fixed interfering mixed method.The UV - spectrophotometric method which includes : - The derivative spectra, the first - derivative (1D) spectra for Chloramphenicol sodium succinate solutions (2 - 64 mg/L) in wavelength equal 258 nm with (r2=0.99925). The analytical methods results showed to be simple, rapid and with a good accuracy by comparing between FirstDerivative (1D) and direct method of Ion selective electrode by using Ftest.The results shown, that the Chloramphenicol sodium succinate can be determined by using Ion selective electrode method because the value of the (F) experimental less than the value of the (F) theoretical at 95% confidence limit. Since Fcalculated‹ Ftable, we oncluded that there is nosignificant difference in precision between two methods

دراسة الذوبان والكيمياء التناسقية لاكاسيد بعض العناصر الانتقاليه للمنصهر الايوني المحضر لمزيج كلوريد الكولين / حامض التارتاريك == Solubility and coordination study of some transition metal oxides in new choline chloride/ tartaric acid ionic liquid

Author name: فرح انور حسن
Supervisor name: هادي محمد علي عبود
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: في هذا البحث تم تحضير نوع جديد من الاملاح المنصهرة في درجة حرارة الغرفة , عن طريق مزج احد املاح جذر الامونيوم الرباعي وهو كلوريد الكولين مع احد المواد لها القابلية على تكوين اواصر هيدروجينية وهو الحامض الكاربوكسيلي الثنائي الكاربوكسيل وهو حامض التارتارك, تم تحضير عده محاليل بنسب مولية مختلفة. ومن المخطط الطوري للمحلول تم الحصول على محلول بدرجه انصهار 5 درجه مئوية.ومن مواصفات هذا الملح المنصهر المحضر هي : له صفات توصيلية , له كثافة عالية , وقيمه الاس الهيدروجيني له واطئه. وايضا في هذا البحث استخدمه الملح المنصهر المحضر كمذيب لا مائي لدراسة قابليه ذوبان بعض اكاسيد العناصر الانتقاليه من السلسلة الاولى وتشمل : [Co3O4, CrO3, NiO, CuO, ZnO]حيث وجد ان لها القابليه على الذوبان في هذا الملح المنصهر المحضر, وتم قياس التركيز ( الاذابة ) عن طريق استخدام جهاز الامتصاص الذري وذالك بدرجه حرارة الغرفه صعودا الى المائة درجة مئوية.اضافة الى ذلك تم حساب الحرارة الكامنة للانصهار لكل واحد من اكاسيد العناصر وتم توضيح تاثير اوربيتال d على قيمة الحرارة الكامنة للانصهار. تم تشخيص المحاليل السابق ذكرها عن طريق جهاز الاشعة الفوق البنفسجية - المرئية (UV. Vis.) لغرض معرفه المعقدات المتكونة ومعرفة التغير في الصيغة التركيبية للاوكسيد . وتم اخذ بنظر الاعتبار تاثير زيادة الحرارة الى درجه حرارة مائه درجه مئوية , حيث ان زيادة درجه الحرارة ليس له تاثير على الصيغه التركيبية الا انه له تاثير على زيادة الاهتزاز الالكتروني. تم حساب معامل راكاح (Racah) ,مقاييس المجال الليكندي , مقدار طاقه الانفصال (Δo) وحساب الامتصاصية المولاريه لكل طيف في جميع درجات الحرارة. | Choline chloride / tartaric acid room temperature ionic liquid was prepared and the obtained phase diagrams of the mixture showed eutectic point at 5 oC. The ionic liquid showed a conductive properties, high density and low PH values. Secondly, the dissolution of Co3O4, CrO3, NiO, CuO, and ZnO. Were studied and found soluble in choline chloride / tartaric acid ionic liquid as their solubilities were determined by measuring the dissolved metal by atomic absorption from room temperature up to 100 oC. The lattice energies of the metal oxides were deduced and the effects of the d - orbital electrons on the lattice energy were compared. In addition to their solubilities the above solution of metal oxides were investigates by ultraviolet visible spectroscopy. The spectra were measured and assigned to the expected coordination in the choline chloride/ tartaric acid ionic liquids, the effect of increasing temperature of the solution up to 100 oC were also studied and showed similar coordination but higher vibration with increasing temperature. Racah factor for there complexes (B) were determined together with field factor, crystal field splitting energy (Δo), nephelauxetic factors and molar absoptivities for each spectra at the variable temperatures.

تحضير وتشخيص الاملاح المنصهرة (السوائل الايونية) المستندة على مركبات السلفونيت == Preparation and Characterization of Molten salts (Ionic Liquids) Based on Sulfonate Compounds

Author name: عهد ديوان ساجت الفتلاوي
Supervisor name: هادي محمد علي عبود
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الرسالة دراسة تحضير وتشخيص املاح منصهرة (سوائل ايونية) تكون منصهرة في درجة حرارة الغرفة حيث تم تحضير كولين دودوسيل بنزين سلفونيت وفينل تراي ميثل امونيوم دودوسيل بنزين سلفونيت وكانت درجة الانصهار لكل منهما هي,118) oC ( 91.9 على التوالي .تم تحضير املاح منصهرة (سوائل ايونية) اخرى بواسطة خلط , صوديوم دودوسيل بنزين سلفونيت , بوتاسيوم دودوسيل بنزين سلفونيت, امونيوم دودوسيل بنزين سلفونيت , بنزويك اسد, ساليسالك اسد مع الكولين كلورايد وقد اظهرت عملية الخلط انخفاض كبير درجة الانصهار عن للمركبات الاصلية.الخليط المكون من( امونيوم دودوسيل بنزين سلفونيت\ الكولين كلورايد) ينصهرعند 15 oC , ايضا خليطي (بنزويك اسد\ الكولين كلورايد ( و) ساليسالك اسد\ الكولين كلورايد ( مع لهما درجة انصهار متشابهة مقدارها 60 oC , وهذة الدرجة تنطبق مع تعريف الاملاح المنصهرة (السوائل الايونية) التي تنصهر في درجة حرارة افل من oC 100, لذلك تعتبر املاح منصهرة في درجة حرارة الغرفة. اظهرت الخلطات المكونة من (صوديوم دودوسيل بنزين سلفونيت\ الكولين كلورايد) و(بوتاسيوم دودوسيل بنزين سلفونيت \ الكولين كلورايد) درجات انصهار اعلى من oC 100 . مجموعة اخرى من الاملاح المنصهرة (السوائل الايونية) التي تم تحضيرها بواسطة خلط نفس المركبات السابقة لكن مع اليوريا بدلامن الكولين كلورايد هذة الاملاح المنصهرة (السوائل الايونية) المكونة من مركبات السلفونيت لهما درجات انصهار اقل مما للاملاح المنصهرة المعتمدة على الكولين كلورايد التي تنصهر عند105 oC , oC 100 , 10 oC على التوالي. بينما في حالة )بنزويك اسد\ اليوريا ( و) ساليسالك اسد\ اليوريا ( تنصهر بدرجات اعلى وكانت, oC 75 , oC 77 على التوالي. الاملاح المنصهرة (السوائل الايونية) تتكون نتيجة التداخل الذي يحصل بين مكونات الخليط وتكون تاصرهيدروحيني او تكون معقد بين مكونات الخليط | The work presented in this thesis includes the preparation and characterization of choline dodecyl benzene sulfonate and phenyl trimethyl ammonium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, which were prepared and showed almost room temperature molten salts (ionic liquids) of 118 oC and 91.9 oC respectively, as shown in scheme (1) : Scheme (1) Other molten salts (ionic liquids) based on mixing sodium, potassium, ammonium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, benzoic acid and salicylic acid with choline chloride showed a larger melting point depression than from of initial components, as shown in scheme (2) and (3) : Scheme (2) (Ammonium dodecyl benzene sulfonate /choline chloride) mixture has a deep eutectic point of 15 oC, while the two mixtures (benzoic acid / choline chloride) and (salicylic acid / choline chloride) gave a similar eutectic point of 60 oC, which were correspond with the room temperature molten salt (ionic liquids) definition, which is melt below the 100 oC. However, (sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate /choline chloride) mixture and (potassium dodecyl benzene sulfonate /choline chloride) mixture afforded higher eutectic temperature than the room temperature molten salts.Another set of mixtures that based on mixing the same previous compounds, but with urea instead of choline chloride. These mixtures showed with (NaDBS,KDBS and NH4DBS) compounds lower eutectic points than with choline chloride of 105 oC, 100 oC, and 10 oC respectively. While with benzoic acid and salicylic acid afforded a little higher temperature of 75 oC and 77 oC respectively. Compositions of these mixtures attributed to the formation and interaction of hydrogen bonding or the formation of complex compounds of eutectic nature.

الفصل الكروموتوغرافي لبعض الايونات الموجبة وتقديرها بواسطة كاشف التوصيلية والتحليل الضوئي غير المباشر

Author name: لبنى عبد الحسين عبد الامير الشيخ
Supervisor name: شهباز احمد مكي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Cation exchange chromatography with both unsuppressed conductivity detection and indirect photometric detection (IPD) modes were used for the separation and detection of inorganic cations. Salt of weak base diphenylamine has been used as an eluent for several cations both with unsuppressed conductivity detection and IPD. 4 - aminodiphenylammonium chloride possess ion exchange capability, chromatographic selectivity and large molar absorptivity. 4 - aminodiphenylammonium chloride showed a good chromatographic performance toward the analysis of the cations (Lithium, Barium, Iron II and Iron III ) using conventional HPLC equipment with either conductivity or indirect UV detectors. The analysis of these cations using (1×10 - 7 M) 4 - aminodiphenylammonium chloride at pH 5.80 in 5% DMSO, with Dionex Ion Pac CS3 Column, and 1ml/min flow rate was achieved with unsuppressed column conductivity and IPD at 342.5 nm detection. Chromatogram of a separation mixtures containing four cations (Li+, Ba+2,Fe+2 and Fe+3) and other mixture have given well separated peaks using IPD technique. The capacity factor K for the analyzed cations were ranged from (1.70 - 2.44), peak symmetries was ranged from (1.11 - 1.41) and resolution with an average value of (1.310) was optained. The average RSD for tR was 0.435%. The average recovery was 93.1075 % and the average relative error percentage was 6.77 % with unsuppressed conductivity detection . However, using IPD, the peak symmetry was ranged from(1.30 - 1.54), and an average value of resolutin of 1.41 which indicate a good chromatographic performance. The RSD in tR averaged 0.351 %. The average value of recovery was 95.975 %. Calibration curve for all analyzed cations were linear from their detection limit to at least 10 ppm. The correlation coefficients for the linear calibration curve were ranged from (0.9991, 0.9998) with both detection techniques. The detection limit was ranged from (0.025, 0.1) ppm for unsuppressed conductivity detection compared to (0.02, 0.05) ppm for IPD

التثبيت الضوئي لمتعدد (كلوريد الفانيل) باستعمال معقدات ثئاني (2 - امينو خلات بنزوثايزول) == PHOTOSTABILIZATION OF POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) BY BIS(2 - AMINO ACETATE BENZOTHIAZOLE ) COMPLEXES

Author name: هدیل عادل عباس
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: In this work , Bis(2 - amino acetate benzothiazole) chelate complexes were prepared . These compounds are : 1 - Bis(2 - amino acetate benzothiazol) nickel(II).2 - Bis(2 - amino acetate benzothiazol) copper(II).3 - Bis(2 - amino acetate benzothiazol) zinc(II).4 - Bis(2 - amino acetate benzothiazol) cadmium(II). 5 - Bis(2 - amino acetate benzothiazol) tin(II).Infrared, ultraviolet - visible, spectrophotometric techniques, magneticsusceptibility, atomic absorption conductivity measurement and other physical properties were used to characterize the free ligand and the above chelate complexes.All these compounds were act as stabilizer in PVC films.The rate of photodegradation and photostabilization of PVC film (thickness 30mm) were monitored by measuring the carbonyl, polyene and hydroxyl indices (Ico, Ipo and IoH) values as afunction with irradiation time and ultraviolet - visible spectrophotometry using the concentrations of additive 0.5% wt/wt. The light of wavelength 313 nm with intensity (1.052*10 - 8 ein.dm - 3.S - 1) was used for irradiation of polymer films at room temperature.It was found that the carbonyl index (Ico) polyene index (Ipo) and hydroxyl index(IoH) values increased with irradiation time, and this increase depend on the type of additives (free ligand and complexes). The following trend was obtained for the photostabilization effect of PVCfilm in presence of these additives : Sn(H)2 > Cd(H)2 > Ni(H)2 > Zn(H)2 > Cu(H)2. According to the experimental results obtained several mechanisms were suggested depending on the structure of the additives. Therefore HCl scavenging, UV absorption, peroxide decomposer and radical scavenger for photostabilizer additiveswere suggested.

تحضيـروتشخيص مركبات مقلدة للانسولين == SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF INSULIN - MIMETIC COMPOUNDS

Author name: عمار جهاد صادق العبدلي
Supervisor name: اياد حمزة جاسم
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تهيئ الكيمياء اللاعضوية مجالا خصبا لتصميم وتحضير مركبات صيدلانية لمعالجة الامراض العسيرة المعالجة في الوقت الحالي.منذ فترة طويلة استخدمت الادوية الفلزية لعلاج واعادة وظيفة فسلجة الجسم الى حالتها الاولية.ان عنصري الفناديوم والكروم يقدمان حالة مدهشة من بين العناصر الانتقالية حيث لها سلطة وصفة كيموفيزيائية نكشف من خلالها صفة مهمة كمقلدات لعمل الانسولين. ولهذا تم دراستها جيدا في علاج مرض السكري للنوع الاول والثاني.ان تصميم الادوية الفلزية في بحثنا يقيم بالدرجة الاولى بالتشابه الفراغي للاعمال السابقة والتركيب المبسط وصفة التواجد البايولوجي والذوبانية والامتصاصية.تم تحضير اربعة مركبات مختلفة لتتاصر مع فلزات VO (II) وCr (III) الايونية لتكون ثمانية معقدات مختلفة تم اختيار ستة احماض امينية مختلفة لتتاصر مع فلزات VO (II) وCr (III) الايونية لتكون اثنا عشر معقد مختلف تم اختيار الماركبتو حامض الخليك وحامض المانديلك للتاصر مع فلزات VO (II) وCr (III) الايونية لتكوين اربع معقدات مختلفة.تم اختيار خمسة سكريات مختلفة لتتاصر مع فلزات VO (II) وCr (III) الايونية لتكون عشرة معقدات مختلفة.تم عزل وتشخيص عدد من المركبات المختلفة عن طريق دراسة صفاتها الكيموفيزيائية بواسطة تحليل المعادن وتحليل عناصر C.H.N.S، واطياف التردد والانتقالات الالكترونية، والصفات التوصيلية والمغناطيسية، بالاضافة الى دراسة اطياف الرنين المغناطيسي النووي للهيدروجين.تمت دراسة تكوين بعض المعقدات في المحلول باتباع طريقة النسبة المولارية mole ratio.ان نتائج الدراسات في الحالة الصلبة والسائلة اعطتنا نتائج متطابقة. | Biomedical inorganic chemistry offers the potential for the design novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of diseases, which are currently intractable. Therapeutic metalodrugs have since long been employed to restore human physiology. Vanadium and chromium presents an outstanding case of a transition elements, the omnipotent physicochemical properties of which have unearthed it’s potential use as a serious insulin mimtic agents, well suited in the treatment of the heterogeneous disease of diabetes mellitus types I and II.The design of such metallodrugs has been at the fore front of the research depending on analogy of the previous work, simple structure, bioavailability, solubility and absorption property.Four different analog ligands have been synthesized to coordinate with VO (II) and Cr (III) metal ions to produce eight different complexes.Six different amino acids have chosen to coordinate with VO (II) and Cr (III) metal ions to produce twelve different complexes.Marcapto acetic acid and mandelic acid are also chosen to coordinate with VO (II) and Cr (III) metal ions to produce four different complexes.Five different sugars have been chosen to coordinate with VO (II) and Cr (III) metal ions to produce ten different complexes.Several of the synthesized compounds were isolated and characterized by studying their physicochemical properties such as C.H.N.S and metal analysis, vibrational and electric spsectra, conductivity, magnetic properties, in addition to 1H.N.M.R spectral study for some complexes.The formation of some of the complexes were studied in solution following the mole ratio method. The results of both solid state and solution studies gave identical results.

التقدير الطيفي لايون النحاس بوساطة الطريقة المباشرة وغير المباشرة بنقطة الغيمة باستخدام الحامض الامينيي الميثيونين == Spectrophotometric Determination of Copper Ion by Direct Method and Indirect Cloud Point Using the Amino Acid Methionine

Author name: اسماء نهاد زكي
Supervisor name: رافع قدوري عطيوي | سمية محمد عباس
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تشمل هذه الدراسة طريقتين مهمتين في التطبيق التحليلي لتعيين وفصل واغناء ايون النحاس الثنائي بطريقة نقطة الغيمة والطريقة الطيفية وذلك باستخدام مطياف الاشعة الفوق البنفسجية - المرئية. في الجزء الاول : تم استخدام الحامض الاميني الميثونين ككاشف تحليلي الذي يشكل مركب مخلبي مع ايون النحاس في الطور المائي وبدرجة حموضة محددة, والذي تكون له اعظم امتصاصية عند طول موجي (244 نانوميتر) لمعقد النحاس - الميثونين ضد الميثونين كبلانك.وتم دراسة الظروف الفضلى للتفاعل بالاضافة الى العوامل التحليلية الاخرى وافضل نتائج تم الحصول عليها لمنحني المعايرة والبيانات الاحصائية تحت الظروف الفضلى التي تم الحصول عليها بالطريقة الطيفية المباشرة لكميات صغيرة من النحاس, يطاوع قانون لامبرت بير في مدى تراكيز (0,1 - 10) ميكروغرام/مل مع امتصاصية مولارية (5842 لتر.مول - 1.سم - 1) وحد الكشف (0,0238 ميكروغرام/مل) في هذه الدراسة لوحظ حدوث تداخلات بعض المعادن مثل النيكل (II)والكروم(III) في ايون النحاس وقد تجاوزت الحد المسموح للتداخل , لذلك تم تطبيق الطريقة المقترحة بنجاح لتحديد ايون النحاس في عينات مختلفة من المياه.اما الجزء الثاني من الدراسة تستند على تكوين معقد كاره للماء بين ايون النحاس والميثونين الغنية بالترايتون 100 - X من خلال منهجية الاستخلاص بنقطة الغيمة الى جانب القياس الطيفي للاشعة فوق البنفسجية - المرئية, في هذه الطريقة يتشارك ايون الفلز مع الحامض الاميني الميثونين في تفاعل لتشكيل معقد مخلبي كاره للماء ويتم استخلاص هذا المعقد في درجة حموضة معينة عن طريق الاستخلاص بنقطة الغيمة باستخدام المركب السطحي غير الايوني ترايتون 100 - X كوسيط للاستخلاص.الطور العضوي الغني بالمادة السطحية يتم اذابتها باضافة الميثانول ويتم قياس المعقد طيفيا عند طول موجي (294 نانوميتر) لتحسين العوامل التي تؤثر على كفاءة استخلاص ايون النحاس باستخدام احد عوامل التحليلية وتشمل هذه العوامل درجة حموضة المحلول تركيز الليكند والمادة السطحية, درجة الحرارة والوقت التي تم تحديدها بالاضافة الى الكتيونات التي تعتبر متداخلات في ظل الظروف المثلى للتفاعل وقد تحقق عامل اغناء النحاس وكان منحني المعايرة الخطي (0,1 - 4) ميكروغرام/مل, حد الكشف والحد الكمي (0,0071) (0,0215) على التوالي. وتم مقارنة الطريقة المقترحة مع الطريقة الطيفية المباشرة لتعيين ايون النحاس ومن خلال النتائج المعروضة نلاحظ اختلافات كبيرة في الدقة والتوافق في الطريقتين وان الاستخلاص بنقطة الغيمة هي الاكثر دقة وتوافقية. تم تطبيق هذه الطريقة في عينات المياه. في هذه الدراسة تم تعيين تكافؤية المعقد عن طريق النسب المولية, التغيرات المستمرة (طريقة جوب) في درجة حموضة معينة واظهرت النتائج ان نسبة التكافؤ بين ايون النحاس الميثيونين هي 1 : 2. | This study in whole comprises two significant approaches in analytical application for direct determination and separation with preconcentration of copper ion by cloud point extraction methodology coupled with UV - Visible spectrophotometry.In the first part : The amino acid methionine was used as a chelating agent to form a complex with copper ion in aqueous phase at specific pH, which exhibits maximum absorption at (max= 244nm) against reagent blank. The optimum reaction conditions and other analytical parameters were evaluated. The results showed better optical characteristics for calibration curve and statistical data were obtained under optimum conditions using direct Spectrophotometric determination of micro amounts of copper ion. “Beer's law” is obeyed in the concentration range (0.1 - 10)g.mL - 1 , having molar absorptivity of 5842L. mol - 1. cm - 1. The value of detection limit was 0.0238g.mL - 1 . Interference study indicated that some metal ions like Ni+2, Cr+3 have exceeded the allowable limits of interference for copper ion absorbance signal. The proposed method was applied successfully for the determination of copper ion in various water samples.Part Two : Deals with the formation of a hydrophobic complex between copper ion and methionine in rich - surfactant phase, by “cloud point extraction” (CPE) methodology, coupled with UV - Visible spectrophotometry. This method involved reaction of copper ion with methionine as a chelating agent to form a hydrophobic complex. Which was extracted at specific pH by CPE technique using nonionic surfactant Triton X - 100.as an extraction medium. The complex was surrounded by surfactant micelles. The surfactant - rich phase was diluted with methanol and the complex was measured spectrophotometrically at it's (max= 294nm). Different factors that can influence the extraction efficiency of copper ion has been optimized by using one - factor - at - a - time (OFAT). These factors include solution pH, reagent and surfactant concentrations, temperature and incubation time. Besides the interference effect of cations was also considered under the optimized conditions, “preconcentration factor” of 90 was achieved. The linear range was (0.1 - 4)g.mL - 1 with “limit of detection” and limit of quantification (0.0071), (0.0215)g.mL - 1 respectively and molar absorptivity of (19621.5) L. mol - 1. cm - 1.The Stoichiometric study was determined by “mole ratio method and continuous variation method” (Job's) at specific pH. The results showed that the Stoichiometric ratio between copper ion and methionine was 1 : 2.The proposed method is compared with the direct spectrophotometry determination of copper ion and the results have shown that there is a significant differences in accuracy and precision between the two methods and the cloud point extraction which indicates that the latter is more accurate and more precise. The suggested method was applied successfully for the determination of copper ion in water samples

تحضير مشتقات جديدة للفينوكسثين == Synthesis of New Phenoxathiin Derivatives

Author name: اياد احمد محمد
Supervisor name: سعاد مصطفى الاعرجي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Organic Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تضمن البحث تحضير اربعين مشتقا" جديدا" من مشتقات الفينوكسثين التي تحتوي على حلقات غير متجانسة . وقد تم تشخيصها جميعا" بالطرائق الطيفية : طيف الاشعه تحت الحمراء ( ( FT - IR وطيف الاشعه فوق البنفسجية ( ( UV وطيف الرنين النووي المغناطيسي( 1H - NMR ) لعشرة مركبات وهي [ 1] , [ 2 ] , [ 3e] ,[ [ 3h , [ 4a] , [ 4g ] , [ 5a] , [ 5d] , [ 6e] , [ 6j] , بالاضافة الى تعيين بعض الخصائص الفيزياوية مثل درجة الانصهار واللون . وقد صنفت جميع هذه المركبات المحضرة الى اربعة مجاميع تحتوي كلا" منها على عشرة مركبات .المجموعة الاولى : وهي مشتقات لــ 2 - ( اوكسي الكين - 1 - يل ) الفينوكسثين [ 3a - 3j] والمحضرة من تفاعل 2 - اسيتيل فينوكسثين مع مختلف المركبات العطرية الالدهايدية وبوجود هيدروكسيد الصوديوم . اما المجاميع الثلاثة الاخرى فقد تم تحضيرها من تفاعل مركبات المجموعة الاولى مع كلا" من : 1 - الهيدرازين بوجود حامض الخليك للحصول على مشتقات 2 - ( 1 - اسيتيل بايرازولين - 3 - يل ) للفينوكسثين [ 4a - 4j] .2 - الفنيل هيدرازين بوجود البايبيردين لتعطي مشتقات 2 - ( 1 - فنيل بايرازولين - 3 - يل ) فينوكسثين [ 5a - 5j] .3 - هيدروكـــلوريد الهيدروكسيل امـــين فــــي محـــلول هـــيدروكسيد الصوديـــوم الايــــثانولي لتـــــعطي 2 - ( ايزواوكسازولين - 3 - يل ) فينوكسثين [ 6a - 6j] .جميع مركبات المجامــــيع الثلاثة اعـــــلاه معوضة في الموقــــع ( 5 ) في كلا" مـــن حــــلقات البايرازوليــــن والايزواوكسازولين بمجاميع اريل وحسب المركبات العطرية الالدهايدية المستخدمة في تحضير مركبات المجموعة الاولى . | This work comprises the synthesis of forty new phenoxathiin derivatives containing heterocyclic moieties. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by such spectroscopy means namely FT - IR , ultra violet , and 1H - NMR analysis ( for ten compounds [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] , [ 3e ] , [ 3h ] , [ 4a ] , [ 4g ] , [ 5a ] , [ 5d ] , [ 6e ] , [ 6j ] )with thin layer, melting point and color. These heterocyclic compounds were synthesized in four groups , each one containing ten compounds .The first group is made up of 2 - (oxoalken - 1 - yl ) phenoxathiin derivatives [ 3a - 3j ] obtained from the reaction between 2 - acetylphenoxathiin with different aromatic aldehyde in the presence of sodium hydroxide .The other three groups involve compounds produced from reaction between each compound from the first group with each of : 1 ) Hydrazine hydrate in acetic acid to get 2 - ( 1 - acetylpyrazolin - 3 - yl ) phenoxathiin derivatives [ 4a - 4j ] .2 ) Phenyl hydrazine in presence of piperidine to yield 2 - (1 - phenylpyrazolin - 3 - yl) phenoxathiin derivatives [ 5a - 5j ] . 3 ) Hydroxylamine hydrochloride in ethanolic sodium hydroxide solution to give 2 - (isoxazolin - 3 - yl) phenoxathiin derivatives [ 6a - 6j ] . All these compounds of three groups above are substituted in the position ( 5 ) in both the pyrazoline and isoxazoline rings with different aryl groups according to the aromatic aldehyde used in the preparation of the first group series compounds .

تحضيروتشخيص وقياس قيمة الفعالية البايلوجية لعدد من الايمايدات الحلقية الجديدة المعوضة على ذرة النيتروجين والحاوية على حلقات غير متجانسة == Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Biological Activity of Several New N - Substituted Cyclic Imides Containing Heterocycles

Author name: احمــد سعــدي حسـن
Supervisor name: احلام معروف العزاوي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Organic Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يهدف بحثنا الى تحضير ايمايدات حلقية معوضة على ذرة النتروجين وحاوية على حلقات غير متجانسة ولغرض تحقيق هذا الهدف تم انجاز الخطوات التالية : 1 - تضمن الجزء الاول تحضير ستراكون ايمايدات معوضة بحلقات غير متجانسة هي مركبات N - (معوض بنزوثايزول - 2 - يل) ستراكون ايمايد [24 - 36] .2 - تضمن الجزءالثاني تحضير N - فنيل ستراكون ايمايدات مرتبطة بحلقة البنزوثايازول عن طريق مجموعة السلفون امايد هي N - (4 - N - معوض بنزوثايازول - 2 - يل) سلفون اميدوفنيل ستراكون ايمايدات [40 - 49].كما تضمن هذا الجزء تحضير N - فنيل ستراكون ايمايدات مرتبطة بحلقات غير متجانسة مختلفة عبر مجموعة السلفون امايد هي N - (4 - (N - مركبات حلقية غير متجانسة) سلفون اميدو فنيل) ستراكون ايمايدات [50 - 53].3 - تضمن الجزءالثالث تحضير N - بنزيل ستراكون ايمايدات مرتبطة بحلقة البنزوثايزول عن طريق مجموعة السلفون امايد هي مركبات N - (4 - (N - معوض بنزوثايزول - 2 - يل) سلفون اميدو بنزيل) ستراكون ايمايدات [57 - 66]. كما تضمن هذا الجزء تحضير N - بنزيل ستراكون ايمايدات معوضة بحلقات غير متجانسة مختلفة عن طريق مجموعة السلفون امايد هي مركبات N - (4 - (N - مركبات حلقية غير متجانسة) سلفون اميدو بنزويل) ستراكون ايمايدات [67 - 70]. 4 - تضمن الجزء الرابع من هذا البحث تحضير ايمايدات حلقية مثل (فثايل ايمايد وسكسن ايمايد) عن طريق جسر استامايدي.وهي المركبات N - (2 - استاميدو (معوض بنزوثايزول - 2 - يل) فثايل ايمايدات [81 - 90]. ومركبات N - (2 - استاميدو معوض بنزوثايزول - 2 - يل) سكسن ايمايدات [91 - 100]. لتحضير الايمايدات المطلوبة تم اتباع الخطوات التالية : ا - تم مفاعلة الامين الاولي الحاوي على حلقات غير متجانسة N - (معوض بنزثايزول - 2 - يل) مع كلوروكلوريد الاستيل لتحويلها الى مركبات 2 - (2 - كلورو استايل امينو) معوض بنزوثايزولات [71 - 80].ب‌ - تم تحويل الفثايل ايمايد والسكسن ايمايد الى املاح البوتاسيوم المقابلة.جـ - تفاعل مشتقات استيل امينو المحضرة في فقرة (ا) مع املاح الفثايل ايمايد والسكسن ايمايد المحضرة في فقرة (ب) لانتاج الفثايل ايمايدات N - (2 - استاميدو - (معوض بنزوثايزول - 2 - يل) فثايل ايمايدات [81 - 90]. والسكسن ايمايدات N - (2 - استاميدو (معوض بنزوثايزول - 2 - يل) سكسن ايمايدات [91 - 100].تم تعيين درجات الانصهار للمركبات المحضرة اجمع في هذا البحث وكما تم تشخيصها طيفيا عن طريق مطيافية الاشعة تحت الحمراء FT - IR وفق البنفسجية U.V. كما استخدمت مطيافية الرنين النووي المغناطيسي 1H - NMR و13C - NMR في تشخيص بعض المركبات المحضرة، فضلا عن اجراء بعض الكشوفات النوعية ذات الفائدة التشخيصية.5 - يتضمن الجزء الخامس الدراسة البايلوجية وذلك للتحري وتقيم الفعالية البايلوجية للمركبات المحضرة ضد انواع من البكتريا والفطريات عزلت كليا من حالات مرضية (بشرية) في مختبرات مستشفى الكاظمية وقد شملت الدراسة على مايلي : ا - دراسة تاثير المركبات المحضرة على نوعين من البكتريا الموجبة لصبغة كرام وهي (ستافلو اوريس وستربتو كوكس بايوجينس). ب - وكذلك على نوعين من البكتريا السالبة لصبغة كرام وهي (سيدومونس واي كولاي). جـ - وقد تم استخدام نوع واحد من الفطريات وهو (كانديدا البكان).وقد اوضحت نتائج الدراسة بان اغلب المركبات المحضرة ذات فعالية بايلوجية | The present work involved synthesis of several N - substituted cyclic imides containing hetero rings.Performing this target includes the following parts : 1 - The first part of this work involved synthesis of several N - substituted Citraconimides containing benzothiazole ring N - (substituted benzothiazole - 2 - yl) Citraconimides [24 - 36]. 2 - The second part involved preparation of N - (phenyl Citraconimides) attached to benzothiazole rings through sulfonamide group (N - (4 - N - substituted benzothiazole - 2 - yl) Sulfonamido phenyl) Citraconimides [40 - 49] and N - phenyl citraconimides attached to hetero cyclic rings through sulfonamide group [50 - 53]. 3 - The third part involved synthesis of N - benzyl citraconimides attached to benzothiazole rings through Sulfonamide group N - (4 - (N - substituted benzothiazole - 2 - yl) Sulfonamido benzyl) citraconimides [57 - 66] and N - Benzylcitraconimide attached to different heterocyclic rings through sulfonamide group [67 - 70]. 4 - This part involved preparation of phthalimides and succinimides attached to benzothiazoles through acetamido group.Producing the desirable phthalimides [81 - 90] and succinimide[91 - 100].All the prepared compounds in this work were characterized by recording their melting points, infrared (FTIR) and ultraviolet (U.V) spectra. H - NMR and C13 - NMR spectra for some of them were recorded also.5 - This part involved evaluation of the biological activity of the prepared compounds against two types of (Gram positive) bacteria including [Staphylococcus aurous and Streptococcusgain] and two types of (Gram negative) bacteria including [E.coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa].Moreover biological activity of the prepared compounds ast fungi [Candida albicans].were studied also.The results showed that most of the prepared compounds have good biological activity against the mentioned organisms

دراسة التاثير المخفض - المضاد لفرط سكرالدم للمركبات الكيميائية الفعالة المعزولة من النبات الطبي العراقي شوك البحر == Study of Hypoglycemic Antihyperglycemic Action of Active Chemical Compounds Isolated from Iraqi Prosopis juliflora Medicinal Plant

Author name: جمال حربي حسين السعدي
Supervisor name: عباس دواس مطر المالكي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a disorder in glucose sugar metabolism process becauseof different reasons.leading to a great damage in body systems , therefore medicinalplants were used successfully to treat this disease .The current study was carried outIraqi prosopis juliflora to determine and investigate its hypoglycemic action in bloodof normalglycemic and alloxan induced hypoglycemic rabbits. Many generalextracts were prepared from Iraqi prosopis juliflora pod and leaves ,they are hotaqueous ,cold aqueous ,hot alcoholic ,cold alcoholic ,oils, ethyl acetate and dichloromethane extract .Moreover , some chemical families were isolated from this plantsuch as phenols ,glycosides , flavonoids , tannins ,alkaloids and saponnins.Preliminary qualitative tests were carried out for all prepared extracts thenhypoglycemic and fasted alloxan - induced hyperglycemic rabbits to know activitythese extracts in decreasing blood glucose levels in these rabbits . the resultsindicated that all extracts showed good decreasing in glucose level. Oil extractisolated from prosopis juliflora leaves showed very high activity to decrease blood glucose ,levels in normalglycemic and hyperglycemic rabbits ,where significant decreasing (P<0.05) was found at second and forth hrs , significant decreasing (P<0.01) at sixth hr. and high significant decreasing (P<0.001) at twenty forth hrs. ,whereas leaves glycosides has a great ability to decrease glucose levels in normalglycemic rabbits where a significant decreasing (P<0.01) was found at second and forth hrs., and a high significant decreasing (P<0.001) at twenty forth hrs., but in hyperglycemic abbits , a high activity was recorded and led to a significant decreasing ( P<0.01) at second forth hrs., and high significant lowering( P<0.001 ) at twenty forth .whereas ,leaves tannins extract was noticed to be the lowest affiecieney in reducing blood glucose levels ere it led to a significant lowering ( P<0.01) at twenty forth in normalglycemic rabbits , while a significant decreasing (P<0.05) was recorded at twenty forth in hyperglycaemic rabbits. Leaves ,4 - (2’ - Hydroxyethyl)phenol, Trans - phytol , 24 - Methylencycloartan - 3 - one β - hydroxylup - 20(29) - en 4 - (β - D - Glucopyranosyloxy)benzyl alcohol and Sti masterin (.Were isolated ,separated ,purified and identified by thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, gas chromatography, IR - spectroscopy ,1H,C13 - NMR ,Gas chromatography - mass spectroscopy .Also study of hypoglycemic action of four these chemical compounds isolated from leaves and pods p.juliflora , the glycosidic compound 4 - (β - D - Glucopyranosyloxy)benzyl alcohol recorded strong activity as hyperglycemic action and led to a significant decreasing ( P<0.05) at second hrs., and significant lowering( P<0.01)at fourth ,sixth hrs. and high significant decline (P<0.001) at 24 hrs in normalglycemic rabbits ,while in hyperglycemic rabbits a significant decreasing (P<0.05) at second hrs. ,significant lowering P<0.01 at fourth and sixth hrs and significant decreasing (P<0.001) at twenty forth hrs. The active compound 4 - (2 - - Hydroxyethyl)phenol showed a high hypoglycemic action were significant decline ( P<0.05) at second hrs, a significant decreasing ( P<0.01) at sixth and a high significant decreasing (P<0.001) at twenty forth hrs. in normalglycaemic rabbits ,while in hyperglycemic rabbits , a significant decline (P<0.05) was at second , a significant decreasing (P<0.01) at fourth and sixth hrs., and a high significant decreasing ( P<0.001) was recorded at twenty forth hrs..Also active compound24 - Methylencycloartan - 3 - one showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) at second hrs. , significant decrease (P<0.01) at fourth and sixth hrs., and a high significant decreasing ( P<0.001) at twenty forth hrs hyperglycaemic rabbits, while the compound α - tocopherol recorded a significant decreasing (P<0.05) at sixth hrs. , significant decrease (P<0.01) at twenty forth hrs. in hyperglycemic rabbits. The toxicity for some extracts and active chemical compounds isolated from leaves and pods was studied where no hemolytic for red blood cells was found .

تحضير ايمايدات حلقية ثنائية وبعض مشتقاتها الكبريتية ودراسة خواصها الطيفية والتركيبية , عمليا ونظريا باستخدام نظرية دالية الكثافة == IR, NMR, MS Spectra and Structure of Some prepared Bicyclic Imides and Their Thione Derivatives; Experimental and Density Functional Theory studies

Author name: عادل امعلا ضمد ال ازيرج
Supervisor name: ناجي علي عبود
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present work involved four parts : First step concerned with the preparation some N, N’ - alkyl (aryl) bismaleimic acidsvia reaction of twice molar amounts of maleic anhydride and hydrazine for compound(A1), and different alkyl and aryl - diamines for compounds A2 - A7. The reaction wascarried out via nucleophilic attack of amino group in maleic anhydride. The structureof the compound (2Z,2Z’) - 4,4’ - (ethane - 1,2 - diylbis (azanediyl)) bis (4 - oxobut - 2 - enoicacid) (A2) was also unambiguously confirmed by X - ray single crystal structureanalysis. The white crystal crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group C2/cwith the cell dimensions a =7.108(3), b=7.370(2), c= 20.859(6) Å, β = 91.260(4)oand Volume = 1092.65(6) Å3.Molecule is stabilized by an intramolecular O—H…O hydrogen bond. In thecrystal, molecules are connected through intermolecular N—H…O hydrogen bonds.Intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds coexist to stabilize the structure.The geometry calculated of compounds A1 - A7 was optimized using a Densityfunctional theory DFT with B3LYP hybrid functional and 6 - 311G (d, p) basis set, andis in good agreement with the structure obtained by the X - ray single crystal structureof compound A2. Also the fundamental vibrational frequencies of vibrational bandswere evaluated.The second part of this study was the treatment of N,N - alkyl and (aryl)bismaleimic acid (A1 - A7) with suitable dehydrating agents lead to dehydration andcyclization producing the corresponding N,N - alkyl and (aryl) bismaleimide (AD1 - AD7).The structure of the compound 1,1’ - (sulfonylbis(4,1 - phenylene)) bis (1H - pyrrole - 2,5 - dithione) (AD7) was also unambiguously confirmed by X - ray single crystalstructure analysis. The colorless crystal crystallizes in the monoclinic system, spaceAbstractix0200040000CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2phenyl4,4' - sulfonyldianilinedirect Aliphatic AromaticWavenumber cm¯¹Types of RCH str.CH2 - N strC=O strC - Ngroup P21/c with the cell dimension a =11.698(3), b=15.002(3), c= 20.053(6)Å andβ = 98.818(2)o Volume = 3478.07(13) Å3.FT - IR spectra show the position of the absorption bands vary with the type andlength of the link spacer (R) between the two maleimide rings on the compoundsAD1 - AD7.The absorption frequency of vinyl group increases with increasing methylene aliphatic chain spacer link between two maleimides ring, the correlation between some absorption bands and the type (direct link or aliphatic or aromatic) and length of aliphatic chain link spacer (R) between the two maleimide rings in the studied compounds AD1 - AD7 shown in the chart below.In the third part, a series of new bisthimalemide derivatives were prepared by thionation the compounds AD3, AD6 and AD7 with Lawesson’s reagent LR. Subsequent reaction of bismaleimimides AD3, AD6 and AD7 with Lawesson’s reagent afforded dithio derivatives.

دراسة حيوية كيميائية لتاثير بعض المعادن الثقيلة على حالة الاكسدة مضادات الاكسدة في عمال محطات البنزين في محافظة البصرة العراق == Biochemical Study of the Effects of Some Heavy Metals on Oxidant / Antioxidant Status in Gasoline Station Workers /Basra - Iraq

Author name: سنان كاظم شنان
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Emission of gasoline and its combustion products are consideredmajor air pollutants with adverse effects on the antioxidant systems in thehuman. The effects of exposure to the vapors of motor gasoline (vehiclesfuel in Basrah), on workers were investigated. The current study included50 workers exposure to gasoline in the gasoline filling stations, ranging inage from 18 to 56 years at a mean of (30.45 ± 9.31), in addition to thecontrol group, which consisted of 50 healthy individuals (non - workingstations filling) ranging in age from 18 to 50 years at a mean of (30.27 ±10.37).The study aims to find a number of biochemical indications and theirrelationship with exposure to gasoline by estimating the activity of the enzyme (δ - aminolaevuIinate dehydratase (ALAD)) which is considered as an indicator of the extent of poisoning by heavy metals, study the activity of enzymatic antioxidant (Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione reductase (GRx), Glutathione S - transferase (GST), Catalase (CAT)), non - enzymatic antioxidants glutathione reduce glutathione (GSH), study the level of Malondialdehyde (MAD), Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), trace elements (Selenium (Se), Znic (Zn), Copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg)) and heavy metals (lead (pb), mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd)) and the results were as follows : 1 - Highly significant decreasing (p <0.001) in workers in the levels of trace elements (Se, Cu, Zn) compared with healthy control, while significantly decreased (p <0.05) in the level of Mg with high significantly increased in the levels of heavy metals (Pb, Hg and Cd) (p <0.001). On the other hand, The results indicated that trace elements (Cu, Mg, Zn, Se) were decreased with increasing of the period of gasoline station workers while for heavy metals (Pb, Hg, Cd) increased were observed.2 - The level of MAD, the end product of lipid peroxidation, was high significantly elevated (P<0.01) contact with a significant decreasing (p <0.05) in the level of TAC in workers when compared with healthy controls. MDA increased with the increase of the period of gasoline station workers. MDA concentrations were increased significantly, indicating the amount of cellular damage. Increase the level of MDA from pollution as the period of pollution, increased might decrease TAC in workers compared with healthy control.3 - Workers group showed a highly significant decrease in the activity of enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx, GRx, GST, ALAD) and level of GSH (p<0.001) compared with healthy controls. The results showed that increasing the duration of the work in the filling station to produceadecrease in the activity of the enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx, GRx, GST, ALAD) and level GSH. Also, the current study include the assessment of the impact of heavy metals and MDA on the levels of trace elements (Cu, Mg, Zn, Se), (GSH, TAC) and the activity of the enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx, GRx, GST, ALAD) through the study of the correlation coefficient (p) and the results were as follows : 1 - The level of MDA showed a highly significant negative correlation with the activity of enzymes SOD (P<0.001) and (GRx, ALAD with p<0.01), a highly significant positive correlation with levels of heavy metals (Pb, Hg, Cd), a significant negative correlation (p<0.05) with levels of (Se, Zn, Mg, GSH) and activity of enzymes (CAT, GRx) and a negative correlation with no significant (P>0.05) with level of Cu and activity of GST in workers.2 - The level of Pb shows a highly significant negative correlation with the levels of trace elements Cu, Zn, Se and activity of enzymes GRx, ALAD (P <0.01), while (p <0.001) with the level of TAC, GSH and activity of enzyme GST, GPx, SOD, a significant negative correlation with level of CAT (P <0.05) and a negatively correlated with no significant with the level of Mg in workers of gasoline stations.3 - The study illustrate also a highly significant negative correlation between Hg level and levels of (Zn, Mg, Cu, TAC) and SOD activity (P < 0.001), while there was a significant negative correlation (P < 0.05) with the level of Se and CAT, GPx, GRx, ALAD activity and a negative correlation, but not significantly with level of GSH and GST activity in serum of gasoline station workers.4 - The level of Cd showed similar behavior of other heavy metals a highly significant inverse correlation with the levels of Se, Cu, TAC and the activity of SOD (p <0.001), a significantly with the level of Zn, GSH and ALAD, CAT, GPx activity (p<0.05), while there was a negative correlation , but not significant (P > 0.05) with levels of Mg and GRx , GST activity in workers.

دراسة تركيز الهبسيدين , حالات الحديد وبعض المتغيرات الكيموحياتية في مرضى متلازمة المبيض متعدد الاكياس

Author name: دعاء نعمــــة مســـلم الزامــــــلي
Supervisor name: هناء عداي علي السلطاني
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Kufa - College Of Education For Girls - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: تعد متلازمة المبيض متعدد الاكياس ( PCOS ) واحدة من اشهر اضطرابات الغدد الصماء غير المتجانسة والاكثر تعقيدا للنساء في سن الانجاب. عادة ما تكون مرتبطة مع مقاومة الانسولين (IR) المرافق لفرط نسبة الانسولين في الدم كعملية تعويضية. الارتفاع المزمن لهرمون ( LH ) ومقاومة الانسولين هما الاكثر شيوعا لانحرافات الغدد الصماء والتي تضهر في متلازمة المبيض متعدد الاكياس.في الدراسة الحالية فان مستوى هرمون الهيبسيدين وحالات الحديد (Total Iron، Ferritin، TIBC، UIBC، %TS، TF) تم دراستها ومقارنتها مع العديد من العلامات الجسمانية من(العمر، الوزن، الطول، مؤشر كتلة الجسم، ونسبة الورك الى الخصر (WHR) والهرمونات (LH، FSH، TT، FT، SHBG، E2، Progesterone، Prolactin ) ومتغيرات مقاومة الانسولين التي تتضمن (مستوى السكر في حالة الصيامFBG، ونسبة الانسولين في حالة الصيامFIN ومقياس مقاومة الانسولين HOMA - IR) وبعض المتغيرات الكيموحياتية (الدهون الثلاثية، نسبة الكولسترول في الدم ، نسبة الكولسترول الجيد العالي الكثافة والكولسترول الضار الواطئ الكثافة) في مرضى متلازمة المبيض متعدد الاكياس ومجموعة الاصحاء. اضافة الى ذلك تم تقسيم مرضى (PCOS) الى عدة مجاميع طبقا للمعايير التالية : (وجود الشعرانية، وجود انتظام الحيض، وجود العقم الاولي والثانوي، وجود مقاومة الانسولين والحساسية للانسولين بالاعتماد على(HOMA - IR≥3 ) .تم اختيار ستون (60) مريضة مصابة بمرض متلازمة المبيض متعدد الاكياس (PCOS) تتراوح اعمارهم بين (15 - 42) سنة. تم تشخيص مرض (PCOS) من قبل طبيبة نسائية متخصصة في مركز الخصوبة في مستشفى الصدر التعليمي في النجف الاشرف خلال الفترة من (شهر ديسمبر 2014 الى شهر مايو 2015). كذلك اختيرت (30) امراة سليمة تتراوح اعمارهن بين (15 - 42) سنة. تم قياس المتغيرات الكيميائية (نسبة السكر في الدم في حالة الصيام، قياس تركيز TG، الكولسترول، HDL، Total Iron وTIBC باستخدام طرق طيفية. بينما تم قياس تراكيز كل من (نسبة الانسولين في حالة الصيام ، الهيبسيدين، Ferritin، LH، FSH، TT، SHBG وProgesterone، E2 وProlactin)باستخدام طريقة (ELISA). تم حساب مقاومة الانسولين (HOMA - IR) باستخدام المعادلة التالية (تركيز السكر في الدم في حالة الصيام × تركيز الانسولين في الدم في حالة الصيام / 22.5).في الدراسة الحالية وجد ان الزيادة في تركيز الانسولين في حالة الصيام (p=0.001) ، HOMA - IR (p=0.001) ، LH (p=0.001) ، ونسبة LH / FSH (p=0.001) وProgesterone (p=0.001) ، SHBG (p=0.001) ، TT وFT (p=0.001) ، E2 (p=0.001) ، Prolactin (p=0.001) ، الكولسترول ، HDL ، LDL والدهون الثلاثية (p=0.001 ) ، Total Iron ، TIBC ، Ferritin ، TS ٪ ، UIBC وTF (p=0.001) وهرمون الهيبسيدين (p=0.001) عندما قورنت مجموعة متلازمة المبيض متعدد الاكياس مع مجموعة الاصحاء. بينما اضهرت الدراسة الحالية عدم وجود تاثير لنقصان تركيز السكر في حالة الصيام ونسبة هرمون FSH (p>0.05) خلال المقارنة. وجد في الدراسة الحالية ان تغيير مستويات هرمون الهيبسيدين يعتمد بصورة رئيسية على حالات الحديد ومقاومة الانسولين . | Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most complex common and heterogeneous endocrine disorders of women in the reproductive age. It is frequently associated with insulin resistance (IR) accompanied by compensatory hyperinsulinaemia. Chronically elevated luteinizing hormone (LH) and insulin resistance are 2 of the most common endocrine aberrations seen in PCOS. In the present study, the level of serum hepcidin and Iron status(total iron, ferritin, TIBC, UIBC, TS%, TS.c) studied and compared with many descriptive (age, weight, height, BMI, hip/waist ratio (WHR) , hormonal (LH, FSH, total testosterone, Free testosterone, SHBG, E2, progesterone, prolactin and insulin resistance parameters including (FBG, fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance HOMA - IR) and some biochemical parameters (TG, Cholesterol, HDL, LDL) in PCOS and control groups. Furthermore, PCOS patients are sub grouped according to the following criteria : presence of hirsutism, presence of regularity of menstruation, presence of primary and secondary infertility, presence of insulin resistant and insulin sensitive state according to HOMA - IR≥3. Sixty (60) polycystic ovary syndrome patients (PCOS) of ages range between (15 to 42) year were recruited. PCOS was diagnosed in patient by the gynecologists of the Fertility Center in AL - Sadder Teaching Hospital in Najaf during the period from (December 2014 to may 2015), 30 healthy women of ages range between (15 to 42) year were included as a control group. Fasting blood glucose, TG, cholesterol, HDL, total Iron and TIBC concentrations were measured by spectrophotometric methods. Fasting insulin, hepcidin, ferritin, LH, FSH, total and free testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, progesterone, E2 and prolactin levels were measured by enzyme linked immune - sorbent assay methods. Insulin resistance was estimated by( HOMA - IR) using the equation (Fasting blood glucose × fasting insulin/22.5) . In the present study Significant increase of the concentrations of fasting insulin (p=0.001) , HOMA - IR (p=0.001) , LH (p=0.001) , LH/FSH ratio (p=0.001) , progesterone (p=0.001) , SHBG (p=0.001) , total testosterone (TT) and free testosterone (FT) (p=0.001), E2 (p=0.001) , prolactin (p=0.001), cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglycerides(p=0.001) , total Iron, TIBC, ferritin, TS%, UIBC and TF (g/L) (p=0.001) and hepcidin hormone (p=0.001) were obtained in the group of polycystic ovary syndrome patients group when compared with those of the control group. Fasting blood glucose and FSH showed no significance (p>0.05) were noticed during a comparable evaluation. In the present study Changes of Hepcidin levels are dependent directly on Iron status and insulin resistance

التشخيص الكيميائي والفولتامتري للبولي بيوتيلين سكسنيت الملدن بواسطة ايبوكسي (زيت النخيل)

Author name: حسن رحيم حمود الدحيدحاوي
Supervisor name: عماد عباس جعفر | هناء عداي علي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Kufa - College Of Education For Girls - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: في هذه الدراسة ، تم استخدم ايبوكسيي زيت النخيل EPO كملدن للبولي بوتيلين سكسينيت باستخدام الكلوروفورم كمذيب ، تم خلط ستة اوزان من PSPE وقد استخدم جهاز FTIR الطيفي لتحديد المجاميع الفعالة . كما وتم قياس الاستقرارية الحرارية والتحلل البيولوجي ، والخصائص المورفولوجية للخليط بواسطة جهاز التحليل الحراري الوزني TGA ، المجهر الالكتروني الماسح SEM وتقنية FTIR ، حيث اظهرت النتائج بان هناك بعض التاثر بين المركبين بوجود الاواصر الهيدروجينية التي تربط بين نهايات المجاميع الفعالة للبوليمر OH وبين حلقة الايبوكسي . مزيج الـ PSPE اظهر استقرار حراري عالي وتحسن في الخواص البيولوجية مقارنة مع الـ PBS النقي . كما اظهرت النتائج المورفولوجية للخليط ان EPO كان ذو قابلية امتزاجية جيدة مع PBS. تم تعديل قطب الكربون الزجاجي GCE مع طبقه رقيقة من (PSEP ) باستخدام طريقة محلول التبخر لانتاج القطب الجديد المعدل . PSEP/GC تم ايضا دراسة عمليات الاكسدة والاختزال لسداسي سيانيد الحديدات (II) باستخدام الـCyclic Voltammetry . وقد تبين ان ذروة الفصل ΔEpa - c ) ) بين قمم الاكسدة لايون فروسيانيد في محلول مائي هو 120 ملي فولت ، ونسبة التيار لقمم الاكسدة، IPA / IPC، كانت 1.6 لـ PSEP / GCE، مؤشرا انعكاسية وقابلية توصيلية جيدة للقطب المعدل. وبالتالي، فانه يمكن استخدامها لتحليل الجهد الكهروكيميائي . الخواص الفيزيائية للقطب المعدل PSEP / GCE تمثلت بالصلابة الجيدة، التصاق العالي على الاسطح المعدنية للقطب الالكتروليت الجامع ، بالاضافة الى الذوبانية والاستقرارية الجيدة للـPSEP على .GCE ايضا، الحساسية في ظل ظروف الـ cyclic voltammetry تعتمد بشكل كبير على تراكيز مختلفة من فروسيانيد ، الالكتروليت المستخدم ومعدل المسح . وقد لوحظ خلال معدلات مسح مختلفة بان قمم الاكسدة والاختزال للحديد / (III) الحديد (II) تمت بعملية معكوسة. | In this study, epoxidized palm oil (EPO) was utilized as a blended for poly butylene succinate (PBS) using chloroform as a solvent by solution casting process at six weight of PSEP. Fourier - transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to identify the functional groups of PBS and PSEP blends. Thermal stability, biodegradable, and morphological properties of the blends were investigated by thermo gravimetric analyzer (TGA), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) technique. The FTIR spectra indicate that there are some molecular interactions by intra molecular hydrogen bond between PBS and EPO. All sets of PSEP blends show high thermal stability and significant improvement of biodegradable properties compared to pure PBS. Morphological results of PSEP blends show that EPO was good miscible with PBS. Aglassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with a poly butylene succinate - epoxidized palm oil (PSEP) film using a solution evaporation method to produce a new modified electrode PSEP/GCE. The redox process of K4[Fe(CN)6] during cyclic voltammetry was studied using the PSEP/GCE. It was found that the peak separation (∆Epa - c) between the redox peaks of ferrous cyanide ion in an aqueous solution is 120 mV and the current ratio of redox peaks, (Ipa/Ipc), is 1.6 for the PSEP /GCE, indicating good reversibility with good conductivity of the modified electrode. Hence, it can be used for voltammetric analysis. The physical properties of the modified electrode PSEP/GCE include good hardness, high adhesion to the metal surfaces of electrode collectors, solubility and good stability of the PSEP on GCE. Also, the sensitivity under conditions of cyclic voltammetry is significantly dependent on different concentrations of ferrous cyanide , the electrolyte used and the scan rate. At different scan rates, oxidation - reduction peaks of Fe(III)/Fe(II) were observed in a reversible process

تقدير البروتينات الدهنية والاجهاد التاكسدي في مصل المصابين بمرض حب الشباب == Evaluation of Serum Lipid Profile and Malondialdehyde in Patients with Acne

Author name: رنا عبد العالي الرفيعي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Kufa - College Of Education For Girls - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was conducted to verify the relevance of lipids and lipoproteins levels and their byproduct of oxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA) in acne patients. The design of the project included one hundred acne patients (47% males and 53% females)and 40 apparently healthy individuals (control group). Total serum cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL - C), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL - C), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL - C) and MDA levels were measured in acne patients and the control group.The results indicated significant (P≤0.05) elevations for TC, TG, LDL - C, VLDL - C and MDA levels in acne patients with respect to those of the control group. Sex differences were obtained as rises forTC, LDL - C and MDA (P≤0.05) in males when compared with thoseof the females. The linear regression analysis exhibited significantpositive correlation for TC (r = 0.68, P≤0.05) and LDL - C (r = 0.48, P≤0.05) with ages of the control group but not in the acne patients.Smoker acne patients demonstrated significant elevations for TC, TG, VLDL - C, LDL - C and MDA (P≤0.05) in comparison with those of the control group, while nonsmokers acne patients showed significant elevations for TC and LDL - C (P≤0.05) during a comparable evaluation. Married acne patients indicated significant increases for TC, TG, VLDL - C, LDL - C and MDA (P≤0.05) when compared with those of the control group, while non married acne patients illustrated significant elevations for TG, VLDL - C, LDL - C and MDA (P≤0.05). The influence of treatment was studied, the data stated significant elevation for TG and LDL (P≤0.05), in treated acne patients when compared with those of the control group, while untreated acne patients showed significant increases for TC, TG, VLDL - C, LDL - C and MDA (P≤0.05) in comparison with those of the control group.These results suggested that oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of acne. We believed that this study is the first to deal with changes of serum lipid profile and oxidative stress in acne patients.

تحويـر المواصفات الريولوجيـة للاسفلـت بالمعالجـة مـع البولـي ستايريـن == Modification of Rheological Properties of Asphalt by Treatment with Polystyrene

Author name: ايمان اسماعيـل احمـد
Supervisor name: عماد عبد القادر فائق صالح الدبوني
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Industrial Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Al Mosul - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Mosul
First pages:
Abstract: اكتسبت المواد الاسفلتية المحورة بالبوليمرات اهمية خاصة خلال السنوات الاخيرة وذلك لارتباطها الوثيق بالمجالات الانشائية والصناعية فضلا عن التغيرات الكبيرة الحاصلة في السلوك الريولوجي للمواد الاسفلتية عند اضافة كميات صغيرة من البوليمر.ونظرا لمحدودية عدد الدراسات حول استخدام البولي ستايرين لتحوير الاسفلت جاءت دراستنا هذه محاولة لتوضيح كيفية تصرف البولي ستايرين مع الاسفلت خصوصا اذا علمنا ما تتمتع به مادة البولي ستايرين من مميزات كونها واحدة من اكثر البوليمرات الثرموبلاستيكية شائعة الاستعمال ورخيصة الثمن بالاضافة الى حجم المشاكل البيئية الناجمة عن تراكم كميات كبيرة من هذه المادة كفضلات.اشتملت هذه الدراسة على : 1 - معالجة كل من اسفلت بيجي المشتق من نفط بارافيني الاساس واسفلت قيارة المشتق من نفط اروماتي الاساس بنسب مختلفة من البولي ستايرين معالجة اذابة فيزيائية، بالاضافة الى المعالجة الكيميائية لاسفلت بيجي مع البولي ستايرين.2 - معالجة اسفلت بيجي بنسب مختلفة من البولي ستايرين المكسر حراريا ، معالجة اذابة فيزيائية ، ومعالجة كيميائية ، وملاحظة تاثير تقليل الوزن الجزيئي للبوليمر على تجانسية الاسفلت.3 - تحضير انظمة اسفلتية بالمعالجة الكيميائية المحفزة مع الكبريت لكل من اسفلت بيجي والقيارة ومن ثم اجراء عمليات التحوير بالبولي ستايرين والهدف دراسة مقدار التمازج Compatibility بين البولي ستايرين والانظمة الاسفلتية المحضرة.4 - اضافة الكبريت بنسبه المختلفة (5%،10%،15%) وزنا الى النماذج المستحصل عليها من المعالجات سابقة الذكر بهدف زيادة قابلية الاذابة للبولي ستايرين في الانظمة الاسفلتية ودراسة المورفولوجي Morphology باستخدام المجهر لملاحظة كيفية توزيع وانتشار البوليمر خلال الاسفلت.5 - تجزئة كل من اسفلت بيجي والقيارة الى مكوناته الاساسية (اسفلتين،راتنجات صلبة،راتنجات لينة) ومعالجة كل مكون من هذه المكونات معالجة كيميائية محفزة مع الكبريت ومن ثم تحويرها بالبولي ستايرين ، ثم يعقبها اضافة الكبريت كل ذلك من اجل ملاحظة اي من هذه المكونات اكثر تمازجا مع البولي ستايرين وتاثرا باضافة الكبريت.وباجراء الدراسات المشار اليها اعلاه وجدنا : * قابلية امتزاج البولي ستايرين بالاسفلت تكون محدودة.* ان خفض الوزن الجزيئي للبولي ستايرين اسهم في زيادة تذاوبه مع الاسفلت الذي ادى بدوره الى الحصول على نماذج اكثر تجانسا.* الانظمة الاسفلتية المحضرة بالمعالجة الكيميائية المحفزة مع الكبريت لكل من اسفلت بيجي والقيارة كانت افضل تمازجا مع البولي ستايرين من الاسفلت غير المعالج كيميائيا.* اضافة الكبريت بنسبه المختلفة (5%،10%،15%) وزنا الى الانظمة الاسفلتية المحورة بالبولي ستايرين وبغض النظر عن طبيعتها ادت الى تحسن تجانسيتها بشكل ملحوظ من خلال زيادة انتشار واذابة البولي ستايرين خلال الانظمة الاسفلتية.* عملية تجزئة كل من اسفلت بيجي والقيارة الى مكوناته الاساسية وتحوير كل من هذه المكونات بالبولي ستايرين ثم بالكبريت اثبتت ان المكون الاكثر ارومية هو الاكثر تمازجا مع البولي ستايرين والاكثر تاثرا باضافة الكبريت ، وهذا ساعدنا في اعطاء تفسير للنتائج التي حصلنا عليها. | Polymer modified asphalts (PMA) became of great interest over the last years, because they are closely related to industrial and constructional fields, as the addition of small amounts of polymer dramatically changes the rheological properties of asphalts. Due to the shortage of studies on polystyrene modified asphalts,the present study is a trial to clarify the behaviour of polystyrene with asphalt.Polystyrene was choosen to modify asphalts due to its properties as a cheap and commonly used thermoplastic polymer,as well as the environ mental problems caused by the huge quantities of its residue.The study includes : - 1 - Treating Beji parafenic asphalt & Qiayarah aromatic asphalt with various percentages of polystyrene as well as chemical reaction between polystyrene and Beji asphalt.2 - Physical & chemical treatment of Beji asphalt with various percentages of thermally cracked polystyrene to establish the effect of molecular weight on the compatibility of polystyrene with asphalts.3 - A preliminary modification of asphalt by a catalyzed chemical reaction with sulphur then the compatibility of these systems with polystyrene were studied.4 - Adding sulphur of different weight percentages (5% , 10% , 15%) to the samples produced by the above mentioned treatments in order to increase the capability of polystyrene to solvate in the asphaltic systems and to study the morphology microscopically to notice the dispersion of polystyrene in asphalt.5 - Fractionating Beji & Qiayarah asphalts into their basic components (asphaltene,hard resins,soft resins) and treating each of these components with sulphur by stimulating chemical treatment. Then ,modified with polystyrene in order to notice which one of these components is the most compatible with polystyrene and the most affected by the addition of sulphur.After conducting the above mentioned studies, it was found that : - * The compatibility of polystyrene in asphalt is limited.* compatibility was increased by decreasing molecular weight of polystyrene.* Better compatibility of polystyrene was obtained with STA.* Adding sulphur with weight percentages (5% , 10% , 15%) to the polystyrene modified asphalt led to increase its homogeneity significantly.* Fractionating of Beji & Qiayarah asphalts into its basic components and modifying these components by polystyrene and then by sulphur proved that the most aromatic component is the most compatible with polystyrene and the most affected component by sulphur in a way that helped in justifying the results of the study.

تحضير عوامل مساعدة من بعض اكاسيد الفلزات وتطبيقاتها في الاكسدة الحرارية والضوئية == Preparationof Catalysts From Several Metals Oxides and their Application in Thermal and PhotoOxidation

Author name: فاطمة علاوي عبد السجاد
Supervisor name: موسى عمران كاظم
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Kufa - College Of Education For Girls - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Najaf
First pages:

دراسة الاطياف الاهتزازية والفعالية البايولوجية لبعض القلويدات == A study of the vibrational spectra and the biological activity of some alkaloids

Author name: ايمان عبد الوهاب عبد الله الكويتي
Supervisor name: عبد الرزاق عبد الجليل العيسى | حسين عبد الكاظم عبد الحسين
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Kufa - College Of Education For Girls - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was conducted to extracts several alkaloids and their potency on the contraction of smooth’s Rat intestine .to achieve these aims : (Okra, Potato, Cilca ,Pomegranate, Sweet melon, Water melon, Eggplant , pumpkin , Quince , Oaks, Apple, Broad been ,Cauliflower ,Cinnamon ,spinach) were subjected to extraction by petroleum ether and ethanol.HPLC and Mayer’s test revealed significant amounts of pelletierin from punica granatum,lupanine from spinacia oleracea,sinaxalen from brassica oleracea,jasmonoyl tyrosine alkaloid from vica faba ,solanidine from solanum tuberosum and solanine from solanum melongena,in the enrolled plants.The amounts of these alkaloids were (0.22,0.015,0.043,0.036,0.041,0.031) mg/g Respectively .The interaction of alkaloids (0.1) g/L and the contraction of smooth muscle in rat was examined by IR spectroscopy. with the data exhibited stretching band of (C - N) bond in the rang of (1215 - 1020),as described in the literatures .The wave number of the stretching bands of (C - N)in alkaloids were found to be inversely proportional with the molecular weight of alkaloids .Alkaloids were found to elicit Rat intestinal strain according to the order Pelletierine>Lupanine>Sinaxalen>Jasmonoyltyrosine> Solanidine>Solanine.These results suggest the involvement of (C - N) bonds in alkaloids during the induction of smooth muscle contraction.

دراسة العوامل الكيميوحيوية والتنميط الجيني للانزيم المحول للانجيوسين لدى مرضى اعتلال الكلية السكري النوع 2 == Biochemical Study and Angiotensin converting enzyme polymorphism of Nephropathy in T2DM Patients

Author name: زينب عباس جواد الطالبي
Supervisor name: حيدر كامل زيدان السعدي | محمود حسين هدوان
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: Diabetes is characterized by high levels of blood - glucose resulting from defect insulin hormone secretion or insulin action, or both of them. Chronic high blood - sugar lead to development and failure in many organs in the body such as heart, blood vessels of the eyes, nerves system and kidneys.The Study evaluation of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme - 1 and Angiotensinogen in Type 2 Diabetic patients according to the following steps : it is directed to evaluate Biochemical parameters in type 2 diabetic patients. Measure the levels of some hormones and some parameters. Study the relationships between these hormones and the Biochemical parameters. The association of Angiotensin converting enzyme gene in some hormonal and physiological parameters in type 2 diabetic Iraqi patients. Determined by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). while the hormones including (Insulin and Erythropoietin) and the physiological parameters (insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, Fasting Blood Glucose; HbA1C; microalbuminuria; systolic and diastolic blood pressure).This case - control study was done in a period of March 2016 to May 2016, from Al - Sadder Medical City in Al - Najaf center for Diabetes and Endocrine. All blood samples of patients were collected in fasting (8 - 10hr.) Number of patients in Diabetes mellitus (DM) type II. Total patients were (n=66), then divided into three groups according to the duration of the disease, the First subgroup (less than 5 years) (n=22), Second subgroup (5 - 10 years) (n=22) and the last subgroup more than 10 years (n=22). The healthy control includes (n=22) subjects, total numbers becomes (88 persons).VISummaryExcluded from this study : Type I diabetes, Females, smokers Patients, random Patient uncontrolled hypertension, alcoholic patients, types of cancer, Hepatitis and Removal of glands. Both groups were subjected to full history including age, BMI, complete clinical examination such as blood pressure measurement. Laboratory measurements including, fasting blood sugar, HbA1C, Microalbuminuria, Insulin hormone, Erythropoietin hormone, Estimation insulinresistance and sensitivity, Extraction DNA from frozen blood for all control and patients then, determination of ACE I/D genotype were done by using PCR technique.The results show significantly Elevation in Microalbuminuria, HbA1c , Fasting blood - sugar, and insulin resistance in nephropathy diabetic type 2 patients compared with healthy control.ACE - 1 enzyme levels have significant increase and lead to the hypertension in the Diabetic patients. There is no relationship between Erythropoietin hormone level and blood pressure deduce that EPO did not raise blood pressure with the patients according to the results of this study, but caused from Angiotensin converting enzyme - 1. The frequency of DD genotype was 21/44 (50%) in patients type 2 more frequent and significant that was significantly higher than that of patient group ID and II with P value =0.036. while there was no significant in ID genotype between patients in group ID 14/44(31%) with p=0.92 and patient in group II genotype 9/44 (20%) with P value=0.07.This study found that DD genotype of ACE gene may be associated with development of diabetic nephropathy among Iraqi patients and this could lead to the prevention and treatment of this complication (Diabetic nephropathy) in Iraqi diabetic patients.

التقدير الطيفي للنايترازيبام وهيدروكلوريد الكلوربرومازين في بعض المستحضرات الصيدلانية باستخدام تفاعلات لونية جديدة == Spectrophotometric Determination of Nitrazepam and Cloropromazine - HCl in some Pharmaceutical Formulations using a new Colorimetric reactions

Author name: سارة محمد علي المطيري
Supervisor name: قاسم حسن كاظم
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: الفصل الاول : تضمن مقدمة عامة عن الادوية والتحاليل الدوائية وبعض المفاهيم الاساسية عن التحليل بالطرق الطيفية المعتمدة على امتصاص الاشعة فوق البنفسجية والمرئية المستعملة في هذا النوع من التحاليل, حيث تضمن البحث على مقدمة عامة عن تفاعلات الازوتة - الاقتران واهميتها في التقدير الطيفي للعديد من المركبات الدوائية, وايضا التفاعلات الخاصة باملاح الدايزونيوم. ومقدمة عن تفاعلات قواعد شف وميكانيكية حدوث هذه التفاعلات, بالاضافة الى تصنيف لقواعد شف حسب المجاميع المانحة. ومقدمه عامة عن دواء النايترازيبام واستعراض للطرق التحليلية المستعملة في تقديره. تضمن البحث ايضا على مقدمة عامة عن تفاعلات الاقتران التاكسدي واهميته في التقدير الطيفي للعديد من المركبات الدوائية واهم العوامل المؤثرة فيها واهم الميكانيكيات المتبعة في هذه التفاعلات. ومقدمة عامة عن مركبات الفينوثايزين وعرضا موجزا لبعض الخواص الكيميائية والاستعمالات الطبية والصيدلانية لمركب الفينوثايزين المدروس هيدروكلوريد الكلوربرومازين (CPZ), واستعراض موجز للطرائق التحليلية المستخدمة في تقدير هذا الدواء.الفصل الثاني : تضمن وصف للاجهزة المستخدمة في الطريقة والمقترحة وكذلك المواد الكيميائية المستخدمة والشركات المصنعة لها, بالاضافة الى طرق تحضير محاليل الادوية والكواشف والحوامض والقواعد والعوامل المؤكسدة والمستحضرات الصيدلانية, بالاضافة الى الطرق القياسية للادوية المستخدمة في الدراسةالفصل الثالث : تضمن وصف طريقتين طيفيتين بسيطة وحساسة لتقدير النايترازيبام في المحلول المائي بعد اختزال مجموعة النايترو (NO2 - ) الموجودة فيه الى مجموعة امين (NH2 - ) باستخدام الزنك وفي الوسط الحامضي, في حالته النقية وفي بعض مستحضراته الصيدلانية, حيث اعتمدت الطريقة الاولى على اقتران النايترازيبام المختزل مع الكاشف العضوي (الثايمول) في الوسط القاعدي, واعطائه صبغة ازو برتقالية مستقرة وذائبة في الماء لها اقصى امتصاص في الطول الموجي (477) نانوميتر. وجد ان الطريقة تتبع قانون بيــر لامبـــرت بمدى تركيز (12 - 0.1) مايكروغرام. مل 1 - , وبمعامل امتصاص مولاري (104×(2.264 لتر.مول1 - .سم1 - , وحساسية ساندل (0.0124) مايكروغرام. سم2 - , وحد كشف (0.02) مايكروغرام. مل1 - , وحد التقدير الكمي (0.072) مايكروغرام. مل 1 - , ومعدل نسبة استرداد (99.52)% , ومعدل الانحراف القياسي النسبي (0.7323)%. اما الطريقة الثانية فاعتمدت على اقتران النايترازيبام المختزل مع الكاشف (بارا - هيدروكسي بنزالدهايد) ليعطي قاعدة شف برتقالية اللون مستقرة وذائبة في الماء لها اقصى امتصاص عند الطول الموجي (484) نانوميتر. وجد ان الطريقة تتبع قانون بيــر لامبـــرت بمدى تركيز (10 - 0.1) مايكروغرام. مل 1 - , وبمعامل امتصاص مولاري (104×(3.14 لتر.مول1 - .سم1 - , وحساسية ساندل (0.0089) مايكروغرام. سم2 - , وحد كشف (0.029) مايكروغرام. مل1 - , وحد التقدير الكمي (0.098) مايكروغرام. مل 1 - , ومعدل نسبة استرداد (99.9)% , ومعدل الانحراف القياسي النسبي (0.579)%. طبقت الطريقتين بنجاح لتقدير النايترازيبام المختزل في المستحضر الصيدلاني والذي كان عبارة عن (حبوب) , اذ وجد ان نتائج الطريقتين تتفق مع المحتوى الاصلي للمستحضرات الصيدلانية ومع نتائج الطريقة القياسية المستعملة في تقدير النايترازيبام, وتم تقييم نتائج الطريقتين المقترحتين من خلال حساب قيم اختباري t وF والتي كانت اقل من القيم الجدولية عند مستوى الثقة 95% مما يدل على ان الطرق المقترحة والطريقة القياسية لا تختلفان بشكل ملحوظ في الدقة والتوافقية. ايضا تضمن الفصل وصف طريقة طيفيه بسيطة وحساسة لتقدير هيدروكلوريد الكلوربرومازين (CPZ) في المحلول المائي بحالته النقية وفي مستحضراته الصيدلانية , تعتمد هذه الطريقة على الاقتران التاكسدي بين الدواء والكاشف العضوي (2,5 - Dimethoxyaniline) واعطاء صبغة زرقاء مستقرة وذائبة في الماء لها اقصى امتصاص عند الطول الموجي (717) نانوميتر. وجد ان الطريقة تتبع قانون بيــر لامبـــرت بمدى تركيز (14 - 0.05) مايكروغرام. مل 1 - , وبمعامل امتصاص مولاري (104×(4.04 لتر.مول1 - .سم1 - , وحساسية ساندل (0.0087) مايكروغرام. سم2 - , وحد كشف (0.024) مايكروغرام. مل1 - , وحد التقدير الكمي (0.082) مايكروغرام. مل 1 - , ومعدل نسبة استرداد (99.94)% , ومعدل الانحراف القياسي النسبي (0.149)%. طبقت الطريقة بنجاح لتقدير هيدروكلوريد الكلوربرومازين في المستحضر الصيدلاني والذي كان عبارة عن (حبوب) , اذ وجد ان نتائج الطريقة تتفق مع المحتوى الاصلي للمستحضرات الصيدلانية ومع نتائج الطريقة القياسية المستعملة في تقدير هيدروكلوريد الكلوربرومازين, وتم تقييم نتائج الطريقة المقترحة من خلال حساب قيم اختباري t وF والتي كانت اقل من القيم الجدولية عند مستوى الثقة 95% مما يدل على ان الطرق المقترحة والطريقة القياسية لا تختلفان بشكل ملحوظ في الدقة والتوافقية. | First chapter includes a general introduction on drugs, pharmaceutical analysis and some basic concepts, based on absorption of ultraviolet and visible light that used in this type of analysis. It had included an introduction to the diazo coupling reaction and its importance in spectrophotometric estimation of many pharmaceutical compounds, as well as the most important factors affecting on the stability. Also include general introduction on Schiff base reactions, the mechanism of this reaction, classification of Schiff base according to the donor groups, general introduction about Nitrazepam (NZP) drug and review of the analytical methods that have been used for the determination of Nitrazepam. Also general introduction about oxidative coupling reaction and its importance in spectrometric determination of many pharmaceutical compounds. Also, the most important mechanisms. General introduction about Chlorpromazine - Hydrochloride (CPZ) drug and review of the analytical methods that have been used for the determination of (CPZ). Second chapter : describes the instruments that have been used in this study, preparation of drugs solutions and their pharmaceutical formulations, also acids, bases and oxidizing agents solutions. And describs the standard methods of these drugs. Third chapter : describes two simple and sensitive methods for the determination of reduced nitrazepam (NZP) in aqueous solution, in its pure state and in pharmaceutical preparations after reducing nitro group ( - NO2) to the amine group ( - NH2) . The first method based on the coupling of reduced (NZP) with organic reagent (Thymol) in alkaline medium to give a stable orange azo - dye soluble in water that has maximum absorption at wavelength (477) nm.Beer's law was obeyed between (0.1 - 12) µg.ml - 1 , a molar absorptivity (2.264 * 104) L.mol - 1.cm - 1 , Sandal's sensitivity (0.0124) µg.ml - 2, the LOD was (0.02) µg.ml - 1 , LOQ was (0.072) µg.ml - 1 , average recovery was 99.52 %, and the average of relative standard deviation was 0.7323 %. The second method depends on coupling of reduced (NZP) with the organic reagent (p - Hydroxybenzaldehyde) to form orange Schiff base soluble in water that has maximum absorption at wavelength (484) nm.Beer's law was obeyed between (0.1 - 10) µg.ml - 1 , a molar absorptivity (3.14 * 104) L.mol - 1.cm - 1 , Sandal's sensitivity (0.0089) µg.ml - 2, the LOD was (0.029) µg.ml - 1 , LOQ was (0.098) µg.ml - 1 , average recovery was 99.9 %, and the average of relative standard deviation was 0.579 %. These two methods were applied successfully for the determination of reduced (NZP) in pharmaceutical formulations (tablets), the analytical results were compared with the claim content of pharmaceuticals and also with the standard method was used for determination of nitrazepam, evaluating the proposed methods results by using F and t - test. It was found results experimental F and t value at 95% confidence level did not exceed the critical values. This means the proposed methods do not differ significally in accuracy and validity with standard method. Also, this chapter described a simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method for determination of chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPZ) based on oxidative coupling reaction between (CPZ) and the reagent (2,5 - dimethoxyaniline) in the presence of oxidizing agent and acidic medium, to form blue complex soluble in water that has maximum absorption at wavelength (717) nm.Beer's law was obeyed between (0.05 - 14) µg.ml - 1 , a molar absorptivity (4.04 * 104) L.mol - 1.cm - 1 , Sandal's sensitivity (0.0087) µg.ml - 2, the LOD was (0.024) µg.ml - 1 , LOQ was (0.082) µg.ml - 1 , average recovery was 99.94 %, and the average of relative standard deviation was 0.149 %. This method was applied successfully for the determination of (CPZ) in pharmaceutical formulations (tablets and injection), the analytical results were compared with the claimed content of pharmaceuticals and also with the standard method was used for determination of (CPZ), evaluating the proposed method results by using F and t - test. It was found results experimental F and t value at 95% confidence level did not exceed the critical values. This means the proposed method do not differ significally in accuracy and validity with standard method

تحضير وتشخيص المركبات النانوية Nb2O5 /CdS ودراسة الامتزاز وفعالية المحفز الضوئي للايونات الفلزية الانتقالية == Synthesis, Characterization of Nb2O5 /CdS Nano Composites, and Study Sorption and Photocatalytic Activity of Transition Metal Ions

Author name: زينة طالب عمران
Supervisor name: ندى يحيى فيروز
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: This study includes preparation of nano composite catalyst Nb2O5\CdS at various ratios by using wet commixing method with changed calcination temperature 200, 500 and 800 ⁰C .The catalysts were characterized using X - rays diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Then used all of these ratio that calcinated at various temperature in degradation procedure of both Co (II) and Cu (II) from their aqueous solutions. It was found that the catalyst with a ratio of ( 0.85 : 0.15) and (0.75 : 0.25), which was calcinated at 800⁰C it’s the best ratios for Co(II) and Cu(II). Removal of Co (II) was examined after optimization of removal conditions, for example, mass of catalyst , pH of mixture, effect of temperature ,effect of concentration of Co (II) and effect of addition hydrogen peroxide . The best conditions for this case were pH=4, 0.1 g , 500ppm and temperature equal to30ºC, 0.1M of H2O2. Activation energy was calculated using Arrhenius plot and it was 26.28 kJ/mol.Study adsorption of Co(II) was examined after ideal of conditions for example effect of mass of catalyst , effect of concentration of Co (II), pH of mixture, effect of temperature . The ideal conditions for this case were 0.1 g , 500ppm , temperature equal to30ºC, pH=4, and. Activation energy was calculated using Arrhenius plot and it was 8.363 kJ.mol - 1Kinetics of this procedure was investigated and it was fitted with the pseudo first order kinetics. In addition to that, adsorption isotherms for this process were applied for both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The obtained results presented that it was agreedIIwith Freundlich adsorption model. Study thermodynamic parameters results exhibited that the negative values of ΔG( - 2.346, - 3.571 , - 4.697 , - 5.259 kJ/mol ) for temperature (15 ,20 ,23 ,30 )oC and the positive ΔH (+55.66kJ/mol) and ΔS (+0.201kJ/mol K) .Removal of Cu (II) was examined after ideal conditions such as mass of catalyst , pH of mixture, effect of temperature , effect of concentration of Cu (II) and effect of addition hydrogen peroxide . The ideal conditions for this case were 0.05 g, 500ppm, 30ºC , pH=3 ,0.1M of H2O2. Activation energy was calculated using Arrhenius plot and it was 9.814 kJ.mol - 1.Study adsorption of Cu (II) was investigated after best of conditions for example effect mass of catalyst , effect of concentration of Co (II),pH of mixture, effect of temperature . The ideal conditions for this case were 0.15 g , 500ppm ,30ºC, and pH=3. Activation energy was calculated using Arrhenius plot and it was 8.866 kJ.mol - 1Kinetics of this process was studied and it was fitted with the pseudo first order kinetics. In addition to that, adsorption isotherms for this procedure were applied for both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The obtained results presented that it was agreed with Freundlich adsorption model. Study thermodynamic parameters results exhibited that the negative values of ΔG( - 3.110, - 3.919, - 5.785 , - 8.300kJ/mol ) for temperature(15 ,20 ,23 ,30) oC and the positive ΔH (+58.42kJ/mol ) and ΔS (+0.213 kJ/mol K ) .

تصميم وحدة حقن جرياني جديدة لتقدير ايون اليوديد وايون الكرومات == Design new flow injection unit for the determination of iodide ion and chromate ion

Author name: زهير صالح عبيد الشافعي
Supervisor name: داخل ناصر طه الزركاني
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: he third chapter contains Several axis's is : The first axis is design FIA unit for determination of chromate ion , and of the work , their components and chosen the Optimum Design .* The second axis included study optimal conditions of system ( effect of flow rate , effect of reaction coil , sample loop , starch loop , calibration curve , reproducibility , dispersion coefficient , sampling rate and dead volume . after fixing the optimum conditions , detection limit ( 5 ppm ) , linearity was over the range of ( 10 ppm - 90 ppm ) and linearity coefficient ( R2 ) was ( 0.999 ) .* The three axis is using the same system in determination iodide ion after change the valve it was best results .* The four axis included study optimum conditions of new system ( effect of flow rate , effect of reaction coil , sample loop , starch loop , calibration curve , reproducibility , dispersion coefficient , sampling rate and dead volume . after fixing the optimum conditions , detection limit ( 3 ppm ) , linearity was over the range of ( 5 ppm - 70 ppm ) and linearity coefficient ( R2 ) was ( 0.9995 ) . also the study calibration curve of chromate in the new system , after fixing the optimum conditions , detection limit ( 3 ppm ) , linearity was over the range of ( 10 ppm - 90 ppm ) and linearity coefficient ( R2 ) was ( 0.998 ) .* The last axis included is study application on the tow system and the difference , system one been applied on aqueous solutions of chromate at ( 50 ppm , 70 ppm ) , system tow been applied on aqueous solution of chromate at ( 50 ppm , 70 ppm ) , Medicine chromium picolinate , aqueous solution of iodide at ( 15 ppm , 25 ppm ) and medicine Boviden iodid 4 %

تحقق نظري لاليات تفاعلات التحلل الضوئي لمركبات الهالوهيدروكربون في طبقة الستراتوسفير == Theoretical Investigation of Photolysis Reactions Mechanisms For Halo - Hydrocarbon Compounds In Stratospheric Layer

Author name: رؤى عبد الحسين عبد العباس المسعودي
Supervisor name: عباس عبد علي دريع الصالحي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تم دراسة الية تفاعل نضوب الاوزون بتاثير ثلاث مركبات من هاليدات الهيدروكاربونات ( 1 - برومو - 1 - كلورو - 1,1 - ثنائي فلوروميثان و1 - كلورو - 2,2,2,1 - رباعي فلوروايثان و1,3 - ثنائي بروموبروبان) نظريا في الطور الغازي. حيث ان دراسة المحاكاة تضمنت مسالك تحلل ضوئي مختلفة. استخدمت مختلف طرائق الكم مثل الحسابات شبه التجريبية والحسابات الاساسية الاولية وحسابات نظرية دالة الكثافة. تم احتساب الفعالية الكيميائية والقيم الطاقية لجميع الاصناف الكيميائية التي شملتها الدراسة بواسطة سطوح جهد الطاقة ومعاملات الاواصر وعزوم ثنائية الاقطاب وطاقات الاوربيتالات الجزيئية وطاقة نقطة الصفر لاستبيان المسلك الاكثر احتمالا لتفاعلات التحلل الضوئي واقتراح ميكانيكية التفاعل. تم تقدير الدوال الثرموديناميكيه (∆S°, ∆G°, ∆H°) وطاقة التنشيط وثابت السرعة والتردد الخيالي مع نقطة الصفر لتقدير الحالة الانتقالية الحقيقية والاصناف الكيميائية الاكثر احتمالا بتفاعلات التحلل الضوئي والتي تشارك بميكانيكية نضوب الاوزون.وجد من خلال هذه الدراسة : - ان فجوة الطاقة بين الصيغ الكيميائية التركيبية للاوزون مساوية الى 33.195 كيلو سعره للمول الواحد مع اقل قيمة من حرارة التكوين للاوزون الزاوي والتي مقدارها 45.2773 كيلو سعره للمول الواحد لذلك ان صيغة الاوزون الزاوي (bent ozone) اكثر استقرارا من صيغة الاوزون الحلقي ويمكن ان تتفاعل مع هاليدات الهايدروكاربونات في توجهات فراغية مختلفة. يحصل تفاعل التحلل الضوئي لمركب بروموكلورو ثنائي فلوروميثان من خلال اصرة C - Br مع طاقة تنشيط مقدارها 46.954كيلو سعره للمول الواحد وانثالبي تفاعل مساوي الى 49.749 كيلو سعره للمول الواحد عند الظروف القياسية. تمت ميكانيكية استنزاف الاوزون بواسطة الجذور الحرة الكلور والبروم وثنائي فلوروميثل مع انثالبي تفاعل مقداره من - 48.99الى - 49.057 كيلو سعره للمول الواحد وثابت سرعه مساوي الى 5.34*1017, 6.914*1021 و7.43*1081 ثانيه - 1 لجذر البروم , الكلور وثنائي فلوروميثل على التوالي. ثلاث مولات من الاوزون استنزفت بواسطة مول واحد من مركب بروموكلورو ثنائي فلوروميثان. استنزاف الاوزون بواسطة 1 - كلورو - 2,2,2,1 - رباعي فلوروايثان يتم من خلال جذر الكلور عند طاقة ضوء مساوية الى 65.636 كيلو سعره للمول الواحد وطول موجي مقداره 407.8643 نانوميتر حيث ان مول واحد يستنزف ست مولات من الاوزون مع انثالبي تفاعل مساوي الى - 252.64 كيلو سعره للمول الواحد وطاقه حرة مقدارها - 291.376 كيلو سعره للمول الواحد.3,1 - ثنائي بروموبروبان يتفكك عند طول موجي مساوي الى 442.571 نانوميتر ليحرر جذر البروم وثلاثي بروموبروبان مع طاقة تنشيط مساوية الى 98.624 كيلو سعره للمول الواحد. الاصناف الفعالة الناتجة تستهلك الاوزون بمسالك تفاعل مختلفة لتعطي جذر الالكوكسي وواوكسيد البروم مع تكوين جزيء الاوكسجين بانثالبي تفاعل كلي مقداره - 157.9 كيلو سعره للمول الواحد. | Reaction mechanism study of ozone depletion has been carried out on three selected compounds of halo - hydrocarbons (1 - bromo - 1 - chloro - 1,1 - diflouromethane, 1 - Chloro - 1,2,2,2 - tetrafluoroethane, and 1,3 - dibromopropane) that’s achieved theoretically in the gas phase. The simulation study involves different photolysis reaction pathways. Different quantum methods such as semiempirical, Ab initio and density functional theory have been used in this study. The chemical reactivity and energetic properties of all chemical species that are involved in this study have been computed by the potential energy surface, bond parameters, dipoles moments, molecular orbital energies and zero point energy to estimate the most probable pathway of photolysis reaction to proposed the reaction mechanism. Thermodynamic functions (∆S°, ∆G°, ∆H°), activation energies, rate constant, the imaginary frequency with zero point energy to estimate the real transition state have been calculated to predict the most probable species through photolysis reactions that are contributing to ozone depletion mechanism. From this study, it is found that the energy gap between cyclic and bent ozone equal to 33.195 kCal mol - 1 and the lowest value of heat of formation of bent ozone which equal to 45.2773 kCal mol - 1 so, the bent ozone more stable than cyclic ozone and react with halo - hydrocarbons species in different orientations. The photolysis reaction of bromochlorodiflouromethane occurs through C - Br bond with an activation energy equal to 46.954 kCal mol - 1 and enthalpy change of reaction equal to 49.749 kCal mol - 1 at STP. The depletion mechanism is completed by bromine, chlorine and diflouromethyl radicals with enthalpy change of reaction fall in the range - (48.99 - 49.057) kCal mol - 1 and rate constant values for the reaction of these radicals with ozone equal to 5.34*1017, 6.914*1021, 7.43*1081 s - 1 for bromine, chlorine and diflouromethyl respectively, to deplete three moles of ozone by one mole of bromochlorodiflouromethane. Ozone depletion by 1 - Chloro - 1,2,2,2 - tetrafluoroethane occurs through chlorine radical at 65.636 kCal mol - 1(407.8643nm) of light energy where one mole of the compound destruct six moles of ozone with enthalpy change of reaction equal to - 252.64 kCal mol - 1, and free energy change equal to - 291.376 kCal mol - 1. 1,3 - dibromopropane breakdown at 442.571 nm of light wavelength to released bromine and 3 - bromopropane radicals with activation energy equal to 98.624 kCal mol - 1. 1,3 - dibromopropane exists in three isomers C2, C1 and C2V was found in this study that the isomer C2 is more stable with total energy being equal to - 26652.031 kCal mol - 1. The resulting reactive species consumed the ozone in different reaction pathways to give alkoxy and BrO radicals with the releasing of oxygen molecule with total enthalpy of reaction equal to - 157.9 kCal mol - 1.

دراسات حركية ثرموديناميكية لانزيم الكلوتاثيون الناقل المنقى جزئيا من مصل دم الانسان مع تاثير بعض ادوية علاج السكري

Author name: غفران عبد عمران عبد الرضا محمد الخفاجي
Supervisor name: عودة مزعل ياسر الزاملي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: This study involved (30) Person healthy (15males & 15 femals) the ages were between (20 - 25) years were obtained on samples of students from the university of Babylon / College of Science in Babel province, Iraq has been selected as control group without chronic disease and without smoking.This study attempt isolate GST enzyme from serum human .The partial purification of glutathione - S - Transferase were done using DEAE - Cellulose ,Then purification steps include precipitation by ammonium sulfate 70%, The specific activity was 0.244 U/mg protein and purification degree 1.07 folds and stepwise of Di ethyl amino ethyl - cellulose chromatography and further purified with DEAE - Cellulose column chromatography. The enzyme was apply on DEAE - Cellulose (1.5×30cm) and flow rate 1ml/min and The specific activity was 0.314 U/mg protein with recovery 55.14% and purification degree 1.50 folds.then the glutathione - S - transferase enzyme purified also from serum human by using pre - packed column affinity chromatography by containing glutathione Sepharose 4% and compare specific activity between two separation ways the activity of GST enzyme result from affinity column were more by using ion exchange column and measured of enzyme activity at 340nm by using CDNB as substrate of GST enzyme .The electrophoresis of the partial from human serum from ion - exchange chromatography and affinity chromatography in polyacrylamide gel was found that it was one protein band by using SDS - PAGE analysis by usingenzyme GST result from ion - exchange chromatography 27.7KD and affinity chromatography found (28KD). This study involved also some kinetic studies of GST , maximum activity for GST enzyme was obtained using 22.463mmol/L of 1 - chloro - 2,4 - dinitrobenzene (CDNB)as substrate ,the enzyme showed maximum activityat 35 and optimum pH at 6.8 and time at 12 minutes in incubation at 35 . Using Lineweaver - Burk plot the maximum velocity (Vmax ) and Michaelis constant Km were (11.12mmol/liter) and Vmax (1.254μmol/min) respectively .The thermodynamic constants of activation , were determined by using Arrhenius plot and found to be (35.906kJ. mol - 1, 31.73kJ.mol - 1, - 1.729 kJ.mol - 1.k ,551.40 kJ.mol - 1.k) respectively .Metformin and Dionial inhibition on the GST activity were found that , this lead to drugs effect on enzyme GST.Where showed result that non comparative inhibitor at metformin and showed that comparative inhibitor at dionial .

الاستخلاص بنقطة الغيمة لتقدير الكلور امفينيكول طيفيا في المستحضرات الصيدلانية == CLOUD POINT EXTRACTION FOR THE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF CHLORAMPHENICOL IN PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS

Author name: ضياء يحيى عزيز الحميدي
Supervisor name: عباس نور محمد الشريفي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: In this thesis chloramphenicol drug was determined by three methods with spectrophotometric technique.In the first method chloramphenicol was reacted with p - N,NDimethyl - aminobenzaldehyde and form yellow Schiff base product which gave higher absorbance at 436.5 nm. Schiff base reaction occurs between two compounds, one contains amino group and the other contains carbonyl group but chloramphenicol is nitro compound therefore it must convert nitro group in drug to amino group therefore reduction process to nitro group necessary for convert it to amino group.Therefore optimum conditions of reduction process were studied to know exactly the volume of concentrated hydrochloric acid which will give higher absorbance of product. Also amount of zinc, temperature of heating and time from heating during the reduction process were studied. Other optimum conditions of reaction also were studied and Calibration curve constructed and regression equation known (y = 0.0556x + 0.0246), also range of concentration which obeys Beer - Lambert Law was (0.1 - 12)ppm, Molar absorptivity (1.8 * 104 ), Sandell's sensitivity (1.8 * 10 - 2), LOD and LOQ (0.037) and (0.124) respectively. also other studies were performed such as accuracy and precision, Molar ratio method, continues variation method, reaction mechanism, Stability constant of product, Analytical applications and t - test and F - test. The proposed method was successfully in determination of chloramphenicol (CAP) in pharmaceutical preparations with good values of recovery presents (97.6% - 102.5%) and Relative Error E% between ( - 2.351 - 2.562).In the second method, chloramphenicol was reacted with 1,2 - Naphthoquinone - 4 - Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt in basic medium by condensation reaction and form orange - red product which gave higher absorbance at 489 nm.Optimum conditions of reaction were studied and Calibration curve constructed and regression equation known (y = 0.0577x - 0.0006), also range of concentration which obeys Beer - Lambert Law was (1 - 9)ppm, Molar absorptivity (1.86 * 104), Sandell's sensitive (1.73* 10 - 2), LOD and LOQ (0.068) and (0.207) respectively. Also other studies were performed such accuracy and precision, Molar ratio method ,continues variation method, reaction mechanism, stability constant of product, analytical applications and t - test and F - test. The proposed method was successfully in determination CAP in pharmaceutical preparations with good values of recovery presents (96.149% - 103.307%) and Relative Error E% between ( - 3.851 - 3.307) In the third method, cloud point extraction was applied by extractingthe product used in the second method because there is interaction between the alkaline medium and reagent, this the interaction leads to develop colored reagent and some of radiation absorbed at maximum wavelength of product therefore used cloud point extraction to remove the interference and enhancing sensitivity of method and increasing stability of product.Chloramphenicol was reacted with 1,2 - Naphthoquinone - 4 - Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt in basic medium by condensation reaction forming orange - red product by using same optimum condition of reaction in the second method then the product was extracted from the solution by using cloud point extraction technique.Optimum conditions of cloud point extraction were studied and Calibration curve was constructed and regression equation known (y = 0.2318x + 0.0639), the range of concentration that obeys Beer - Lambert Law was (0.1 - 6) ppm, Molar absorptivity (7.49 * 104), Sandell's sensitivity (4.31* 10 - 3), LOD and LOQ (0.032) ppm and (0.097)ppm respectively. Also Recovery of solute ( was(99.92), preconcentration factor (fc) (3.33333) and phase volume ratio (Rv) (0.3), also other studies were performed such accuracy and precision, analytical applications and test and F - test. The proposed method was successful in determine chloramphenicol (CAP) in pharmaceutical preparations with good values of recovery percent (96.091% - 101.834%) and Relative Error E% between ( - 3.909 - 1.834).Finally, this thesis presented a proposal for a new way to deal with the data in the analytical methods, which includes the new equations to find a slop and y - intercept of a straight line equation as well as introduced new parameters to determine the best linear correlation between the results, it is average of recovery (Arec), the sum of the absolute values of the relative error (SARE) in concentration computed as well as the average of the absolute values of relative error ( AARE) that gives the best results and more accurate than the usual equation.

البلمرة التكاثفية للبنتااريثريتول مع حامض الفثاليك اللامائي وتحويرة ودراسة خواصة == Condensation Polymerization of Pentaerythritol with Phthalic Anhydride and Modification and Study of its Properties

Author name: رواء حفظي زعولي
Supervisor name: محمد ناظم بهجت | ناظر نجم عبد الله
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تضمن البحث تحضير الكوبوليمر المحور بخطوتين : الخطوة الاولى ، تتضمن تحضير بوليمرتكاثفي باستخدام بنتا اريتريتول وانهيدرايد الفثالك وانهيدريد الماليئك بواسطة عملية الاسترة .ان الهيكل التركيبي للبوليمر المشترك المحور الذي حصلنا عليه ، كما يلي : وشخص البوليمر المحضر بواسطة مطيافية FTIR وHNMR الخطوة الثانية ، تتضمن تحضير راتنج ذو قوام شرابي باضافة (1مول،1.5مول ،2 مول) مونومير حامض الاكريلك على التوالي الى البوليمر ، لنحصل على تلاثة انواع من الراتنج .تضمن العمل عدد من الفحوصات مثل ، الانتفاخية في الماء والتولوين والايثانول في درجات حرارية مختلفة ، الانتفاخية في محلولي بفر ذوPH مختلف وخواص قوة الشد. تم حساب معاملات الانتفاخية في الماء والتولوين والايثانول،حيث وجد ان محتوى الماء في الهلام المائي يزداد بزيادة زمن الانتفاخية . كذلك تم دراسة تا ثير درجة الحرارة على الانتفاخية في الماء والتولوين والايثانول عند درجات حرارية مختلفة تتراوح مابين 298 - 318 كلفن . تزداد معاملات الانتفاخية بزيادة درجة الحرارة وكذلك فان الكسر الحجمي للراتنج (2 Ф) تقل بزيادة درجة الحرارة .من خلال اختبارات الشد ، لوحظ ان البوليمر المحضرذو سلوك ميكانيكي لين - ضعيف للراتنج المحتوي على الاكريلك اسد. | In this work, a new modified Co - polymer was prepared by condensation polymerization by using phthalic anhydride, pentaerythritol and maleic anhydride through esterification reaction.The structure of modified co - polymer was : Identification of modified polyester resin by FT - IR, 1H - NMRA preparation of pourable syrup resins by the addition of (1, 1.5 and 2 moles) acrylic acid monomer respectively, to the modified polymer, to give three types of resins.Many tests were carried out, i.e., swelling degree in water, toluene and ethanol at different temperatures, and swelling at two different PH. Also the tensile properties of the prepared polymers have been studded.The swelling parameters in water, ethanol and toluene were calculated. The water content, of hydrogels increased with increasing time of swelling. The effect of temperature on the swelling in water, ethanol and toluene at different temperatures ranging from 298 to 318 K was also studied. The water, ethanol and toluene content have been increased with increasing temperature. While the volume fraction of the resins (Ф2) have been decreased with increasing temperatures. From the tensile tests, it was found that the prepared polymer; have soft - weak behavior.

فصل انزيم اللايبوكسيجينيز من مصل الرجال الاصحاء ومعاملة خارجية للانزيم في مرضى الربو == Separation of Lipoxygenase from Sera of Healthy men and in Vitro Treatment of Enzyme in Asthmatic Patients

Author name: احمد جياد عباس البرقعاوي
Supervisor name: عودة مزعل ياسر الزاملي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: This study is concerned with asthma. Sixty seven asthmatic male patients were examined and tested , their age ranged from 10 - 65 years and they previously diagnosed as asthmatic patient under the physician supervision in AL - Hilla center of Allergy and Asthma . They have the disease for more than five years. Forty patients were examined during the period between July2015 to October 2015, and twenty seven patients were examined during period between June to August 2016, also the control group consisted of sixty seven healthy males ranged from 10 - 65 years.In this study asthmatic patients were divided into three groups according to medication , the first group consisted of (17) asthmatic patients taking antihistamines such as loratadine , citrizine and allermine , while the second group included (24) asthmatic patients taking montelukast , and the third group included (26) asthmatic patients who were on different drugs other than antihistamines and montelukast such as steroids and beta agonists .Five milliliters of blood were obtained from each patient, serum collected absolutely free from hemolysis stored at - 20 °C until uses for measurement of the concentrations of Glutathione, Malondialdehyde, Catalase, Histamine, Serotonin, Lipoxygenase - 5, Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase, total Immunoglobulin E and specific immunoglobulin E.The results revealed that the mean of IgE level (measured by ELISA system)in serum of asthmatic group was (368.16 ±1.772 ng/ml) versus the control group (138.9±2.515 ng/ml) with a significant difference,)P < 0.001(. Asthmatic patients and patients treated with pharmacological drugs such as montelukast and antihistamines showed high sensitivity to some food, animals, plant, palm pollen, fungal and mite allergen and they showed different values between patients and control. The study showed that there is no association between the increased sensitization to food, animal, plant and fungal allergens with age of patients.The present study showed the relationship of count blood cells (WBC and RBC) in studied groups. In all studied groups, WBC values higher than control group while the RBC values showed little differences among all studied groups.According to levels of some variables (histamine, serotonin, LOX - 5 and LTA4H) in asthmatic patients, the results showed a higher mean value of serotonin in asthmatic patients (0.023± 0.004 ng /ml) compared with control group (0.002± 0.001 ng/ml, p˂0.001) In addition the value of histamine was observed high in asthmatic patients (8.511± 0.410 ng /ml)while the control group was (2.565 ± 0.140 ng/ ml) with a significant difference of the mean value of histamine between asthmatic patients and control group (p˂0.001). LOX - 5 level in serum of asthmatic patients was higher (11.080 ± 0. 190 ng/ml) than in control group (9.821 ± 0.203 ng/ml, p˂0.001.The data revealed significant high mean value of LTA4H in asthmatic patients (24.148 ± 0 .450 ng/ml) compared with control group (18.912 ± 0.459 ng/ml, p˂0.001).The result showed that histamine level was increased in the group (>40 years) with a mean value (9.67 ± 4.25 ng /ml ) . While LOX - 5 showed high mean value (11.532 ± 1.274) in the group 20 - 40 years . Also LTA4H enzyme showed high mean value (25.54 ± 3.504 ng/ml)in the group 20 - 40 years , while serotonin appeared with high mean value (0.027± 0.015 ng/ml) in the group (< 20 years) with a significant difference between levels of these variables in each age group (p ˂ 0.001)The mean concentration of an antioxidant, Glutathione(GSH), and Malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum of asthmatic patient and control groups. The mean concentration of MDA increased in asthmatic patients (11.317 ± 1.096 μmol/l) more than control group(8.733 ± 3.756 μmol/l)with a significant difference between these groups (p < 0.05). The mean concentration of GSH increased was in the control (5.106 ± 3.197 μmol/l) more than asthmatic patients(3.905 ± 1.638 μmol/l, p < 0.05).According to the results of the present study, the mean activity of catalase(CAT) was higher (1.555±0.982 U/l) in asthmatic patients when compared with control group(1.173 ± 0.502 U/l, p < 0.05).The current study also concerned with the extrection of lipoxygenase from serum of asthmatic patient and healthy men by taking 15 ml serum from ten asthmatic patients men and 15 ml from serum of ten healthy men. And these quantities of serum were precipitated by ammonium sulfate, The best ratio for precipitating serum and extraction of enzyme is 60%. The anion exchange chromatography was used for extraction of the enzyme. The molecular weight of the extracted enzyme was determined by SDS - PAGE . In this procedure one subunit of the extracted LOXs enzyme showed a molecular weight of 35KD for one chain while a recombinant pure human LOX - 5 showed a molecular weight of 38 KD. The current study used NATIVEN technique for purification of the extracted enzyme obtained from ion exchange chromatography.The results revealed the optimum pH and temperature for LOXs activity and they were 8 and 40°C, respectively.The velocity constant and maximum velocity of the extracted Lipoxygenase enzyme was detected by using PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH SYSTEM, this system had the ability to obtain the relationship between conductivity and concentration (an increase in concentration lead to an increase in conductivity).The extracted lipoxygenase enzyme Km was 2.2mM and Vmax= 140mM/min in asthmatic patients and Km was 2.7mM and Vmax= 135mM/min in controls (by applying Michaelis - Menten equation).While the enzyme Km= 5.5mM and Vmax= 238mM/min in asthmatic patients and Km= 5 mM and Vmax= 208 mM/min in controls (by applying Lineweaver - Burk equation).The extracted LOXs from asthmatic patients and controls was treated with montelukast. The Km and Vmax appeared to have low values Km 3.6mM and Vmax 153mM/min and Km 3.7mM and Vmax 147mM/min, respectively. Also the extracted LOXs from asthmatic patients and controls was treated with molsiodomine, showed low values Km 4.4mM and Vmax 182 mM/min and Km 4.3mM and Vmax 166 mM/min, respectively.

دراسة مستويات بعض مضادات الاكسدة غير الانزيمية وعنصري الحديد والنحاس في مصل دم مرض اضطرابات الغدة الدرقية في محافظة ميسان - العراق

Author name: مهدي عودة محمد الساعدي
Supervisor name: ساهرة غريب صياح
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: the current study was designed to measure some Biochemical function in serum of patients with disorder of the thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism ), which can help in the early detection and follow - up of the malfunction of the thyroid gland.Specimens collected from 124 patients with malfunction of the thyroid gland Specimens were classified accord is to the type of disease ( an overactive thyroid gland = 62 , hypothyroidism = 62) and 62 blood samples in were collected from healthy non - infected persons (control group).The study included measuring automatically the levels of thyroid hormones, (FT4, FT3) and (TSH) in the serum using a Mini - VIDAS . The levels of vitamins (E, C) and beta - carotene , and uric acid were measured , also the levels of some trace elements (iron , copper) ,were measured in the serum three above groups.The results showed the following - :  The results of the present study ,the highest percentage of patients with hypothyroidism were indicated that females and the of malfunction of the thyroid gland is occurred at the third and fourth decade of life. The impact of the genetic factor in patients with excessive secretion of the thyroid gland were higher than in patients with deficient secretion of the thyroid gland. A significant increase in the level of the hormone tri - iodothyronin (FT3) and the level of the hormone tetra - iodothyronin (FT4) and a significant decrease in the level of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in patients with excessive thyroid gland secretion compared to the control group. A significant decrease in the level of hormones (FT3), (FT4) and a significant increase in the level of the hormone (TSH) in patients with hypothyroidism compared to the control group.  Generally, there was a significant decrease in the level of vitamins C,E in the sera of patients with malfunction of thyroid compared to the control group. A significant increase in the level of uric acid in patients with excessive thyroid activity and a significant decrease in patients with thyroid failure compared to the control group.  A Significant decrease in the level of beta - carotene in patients with an overactive thyroid , and a significant increase in the level of beta - carotene in patients with hypothyroidism compared to the control group. A Significant decrease in the level of iron in the sera of patients with malfunction compared to the control group. A significant increase in the level of copper in patients with excessive thyroid activity and a significant decrease in patients with thyroid failure compared to the control group.

دراسة التاثيرات الانجابية لبعض العناصر النزرة على العقم عند الرجال في محافظة ذي قار - العراق == Reproductive Effects of Some Trace Elements On Male Infertility, In Thi - Qar Governorate/Iraq

Author name: ملاك حريز نعيم الخفاجي
Supervisor name: ساجد حسن كزار | ايناس صالح جواد
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:

تحضير وتشخيص وتقيم الفعالية البيولوجية لبعض مركبات الفورمازان المشتقة من قواعد شف الجديدة ومعقداتها مع بعض العناصر الانتقالية == Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of some new Formazan compounds derived from Schiff Bases and their complexes with some transition Metals.

Author name: اعراف محمود داود
Supervisor name: حيدر عباس مهدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: This thesis contains three chapters represents, the first chapter introduction and interested in studying the chemistry of schiff base and derivatives of formazan, their complexes in terms of their characteristics, importance and synthesis.The second chapter is interested in describing the chemicals and procedures used in the synthesis of the required compounds, and the study of physical measurements, synthesis methods of compounds and evaluation as well as the biological activity.In this research, four new derivatives of formazan (L3, L4, L5 - 4d), which synthesized from the reaction of Diazonium salt amine with suitable Schiff base (L1, L2 - 2d). The Schiff base can product of different primary amines with several aromatic aldehyde and synthesized both of the (Schiff bases, formazans) suitable complexes.The third chapter Results and Discussion, identified synthesized formazan derivatives as well as Schiff bases prefix and its complexes by appropriate spectral methods including of infrared spectroscopy (FT - IR) for all compounds, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectrum (1H - NMR) for all compounds Microanalysis (CHNS) for the majority of compounds as well as Mass spectra. For all complexes were recording certain physical properties, such as melting point (m.p.). Monitoring progress of the chemical reaction by using thin chromatography layer (TLC). We synthesis eight complexes (three from Schiff bases and five from formazan derivatives) were complexes with ions (Co, Ni, Cd), then measuring the molar conductivity of complexes. Then study the biological effectiveness for some compounds have been chosen complexes Schiff bases, as well as formazan complexes to determine the effect of active groups in these compounds to evaluate the efficiency ofXIthe compounds against different type of bacteria.The research also includes a test of biological effectiveness of the prepared ligands and their metallic complexes, where we study response inhibitory to the three types of bacteria, a gram positive type of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureuse) and gram negative type of the bacteria (Escherichia Coli and salmonella species) and compared with the standard inhibitor (Cipro).The biological effectiveness swohs positive results as it was noted The ligand L1, L2, L3, L4, L5 and Schiff base 4d Showed lower efficiency than the standard inhibitor trend three types of bacteria. The prepared complexes from ligands appeared high effective than the effectiveness of the ligands itself The formazan (L3, L4, L5 dna 2d) appeared high effective than the effectiveness of the prepared Schiff base

تخليق وتشخيص بعض المركبات الاحادية والثنائية للكاما لاكتام والثايزوليدينون == SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME MONO AND BIS ? - LACTAMS AND THIAZOLIDINONES COMPOUNDS

Author name: اصالة سلام جبر
Supervisor name: محمود شاكر مكطوف التميمي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Organic Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: This study is concerned with the synthesis and characterization of mono, bis γ - lactams 3(a - h) and mono, bis Thiazolidinone 4(a - i). The structures of the prepared compounds are confirmed by the spectral data include FT - IR spectroscopy , 1H - NMR spectroscopy , 13C - NMR spectroscopy, Mass spectroscopy.Mono and bis γ - Lactams are prepared by reacting Phenyl succinic anhydride with the appropriate Schiff base , in dry chloroform. The obtained mono and bis γ - lactams 3(a - g) is in moderate yields (51 - 75%).The FT - IR spectra showed an absorption bands at (1636 - 1692 cm - 1) attributed to amide carbonyl group ( - N - C=O), and at (1699 - 1733 cm - 1) carboxylic group which attributed (COOH) . The 1H - NMR spectra of compounds 3(a - g),show signals of the aliphatic protons at rang (3.356 - 4.02) ppm and signals for aromatic protons at rang (7.202 - 8.218) ppm. The 13C - NMR spectra of compounds 3(a - e), show signal at rang (171.30 - 178.58) ppm which related amide carbon ( - N - C=O), and at rang (178.32 - 182.16) ppm carboxylic carbon (COOH).Mono and bis Thiazolidinones are prepared by the reaction of thioglycolic acid with Schiff base, in dry benzene. The produced Thiazolidinones 4(a - f) is in moderate yields (55 - 78%).The FT - IR spectra showed an absorption band at (1654 - 1691 cm - 1) attributed to carbonyl group which is related to ( - N - C=O). The 1H - NMR spectra show signals of the aliphatic protons at rang (4.2 - 7.1) ppm and signals for aromatic protons at rang (7.352 - 8.015) ppm. The 13C - NMR spectra show signals at rang (172.32 - 179.52) ppm which is related to amide carbonyl group ( - N - C=O).

دراسة مستويات مصل الهوموسيستين وعلاقته مع بعض انزيمات القلب في المرضى الذين يعانون من احتشاء عضلة القلب في محافظة ذي قار - العراق == Study of Serum Homocysteine levels and Its Correlation with Some Cardiac Enzymes in Patients with Myocardial Infarction In Thi - Qar Province/Iraq

Author name: اديان سعد حمزة
Supervisor name: محمد عجة عودة
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Myocardial infarction (MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the medical term for an event commonly known as heart attack. An MI occurs when blood stops flowing properly to a part of the heart, and the heart muscle is injured because it is not receiving enough oxygen. Biochemical tests are restricted to monitoring cardiac enzymes activities. Therefore, introducing homocysteine test in hospitals for MI patients may provide a clearer picture on the patient condition and help in the disease management.The study was conducted during the period from October 2015 till August 2016. Sixty - three of the people who have a history of injury in the acute myocardial infarction are studied. The diagnosis is based on the clinical presentation and confirmed by ECG, and cardiac enzyme. Forty - eight of persons as healthy volunteers were selected as a control group.The results indicated the following : The proportion of patients male (57%) and females (43%), smokers (49%) and non - smokers (51%), most of them are females. The results also showed that (32%) live in cities, compared to (68%) live in rural areas, and patients Serum homocysteine was significantly higher in MI patients compared to the control group. Homocysteine levels were higher in smokers(p = 0.0001). and unemployed individuals(p < 0.0001)., as well as in individuals with family history of MI or CAD(p < 0.0001). High hypertensive, diabetic and obese individuals had also higher levels of homocysteine . Based on the results of this study suggested measuring the amino acid Homocysteine levels of security as one of the effective ways to diagnose patients with myocardial infarction in hospitals

دراسة كيمو حيوية مقارنه للاجهاد التاكسدي وانماط الدهون في المرضى كبار السن المصابين بمرض الارتجاف الاذني في محافظة ذي قار العراق == A Biochemical Comparative Study of Oxidative Stress and Lipid Profile in Elderly Patients With Atrial Fibrillation in Thi - Qar Governorate/Iraq

Author name: سارة عاشور ساير
Supervisor name: رائد معلك حنون الصالح | عدنان الطعان الخفاجي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia in the general population, and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Lifetime risk for development of AF has been estimated to 1 in 4 in individuals aged 40 years or more.The present study is designed to determine the levels of oxidative stress by measuring lipid peroxidation product (malondialdehyde MDA), antioxidant state by measuring some antioxidants such as (ceruloplasmin Cp, Transferrin Tf, albumin Alb ,uric acid Ua) ,in addition to lipid profile (cholesterol TC, triglyceride TG, high density lipoprotein cholesterol HDL - C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol LDL - C and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol VLDL - C) in atrial fibrillation patients .The study included (150) subjects; (75) normal subjects (control) and (75) patients with atrial fibrillation. The patients are divided into two groups according to the age : (39) elderly patients [the age range (60 - 80) years] and (36) others patients [the age range (20 - 59) years], also patients are divided in to two groups according to the age with one or more risk factor (Hypertention (HTN), Ischemic Heart Disease(IHD), Heart Hailure (HF)) : elderly which included (18) patients (lone AF) , (21) patients (AF with HTN, IHD, HF) and others which included (17) patients (lone AF), (19) patients (AF with HTN, IHD, HF).The normal subjects (control) also divided into two groups according to the age : elderly [the age range (60 - 80) years] and others [the age range (20 - 59) years] .According to age, the results shown significant increase in the concentration of serum (MDA, Cp, uric acid, TC, TG, VLDL - C, LDL - C ) in elderly and other groups in comparison with their control groups (p≤0.05). It was found significant increase in the concentration of serum MDA in elderly group in comparison with other group, also it was found significant increase in the concentration of serum uric acid in control elderly group in comparison withXIVcontrol other group (p≤0.05). The results also showed non significant differences in the concentration of serum (Cp, uric acid, TC,TG, LDL - C, VLDL - C) between elderly and other groups. It was also found non significant differences in the concentration of serum ( Cp, TC, TG, LDL - C, VLDL - C) between control elderly and control other groups (p≤0.05). While serum Alb , serum Tf and serum HDL - C concentrations show a significant decrease in elderly and other groups in comparison with their control groups (p≤0.05). The results showed significant decrease in the concentration of serum HDL - C in control elderly group in comparison with control other group. Also there were no significant differences in the concentration of serum Alb serum Tf and serum HDL - C between elderly and others groups (p≤0.05).According to the age with one or more risk factor (HTN, IHD, HF) the results show a significant increase in the concentration of serum (MDA, Cp , uric acid, TC, TG, VLDL - C , LDL - C ) in elderly and other groups in comparison with their control groups (p≤0.05). It was found a significant increase in the concentration of serum MDA in the groups AF and AF with HTN, IHD, HF ( in elderly groups) in comparison with groups AF and AF with HTN, IHD, HF (in other groups) respectively (p≤0.05). It was also found a significant increase in the concentration of serum uric acid in control elderly groups in comparison with control other groups , also there were no significant differences in the concentration of serum (CP ,TC , TG ,VLDL - C, LDL - C) between elderly and other groups (p≤0.05). serum Alb ,serum Tf and serum HDL - C show a significant decrease in elderly and other groups in comparison with their control groups, also there was significant decrease in the concentration of serum HDL - C in control elderly groups in comparison with control other groups (p≤0.05). It was also found non significant differences in the concentration of serum Alb and serum Tf between elderly and other groups (p≤0.05).

اثر استخدام الفعاليات الدرامية على تحسين اداء طلاب الصف الخامس الاعدادي في مهارة الفهم القرائي == The Effect of Using Dramatic Activities on Enhancing Reading Comprehension for 5th Preparatory Iraqi Students

Author name: زيد حسين عبد السادة الحسناوي
Supervisor name: عبد علي نايف حسن | منى محمد عباس
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Methods of Teaching English Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Basic Education
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: مهارة القراءة هي عملية يقوم القارء من خلالها ببناء المعنى عن طريق النص. خلال ال25 سنة الماضية تغيرت عملية الفهم, التحليل الابتدائي كان ينص على ان القراءة هي عبارة عن عملية خطية ميكانيكية. هي ايضا عملية مجهولة. بعد التحويل او الترجمة , القراءة السريعة تؤدي الى الفهم من قبل القارئ. كانت هي الفرضية التي ادت الى تركيز المعلمين بصورة رئيسية على ترجمة الكلمات والاصوات. القراءة هي عملية متعددة الاوجه تحتوي على اكثر من ترجمة الكلمات. عند تدريس مهارة القراءة يتوجب على المعلمين تجسيد بعض الطرق والفعاليات التي تساعد في تحسين مهارة القراءة. واحدة من هذه الطرق هي استخدام فعاليات الدراما لتحسين مهارة الطلاب في القراءة.فعاليات الدراما هي تقنية اكثر فعالية من الطريقة المعتادة في المدارس لرفع مستوى القراءة وتحسينها لطلاب الصف الخامس الاعدادي عن طريق استخدام هذه الفعاليات مع التمثيل. ولطلاب الذين يشاركون في فعاليات كهذه يتعلمون تجربة واقعية يتمكنون من استخدامها في حياتهم كاستراتيجية اتخاذ القرارات او تقدير المقابل, او حل المشاكل الاجتماعية وكذلك خلق محادثة, كلها تؤدي الى نوع من التعلم الاستكشافي.تهدف الدراسة الحالية الى البحث في اثر استخدام الفعاليات الدرامية لتعزيز مهارة القراءة لطلاب الصف الخامس الاعدادي في العراق. لتحقيق هذا الهدف قام الباحث باستخدام هذه الفعاليات (المسرحية, لعب الادوار, التظاهر او المحاكاة) لتدريس القراءة. ايضا, قام الباحث باستخدام فرضية تنص على انه لا يوجد فرق ذي دلالة احصائية بين متوسط درجات الطلاب للمجموعة التجريبية التي تم التدريس فيها على اساس الفعاليات الدرامية والمجموعة الضابطة التي تم التدريس فيها على اساس الطريقة المعتادة.تم تطبيق هذه التجربة في مدة زمنية قدرها تسعة اسابيع التي تضمنت مجموعتين تجريبية وضابطه تم اختيارهما بصورة عشوائية من المدرسة الاعدادية يوم الغدير في قضاء العباسية من محافظة النجف الاشرف. عدد الطلاب في كل مجموعة يتالف من ثلاثة واربعون طالب بعد عملية الاستبعاد. بعد القيام بالاختبارين القبلي والبعدي ومعاملة النتائج احصائيا عن طريق الاختبار التائي لعينتين مستقلتين, اظهرت النتائج ان المجموعة التجريبية حصلت على درجات اعلى من المجموعة الضابطة. وفي ضوء هذه النتائج قام الباحث بعدة استنتاجات وتوصيات وايضا اقتراحات لدراسات قادمة | Reading comprehension is the process by which the reader constructs meaning with the interaction of texts. Over the past 25 years understanding the process of comprehension has changed, the initial analysis was that reading was a linear mechanical process. It is also a passive process. After decoding, reading quickly led to comprehension from the reader. This was the premise that led teachers for many years to focus mainly on decoding words and phonics. Reading is a multi - faceted process that includes more than just decoding words. When teaching reading, classroom teachers must incorporate a series of methods and activities that will promote reading comprehension. One of these technique is using the dramatic activities to improve reading the students reading comprehension. Dramatic activities are a more effective instructional technique than traditional reading instruction for enhancing reading comprehension skills of fifth graders as they use reading comprehension strategies while acting. Those who take part in a dramatic activities have true to - life experiences by making use of strategies such as decision - making, weighing alternatives, working out social problems, and creating dialogue, all of which lead to a kind of exploratory learning The present study aims at investigating the effect of using dramatic activities on enhancing reading comprehension for 5th preparatory Iraqi students. To achieve this aim the researcher used dramatic activities such as (Scripted play, Role play and Simulation) to teach reading comprehension. To accomplish this aim ,it is hypothesized that there is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores obtained by the students of the experimental group(those who study with the use of dramatic activities technique) and the achievement of the control group (those who study using prescribed method ). A nine week experiment has been implemented into which two groups were randomly selected from Yaum Al - Ghadeer preparatory school. There are 34 students within each group after excluding. After administering the tests and treating the collected data statistically by the use of t - test formula for two independent samples, the results show that the scores of the experimental group are higher than those of the controlled one which proves that the hypothesis is accepted. In the light of these results a number of recommendations, conclusions and suggestions were stated

تقويم كتاب (الانكليزية للعراق) طبقا لمعايير الجودة الشاملة == Evaluating "English for Iraq" Textbook According to The Total Quality Standards

Author name: فاطمة رؤوف كشوش سعيد
Supervisor name: منى الخطيب | ايمان منغر عبيد
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Methods of Teaching English Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Basic Education
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: This study intends to analyze content of the Iraqi English textbook "English for Iraq" to the first primary stage published by Garnet publishing Ltd.. The study examines how the content of the book met the requirements of the quality content standards in order to help the teachers to evaluate whether the selected materials have already matched with the young learners’ needs or not, so that they can have some decision to improve the students’ English competence.A content analysis conducts to the content of the textbook. A questionnaire is used to collect data about the suitability of quality standards and whether it can be used on the content of the book. The general problem of this study is “How much does the English textbook, English for Iraq, a textbook used in intermediate schools in Iraq meet requirements of a good EFL textbook?” This general problem is divided into several sub problems : • How much does the English textbook meet the requirements of good EFL textbook criteria in terms of the language skills? • How much does the English textbook meet the requirements of good EFL textbook criteria in terms of the language content? • How much does the English textbook meet the requirements of good EFL textbook criteria in terms of the topic?.The findings of this study are : • Most of the indicators achieved in various ratios in the units of the textbook .• Some of the Total quality standards that used in the current study represented a framework references for curriculum design.• The content of the book focuses on communication between persons as well as using new vocabularies from another side; the authors neglect the using of charts and tables that made the information clear and abbreviated.• The content of the book focuses on using pictures and elaborating them with small text.

تاثير استخدام تقنية الصور ذات الاشارات على اداء متعلمين المرحلة المتوسطة العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية في مهاره الفهم القرائي == The Impact of Using Picture Cues Technique on Iraqi EFL Intermediate Learners in Reading Comprehension

Author name: علي حامد حمزة الجنابي
Supervisor name: دنيا محمد مقداد عجام | منى محمد عباس
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Methods of Teaching English Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Basic Education
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: The current research aims to identify the impact of the numbered headlines strategy in achievement and the development of speaking skills in reading material and texts to the students of the second grade of intermediate schools, and for the purpose of verification of the aim of the research the researcher formulated the following Zero hypotheses.1.There is no significant difference statistically at the level (0.05) between the average degrees of experimental group of students , whom are studying reading material and texts, according to the numbered headlines strategy , and Average scores of the control group students who are studying the same article by the usual method of collection.. 2. There is no significant difference statistically at the level (0.05) between the average degrees of experimental group of students in the before and after tests of speech skills .3. There is no significant difference statistically at the level (0.05) between the average degrees of control group of students in the before and after tests of speech skills .4. There is no significant difference statistically at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students studying reading material and texts on the numbered headlines strategy, and the average score of control group of students who are studying the same article on according the usual way in the speech skills.To validate these hypotheses the researcher conducted an experiment lasted two months by the adoption of the following actions : The experimental design Was chosen (with a partial seizure) of two unequal, one experimental and the control, the selected research sample was (AL - Tabarsi high school for Boys) of the Directorate of Education of Babylon, in the neighborhood of Al - Hussein area randomly from the research community, which represented for middle and secondary day - governmental schools in the province of Babylon , Randomly picked out two divisions were distributed to two groups (control group and experimental) of (35) thirty - five students in the experimental group and (35) Thirty - five students in the control group, and thus the sample (70) was seventy students.Researcher studied the experimental group with numbered headlines strategy and studied control group with traditional strategy , and a researcher compensated the two sets of students by age variables measured in months and academic achievement for parents And the degrees of the Arabic language and degrees of reading and texts at the end of the first course of the school year exam 2014 - 2015 second intermediate grade and talking scale and equivalent IQ test (Raven matrices) and the researcher controlled extraneous variables that may affect this type of experimental designs After the researcher identified the scientific article, which included eight (8) subjects of the reading and texts book for students to be taught second intermediate grade for the academic year 2015 - 2016. Researcher formulated the behavioral targets for the teaching plans of subjects, and reached the final behavioral targets of (98) ninety - eight targets , and prepared standard teaching plans for each of the topics identified for experiment.The two research tools, first tool is achievement test, and for the achievement measure of the students of the two groups of the research, the researcher developed a test of (40) forty experimental paragraphs divided into : twenty (20) paragraphs as multiple - choices , 10 ten paragraphs of right and wrong and (10 ) ten paragraphs of the type of complete the sentences (from the book of reading and texts subjects) . And he approved its validity and absolute . The second tool is test of speech skills, the researcher has prepared a test consisting of 15 fifteen paragraphs and note card to measure the talking skill of students and after the end of the experiment he tested the students through a note card, and reach conclusions by comparing the scores of the experimental group with the control group, and the researcher used the results of (Altaia) test of two independent samples to get to results, the researcher suggested the following : There is a statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who have studied the material of reading and texts by adopting speed - reading skills, and average scores of control group students who have studied the same material in the traditional manner in Reading Comprehension and in the interest of the experimental group.There is a difference statistically at the level (0.05) between the average degrees of experimental group of students in the before and after tests of speech skills .There is no significant difference statistically at the level (0.05) between the average degrees of control group of students in the before and after tests of speech skills .There is a statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students studying material of reading and texts according to the numbered heads strategy, and the average score of students who are studying the same article according to the usual way in the test of speech skills .In view of the results of the study researcher concluded : by adopting numbered heads teaching strategy has its effectiveness in reading and texts material , and increased the possibility of speak at the second - intermediate grade students compared to that in the usual way.And he recommended the adoption of numbered heads strategy in the teaching of the intermediate grade students for reading material.The researcher suggested a comparative study between the males and females in the speeching skills of intermediate students.

اثر استخدام تقنية الملاحظات الملصقة في تحصيل المفردات والاملاء للطلبة العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية == THE EFFECT OF USING STICKY NOTES TECHNIQUE ON THE VOCABULARY AND SPELLING ACHIEVEMENT OF IRAQI EFL LEARNERS

Author name: الزهراء علي مظلوم
Supervisor name: ضحى عطا الله حسن القره غولي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Methods of Teaching English Language
Degree: Master
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Basic Education - Department Of Teaching Methods
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Vocabulary and spelling learning is a constant challenge for Iraqi teachers as well as students because there has been minimal focus on them in the Iraqi classrooms recently. Due to this, this study aims to investigate empirically the effect of using sticky notes technique on the vocabulary and spelling achievement of Iraqi EFL learners.The population of the present study is fifth grade secondary school female students (the scientific branch) in Baghdad City during the academic year (2014 - 2015). Of this population a sample of two groups is selected, the experimental group which is taught vocabulary and spelling by using sticky notes technique (with 23 students) and the control group which is taught vocabulary and spelling using the prescribed method in the Teachers’ Guide (with 33 students). These groups are randomly chosen from Maryam Al - Athra’a Secondary School for Girls from the Directorate General of Education/ Al - Rusafa III. The instructional material is limited to Units 5, 6, and 7 from English for Iraq. Of the whole instructional material the focus is on vocabulary and spelling.To fulfil the aim of the study and verify the hypotheses which state (There is no statistically significant difference in the mean scores of vocabulary achievement of learners who are taught vocabulary through sticky notes technique and those who are taught vocabularyXthrough the prescribed technique, there is no statistically significant difference in the mean scores of spelling achievement of learners who are taught spelling through sticky notes technique and those who are taught spelling through the prescribed technique, and there is no statistically significant difference in the mean scores of total vocabulary and spelling achievement of learners who are taught vocabulary and spelling through sticky notes technique and those who are taught vocabulary and spelling through the prescribed technique), an experiment is conducted. The two groups have been taught the same subject matter and an achievement test is constructed by the researcher and exposed to a jury of experts to verify its validity. The test reliability is calculated using Cronbach alpha yielding a coefficient of 0.814.Item analysis is carried out to determine the effectiveness of items in terms of their discriminating power and difficulty level. Then, the test is administered to the sample of the study at the end of the experimental teaching period. The t - test formula for independent samples is used to identify the significance of difference between the scores of the two groups. The t - test indicates that there is a statistically significant difference between the two groups in favour of the experimental one.As a result, it can be concluded that using sticky notes technique to improve vocabulary and spelling achievement has a positive result onthe students’ achievement in the written test and it motivates them to learn vocabulary and spelling effectively.In the light of the results of the study, a number of recommendations are stated and suggestions for further studies are put forward.

اثر استخدام اسلوبي التوليف وفكر - زاوج - شارك في تطوير مهارات الاستيعاب القرائي لدى طلبة المدارس الثانوية العراقيين == The Effect of Using Jigsaw and Think - Pair - Share Techniques on the Development of the Reading Comprehension Skills of Iraqi Secondary School Students

Author name: كرمل وليد فيصل
Supervisor name: عباس جاسم الدجيلي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Methods of Teaching English Language
Degree: Master
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Basic Education
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Reading is assumed to be the central tool for learning new information and gaining access to alternative explanations and interpretations. Further, it provides the primary means for independent learning, whether the goal is performing better on academic tasks, learning more about subject matter, or improving language abilities. The increased focus on the teaching of reading and other literacy skills to learners may relate to the recognition that reading is actually the most fundamental skill for FL learners and the most crucial of the four language skills for EFL learners, as it enables them to gain exposure to the target language and receive valuable linguistic input to build language proficiency.Thus, this study implements two modern techniques for teaching and developing reading comprehension. These two techniques, Jigsaw and Think - Pair - Share, have been proved their positive effectiveness in the teaching of other skills. According to that, they are chosen to examine their effectiveness in teaching reading comprehension.This study aims at finding out the effect of using jigsaw and think - pair - share techniques on the development of the reading comprehension skills of Iraqi secondary school students. To fulfilIXthe aims of study, a non - randomized control group pre - test and post - test design has been applied to a sample of 85 second grade female pupils from Al - Yarmouk Intermediate School for Girls. The study demands two experimental groups and a control one. It is hypothesized that : 1. There is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the jigsaw group, think - pair - share group and the control group (who is taught according to the teacher’s guide instructions ) in the reading comprehension post - test.2. There is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the jigsaw group and that of the think - pair - share group in the reading comprehension posttest.The subjects of the three groups have been statistically matched according to their age (in months), their final scores in the midyear exam, and the academic level of their fathers and mothers.The results obtained by the statistical treatment of the data have shown that : 1. There is a statistically significant difference between the first experimental group, taught by jigsaw technique, and the control group, taught by prescribed method of teaching in reading comprehension performance, in favour of the first experimental group.X2. There is a statistically significant difference between the second experimental group, taught by Think - Pair - Share technique, and the control group in the reading comprehension performance, in favour of the second experimental group.3. There is no statistically significant difference between the first experimental group and the second experimental one in teaching reading comprehension performance.The study also proposes some conclusions, some of which are : 1. Implementing new and modern techniques in teaching contributes to the development of students' skills, knowledge, and achievement. Cooperative learning is one of the innovative pedagogies that has been found to be positively effective in students’ development in reading comprehension.2. Engaging students in learning allows them to reach their fullest potential in all aspects of development.3. It is vital for students to have peer support not only to learn the material at a deeper level, but also to know their classmates and to built a sense of community with them.XIDepending on the results of the present study, some recommendations are presented : 1. Teachers should help students understand how complex the task they are facing, give them the tools to learn the subject effectively.2. Teachers should make the students work on the words instead of simply going over them in a fill in the blank exercises or according a matching quiz. This can help the pupils develop more systematic and effective ways of learning.3. Teachers should be encouraged to incorporate into RC in classroom.

بناء برنامج لتطوير مهارات اللغة الانكليزية لموظفي جامعة بغداد == BUILDING A PROGRAMME FOR DEVELOPING LANGUAE SKILLS OF THE PERSONNEL AT THE UNIVERSITY OF BAGHDAD

Author name: باسم محمد الويس
Supervisor name: عايف حبيب العاني | عبد اللطيف الجميلي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Philosophy of Education
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: ان تعلم اللغة الانكليزية في الوقت الحاضر يعتبر المفتاح الذي يفتح العديد من الابواب امام اي مهني. يرغب عدد اكثر واكثر من الناس الذين لم يتعلموا هذه اللغة من قبل ان يتعلموها ليكونوا متابعين للتغيرات المستمرة . نلاحظ ان العديد من مدرسي اللغة الانكليزية في العالم تم استدعائهم للتدريس في اماكن مرتبطة بمهنة ما. تقدم هذه الكورسات بشكل عام للبالغين من الطلاب الذين يتقاسمون اهتمام وظيفي مشترك بتعلم اللغة الانكليزية , وهذا ما يدعى باستخدام الانكليزية لاغراض خاصة.يعرف مصطلح الانكليزية لاغراض خاصة كطريقة تتمحور حول المتعلم لتدريس الانكليزية لغة اجنبية او لغة ثانية والتي تم تطويرها منذ 30 عاما. انها تلبي حاجات المتعلمين البالغين الذين هم بحاجة لتعلم لغة اجنبية لاستخدامها في مجالاتهم الخاصة , مثل العلوم , التكنولوجيا , الطب والتعليم الاكاديمي. يوصى بالبرنامج الحالي لتدريس اللغة الانكليزية لاغراض خاصة لموظفي جامعة بغداد ولاختصاصي اللغة الانكليزية الذين يرغبون بتعلم كيفية تصميم الكورسات والبرامج التي تستخدم لتدريس الانكليزية لاغراض محددة كل حسب مجال اختصاصه مثل الانكليزية في مجال الاعمال , الهندسة المدنية, الاغراض الاكاديمية وكذلك لاغراض الخدمة الصحية. علاوة على ذلك تقديمهم لما يتعلق بالانكليزية لاجل اغراض خاصة مثل الاستراتيجيات التعليمية او التوجيهية, تكييف وتطوير المواد, التقييم.طبقا لذلك فان الموظفين في جامعة بغداد بحاجة لدراسة كورس لغة انكليزية لاغراض محددة تلبي احتياجاتهم المختلفة ومتطلبات عملهم, وعلى حد علم الباحث فانه لم بتم تحليل حاجات المتعلمين ومتطلبات عملهم, وتبعا لذلك لم يتم تصميم اي كورس لتطوير اداء الكادر الوظيفي في الجامعة وفقا لهذه المعايير. وهذه هي المهمة التي ستقوم بها الدراسة الحالية, اي ان البحث الحالي يهدف الى ملء هذه الفجوة. ولتحقيق اهداف هذه الدراسة, قام الباحث باعداد فقرات استبانه ومقابلة. تتالف هاتان الاداتان من اسئلة مختلفة والتي تبحث عن معلومات حول احتياجات الموظفين الخاصة والمختلفة ومتطلبات عملهم. لتامين صدق فقرات هاتان الاداتان, تم عرضهما على مجموعة من الخبراء والاختصاصيين. وحسب الثبات باستخدام معاملة بيرسون لحساب معامل الارتباط. استخدمت النسبة المؤية لحساب اجابات افراد العينة. بعد تاكيد صدق وثبات فقرات الاستبانه والمقابلة, قام الباحث ببناء البرنامج المقترح وقد تم تامين صدق البرنامج من خلال عرضه على عدد من الخبراء والمختصين. في ضوء تحليل ومناقشة النتائج استنتج الباحث ما يلي : 1. اللغة الانكليزية مطلوبة بشكل خاص لاجل اغراض وظيفية.2. يحتاج الموظفين لكل مهارات اللغة, اي الاصغاء, التكلم, القراءة, والكتابة. 3. يتم التركيز في اختيار مواد كورس تدريس اللغة الانكليزية لاغراض خاصة على بعض جوانب اللغة كالمفردات والقواعد.4. هنالك حاجة لكلتا اللغتين العربية والانكليزية في شرح المواد.5. ان الهدف الرئيسي من وراء تدريس اللغة الانكليزية لاغراض خاصة لموظفي جامعة بغداد هو لتمكين المشاركين من التحكم او السيطرة على المهارات الاساسية في الاصغاء, التكلم, القراءة, والكتابة بطريقة تلائم اهداف ومتطلبات وظائفهم.وفي ضوء نتائج الدراسة, يوصي الباحث بالاتي : 1. يجب ان يحتوي منهاج تدريس اللغة الانكليزية الذي صمم للمتعلمين في كليات جامعة بغداد على كورس لتدريس الانكليزية لاغراض خاصة والذي يتوقع استخدامه لاغراض وظيفية مستقبلية.2. يمكن استخدام تحليل حاجات الموظفين والذي تم القيام به وتحديده في هذا البحث كاساس لاي محاولة لتصميم برنامج جديد لتدريس اللغة الانكليزية لاغراض خاصة. يحدد هذا التحليل الاهداف والحاجات الرئيسية للموظفين.3. ان البرنامج المقترح لتدريس اللغة الانكليزية لاغراض خاصة يمكن اعتماده حتى لموظفي بقية الجامعات والوزارات والمؤسسات. | Nowadays to learn English is a key that opens many doors for any professional man. More and more groups of people who haven’t learned this language before require to knowing it to be updated with the continuous changes. We see that many English teachers around the world are called on to teach in career - related settings. These courses are generally integrated by adult students joined with a common professional interest in learning English. This is English for specific purposes.English for specific purposes is known as a learner - centered approach to teaching English as a foreign or second language that developed about 30 years ago. It meets the needs of mostly adult learners who need to learn a foreign language for use in their specific fields, such as science, technology, medicine, leisure, and academic learning. The current ESP course is recommended for the personnel at the University of Baghdad and foreign and second language professionals who wish to learn how to design ESP courses and programs in an area of specialization such as English for business, for civil engineering, for academic purposes, and for health service purposes. In addition, they are introduced to ESP instructional strategies, materials adaptation and development, and evaluation.In post - April - 2003 Iraq, the English language has undergone radical changes in both status and orientation. English as a second language has been gaining ground and attitude. The use of English has rechecked in the last two years and the need for it is becoming more and more, a necessity in everyday life. The increasing use of computers and the International Web has made English a must for government personnel, especially those in the academic milien. Accordingly, Personnel at the University of Baghdad need to study an English course for special purposes that meets their different needs and their job requirements. To the best of the researcher’s knowledge no analysis of the learners’ needs and job requirements has been carried out and subsequently no course has been devised to develop the University staff’s performance according to these criteria. This is a task the present study has undertaken, i.e., the current research aims at filling this gap.In order to achieve the aims of this study, the researcher has constructed a questionnaire and an interview. These two instruments consist of different questions that seek information about the employees’ different personal needs and their job requirements. To ensure the validity of these instruments, the researcher exposes them to a number of experts and specialists. Reliability is computed by using Pearson’s formula for correlation coefficient. The percentage is used to calculate the subjects’ responses. After ensuring the validity and reliability of the questionnaire and interview, the researcher has prepared the proposed programme. The validity of the proposed programme has been ensured through its exposure to a number of experts and specialists. In the light of the analysis and discussion of the results, it has been concluded that : 1. English is required basically for occupational purposes.2. All the skills namely, listening, speaking, reading, and writing are needed by the personnel.3. In selecting materials for an ESP course, certain language aspects such as grammar and vocabulary have been focused on.4. Both Arabic and English are needed to explain the materials.5. The main objective behind teaching an ESP course for the employees at the University of Baghdad is to enable the participants to manipulate the basic skills of listening, speaking, reading, and writing in such a way as to satisfy the objectives and requirements of their jobs.In the light of the results and the conclusions, the researcher recommends the following : 1. The ELT course to be designed for the learners at the University of Baghdad should include an ESP course that is expected to be used for occupational purposes.2. The personnel needs analysis that has been carried out and outlined in this investigation could be used as a basis for any attempt to design a new ESP programme. This analysis characterizes the main objectives and needs of the prospective personnel.3. The suggested ESP programme is reliable even for the employees of other universities, ministries and establishments.

اثر تقنية Jigsaw على تنمية مهارة الكتابة لدارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية لطلاب المرحلة المتوسطة == The Effect of Jigsaw technique on Enhancing EFL Intermediate Students' Writing Skill

Author name: محمود ثائر مهدي
Supervisor name: جاسم محمد ريحان | عبد علي نايف حسن
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Methods of Teaching English Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Basic Education
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: ان الكتابة كونها مهارة فعالة تتطلب الانتاج اكثر من التمييز, ويجب على كتاب اللغة الانكليزية كلغة ثانية ان يلاحظوا مهارات المستوى العالي من التخطيط والتنظيم ومهارات المستوى الادنى من التهجئة, التنقيط, اختيار الكلمة وهكذا. ان المتعلمين لم يسالوا لاتقان مهارة الكتابة في تجميع الافكار وتنظيمها وانما في تعبير تلك الافكار في نص كتابي, وهكذا فان الرسائل يمكن ان تنقل بنجاح. من جهة اخرى, تعد الطرائق العديدة التي تجعل مهارة الكتابة مهمة في حياتنا اليومية كدعم لارتقاء الشخص, بغض النظر عن خلفية الشخص ومواهبه... ان الكتابة هي اداء معقد بشكل عال والتي تتطلب التحليل وتجميع مستويات مختلفة من التفكير. وتحاول الدراسة الحالية ان تكتشف تاثير استخدام تقنية Jigsawفي تحصيل طلاب المدرسة المتوسطة في مهارة الكتابة. ولتحقيق الهدف من الدراسة الحالية, تم طرح الفرضية الصفرية الاتية : ليس هناك فرق ذو دلالة احصائية بين درجة الوسط الحسابي لطلاب المجموعة التجريبية التي تعلمت اداء الكتابة عن طريق التجربة المقترحة والمجموعة الضابطة التي تعلمت الكتابة طبقا للطريقة التقليدية في التعليم. تتكون عينة الدراسة الحالية من 60 طالبا من متوسطة صفي الدين خلال العام الدراسي 2016 - 2017. كل مجموعة تتكون من 30 طالب. تساوت المجموعتان كلتاهما في بعض المتغيرات مثل العمر, مستوى التحصيل الدراسي للوالدين, درجات الطلاب في امتحان نصف السنة, درجات الطلاب في اختبار المعلمات السابقة. المجموعة التجريبية تعلمت كتابة الانشاء باستعمال تقنية Jigsaw, والمجموعة الضابطة تعلمت كتابة الانشاء باستعمال الطريقة التقليدية الموصى بها. ادوات الدراسة الحالية تحتوي على اختبارين : ا - اختبار المعلومات السابقة استعمل للمساواة بين المجموعة الضابطة والتجريبية فضلا عن اختيار قادة المجموعين(الضابطة والتجريبية)2 - اختبار المعلومات اللاحقة لغرض المقارنة بين اداء المجموعتين في نهاية الدراسة الحالية.1 عرضت ادوات الدراسة سابقا على لجنة الخبراء لغرض تاكيد صدق المحتوى والصدق الظاهري للاختبارين. صدق الخبراء كل من صدق المحتوى والصدق الظاهري واقترحوا بعض التعديلات. بعد اجراء الدراسة الاستطلاعية, حسبت موثوقية الاختبارين (المعلومات السابقة واللاحقة) باستخدام معادلة Kuder - Richardson 20 للفقرات الموضوعية ومعادلة Alpha - Cronbach للفقرات الذاتية. لقد وجد ان موثوقية الفقرات الموضوعية في اختبار المعلومات السابقة 0,64 و0,45 للفقرات الذاتية. كانت موثوقية الفقرات الموضوعية في اختبار المعلومات اللاحقة 0,62 و0,30 للفقرات الذاتية. ايضا تم احتساب مستويات معامل الصعوبة والتمييز لفقرات الامتحانين. بعد اجراء اختبار المعلومات اللاحقة اكدت النتيجة بوضوح بان تحصيل طلاب المجموعة التجريبية التي عرض عليها تقنية Jigsaw اعلى من تحصيل طلاب المجموعة الضابطة التي عرض عليها طريقة التدريس التقليدية. | Writing is an active skill which requires production more than recognition, soL2 writers have to note the higher level skills of planning and organizing and lower level skills of spelling, punctuation, word choice, and so on. The learners are asked to master the skill not only in gathering ideas and organizing them, but also in expressing those ideas in a readable text. So, the messages can be communicated successfully. On the other hand, writing is important in our lives as a support to the progress of a person, no matter what that person's background and talents.... Writing is a highly sophisticated performance which requires the analysis and synthesis of different levels of thinking. This study tries to find out the effect of using jigsaw technique on the achievement of intermediate school students in writing.To achieve the aim of the present study, the following null hypothesis has been posed : There is a statistically significant difference between the students' mean scores of performance of the experimental group which is taught writing performance by means of the proposed technique and that of the control group which is taught writing according to traditional method of teaching.The sample of the present study consists of 60 male students of Safy Al - Deen Intermediate school during the academic year 2016 - 2017. Each of The experimental and the control group comprises 30 students. Both groups are equalized in some important variables such as age, parents’ level of education, the subjects' scores in the mid - year examination (2016 - 2017) and the subjects' scores in the pre - test. The experimental group was taught composition writing by means of the jigsaw technique, and the control group was taught by the method recommended in the prescribed method. The instruments of the current study involve two tests : a pre - test which is used to equalize the Control Group and Experimental Group as well as to choose the leaders of the groups, and a post - test for the purpose of comparing the performance of the two groups at the end of the study. The instruments have been previously exposed to a jury of experts in order to ascertain their face and content validity. The experts have validated the face and content validity and suggested some modifications. After conducting the pilot study, their reliability was calculated by applying Kuder - Richardson formula 20 for the objective items and Alpha Cronbach for subjective ones. It was found that the reliability of the pre - test is 0.64 for objective items and 0.45 for the subjective ones. The reliability of the post - test is 0.62for the objective items and 0.30 for subjective ones. The discriminatory powers and difficulty level of the instruments' items were also computed. After conducting the post - test, the results of the study apparently indicate that the achievement of the experimental group who were exposed to the jigsaw technique is higher than that of the control group who were exposed to the prescribed method. In other words, the jigsaw technique is more influential than the prescribed method to enhance performance in composition writing.

تاثير اسلوب التدريس بعمل المشروع في اداء طلبة معهد الفنون الجميلة في القراءة والكتابة باللغة الانكليزية == The Effect of Project Work Teaching Technique on the Institute of Fine Arts Students’ EFL Reading and Writing Performance

Author name: ميسون صلاح شاكر
Supervisor name: بشرى سعدون محمد النوري
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Methods of Teaching English Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Rushd College Of Education For Human Sciences
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: ان استخدام طريقة التدريس بعمل المشروع له فوائد كثيرة في تدريس اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية، واول هذه الفوائد هو مخرجات استخدام العمل بالمشروع والتي توفر فرص كثيرة للطلاب لتطوير الثقة والاستقلالية عندما يتشاركون في تخطيط وانجاز المشروع مثل اختيار الموضوع. وهناك فوائد كثيرة اخرى منهزايادة المهارات الاجتماعية والتعاونية والتماسك مع المجموعة. وكذلك تطوير مهارات اللغة لان الطلاب سوف يعملون على نشاطات تواصلية حقيقية وبذلك تكون لديهم فرصة استخدام اللغة في السياق الطبيعي والمشاركة بنشاطات ذات معنى حقيقي، وكذلك تساعد على تطوير استخدام اسلوب حل المشاكل واستخدام مهارات التفكير الناقد لذا وتهدف الدراسة الحالية الى ايجاد اثر التدريس بطريقة العمل بالمشروع لدى طالبات معهد الفنون الجميلة للبنات على ادائهم في القراءة والكتابة. وافترضت الدراسة الحالية الفرضيات الصفرية التالية : 1 - طريقة العمل بمشروع ليس لها اي تاثير على اداء الطالبات في القراءة.2 - طريقة العمل بمشروع ليس لها اي تاثير على اداء الطالبات في الكتابة. مجتمع الدراسة الحالية يتكون من 1125 طالب وطالبة من معهد الفنون الجميلة للبنين والبنات - الكرخ والذي يحتوي على الاقسام التالية : الرسم والموسيقى والخط والمسرح والنحت والزخرفة والسيراميك والسمعية والمرئية والتصميم.تمثلت عينة البحث الحالي من 43 طالبة (23 تجريبية و20 ضابطة) من طالبات المرحلة الرابعة في معهد الفنون الجميلة للبنات الكرخ. ومن اجل تحقيق اهداف البحث الحالي استخدم الاختبار القبلي والبعدي والبرنامج التدريسي كادوات للدراسة الحالية. بالنسبة للاختبار القبلي والبعدي والبرنامج التدريسي كادوات للدراسة الحالية فقد تم ايجاد الصدق للادوات البحث وذلك من خلال عرضها على لجنة الخبراء في اللغة وطرائق التدريس. اما الثبات للاختبار القبلي فقد حسب بطريقة الفا كرونباخ وكان معامله 0،76، وقد توصلت الدراسة الحالية الى النتائج الاتية : 1 - هناك فروق ذو دلالة احصائية بين مستوى الاداء بين المجموعة التجريبية والضابطة والتي تعزى الى استخدام اسلوب التدريس لعمل المشروع. 2 - ومن اجل تحقيق الفرضية الصفرية الاولى، فقد اتضح بان هنالك فروق ذات دلالة احصائية بين المجموعة التجريبية والضابطة في مهارة القراءة، وعليه فقد تم رفض الفرضية الصفرية الاولى.3 - ومن اجل تحقيق الفرضية الصفرية الثانية، فقد اتضح بان هنالك فروق ذات دلالة احصائية بين المجموعة التجريبية والضابطة في مهارة الكتابة، وعليه فقد تم رفض الفرضية الصفرية الثانية ايضا.وفي ضوء النتائج التي تم التوصل اليها تم وضع مجموعة من التوصيات والمقترحات للدراسات المستقبلية. | Many benefits of incorporating project work in second and foreign language settings have been suggested. First, the process leading to the end - product of project - work provides opportunities for students to develop their confidence and independence. In addition, students demonstrate increased autonomy especially when they are actively engaged in project planning (e.g. choice of topic). A further frequently mentioned benefit relates to students’ increased social, cooperative skills, and group cohesiveness. Another reported benefit is improved language skills. Because students engage in purposeful communication to complete authentic activities, they have the opportunity to use language in a relatively natural context and participate in meaningful activities which require authentic language use. Another set of reported benefits pertains to the development of problem - solving and higher order critical thinking skills. The present study aims at finding out the effect of project - work teaching technique on the Institute of Fine Arts EFL Students' Reading and Writing Performance. The following two null hypotheses are put forward : 1. Project - work has no effect on EFL students' reading performance. There are no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group which is taught by project work, and that of the control group which taught by the traditional technique in reading performance. 2. Project - work has no effect on EFL students' writing performance. There are no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group which is taught by project work, and that of the control group which taught by the traditional technique in writing performance. The total number of population of the present study is 1125 which consists of the EFL students at the Institute of Fine Arts for Girls - and for Boys Baghdad, AL - Kharah and as distributed on the following departments : Department of Drawing, Department of Music, Department of Calligraphy, Department of Drama, Department of Sculpture, Department of Graphic, Department of Ceramics, Department of Audio and Video Instruments, and Department of Design. The total sample of the present study is 43 (23 experimental and 20 control) students of 4th year enrolled at the Institution of Fine Arts for Girls - Baghdad Al - Karkh.The experimental design is a pre - post experimental control design. The two groups are equalized in certain factors of great influence on the experiment. Concerning the pre - post tests and the construction of the programme, as being the instruments of the present study, face validity has been determined after exposing of them to a group of jury members in the field of ELT and linguistics. Reliability coefhcient of the pre - post tests have been computed using Alpha - Cronbach which were found to be 0.76 and successively. Some of the major results of the study reveal that : 1 - There are statistically significant differences in the total performance between the experimental group and the control one2 - To verify the first null hypothesis which was “Project - work has no effect on students’ EFL reading performance”, it is found that There are statistically significant differences between the experimental group and the control one in their reading performance. Accordingly, the first null hypothesis is rejected3 - To verify the second null hypothesis which was “Project - work has no effect on students’ EFL writing performance”, it is found that there are statistically significant differences between the experimental group and the control one in their writing performance. Accordingly, the second null hypothesis is also rejected. Finally, suitable conclusions recommendations and suggestions for the future studies are put forward.

تقويم التقنيات المستخدمة في تدريس الترجمة الصحفية لطلبة الكليات

Author name: ميسر حسين عبد الله البرد
Supervisor name: عمرة ابراهيم سلطان
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Methods of Teaching English Language
Degree: Master
University: Tikrit University - Faculty Of Education
Language: English
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:
Abstract: تعتبر الترجمة عملا حيويا للتواصل,وهي احد اهم المواضيع المستخدمة لتدريس اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية في الجامعات العراقية , وعملية التدريس هذه تتخللها مشكلات وعقبات جمة يواجهها متعلمو اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية , ولاجل ذلك فان هذه الدراسة تعالج نقاط ضعف تقنيات تدريس النصوص الصحفية بالاضافة الى ذلك فانها تقدم في المقابل بعض الحلول للرقي بهذه التقنيات.ان هذه الدراسة تهدف الى تقديم استعراض لتقنيات التدريس الحديثة والمعاصرة في شتى انحاء العالم لتدريس مادة الترجمة الصحفية وتقويم التقنيات المستخدمة حاليا في اقسام الترجمة في كليتي الاداب في جامعة تكريت وجامعة الموصل, وكذلك تهدف الى تقييم مستوى طلبة اقسام الترجمة في جامعتي تكريت والموصل.تفترض هذه الدراسة ان طلبة هذه الاقسام يواجهون مشكلات جمة في تعلم مادة الترجمة الصحفية, وانها تفترض ايضا بان التقنيات الحالية المستخدمة من قبل مدرسي هذه المادة بحاجة الى الارتقاء والنهوض الى مستوى افضل من اجل الوصول الى نتائج افضل.ومن اجل الوصول الى اهداف هذه الدراسة فقد تم بناء قائمة مهام مؤلفة من اربعين فقرة لمراقبة وقياس تقنيات تدريس مادة الترجمة الصحفية في تلك الجامعتين.وتم بناء اختبار تحصيلي لقياس مستوى تحصيل الطلبة من خلال هذه العملية. يتكون هذا الاختبار من قطعتين : الاولى تترجم من اللغة الانكليزية الى اللغة العربية والثانية تترجم بالعكس. ولايجاد مصداقية كل من قائمة المهام والاختبار فقد تم عرضهما على لجنة من الخبراء في هذا المجال في مجموعة من الجامعات العراقية.اما موثوقية هاتين الاداتين فقد اوجدت احصائيا من خلال استخدام معامل ارتباط بيرسون.وبعد معاملة البيانات احصائيا فقد توصلت الدراسة الى نتائج من اهمها الافتقار الى الكفاءة في تقنيات التدريس المستخدمة حاليا كما ان التدريسيين لا يستخدمون التقنيات الحديثة من اجل الحصول على نتائج مرضية في التعلم وكذلك مستوى الطلبة كان ضعيفا مع استخدام التقنيات الحالية, ومن خلال النتائج فقد وجد ايضا فارق احصائي في معدل التحصيل لطلبة الجامعتين وهو يشير الى تفوق طلبة جامعة الموصل مقارنة بطلبة جامعة تكريت. وقد قدمت بعض المقترحات وهي تدريب مدرسي هذه المادة وترك تقنيات التدريس القديمة واستخدام تقنيات تدريس اكثر حداثة من اجل الوصول الى تعلم افضل. | Translation is considered a vital act of communication. It is one of the most important subjects which is taught at the Iraqi universities where English is taught as a foreign language. The process of teaching translation has its own problems and obstacles encountered by the prospective translators. For that reason, this study tackles the weaknesses in the techniques of teaching political texts and to improve them.So, this study aims at presenting a survey of the modern and up - to - date techniques used for teaching journalistic translation. Moreover, it also aims at assessing the level of students in translation in departments of translation at Tikrit and Mosul universities.The hypotheses of this study assume that the students of those departments have many difficulties in learning the material of journalistic translation due to the current techniques used in teaching journalistic translation. The other hypothesis states that the instructors' currently used techniques in teaching journalistic translation need to be improved and modified for the sake of reaching better level in learning.For the achievement of these aims, a forty - item checklist is constructed as an instrument to observe, measure and suggest the techniques of teaching journalistic translation at those two universities. Another instrument is an achievement test which is used to measure the prospective translators' achievement during this whole process of learning. This test includes two extracts to be translated. The first one from English into Arabic; the other one is vice versa. The validity of both study instruments has been found by exposing them to a jury members from different Iraqi universities. The reliability of both instruments have also been found statistically by the use of Pearson's Correlation Coefficient Formula. Finally, analysis of the collected data has come up with some conclusions and findings; the most important one is the lack of effectiveness in the currently used techniques in teaching journalistic translation. There is a statistical difference between the students mean scores of Mosul university, which is higher than the mean scores of Tikrit university students. Many up - to - date techniques are not used in teaching journalistic translation at Tikrit and Mosul universities. Suggestions are given to train instructors teach this material, to abandon the traditional techniques and to shift to more modern techniques for better learning styles

اثر السرد القصصي اسلوب تعليمي على تحصيل طلبة الكليات في المفردات == The Effect of Storytelling as a Teaching Technique on EFL College students' Achievement in Vocabulary

Author name: هند سالم كشكول الربيعي
Supervisor name: رضية مطر الخفاجي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Methods of Teaching English Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تهدف هذه الدراسة الى البحث بطريقة تجريبية في اثر استخدام اسلوب السرد القصصي في تطوير المفردات لدى طلبة الكليات.يعتبر السرد القصصي وسيلة تعليمية مؤثرة ذلك لانه ينوي تحسين مفردات طلبة الكليات من خلال الاستماع الى القصص، اعادة سرد القصص، اثارة الاسئلة والتحاور فيما بينهم باستخدام اللغة الاجنبية.يفترض البحث ما يلي : - 1. عدم وجود فرق ذي دلالة احصائية بين المجموعة التجريبية والمجموعة الضابطة في اكتساب المفردات من خلال السرد القصصي.2. عدم وجود فرق ذي دلالة احصائية بين الاختيار( القبلي/ البعدي) للمجوعة التجريبية.تكونت عينة الدراسة من(40) طالبة من قسم اللغة الانكليزية للمرحلة الثانية في كلية التربية للبنات خلال السنة الدراسية(2005 - 2006). وزعت العينة الى مجموعتين المجموعة التجريبية والمجموعة الضابطة, تكافات كلا المجموعتين في تقصي المتغيرات المهمة كالعمر والدرجات النهائية لتحصيل مادة الاستيعاب للمرحلة الاولى.تكون التصميم التجريبي للدراسة من مجموعتين : تجريبية وضابطة بالاضافة الى اختبار( قبلي وبعدي). قامت الباحثة بتدريس كلا المجموعتين.صمم اختبار وعرض على لجنة خبراء لغرض التاكد من صدقه واستخدمت صيغة الفاكرونباخ لقياس ثبات الاختبار.استخدمت صيغة مان وتني لتحليل النتائج والتي اظهرت بان هنالك فرق دال بين المجموعتين وان طلبة المجموعة التجريبية افضل من طلبة المجموعة الضابطة وهذا يدل بان تدريس الطلبة باستخدام اسلوب السرد القصصي له نتائج افضل من تدريسهم باستخدام الطريقة التقليدية.تستنتج الدراسة بان السرد القصصي هو اسلوب مؤثر في تحفيز مهارة التخاطب لدى الطلاب ويحفز الطلاب ليكونوا عناصر فعالة في غرفة الصف.في ضوء نتائج الدراسة, توصي الباحثة باستخدام اسلوب السرد القصصي في تدريس اللغة الانكليزية كلغة اجنبية, ذلك لان اسلوب السرد القصصي قد اثبت بانه مؤثر وفعال في تطوير اداء الطلبة في المفردات. | This study is an attempt to investigate empirically the effect of storytelling technique in developing college students English vocabulary. Storytelling technique is intended to improve students vocabulary through listening to stories, re - telling them, asking questions and communication using the foreign language.The study hypothesizes that : - 1. There is no significant difference between the experimental group which is taught vocabulary by using storytelling technique and the control group which is taught vocabulary by using traditional techniques.2. There is no significant difference between the( pre/ post) tests of the experimental group.The sample of the study has been consisted of 40 female, second year students from the Department of English at the College of Education for women during the academic year(2005 - 2006), distributed into two groups, the experimental group and the control group. Both groups have been equalized in some important variables such as; age and the final scores of the students in reading comprehension in the first year.A test has been designed and exposed to a jury of experts for the purpose of assuring its face validity. The Alpha cronbach equation formula is used to measure the test reliability.Mann - Whitney formula has been used to analyze the results, which shows that there are significant differences between the two groups. The students of the experimental group are better than those of the control one, this indicates that teaching students with storytelling technique is more effective than teaching them by conventional techniques.The study concludes that storytelling is an effective teaching technique in stimulating students' communicative competence and encouraging them to be active participants in the classroom.In the light of the study findings, the researcher recommends using storytelling technique in teaching English as a foreign language, since it is approved to be effective and powerful in developing students' achievement in vocabulary

انتقال الاثر النحوي في اكتساب ادوات التعريف والتنكير لمتعلمي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية لطلبة الجامعة == Syntactic Transfer in the Acquisition of Articles by EFL Learners' at the University level.

Author name: رويدة عبد الرزاق محمد الساقي
Supervisor name: نغم قدوري يحيى
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Methods of Teaching English Language
Degree: Master
University: Tikrit University - Faculty Of Education
Language: English
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:
Abstract: اكد علماء النحو في اللغة الانجليزية ان اكتساب ادوات التنكير والتعريف هي من اهم النظم الفرعية لطلبة اقسام اللغة الانكليزية في كلية التربية لغة اجنبية وهذا النظام يوصف بانه مشكل (صعب). وهذا سبب اختياره حيث يستحق الدراسة في الجامعة. المشكلة تكمن في سوء اكتساب الاثر النحوي لادوات التعريف The وادوات التنكير a , an وكذلك ø اذ توجد تراكيب من غير اداة. وتهدف الدراسة الى : - - ايجاد المستوى العام للمتعلمين في الاكتساب باستعمال (ادوات التنكير والتعريف). 12 - الاشارة فيما اذا كان هناك اي فروق ذات دلالة احصائية بين اداء الطلبة الكلي للعينة في استعمال ادوات التنكير والتعريف في مستوى التميز من ناحية ومستوى الادراك من ناحية اخرى . 3 - الكشف عن مدى اكتساب الادوات ( التعريف والتنكير) ما بين طلبة السنة الاولى والسنة الثالثة. 4 - اكتشاف اختلاف انتقال الاثر النحوي للادوات بين طلبة المرحلتين ( الاولى والثالثة) عند مستوى الانتاج. 5 - وقد اثبتت الدراسة بان هناك فروق ذات دلالة احصائية بين الاداء الكلي للعينة عند مستوى التمييز وادائهم عند مستوى الانتاج وذلك لصالح التمييز لقد تم صياغة خمسة فرضيات ومن اجل اثبات صحة هذه الفرضيات وتحقيق اهداف الدراسة , تم بناء اختبار تحصيلي يتالف من خمسة اسئلة مبينه بالتفصيل في الفصل الثالث. وقد تم تحقيق الصدق الظاهري وصدق المحتوى للاختيار بعرضه على ذوي الخبرة والاختصاص وتحقق ثبات الاختبار باستعمال طريقة ( كنرنبخ الفا ) وجرى ايضا اختبارا استطلاعيا لعينه مكونه من عشرين طالبا قبل تطبيقه وقد طبق الاختبار كذلك على العينة المختارة المؤلفة من مئة طالب من المرحلتين الاولى والثالثة في قسم اللغة الانجليزية في كليه التربية بجامعة سامراء ، وبعد تحليل المعلومات توصلت الدراسة الى النتائج الاتية : - التركيز على النطق السليم للحروف واتقان اللغة له نوعان (اساسي ظاهر, وفردي غير ظاهر) النوع الاول له صله بنطق المتعلمين الاجانب اذ يظهر بانهم اكتسبوا القواعد الاساسية لاستعمال ادوات التعريف والتنكير بالممارسة المستمرة ، والنقل النحوي يصنف ايجابي وسلبي اذ وضحت بالفصل الثاني. تتضمن الدراسة خمسة فصول : الفصل الاول يدرس المبادئ الاساسية للدراسة (مقدمه) والثاني هو محاوره لعرض الخلفية النظرية للدراسة المتعلقة بادوات التعريف والتنكير في اللغة الانجليزية وغرض الدراسة والفصل الثالث الاجراءات المتخصصة لتحقيق اهداف الدراسة الرابع يحتوي على العرض ومناقشه النتائج والفصل الخامس يعرض خلاصه الدراسة وهي مجموعه من التوصيات والمقترحات في ضوء النتائج التي تم التوصل اليها.وهي ان انتقال الاثر النحوي بالنسبة لادوات التعريف والتنكير مقبول ولم يصل مستوى الاكتساب . | As a fact attested by most of the grammarians, English articles constitute one of the most significant subsystems in English grammar for the EFL learners, this system is described problematic. That is why it is chosen and it is worthy to be studied at the university. The problem lies in the misuse of the definite article the and the indefinite articles a, an and zero. Some aims of the present study are : 1 - Finding out learners' general level of acquisition of articles (definite and indefinite).2 - Pointing out whether there are any significant differences between the (whole sample's) performance in using definite article, on one hand and indefinite article on the other hand at both recognition and production levels.3 - Revealing in the extent of acquisition of articles between the first and third years.4 - Discovering how the syntactic transfer of articles vary at the two different years the first and third at the production level.Five null hypotheses have been formulated in this study.In order to verify these hypotheses and achieve the stated aims, achievement test has been constructed. The test consists of five questions explained in details in chapter three. The test is exposed to number of jurors who agreed on its content validity and face validity. Reliability is ensured by using Cronbach Alpha. VII The adopted test has been administrated to the selected sample of 100 hundred EFL first and third year students at the University of Tikrit. After analyzing the results of data the researcher concludes with specific conclusion such as Language acquisition is known as the internalization of formulas and rules used in communication focused on the correct pronunciation of articles is of great value for EFL such an aspect might be neglected. Language acquisition has appeared of two types conscious or subconscious. The first is relevant to the speech production foreign learners have learnt or forgotten in proper usage while the latter is concerned with the internal rules and structures of language. A part from the above classification, syntactic transfer, is basically categorized in to positive and negative. and specific suggestions and recommendations.The present study includes five chapters. Chapter one deals with the introduction of the study. Chapter two is an attempt to present the theoretical background of the study in respect to the English articles system and a review of relevant studies. Chapter three is concerned with presenting the methodology and procedures followed to achieve the aims of the study. Chapter four contains the presentation and discussion of the results. Chapter five presents conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions for further studies. Finally, a bibliography of the reference books used in the present study is introduced, followed by the appendices and an abstract in Arabic

فعالية استخدام تقنيه المحاكاة في تدريس اللغة الانكليزية لطلبة المرحلة الاعدادية == The Effectiveness of Using Simulation Technique in Teaching English to Students preparatory School

Author name: ايناس فلاح عايد الفراس
Supervisor name: ناهدة طه مجيد الناصري
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Methods of Teaching English Language
Degree: Master
University: Tikrit University - Faculty Of Education
Language: English
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:
Abstract: تهدف هذه الدراسة الى البحث عن فعالية استخدام تقنية المحاكاة لتدريس طالبات الصف الرابع الاعدادي ولغرض تحقيق هدف الدراسة وضعت الفرضيات الصفرية الثلاث الاتية عند مستوى الدلالة 0.05 : 1 - لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية بين متوسط درجات امتحان نصف السنة ومتوسط الامتحان النهائي لطالبات المجموعة الضابطة .2 - لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية بين متوسط درجات امتحان نصف السنة والامتحان النهائي لطالبات المجموعة التجريبية .3 - لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية بين متوسط درجات طالبات المجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة في الامتحان النهائي ( التحريري والشفهي ) .تم بناء اختبار تحصيلي (تحريري وشفوي) وعرض على لجنه من المتخصصين لغرض تاكيد صدقه كما استخدم معامل بيرسون لحساب ثبات الاختبار. تكونت عينه الدراسة من 50 طالبه من الصف الرابع الاعدادي حيث اختيرت من اعدادية الخنساء للبنات خلال السنة الدراسية 2011 - 2012 . موزعين على شعبتين (ا) و(ب) وقد كوفئت في بعض المتغيرات المهمة والتي هي : التحصيل الدراسي للوالدين وتحصيل الطلاب في امتحان نصف السنة. يتضمن التصميم التجريبي مجموعتين ; الضابطة والتجريبية بدات التجربة في 19\3\2011 وانتهت في 1\5\2011 . وقامت الباحثة بتدريس الوحدتين الثالثة والرابعة من كتاب اللغة الانكليزية Book VII المقرر تدريسه للطلبة ولكلا المجموعتين . استخدم الاختبار التائي لتحليل البيانات التي تم الحصول عليها . اظهرت نتائج هذه الدراسة بان 1 - لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية بين متوسط درجات امتحان نصف السنة ومتوسط الامتحان النهائي لطالبات المجموعة الضابطة .2 - يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية بين متوسط درجات امتحان نصف السنة ومتوسط الامتحان النهائي لطالبات المجموعة التجريبية .3 - يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية بين متوسط درجات طالبات المجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة في الامتحان النهائي(التحريري والشفهي).وعليه تم قبول الفرضية الاولى ورفضت الفرضيتان الثانية والثالثة . هنالك فرق دال احصائيا بين المجموعتين وان طالبات المجموعة التجريبية افضل من طالبات المجموعة الضابطة وهذا يدل على ان تقنية المحاكاة لها دور مؤثر على ارتفاع تحصيل الطالبات في اللغة الانجليزية. واخيرا ... وفي ضوء نتائج الدراسة توصلت الباحثة الى عدد من التوصيات والمقترحات. فيما يلي يعض منها : بعض التوصيات : 1 - يجب ان يتدرب مدرسي ومدرسات المدراس الاعدادية على استخدام مختلف الاساليب التدريسية في تدريس اللغة الانكليزية وخصوصا اسلوب المحاكاة .2 - على مدرسي اللغة ان يتدربوا على كيفية استخدام استخدام اسلوب المحاكاة في المواقف الصفية .بعض المقترحات 1 - اثر بعض الاساليب التدريسية مثل التخطيط القصصي والتجسيد على تحصيل الطلبة في اللغة الانكليزية . 2 - فعالية استخدام اسلوب المحاكاة في تدريس اللغة الانكليزية للمراحل الاخرى , الابتدائية والمتوسطة. | This study aims at determining the effectiveness of using simulation as a technique for teaching English to fourth preparatory school female students .In order to achieve this aim , three hypothesis are formulated : 1 - There is no significant difference between the mean scores on the Mid - year test and that on the Post - test of the control group.2 - There is no significant difference between the mean scores on the Mid - year test and that on the Post - test of the experimental group.3 - There is no significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group and that of the control group , on the achievement test (oral and written). An achievement test (oral and written) is constructed and exposed to a jury of specialists for the purposes of ascertaining its face validity. A Person Correlation Coefficient Formula is applied to calculate the inter scorer reliability . The sample of this study consists of fifty preparatory school female students selected from Al - Kansa'a Secondary School for Girls during the academic year 2011 - 2012. The sample is divided into two groups A and B .Both groups are equalized in the variables of parents' academic level and mid - year exam . The experimental design of the study involves two groups ; control group and experimental group . The experiment started on 19th of February and ended at 1st of May . Both groups are taught units 3 and 4 by the researcher herself. The collected data have been analyzed by using t - test formula .Results show the following : 1 - There is no significant difference between the achievement of the control group in mid - year test and that of the post - test .2 - There is significant difference between the achievement of the experimental group in mid - year test and that of the post - test.3 - There is significance difference between the post - test scores of the experimental group and those of the control group , and in favour of the experimental one.Hence, the first hypothesis is accepted , whereas the second and third ones are rejected. This indicates that simulation has an effective role in students' achievement in English .In the light of the study findings , a number of recommendations and suggestions are put forward .The following are some if them : Recommendations1 - Teachers of preparatory schools should be trained well on how to employ a variety of teaching techniques, specially simulation, in their process of teaching EFL .2 - Teachers of English should be trained on the procedures of implementing simulation inside classroom settings.Suggestions1 - The effect of other EFI teaching techniques, such as ,story mapping and dramatization on students' achievement in English.2 - The effectiveness of using simulation technique in other stages of study, i.e. primary and intermediate schools

تاثير الوسيط الصريح على اداء الاستيعاب القرائي للمتعلمين العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية == THE IMPACT OF EXPLICIT MEDIATION ON IRAQI EFL LEARNERS’ READING COMPREHENSION PERFORMANCE

Author name: رافد رؤوف جاسم
Supervisor name: ضحى عطا الله حسن القره غولي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Methods of Teaching English Language
Degree: Master
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Basic Education - Department Of Teaching Methods
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يعتبرالوسيط الصريح من خلال الوسيط النظير هي استراتيجية تشير الى ان التعلم يحدث من خلال المشاركة مع الاخرين, وان تفاعل التلاميذ مع نظرائهم الاكثر معرفة او قدرة يؤثر في طريقة تفكيرهم وتفسيرهم للمواقف المختلفة. ان العمل من خلال المجموعات المناظرة داخل الصف لها دور فاعل في تطوير القدرات المعرفية والعقلية لديهم. ان الهدف من الوسيط المناظر هو جعل التعلم ذاتيا اي الانتقال التدريجي بالمسؤولية من المعلم الى الاقران. لذلك تهدف هذه الدراسة الحالية معرفة اثر استراتيجية الوسيط الصريح من خلال الاقران في اداء الاستيعاب القرائي لدى الطلاب العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية. وللتحقق من اثر الاستراتيجية تم وضع الفرضية الاتية : " لايوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية بين المجموعة التجريبية التي طبقت عليها استراتيجية الوسيط العلني المناظر, والمجموعة الضابطة التي لم تطبق عليها هذه الاستراتيجية في تحصيلهم في الاستيعاب القرائي."وللتحقق من هذه الفرضية استخدم الباحث منهجا تجريبيا يتضمن تصميم مجموعتين واختبار بعدي. ان ادوات الاختبار لهذه الدراسة صممت بالشكل التالي : ا) اختبار قبلي يتكون من قطعتين استيعابيتين, ب) اختبار بعدي يحتوي على قطعتين استيعابيتين, وقد استخدم هذا الاختبار للمقارنة بين اداء المجموعتين عند نهاية الدراسة. من الجدير بالذكر ان الاختبارات المذكورة اعلاه قد عرضت على مجموعة من الخبراء للتحقق من مصداقية المحتوى واقترحوا بعض التعديلات. وبعد اجراء الاختبار الاستطلاعي تبين ان ثبات ومصداقية الاختبارات قد تم التحقق منها من خلال تطبيق معادلة كيودر - ريتشارد سون 20 للاختبارات الموضوعية ومعادلة الفا كرونباخ بالنسبة للاختبارات المقالية. وقد وجد ان قيمة الثبات للاختبار القبلي بلغ 0,87 للموضوعية و0,83 للاختبارات المقالية وبلغ معامل الثبات للاختبار البعدي 0,91 للاسئلة الموضوعية و0,88 للمقالية. بالنسبة للاختبار القبلي فقد استخدم لمكافئة المجموعتين وقياس مستوى تحصيلهم المعرفي السابق في الاستيعاب القرائي ولمعرفة الطالب الاكثر مهارة لاختياره كقائد للمجموعة بعد الاختيار العشوائي للمجموعة الضابطة والتجريبية.تالفت عينة البحث من طلبة الصف الرابع العلمي والبالغ عددهم 70 طالبا اختيروا عشوائيا على مجموعتين (مجموعة ضابطة ومجموعة تجريبية) تضم كل منهما 35 طالبا. كوفئت المجموعتان احصائيا في عدد من المتغيرات مثل العمر والتحصيل الدراسي للوالدين, ودرجات تحصيل الطلاب في اللغة الانكليزية للفصل الاول ونصف السنة ودرجات تحصيلهم في الاختبار القبلي.درست المجموعة التجريبية الاستيعاب القرائي باسلوب الوسيط العلني المناظر, ودرست المجموعة الضابطة بالطرق التقليدية وهي بحسب ما جاء في (دليل المعلم 8) سلسلة فرص العراق. طبقت التجربة في اعدادية مصطفى جواد للبنين في مدينة بغداد ضاحية المنصور ولفترة شهرين وخلال العام الدراسي 2013/2014. وبعد اجراء الاختبار البعدي اضهرت نتائج الدراسة بوضوح ان تحصيل المجموعة التجريبية التي درست باسلوب الوسيط الصريح المناظر اعلى من تحصيل المجموعة الضابطة التي درست بالاسلوب التقليدي.واستنادا الى النتائج المحصلة في اعلاه توصل الباحث الى مجموعة من الاستنتاجات كان من اهمها : 1 - ان استراتيجية الوسيط الصريح المناظر فاعلة في تدريس الاستيعاب القرائي للطلاب العراقيين للمرحلة الاعدادية لان التعلم الجماعي يوفر بيئة دراسية مناسبة لممارسة اللغة الاجنبية والتي فيها يحاول المتعلمون التواصل بهذه اللغة. وهذا يعني ان هذه الاستراتيجية تحقق هدفين : الاستيعاب والتواصل. وان الاستراتيجيات التي تحد من دور الطلاب وخصوصا عندما يتعلق الموضوع بالاستيعاب غير فعالة في تطوير الاستيعاب القرائي وهذوااضح من خلال نتائج الدراسة الحالية.2 - الوسيط المناظر والانتقال التدريجي في التعليم من المعلم الى الطلاب يعزز الاعتقاد القائل "ما يتعلمه الطلاب اليوم مجتمعين, سيتعلمونه غدا بمفردهم."3 - ان التعلم من خلال الاقران هو اداة فاعلة للتعامل مع الكم الهائل من المعلومات, ومن البديهي ان كل فرد يمتلك معلومة يتشارك بها مع الاخرين.وفي خاتمة هذه الدراسة, قدم الباحث مجموعة من التوصيات والاقتراحات لاجراء دراسات اخرى. | Explicit mediation via peer mediation is a strategy that enables learning to take place when students work together in small groups in which more able peers instruct and help less able peers. This idea of peer mediation coincides with Vygotsky's idea that learning is social rather than individual and thinking is mediated by social context. On the other hand, social interaction plays a fundamental role in the development of all cognitive abilities, including thinking, learning, and communicating. Therefore, the present study investigates the effect of explicit mediation via peer mediation on learners' performance in reading comprehension in the context of English as a foreign language. To achieve this aim, the following hypothesis is postulated : It is hypothesized that there is no statistically significant difference between the achievement mean scores of the students who are taught reading comprehension using explicit mediation and those who are taught reading comprehension using the prescribed method. To verify the hypothesis, the post - test nonequivalent group design has been employed. The sample of this study was 70 students chosen from 4th grade secondary school students. This sample was distributed as follows : 1) 35 students for the control group, and 2) 35 students for the experimental group. The two groups were statistically equalized in a number of variables such as age, parents' level of education, achievement scores in English in the first term and midyear, and achievement scores on the pretest. The experimental group was taught reading comprehension by the explicit mediation, and the control group was taught by the method recommended in the prescribed method. The experiment was conducted in Baghdad City at Mustafa Jawad Secondary School for Boys. It lasted for two months in the academic year 2013 - 2014. The instruments of the current study involved two tests : a pretest which is used to equalize the Control Group and Experimental Group as well as to choose the leaders of the groups, and a posttest for the purpose of comparing the performance of the two groups at the end of the study. The instruments have been previously exposed to a jury of experts in order to ascertain their face and content validity. The experts have validated the face and content validity and suggested some modifications. After conducting the pilot study, their reliability was calculated by applying Kuder - Richardson formula 20 for the objective items and Alpha Cronbach for subjective ones. It was found that the reliability of the pretest is 0.80 for objective items and 0.83 for the subjective items. The reliability of the posttest is 0.91 for the objective items and 0.88 for subjective ones. The discriminatory powers and difficulty level of the instruments' items were also computed. After conducting the posttest, the result of the study apparently indicates that the achievement of the experimental group who were exposed to the explicit mediation technique is higher than that of the control group who were exposed to the prescribed technique. In other words, the explicit mediation technique is more influential than the prescribed method to enhance performance in reading comprehension. In light of the obtained results from this study, a number of conclusions have been drawn, among which the most important ones are : 1. Explicit mediation is an effective technique for teaching reading comprehension for Iraqi secondary school students, because such a cooperative technique provides target language practice in which learners try to communicate in the foreign language. This means that explicit mediation achieves two goals : comprehension and communication. 2. Peer mediation reinforces the belief that "what learners can do together today, they can do alone tomorrow". 3. Peer learning is a tool to cope with the massive influx of information. Obviously, each individual has his own information that can be shared with others. In conclusion of this study, some recommendations and suggestions for further studies have been put forward

اثر تاليف قاموس الطالب في الاملاء ومخزون المفردات للطلبة العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية في المدارس المتوسطة == The Effect of Developing a Pupil’s Dictionary on Spelling and Vocabulary Repertoire of Iraqi EFL Intermediate School Learners

Author name: محمد ضياء الطائي
Supervisor name: ضحى عطا الله حسن القره غولي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Methods of Teaching English Language
Degree: Master
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Basic Education - Department Of Teaching Methods
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Developing a pupil’s dictionary is one of the techniques suggested to deal with the vocabulary and spelling difficulties of Iraqi EFL learners especially the intermediate school ones in order to reduce the misspelling ratio and to enlarge their vocabulary repertoire.Hence, the present study aims to investigate the effect of developing a pupils’ dictionary on vocabulary repertoire and spelling of Iraqi EFL intermediate school pupils. To achieve this aim, the following null hypotheses have been posed : 1. There is no statistically significant difference between the spelling achievement mean scores of the pupils who are taught by using the technique of developing pupil’s dictionary and those who are taught by using the prescribed method (teacher - centred).2. There is no statistically significant difference between the vocabulary achievement mean scores of the pupils who are taught by using the technique of developing pupil’s dictionary and those who are taught by using the prescribed method.3. There is no statistically significant difference between the overall achievement mean scores of the pupils who are taught by using the technique of developing pupil’s dictionary and those who are taught by using the prescribed method.4. There is no statistically significant difference between the development mean scores of the experimental group pupils on the pre - test and the post - test.The population of the present study is the male pupils of the second - grade intermediate schools in Baghdad during the academic year 2013 - 2014. The sample of the study consists of 65 pupils. The experimental group consists of 33 pupils whereas the control group consists of 32 pupils. These two groups are randomly chosen from Al - Nidhamyia Secondary School for Boys in Baghdad. The subjects ofIXboth groups are equalized in the level of their parents’ education, their age, their achievement in English in the mid - year exam, their grades on the pre - test, as well as some extraneous factors.To fulfil the aim of the study, an experiment is conducted using a non - equivalent pre - test post - test control group design. The two groups are taught the same material, which contains three units from the textbook Iraq Opportunities 6 except for the technique of developing Pupil’s Dictionary, which is introduced to the experimental group only. The researcher himself taught the two groups.Two versions of an achievement test (pre - test and post - test) are constructed by the researcher and exposed to a jury of experts to verify their validity. Reliability is calculated by using Kuder - Richardson formulas 20 and 21 yielding, coefficients of 0.93 and 0.95 respectively. Item analysis is carried out to determine the effectiveness of the items in terms of their discriminatory power and difficulty level. Then the tests are administered to the sample of the study prior to the experimental period and after it.The data of the post - test are analyzed statistically, using t - test formulas for two independent samples and two dependent samples. The findings indicate that there is a significant difference between the two groups in favour of the experimental one in the vocabulary, spelling, and overall achievement. The t - test also indicates that there is a significant difference between the pre - and post - tests scores for the experimental group in favour of the post - test showing significant development.It is concluded that the use of Pupil’s Dictionary technique has positive effect on the pupils’ vocabulary repertoire and spelling. According to the results of the study, a number of recommendations are stated and suggestions for further studies are put forward.

دراسة مدى ادراك التعابير المعجمية واستعمالها لدى طلبة الكلية العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية == Investigating Iraqi EFL College Students’ Awareness and Use of Lexical Chunks

Author name: اسامة مهدي نقي العلاق
Supervisor name: شذى كاظم مفتن السعدي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Methods of Teaching English Language
Degree: Master
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Basic Education - Department Of Teaching Methods
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: المجموعات المعجمية : هي وحدات متعددة الكلمات يمكن ان تعمل كوحدات تامة المعنى او كصيغة ثابته المعنى او شبه ثابته، اذ يتم تخزينها في الذاكرة واسترجاعها ككل من دون تحليلها. تستخدم هذه المجموعة من الكلمات المعده مسبقا" لبناء مجموعات لغوية وزيادة ذخيرة المفردات لدارسي اللغة. كما انها فعاله وتساعد المتعلمين على الطلاقة في الكلام وزيادة مخزونهم المعجمي. ترتبط المجموعات المعجمية بمجال العبارات، وقد جذبت العديد من اللغويين والباحثين لان الطلبة يواجهون بعض الصعوبات في فهم واستخدام تلك المجموعات المعجمية. وتهدف الدراسة الحالية الى التقصي عن ادراك المجموعات المعجمية واستعمالها لدى طلبة الكلية العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية. ومن اجل تحقيق هدف الدراسة، طرحت الفرضيات الصفرية الاتية : 1. لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية بين الوسط الحسابي لدرجات طلبة الكلية العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانجليزية لغة اجنبية في الوعي بالمجموعات المعجمية وبين الوسط الفرضي.2. لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية بين الوسط الحسابي لدرجات طلبة الكلية العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانجليزية لغة اجنبية في استخدام المجموعات المعجمية وبين الوسط الفرضي.3. لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية بين الوسط الحسابي لدرجات طلبة الكلية العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانجليزية لغة اجنبية في وعيهم واستخدامهم للمجموعات المعجمية. تالفت عينة الدراسة من 50 طالبا" وطالبة في المرحلة الثالثة في قسم اللغة الانجليزية بجامعة بغداد/ كلية الاداب خلال السنة الدراسية (2016 - 2017).ولتحقيق هدف الدراسة واختبار فرضياتها، تبنى الباحث اجراءين لجمع البيانات : الاول تحليل محتوى ثلاثة كتب دراسية للطلبة (Person to Person, Essay and Letter Writing, and Wuthering Heights Novel) ,لغرض استخراج المجموعات المعجمية منها. الثاني تطبيق اختبار يتالف من نوعين(الادراكي والانتاجي). وعرضت الادوات على مجموعة من الاساتذة المختصين كلجنة تحكيمية للتاكد من صدقها، وتم حساب ثبات الاختبار من خلال تطبيقه على عينة استطلاعية. وقد استخدمت الاساليب الاحصائية المناسبة لتحليل البيانات التي تم جمعها.وقد نتج عن تحليل البيانات النتائج الرئيسة التالية : 1. وعي طلبة المرحلة الثالثة في الكلية دارسي اللغة الانجليزية لغة اجنبية في المجموعات المعجمية مقبول.2. لدى طلبة المرحلة الثالثة في الكلية دارسي اللغة الانجليزية لغة اجنبية مستوى غير مقبول في استخدام المجموعات المعجمية، فضلا انهم يواجهون صعوبة في انتاجها. 3. يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية بين وعي واستخدام المجموعات المعجمية لدى طلبة الكلية العراقين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية والفرق لصالح الوعي.واخيرا، وبناء على النتائج التي تم التوصل اليها، اقترحت بعض التوصيات وقدمت بعض المقترحات حول اجراء المزيد من الدراسات. | Lexical chunks are multi - word units which can function as meaningful units with a fixed or semi - fixed form. They are stored in memory and retrieved as unanalyzed whole. These prefabricated sequence of word building blocks of language are effective to learners as they increase vocabulary repertoire and aid fluency in speech. Lexical chunks are related to the realm of phraseology, and have attracted the attention of many linguists and researchers, as the students face some difficulties in comprehending and using them. The current study intends to investigate Iraqi EFL college students’ awareness and use of lexical chunks. To achieve the aim of the study, the three null hypotheses below have been posed : 1 - There is no statistically significant difference between the mean score of Iraqi EFL college students’ awareness of lexical chunks and the theoretical mean.2 - There is no statistically significant difference between the mean score of Iraqi EFL college students’ use of lexical chunks and the theoretical mean.3 - There is no statistically significant difference between Iraqi EFL college students’ mean scores of awareness and use of lexical chunks. The sample of the study consists of fifty EFL third - year students, of the College of Arts/ University of Baghdad, during the academic year 2016 - 2017. In order to achieve the aim of the study and test its hypotheses, two procedures for data gathering are adopted. The first is content analysis for three students’ textbooks (Person to Person, Essay and Letter Writing, and Wuthering Heights Novel) for the purpose of eliciting lexical chunks. The second procedure is construction of a test of two types (recognition and production). The above mentioned instruments are exposed to jury of experts to ascertain their validity. Also test reliability is calculated after a pilot administration of the test, which yielded reliability coefficient of 0.87. Suitable statistical methods are used to analyze the collected data. The analysis of the data has led to following : 1. Third year EFL college students’ awareness of lexical chunks is average. 2. Third year EFL college students have unacceptable level of using lexical chunks and they face difficulty in producing them.3. There is statistically significant difference between Iraqi EFL college students’ awareness and use of lexical chunks in favor of awareness. Finally, on the basis of the obtained results, some recommendations and suggestions for further studies are put forward

فاعلية التعلم الموجه ذاتيا في تعليم مهارة الكلام لطلاب الكليات العراقية دارسي اللغه الانكليزية لغة اجنبية == The Effectiveness of Self - Directed Learning in Teaching the Speaking Skill to Iraqi EFL College Students

Author name: غادة كريم المحمداوي
Supervisor name: رضا غانم داخل
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Methods of Teaching English Language
Degree: Master
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Basic Education
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: المستخلص ان التعلم الموجه ذاتيا هو عمليه التعلم التي من خلالها ياخذ المتعلمون على عاتقهم المسوؤليه الاساسية في تعلمهم, بدءا بتحديد اهدافهم, رسم طريقة تدريسية ذاتية لاتباعها في تعلمهم وايجاد المصادر والمراجع المناسبة والممكن الاعتماد عليها لاكتساب المعرفة. سواء كان التعلم الموجه ذاتيا منهجيا او غير منهجيا, فهو افضل واسهل طريقة لاكتساب معرفة تستمر مدى الحياة, يظن عندما تبذل جهودا لتعلم شيء ما فان الاحتفاظ به سيكون اسرع, فكلما نكثر القراءة عن موضوع معين كلما كانت عملية الاحتفاظ بالمقروء افضل, والكثرة هنا لا تشيرالى كمية المواد الدراسية بل تشير الى كثرة الاراء المختلفة عن الموضوع نفسه, فبالقراءة والبحث عن وجهات نظر مختلفة لموضوع معين سوف يتشكل راي ونظرة جديدة بالتدريج نتيجة القراءة, وعندما تشكل فكرة او راي جديد ستكون عملية الاحتفاظ بما هو مشكل نتيجة البحث والقراءة افضل واستعادته اسرع في مواقف مختلفة. فضلا عن ذلك, ان التعلم الموجه ذاتيا يعد من افضل الطرق التدريسية لتعليم الكبار فطالما هم يكبرون فسوف يشكلون مبادئهم ومعتقداتهم الخاصة بهم لذا فمن المحتمل رفضهم للتعلم الالزامي او اي موضوع لا يناسب اهتماماتهم. لذا فلحل هكذا مشكلة يلعب التعلم الموجه ذاتيا دورا دقيقا وشائكا باعطائهم فرصة اختيار مايريدون تعلمه لكن بضمن الحدود التي وضعت من المعلم ذاته. لقد استخدمت نماذج مختلفة من التعلم الموجه ذاتيا في عدد من الدراسات المختلفة, الا انه في الدراسة الحالية استخدم نموذج كرو ( التعلم المرحلي الموجه ذاتيا), الذي من خلاله قاد المعلم الطلاب خلال اربع مراحل من التعلم. تهدف الدراسة الحالية الى التحقق من فاعلية التعلم الموجه ذاتيا في تعليم مهارة الكلام لطلاب الكليات العراقية دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية. فقد تم الافتراض انه لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة احصائية بين المجموعة التجريبية والتي درست باستخدام التعلم الموجه ذاتيا والمجوعة الضابطة التي درست باستخدام الطرق الحالية (التعلم الموجه بوساطة المعلم) على ادائهم الشفوي. لتحقيق هدف الدراسة الحالية اتبعت الباحثة عدد من الاجراءات وهي كالاتي : اولا اعتمدت على النوع الاتي من التصميم التجريبي : تصميم تجريبي لمجموعتين غير متكافئتين اختبار قبلي واختبار بعدي, اختيار عينة ممثلة وتوزيعها في مجموعتين مجموعه تجريبية ومجموعة ضابطة, بناء اختبار بعدي شفوي والتاكد من صدقه وثباته واماكنية تطبيقه, تدريس المجموعه التجريبة باستخدام نموذج كرو للتعلم الموجه ذاتيا, بينما تدريس المجموعة الضابطة مادة المحادثة باستخدام التعلم الموجه بوساطة المعلم, تهيئة الاختبار البعدي للمجموعتين في نهاية التجربة, واخيرا تجمع البيانات وتحسب وتحلل باستخدام الادوات الاحصائية المناسبة. شملت العينة الحالية 76 طالبا من قسم اللغة الانكليزية, كلية التربية الاساسية, الجامعة المستنصرية في السنة لدراسية 2016 - 2017. وزعت العينة على مجموعتين المجموعة التجريبية التي تحتوي على 39 طالبا ومجموعة ضابطة تحوي 37 طالبا. وقد كوفئت المجموعتان في بعض المتغيرات المؤثرة التي هي : (العمر، والجنس، ومستوى الوالدين في التعليم, الاستقلالية، والاختبار القبلي ودرجاتهم في مادة المحادثة في الكورس الاول.صمم اختبار بعدي وعرض على عدد من الخبراء المتخصصين في طرائق التدريس لغرض التاكد من صدقه الظاهري. في حين تم حساب ثبات الاختبار بوساطة استعمال معامل الارتباط بيرسن.بعد تحليل البيانات باستخدام الاختبار التائي لعينتين مستقلتين اظهرت النتائج ان هناك فروقا ذات دلالة احصائية بين المجموعتين في درجاتهم ، ولصالح المجموعة التجريبية التي تم تدريسها بوساطة التعلم الموجه ذاتيا, وهذا يدل على ان تدريس المحادثة باستخدام نموذج كرو للتعلم الموجه ذاتيا هو اكثر فعالية من التدريس بالطريقة التقليدية. واستنادا الى نتائج الدراسة الحالية ، تم وضع الاستنتاجات المناسبة، والتوصيات, والمقترحات لدراسات اخرى. | Self - directed learning (SDL) is the process in which the learners take the primary accountability of their learning, starting with setting their goals, designing a personal method to follow in their learning, finding the suitable references and resources from which they can take their knowledge. Whether formal or informal self - directed learning can be the best way to gain a lifelong knowledge, it is believed that making efforts in learning something will help to retain it fast. Also it is seen that self - directed learning would be considered as the preferable way to teach adults as long as they are growing up they will start to shape their own principles and beliefs so they will probably reject any obligatory learning, or any subject which does not fit their interests, so as to solve such a problem, self - directed learning can play a tricky role by giving them the chance to choose what they want to learn. Different models of SDL are used in different studies, in the current study Grow's model (staged self - directed learning) is used, through which the teacher led the students through four stages of learning : the dependent learner, the interested learner, the involved learner, and the self - directed learner.The aim of the current study is to investigate the effectiveness of self - directed learning in teaching the speaking skill to Iraqi EFL college students. It is hypothesized that there are no statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental group which is taught by using Self - directed learning and that of the control group which is taught according to the current methods (Teacher - directed learning) in their oral performance. To accomplish the aim of the present study, the following procedures have been used : choosing a quasi pretest - posttest nonequivalent - groups experimental design; selecting a representative sample and dividing it into two groups : experimental and control, forming an oral post - test, and assuring its validity, reliability and practicality; teaching the experimental group by using Grow's model of SDL, while the control group was taught conversation by the teacher - directed method; applying the post - test on both groups after completing the experiment; and then collecting , computing and analyzing data by using suitable statistical tools. The sample of the present study includes 76 students from the Department of English Language, College of Basic Education, Al - Mustansiriyah University, during the academic year 2016/2017. The sample of the study has been distributed into 39 students as an experimental group and 37 students as a control group. Both groups have been equalized in some variables, namely age, gender, parents’ level of education, dependence and the pre - test. A post - test has been designed and exposed to a group of experts in the fields of ELT and linguistics in order to ascertain its face validity, while reliability has been ensured by using Person Correlation Formula. After analyzing the data by using the two independent samples t - test, the results found that, there are statistically significant differences between the two groups in their mean score in favor of the experimental group which has been taught by the SDL model. This indicates that teaching conversation by using the SDL is more effective than teaching by the currently used method. Based on the present study; suitable conclusions, recommendations, and several suggestions for further research have been found.

اثر استخدام تقنيات تدعيم المدخلات في الاستيعاب الاصغائي للطلبة العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانجليزية لغة اجنبية == The Effect of Using Input Enhancement Techniques on Iraqi EFL Learners' Listening Comprehension

Author name: هيام عبد الامير كاظم
Supervisor name: ضحى عطا الله حسن القره غولي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Methods of Teaching English Language
Degree: Master
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Basic Education - Department Of Teaching Methods
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يعتبر الاستيعاب الاصغائي حجر الاساس في اكتساب اللغة الام وكذلك في تعلمها كلغة ثانية او اجنبية بالاضافة الى ذلك يلعب الاستيعاب الاصغائي دورا فعالا في المحادثات اليومية وخصوصا لمتعلمي اللغة الانجليزية كلغة ثانية او اجنبية حيث يحتاجوه بصورة ملحة في الوسط الاكاديمي. وفي العراق يمكننا ان نطلق على الاستيعاب الاصغائي تسمية المهارة المنسية نظرا للاهمال الذي يلقاه على المستوى الجامعي وقله ممارسته في المستويات الدراسية الاخرى ويعزى ذلك الى غياب الوسائل التقنيه والعمليه وقلة خبرة المعلمين.ومن هنا تهدف الدراسة الحاليه لاستقصاء اثر استخدام تقنيات تدعيم المدخلات في الاستيعاب الاصغائي للطلبة العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانجليزية لغة اجنبية ; من اجل تحقيق الهدف المذكور انفا فرض بانه لايوجد فرق ذو دلاله احصائية بين متوسط درجات متعلمي اللغة الانجليزية لغة اجنبية الذين درسوا الاستيعاب الاصغائي باستخدام تقنيات تدعيم المدخلات وبين دارسيه باستخدام الطريقة الاعتيادية. تتكون عينة البحث المختارة عشوائيا بالقرعة من 88 طالبوا طالبة من دارسي اللغة الانجليزية لغة اجنبية في المرحلة الثالثة من قسم اللغة الانجليزية في كلية التربية الاساسية / الجامعة المستنصرية/ الدراسة الصباحية للعام الدراسي 2015/2016 بواقع 44 طالبوا طالبة في كل مجموعة .كوفئت عناصر المجموعتين بعدة متغيرات. من اجل تطبيق التجربة تم اتباع مجموعة من الاجراءات اولها تبني منهج تجريبيي ذي اختبار قبلي - بعدي للمجموعتين. تم اعداد اختبار قبلي لضمان مكافئة ادق بين المجموعتين . بعدها اعدت الباحثة الاختبار البعدي لقياس الاختلافات بين المجموعتين في نهاية عمر التجربة. تضمن كلا الاختبارين ثلاثة اسئلة اثنان منهم صمما لقياس الاستيعاب الاصغائي على مستوى التمييز وثالثهم لقياس الاستيعاب الاصغائي على مستوى الانتاج. مجموع الدرجات لكل اختبار هو 26 درجة. تم التاكد من صدق الاختبارين عن طريق عرضهما على مجموعة من الخبراء في مجال طرائق تدريس اللغة الانجليزية وعلم اللغة. ثم اجرت الباحثة دراسة استطلاعية على عينة مماثلة لعينة التجربة تتكون من 100 طالب وطالبة لغرض استحصال بيانات لتحليلها احصائيا . تم التحقق من ثبات الاختبارين باستخدام طريقة الصيغ المتكافئة عن طريق ايجاد العلاقة بين درجاتهما باستخدام معامل ارتباط بيرسون حيث كانت قيمة الثبات 0.92 والتي تشير الى ان الاختبارين ثابتان ومقبولان. استغرقت التجربة ثمانية اسابيع .و اجراي الاختباران القبلي والبعدي بشكل متتابع في اول واخر اسبوعين من عمر التجربة. قامت الباحثة بتدريس المجموعتين بنفسها لمدة سته اسابيع. في نهاية التجربة تم اجراء الاختبار البعدي وتحليل بياناته احصائيا باستخدام الاختبار التائي لعينتين مستقلتين ووجد ان هناك فرق ذو دلالة احصائية في مجمل الاداء للمجموعتين في الاختبار البعدي لصالح المجوعة التجريبية.. وفي ضوء نتائج الدراسة عرضت الباحثة عددا من التوصيات تخص اساتذة ومتعلمي ومصممي مناهج اللغة الانجليزية لغة اجنبية مع بعض المقترحات لاجراء بحوث اخرى مستقبلية | Listening Comprehension is considered the corner block in acquiring ones' first language and learning a second or a foreign language in addition its vital role in every day communication especially for ESL and EFL learners who need it so badly in their academic life. Iraqi EFL learners are facing a lot of difficulties and obstacles in this area. As a remedial action for this problem, the researcher has picked three input enhancement techniques to study their effect on Iraqi EFL learners' listening comprehension besides arranging suitable input for the learners' level. Hence, the current study aims at investigating the effect of using input enhancement techniques on Iraqi EFL learners' listening comprehension. Input enhancement means any external manipulation, change, addition or omission that the original input is exposed to for the sake of making them more comprehensible to the receivers and directing their attention toward specific linguistic issues. Three techniques are selected : pictorial technique, key words and reduced rate of speech To fulfil the study aim the following hypothesis is postulated : there is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the Iraqi EFL learners who are taught listening by using input enhancement techniques and that of those who are taught by using the conventional method. The present study is limited to the third year Iraqi EFL college students / English Departments at the Colleges of Basic Education/ morning studies, for the academic year 2015/2016. The researcher has adopted a number of procedures to achieve the aim of the study. First pretest - posttest nonequivalent control group experimental design was utilized. An experimental group and a control groups with 44 students each are randomly assigned and equalized in a number of variables. The experimental group received the treatment while the control group is instructed by using the conventional method. The experiment has lasted for 8 weeks. Then the researcher has prepared a pretest to ensure better equalization. A posttest was designed by the researcher to measure the differences between the two groups after completing the experiment instruction period. The two tests include three questions; two of recognition items and one for production items. The total score of each test is 26 marks. The tests are validated by exposing them to a jury of experts of ELT and linguistics. Then a pilot study is conducted on 100 students to provide data for item analysis. The reliability of the two tests is ensured by correlating the scores from the two versions by using Pearson correlation formula. After applying the chosen formula yielding coefficient of 0.92 which indicates that the pretest and the posttest are reliable and acceptable. After using the t - test formula for two independent samples to manipulate the data of the posttest, it is found that there is a statistically significant difference in the overall performance of both groups on the posttest in favour of the experimental groupwhich indicates using input enhancement techniques is an effective way for teaching LC for Iraqi college learners.. In light of the result of the study, a number of useful recommendations for EFL instructors, learners and syllabus designers are viewed with several suggestions for further studies to be conducted.

اثر استخدام تقنيات الوسائط المتعددة على انجاز التلاميذ العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية في المفردات والتلفظ في المرحلة الابتدائية == The Effect of Using Multimedia Technologies on Iraqi EFL Pupils’ Achievement in Vocabulary and Pronunciation at the Primary Stage

Author name: حيدر عبد الحسن حمزة
Supervisor name: سعد صلال سرحان
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Methods of Teaching English Language
Degree: Master
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Basic Education - Department Of Teaching Methods
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تقنيات الوسائط المتعددة هي نوع من الوسائل التعليمية التكنولوجية التي يمكن تطبيقها خلال عملية التدريس والتعلم. بل هي مزيج من الاصوات والرسومات والرسوم المتحركة والفيديو. في عالم الحواسيب،هي جزء من الوسائط الفائقة، التي تربط عناصر الوسائط المتعددة مع النص التشعبي لانشاء روابط بين المعلومات. لذلك، من المتوقع ان تتعامل هذه التقنيات مع المفردات وصعوبات النطق لدى التلاميذ العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانجليزية وخاصة التلاميذ في المدارس الابتدائية من اجل تقليل اخطاء النطق في اللغة الانجليزية وتعزيز المفردات الخاصة بهم. وتهدف الدراسة الحالية الى دراسة تاثير استخدام تقنيات الوسائط المتعددة على انجاز التلاميذ للغة الانجليزية في المفردات والنطق. لذلك نفترض انه لا توجد فروق ذو دلالة احصائية بين متوسط درجات التلاميذ الذين يدرسون المفردات والنطق باستخدام تقنيات الوسائط المتعددة، واولئك الذين يتم تدريس المفردات والنطق لهم باستخدام الاستراتيجيات الموصى بها في الكتاب المدرسي. ولتحقيق هدف الدراسة، تم تصميم التجربة. المجتمع هم التلاميذ الذكور من الصف الخامس في المدارس الابتدائية في بغداد، خلال العام الدراسي 2016 - 2017. تم اختيارمجموعتين عشوائيا. واحدة لتكون المجموعة التجريبية والاخرى تم اعتبارها المجموعة الضابطة؛ كل مجموعة تحتوي على 25 تلميذا. وقد تم تدريس المجموعتين بنفس المواضيع.استمرت التجربة شهرين. وقد تم تساوي المجموعتين في متغيرات العمر، وتحصيل الاباء، ودرجاتهم في الاختبار القبلي. في نهاية التجربة، يتم بناء الاختبار البعدي الذي تم تقسيمه الى جزئين, الجزء الاول اختبار تحريري ويتضمن اربعة اسئلة واما الاخر فقد تم اعتباره اختبار شفهي ويتضمن سؤالين. لمعرفة تقدم التلاميذ في تعلم المفردات والنطق. تم التحقق من صحة الاختبار من خلال عرضه على لجنة من الخبراء. بعد ذلك، اجريت دراسة استطلاعية على 90 تلميذا من اجل توفير بيانات لتحليل الفقرات التي بينت مدى فعالية فقرات الاختبار من حيث قوة التمييز ومستوى الصعوبة وتاثير البدائل. وتم حساب ثبات الفقرات للاختبار التحريري باستخدام طريقة الفا كرونباخ ، وكان معامل الارتباط 0.82. وتم استخدام طريقة كودار ريشاردسون 20 لحساب ثبات الفقرات للاختبار الشفهي وكان معامل الارتباط 0.73. وقد تبين ان الاختبار ثابت ومقبول. بعد التحليل الاحصائي للبيانات التي تم الحصول عليها، تم استخدام صيغة الاختبار التائي لعينتين مستقلتين لاختبار فرق الدلالة بين متوسطي درجتي المجموعتين. وقد وجد ان هناك فروق ذات دلالة احصائية لصالح المجموعة التجريبية. لذلك، نستنتج ان تقنيات الوسائط المتعددة لها تاثير كبير في تدريس المفردات والنطق. بناء على هذه النتائج، قام الباحث بوضع عدد من التوصيات والمقترحات لابحاث مستقبلية اخرى | Multimedia is a kind of technological teaching aids that can be applied during the teaching and learning process. It is a combination of sounds, graphics, animation and video. In the world of computers, it is a part of hypermedia, which connects the elements of multimedia with hypertext for the purpose of creating links among pieces of information. Therefore, these technologies are expected to deal with vocabulary and pronunciation difficulties of Iraqi EFL pupils especially at the primary school ones in order to reduce the mistakes in pronunciation and to enhance their vocabulary repertoire. The present study aims at investigating the effect of using multimedia technologies on Iraqi EFL pupils' achievement in vocabulary and pronunciation. For this purpose, it is hypothesized that there is no statistically significant difference between the mean score of the pupils who are taught vocabulary and pronunciation using multimedia technologies, and that of those who are taught vocabulary and pronunciation using strategies that are recommended in the prescribed textbook. In order to achieve the aims of the study, an experiment has been designed. The population is male pupils of the fifth grade at the primary schools in Baghdad, during the academic year 2016 - 2017. Two sections have randomly been selected; one to be the experimental group and the other has been considered the control group; each group includes 25 pupils. The two groups have been taught the same topics. But only the experimental group received the treatment. The experiment lasted two months. The two groups have been equalized in the variables of age counted in months, parents' education, and their scores in the pretest. In order to find out pupils’ achievement in learning vocabulary and pronunciation, a post - test has been divided into two parts one as a written test (vocabulary test) that includes four questions and the other has been considered as an oral test ( pronunciation test )that includes two questions at the end of the experiment. The test validity is ascertained by exposing it to a jury of experts. Then, a pilot study of 90 pupils is conducted to provide data for item analysis which indicates the effectiveness of the test items in terms of their discriminatory power, difficulty level, and the effectiveness of alternatives. The reliability of the written test (vocabulary test) coefficient has been calculated by using the Alpha Cronbach method yielding the correlation coefficient of 0.82 and Kuder - Richardson formula 20 has been used to estimate the reliability of the oral test (pronunciation test). Yielding the correlation coefficient of 0.73, which indicates that the test is reliable and acceptable. For the sake of statistical analysis of the obtained data, the t - test formula for two independent samples has been used to test the significance of difference between the two mean scores of the two groups. It has been found that there is a statistically significance difference in favor of the experimental group. Therefore, it is concluded that multimedia technologies have a good effect in teaching vocabulary and pronunciation. Finally, a number of recommendations and suggestions for further researches are put forward.

The Effect of Using Three - Step Interview and Talking Chips Techniques on Iraqi EFL Learners' Speaking Ability

Author name: عمار كريم عطية
Supervisor name: شذى كاظم مفتن السعدي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Methods of Teaching English Language
Degree: Master
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Basic Education - Department Of Teaching Methods
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: In countries such as Iraq where English is taught as a foreign language, it is common to notice that in spite of the years of English language education, most students are unable to speak in a proper way. This fact has been documented by several studies on speaking ability in Iraq. Therefore, the researcher tackled this issue as an attempt to remedy it through using two new techniques which are Three - Step Interview and Talking Chips. The population of the present study is made up of fourth scientific preparatory male students in Baghdad Governorate, the third Directorate General of Education in Al - Rusafa. The sample of the study, which is chosen randomly, consists of three sections of the fourth preparatory male students at Al - Shaheed Qassim Al - Mubarqa’ Preparatory School. The total number of the sample was 128. Two of them are experimental and the third is control. Three - Step Interview is applied on the first section, while Talking Chips is applied on the second one. The third section is taught by using the prescribed method. The experimental design of this study is Non - Randomized Control Group Pre - test Post - test Design, which is one of the quasi experimental designs. The experiment lasted for two months during the academic year 2016 - 2017. It started on the eleventh of March and ended on the eleventh of May. The researcher himself taught all the three groups. Both of the pretest and the posttest were constructed by the researcher and exposed to a jury of experts to verify their validity. The first version of the pretest was applied on the pilot sample of 67 male students to estimate their discrimination power and difficulty level. M Reliability was calculated by using 'Inter - rater reliability'. The researcher applied the test on the pilot sample and then gave the test to another scorer (a regular teacher of English.) The correlation between the two scores was calculated by Pearson correlation. The result was 0.73. This indicates that the test has a high reliability. Pair - Samples t - Test was used to analyze the results of the comparison between the pretest and the posttest. It showed that there are statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the three groups in favor of the posttest. ANOVA test is applied on the posttest scores. It showed that there are statistically significant differences among the three groups in favour of the TSI and TCs. And to compare the three groups according to each speaking area (grammar, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency and pronunciation), ANOVA test is applied again. If there is any significant difference, the Scheffe test is used to demonstrate the technique which has the greatest effect on it. As a result, the TSI technique is a more appropriate technique in teaching speaking than the TCs technique and the prescribed one since it develops each of the vocabulary, comprehension, fluency and the pronunciation of the students with high scores, while the TCs develops only the vocabulary and the comprehension, but with low scores. prescribed method development weak lower scores. In the light of the study findings, a number of recommendations are stated and suggestions for further studies are put forward

اثر استخدام فعاليات محددة ما قبل الاستماع على اداء المتعلمين العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية في الاستيعاب الاصغائي == The Impact of Using Specific Pre - Listening Activities on Iraqi EFL Learners’ Listening Comprehension

Author name: نورة عدنان توفيق القره لوسي
Supervisor name: سعد صلال سرحان
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Methods of Teaching English Language
Degree: Master
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Basic Education - Department Of Teaching English Language Methods
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Listening is considered to be the most important skill since it is the first skill that human being acquired but unfortunately it is regarded as an ignored skill in the process of teaching English in Iraqi schools and as a result Iraqi learners are not well prepared to understand the English spoken language when the speakers speak too fast, pronounce the word in different way, or when the speakers use different accents. Besides, Iraqi learners do not use their background knowledge to comprehend what was said and they don't have opportunities to practice since there are many schools who don't have laboratories and sound devises which help the learner to listen and practice. Therefore, teaching listening skill is the most difficult task since the learner faced difficulties with this skillThe present study aims to investigate empirically the impact of using specific pre - listening activities on Iraqi EFL learners ’ listening comprehension.To achieve the aims of the study, null hypothesis have been proposed : There is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group who is taught listening comprehension by using specific pre - listening activities and that of the control group who is taught listening comprehension using the method recommended by the Teacher's Guide.The present study adopted the experimental design nonequivalence Pre Post - Tests with control groups. The random sample consists of 58 learners of 5th grade female learners in scientific branch of the secondary schools Maryam Al - Adhra for the academic year 2016 - 2017. The experiment started on the 26th of February and ended on 25th April, 2017 i.e., so it lasted eight weeks.The validity of the test and lessons plan for experimental and control groups have been obtained by exposing to a group of experts in the field of ELT and linguistics. Then, after piloting the test, the reliability of the test is achieved by using Alpha Cronbach formula. The two groups of learners are taught by the researcher herself. Only the experimental group is taught by using pre - listening activities, while the control group is taught according to the method recommended by the Teacher's Guide.The results reveal that there is a statistical significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group who is taught listening comprehension using specific pre - listening activities and that of the control group who is taught listening comprehension using the method recommended by the Teacher's Guide.The present study recommends the teacher of English to prepare the learners by using different activities which activate the learners to use their background knowledge in order to foster the reception of new language input as well as to give the learners enough opportunities to listen to the native speakers.The present study also suggests a similar study can be conducted the effectiveness of using post listening activities on listening comprehension.

تقييم استراتيجيات التهذيب المستخدمة للتفاعل بين اساتذة وطلبة الجامعة دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية == Assessing Politeness Strategies Used For Interaction Between EFL University Instructors And Students

Author name: فاطمة جمال سعد الله
Supervisor name: رضا غانم داخل
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Methods of Teaching English Language
Degree: Master
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Basic Education - Department Of Teaching English Language Methods
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: In the last decades, politeness has become one of the interesting topics in pragmatics to search about. Learning second language means learning of second language pragmatics, because politeness can be understood in different ways by through different languages.The present study is conducted on EFL Iraqi university instructor and students to assess their awareness and application of politeness strategies in interaction. Therefore it aims at : 1. Assessing the use of politeness strategies by EFL Iraqi university instructors for interaction, 2. Comparing politeness strategies used by EFL Iraqi university instructors according to gender (males & females), 3. Comparing politeness strategies used by EFL Iraqi university instructors according to their years of experience, 4. Assessing the awareness Iraqi EFL university students concerning of politeness strategies for Interaction, 5. Assessing the use of politeness strategies by EFL Iraqi university learners for Interaction, and6. Comparing politeness strategies used by EFL Iraqi university students according to gender (males & females).Two non - random samples selected at the departments of English, morning studies, at two colleges namely; College of Basic Education in the Universities of Diyala and University of Al - Mustansiriayah, for the academic year 2016 - 2017. A sample of 14 EFL Iraqi teaching staff members and 156 students is selected for the study.Three instruments are constructed; a checklist which assesses the application of politeness strategies of EFL Iraqi university instructors, a questionnaire which assesses the awareness of EFL Iraqi university students concerning of politeness strategies used by their instructors for interaction, and a written test in English to assess the application of politeness strategies used by EFL Iraqi university students. The three instruments are duly validated by experts to be used for data collection. More than one method used to calculate the instruments reliability coefficient. Data collected are analysed by using suitable statistical methods. In sum, the results reveal the following : - 1. Iraqi EFL university instructors have sufficient application of politeness strategies used for interaction.2. Iraqi EFL university instructors have no differences in using politeness strategies for interaction according to their gender.3. Iraqi EFL university instructors whose years of experiences 20 - 30 use politeness strategies for interaction more than 10 - 20 and 1 - 10.4. Iraqi EFL university students have sufficient awareness concerning politeness strategies used by their instructors for interaction.5. Iraqi EFL university students have sufficient application of politeness strategies used for interaction.6. Iraqi EFL university students according to their gender are the same in using politeness strategies used for interaction.In the light of the results obtained as number of recommendations are put forward, and several suggestions are also proposed for further studies

اثر استخدام السبورة التفاعلية في تطوير الكفاءة النحوية للمتعلمين العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية == The Impact of Using Interactive Whiteboard on Developing the Grammatical Competence of Iraqi EFL Learners

Author name: رشا لؤي ابراهيم
Supervisor name: ضحى عطا الله حسن القره غولي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Methods of Teaching English Language
Degree: Master
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Basic Education - Department Of Teaching Methods
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يعد تدريس القواعد واحدا من اهم عناصر تعليم الطلبة اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية ووسيلة لتطوير تعلم اللغة الاجنبية فهو يزيد من ادراك الطلبة للافكار الرئيسية في النص واكتشاف تراكيب النص وهو ضروري لاستخدام اللغة بشكل جيد. ونظرا لصعوبة تعلم قواعد النحو, فقد اظهرت البحوث وجود انواع مختلفة من ستراتيجيات التدريس لتحسين القدرة على تعلم قواعد النحو وقد استخدمت السبورة التفاعلية في الدراسة الحالية كوسيلة تعليمية مساعدة يمكن استخدامها لتسهيل التعلم التواصلي والهادف. ولذلك فان الدراسة الحالية تهدف الى استقصاء اثر استخدام السبورة التفاعلية في تدريس النحو في تطوير الكفاءة النحوية للمتعلمين العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية. تنص الفرضية الصفرية على انه لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية بين متوسط درجات الطالبات اللائي يدرسن التراكيب النحوية باستخدام السبورة التفاعلية ومتوسط درجات الطالبات اللائي يدرسن هذه التراكيب باستخدام الطريقة الموصى بها في دليل المعلم. يتكون مجتمع البحث في الدراسة الحالية من طالبات الصف الخامس الاعدادي /الفرع العلمي في المدارس الاعدادية والثانوية في بغداد/ مديرية تربية الكرخ الاولى للعام الدراسي 2016 - 2017 . تتالف عينة الدراسة من 83 طالبة موزعات الى مجموعتين المجموعة التجريبية تتكون من 42 طالبة بينما المجموعة الضابطة تتكون من 41 طالبة وقد تم اختيار المجموعتين بشكل عشوائي من اعدادية بغداد للبنات في محافظة بغداد. كوفئ افراد المجموعتين في عدة متغيرات كالتحصيل الدراسي لاباء وامهات الطالبات، وتحصيلهن في مادة اللغة الانكليزية في امتحان نصف السنة، واعمارهن بالاشهر وكذلك درجاتهن في الاختبار القبلي اضافة الى تحييد عدة عوامل خارجية اخرى. لتحقيق الهدف من الدراسة تم تطبيق التجربةباستخدام تصميم تجريبي يدعى تصميم المجموعة الضابطة ذي الاختبارين القبلي والبعدي حيث تم تدريس المجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة نفس المادة الدراسية والتي تحددت بالفصل (الخامس, السادس, السابع) من المنهج المقرر عدا استخدام السبورة التفاعلية التي تم تطبيقها مع المجموعة التجريبية فقط. وقد قامت الباحثة بنفسها بتدريس المجموعتين. اعدت الباحثة نموذجين من الاختبار التحصيلي القبلي والبعدي وعرضتها على مجموعة من الخبراء للتحقق من مدى صدقها. اما الثبات فقد تحقق باستخدام كرونباخ الفوا تبين انه يساوي 0.896 والذي يشير الى ان الاختبارثابت. بعد ذلك تم تحليل فقرات الاختبار لتحديد فعالية كل فقرة من حيث درجة صعوبتهوا قوة تمييزها.طبق الاختبار القبلي على عينة الدراسة قبل البدء بالتجربة ومن ثم طبق الاختبار البعدي بعد الانتهاء من التجربة. وتم تحليل بيانات الاختبار البعدي باستخدام الاختبار التائي لعينتين مستقلتين لمعرفة الفروق الاحصائية الدالة بين المجموعتين وتبين وجود فروق دالة احصائية بين متوسطي درجات المجموعتين لصالح المجموعة التجريبية. وكذلك تبين انه توجد فروق ذات دلالة احصائية بين الاختبارين القبلي والبعدي لصالح الاختبار البعدي مما يظهر تطورا في التحصيل. كخلاصة يمكن الاستنتاج بان استخدام السبورة التفاعلية كوسيلة تعليمية له تاثير ايجابي في تطوير الكفاءة النحوية للطالبات. في ضوء نتائج الدراسة وضعت عدد من التوصيات والمقترحات لدراسات اخرى. | Grammar instruction is the most focal element in language teaching for EFL students and can be employed as a means of improving the foreign language learning. It seems to be essential for good use of language, as it enhances students’ ability in other language skills and other English subjects like literature subject. Due to the difficult nature of grammar learning, researches have shown that different types of teaching aids are suggested to improve the ability of learning grammatical rules. The Interactive Whiteboard is adopted in the present study as a teaching aid that can be used to facilitate communicative and meaningful learning. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of employing Interactive Whiteboard in teaching grammar on developing Iraqi EFL learners’ grammatical competence. The null hypothesis states that there is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the students who are taught grammatical structures using the Interactive Whiteboard and that of the students who are taught these structures using the method recommended by the teacher’s book. The population of the present study is the female students of the fifth - grade (the scientific branch) preparatory and secondary schools in Baghdad during the academic year 2016 - 2017. The sample of the study involves 83 students : an experimental group of 42 and a control group of 41. The two groups are randomly chosen from Baghdad Preparatory School for Girls in Baghdad. The subjects of both groups are equalized in the level of their parents’ education, their age, their achievement in English in the mid - year exam, their grades on the pre - test, as well as some extraneous factors. To fulfil the aim of the study, an experiment is conducted using a non - equivalent pretest posttest control group design. These groups are taught the same material which contains three units from the textbook English for Iraq 5th Preparatory (Units 5, 6 and 7) except for the Interactive Whiteboard, which is introduced to the experimental group only. The researcher herself taught the two groups. Two versions of an achievement test (pretest and posttest) are constructed by the researcher and exposed to a jury of experts to verify their validity. The method used to estimate the reliability of the test in the present study is the Cronbach alpha method, yielding a reliability coefficient of 0.896 which indicates that the test is reliable. Item analysis is carried out to determine the effectiveness of the items in relations to their discriminatory power and difficulty level. Then the tests are administered to the sample of the study prior to the experimental period and after it. The data of the post - test are analyzed statistically, using the t - test formula for two independent samples. The findings indicate that there is a statistically significant difference between the two groups in favour of the experimental one in the grammatical structures achievement. The t - test also indicates that there is a significant difference between the pre and posttests scores for the experimental group in favour of the post - test showing significant development. It is concluded that the use of Interactive Whiteboard has a positive influence on the grammatical competence of the learners. Based on the findings of the study, a number of recommendations are stated and suggestions for further studies are put forward

اثر استعمال برنامج التنظيم الذاتي في اداء طلبة المدارس الثانوية العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية في الاستيعاب القرائي == THE IMPACT OF USING SELF - REGULATION PROGRAMME ON IRAQI EFL SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS READING COMPREHENSION

Author name: مصطفى محمد احمد
Supervisor name: ضحى عطا الله حسن القره غولي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Methods of Teaching English Language
Degree: Master
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Basic Education - Department Of Teaching Methods
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يستهدف التعليم ان يمكن الطلبة ليس فقط من اكتساب المعرفة بل ايضا ان يصبحوا متعلمين قادرين ومتحمسين بشكل مستمر. ويعتبر التعلم المنظم ذاتيا شكلا مؤثرا من اشكال التعلم من خلاله يرسم الطالب اهدافوايضع خططا قبل المباشرة بالتعلم ويرصد وينظم معرفته ودافعيته وسلوكه اثناء عملية التعلم٬ ويفكر مليا في تعلمه. لذلك تهدف الدراسة تقصي اثر برنامج التنظيم الذاتي في الاستيعاب القرائي للطلبة. ولتحقيق هذا الهدف وضعت الفرضية الاتية : لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية بين متوسطات درجات تحصيل الطلبة الذين درسوا الاستيعاب القرائي باستخدام برنامج التنظيم الذاتي والطلبة الذين درسوا الاستيعاب القرائي باستخدام الطريقة المتبعة. تالفت عينة البحث لهذه الدراسة من60 طالبا من مرحلة الخامس الثانوي موزعين على مجموعتين : مجموعة ضابطة ومجموعة تجريبية تضم كل منها 30 طالبا. كوفئت المجموعتان احصائيا في عدد من المتغيرات مثل العمر، التحصيل الدراسي للوالدين٬ ودرجات تحصيل الطلبة في نصف السنة ودرجات تحصيلهم في الاختبار القبلي. طبقت التجربة في ثانوية هشام الحيالي للبنين في محافظة ديالى. واستمرت لمدة شهرين خلال العام الدراسي 2015 - 2016. تتضمن اجراءت هذه الدراسة اختبارين : الاختبار القبلي لمكافاة المجموعتين الضابطة والتجريبية والاختبار البعدي للمقارنة بين تحصيل المجموعتين عند نهاية الدراسة. عرض الاختباران على مجموعة من الخبراء للتحقق من الصدق الظاهري وصدق المحتوى والذين اقترحوا بعض التعديلات. حسب ثبات الاختبارين من خلال تطبيق معادلة كيودر ريتشاردسون 20 للاختبارات الموضوعية(0.75) ومعادلة الفا كرونباخ بالنسبة للاختبارات المقالية(0.71). كذلك حسبت قوة تمييز ودرجة صعوبة الفقرات المستخدمة. اظهرت نتائج الاختبار البعدي ان تحصيل المجموعة التجريبية التي درست باستخدام برنامج التنظيم الذاتي اعلى من تحصيل المجموعة الضابطة التي درست باستخدام الاسلوب المعتمد حاليا. وفي تعبير اخر يعتبر برنامج التنظيم الذاتي اكثر فائدة من الطريقة التقليدية في تحسين الاستيعاب القرائي للطلبة. وبناءا على ذلك نستطيع ان نستنتج بان استخدام برنامج التنظيم الذاتي يعد طريقة مؤثرة في تدريس الاستيعاب القرائي لطلبة الثانوية في العراق٬ لانها تشجع روح التعاون بين الطلبة٬ وتعطيهم فرصة المشاركة الفعالة في عملية التعلم وتنمي تحكم الطلبة في تعلمهم. ويساعد هذا البرنامج المدرسين في تدريس الاستيعاب القرائي بفعالية اكبر كمهارة مهمة.

اثر استخدام تـقنيات الاستذكار في تحصيل طلبة العراق دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية في الاملاء والمفردات == THE EFFECT OF USING MNEMONIC TECHNIQUES ON IRAQI EFL STUDENTS' ACHIEVEMENT IN SPELLING AND VOCABULARY

Author name: فردوس فؤاد مانوئيل
Supervisor name: سعد صلال سرحان
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Methods of Teaching English Language
Degree: Master
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Basic Education - Department Of Teaching Methods
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Mnemonic techniques are special techniques that assist information retention in the human memory. Mnemonics aim to translate information into a form that the brain can retain better than its original form. Therefore, these techniques are expected to deal with the vocabulary and spelling difficulties of Iraqi EFL students especially the intermediate school ones in order to reduce the misspelling ratio and to enlarge their vocabulary repertoire. The present study aims at empirically investigating the effect of using mnemonic techniques on Iraqi EFL students' achievement in spelling and vocabulary. For this purpose, it is hypothesized that there is no statistically significant difference between the mean score of the students who are taught spelling and vocabulary using mnemonic techniques, and that of those who are taught spelling and vocabulary using strategies that are recommended in the prescribed textbook. In order to achieve the aim of the study, an experiment has been designed. The population is the female students of the second grade at the intermediate schools in Baghdad, during the academic year 2014 - 2015. Two sections are randomly selected; one to be the experimental group and the other has been considered the control group; each group contains 40 students. The researcher herself has taught the two groups the same topics. But only the experimental group received the treatment. The experiment lasted two months. The two groups have been equalized in the variables of age, parents' education, their scores in the first semester, and their achievement in the pre - test. And at the end of the experiment, the post - test that includes six questions is constructed and administered by the researcher herself to both groups (experimental and control) to find out students’ progress in learning spelling and vocabulary. The test validity is ascertained by exposing it to a jury of experts. Then, a pilot study of 100 students is conducted to provide data for item analysis which indicates the effectiveness of the test items in terms of their discriminatory power and difficulty level. The reliability has been calculated by using the Cronbach Alpha method and the correlation coefficient was 0.82. After statistical analysis of the obtained data, the t - test formula for two independent samples is used to test the significance difference between the two mean scores of the two groups. It is found out that there is a statistically significance difference in favour of experimental group. Therefore, it is concluded that the mnemonic techniques have a great effect in teaching spelling and vocabulary. Therefore, a number of recommendations and suggestions for further researches are put forward.

العلاقة بين ستراتيجيات تعلم اللغة للطلبة المطبقين العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبيه واعتقاداتهم نحو منهجيات التدريس == The Relationship between Iraqi EFL Student Teachers’ Language Learning Strategies and Their Beliefs toward Teaching Methodologies

Author name: امنه كاظم محمود الدليمي
Supervisor name: سعد صلال سرحان
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Methods of Teaching English Language
Degree: Master
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Basic Education - Department Of Teaching English Language Methods
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تعد ستراتيجيات تعلم اللغة من افضل واصح الطرق لدارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبيه وتعد واحدة من العناصر الرئيسية والمهمة لدارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبيه لتحقيق اهدافهم في اتقان اللغة الاجنبية وثقافتها لان هذه الاستراتيجيات تكون الجزء الاساسي في تطوير النظام اللغوي الذي يبنيه المتعلم وتؤثر في التعلم بصورة مباشرة. ولكن نجد طلابنا ليس لديهم فكرة او اعتقاد لاستخدام ستراتيجية محددة يعتقدون بفائدتها اوطريقه محددة من طرائق التدريس ويربطون بينهم لانجاح مهمة التعليم والتعلم. تهدف الدراسة الحالية الى تحديد ستراتيجيات تعلم اللغة الانكليزية للطلاب المعلمين ووصف اعتقاداتهم اتجاه تعليم منهجيات في اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية والعلاقة بينهم. لتحقيق تلك الاهداف طبقت في هده الدراسه استبانه تالفت من مقياسين (1) لمسح استراتيجيات اللغة (نسخة 7.0 لدارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبيه او ثانيه اكسفورد, 1990 ) و(2) اعتقاداتهم اتجاه منهجيات تعلم الانكليزية (Chen, 2005). وقدمت الى 102 من الطلاب المعلمين في قسمي اللغة الانكليزية بكليتي التربية الاساسية في الجامعتي ديالى والمستنصريه للعام الاكاديمي 2015 - 2016. ان تحليل البيانات الكمية في الدراسة الحالية طبق القياس الوصفي بالاضافة الى التحليل الاستنتاجي ويتكون من تحليل التباين ومعامل ارتباط بيرسون واستعمل لملاحظة العلاقة بين ستراتيجيات تعلم اللغة والاعتقادات اتجاه تعليم المنهجيات. فيما يتعلق بستراتيجيات تعلم اللغة تشير النتائج الى ان استخدام هؤلاء الطلاب المعلمين لستراتيجيات تعلم اللغة لتعلم الانكليزية تقريبا مرتفع في كثير من الاحيان ولو بشكل غير متساو حسب القيمة التائية وكانت قيمتها (3,36 ) . وايضا تشير النتائج ان الطلاب المعلمين اعتقادهم اتجاه منهجيات التعليم هو تفضيل طريقة تعليم اللغة التواصلية(CLT )على طريقه اللغات الصوتية(ALM). ومن هذواجد ان هؤلاء الطلاب المعلمين ستتبنى نظريات اللغة من كلا الطريقتين التي ذكرت سابقا. بينما نتائج العلاقة بين ستراتيجيات تعلم اللغة لطلاب المعلمين واعتقاداتهم اتجاه منهجيات التعليم تشير ان هناك علاقه ذات دلاله احصائية ومع ذلك كانت الارتباطات صغيره بامكاننا القول ان هناك علاقه ايجابيه موجوده بين ستراتيجيات التعلم واعتقادات التعليم. تلك النتائج يمكن ان تؤخذ بالفائدة للمعلم, في خطة المؤسسات التربوية , في تطوير وبناء المناهج والمواد التعليمية. ايضا هذه الدراسة تزود الباحثين والمعلم التربوي بمعلومات لفهم كيفة تعلم الطالب المعلم او المتعلم بصوره عامه للانكليزية وكيفة استخدامهم لمنهجيات تعليم اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبيه في تعليم طلابهم مستقبلا, وكيف هؤلاء المعلمين يمارسون التعلم واعتقادات التدريس وعلاقة بعضها البعض. | Strategies language learning are the best and right way to learn a foreign language and also are considered one of the key and important elements for EFL students to achieve their goals of mastering the foreign language and its culture, because, they are an essential part of the improvement of the language framework which the learner develops. Unfortunately, our student - teachers have no idea to use a certain strategy or a certain method of teaching and linking them to the success of the teaching and learning mission. The current study was an attempt to explore student - teachers' English Language Learning Strategies and their convictions towards EFL teaching methodologies. In addition, the relationship among these student - teachers' English language learning strategies and their beliefs towards EFL teaching methodologies were also investigated. To achieve these aims, a survey was conducted. The questionnaire of the study consists of two measures : (1) strategies inventory for language learning (version 7.0 for ESL/EFL, Oxford, 1990), and (2) beliefs toward English teaching methodologies (Chen, 2005) handed the sample of the study covers 102 student teachers, from the English language Department at College of Basic Education in Al - Mustansiriah and Diyala University for the academic year 2015 - 2016.To analyze the quantitative data of the current study, descriptive as well as inferential analyses including ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficient were utilized for the purpose of investigating connections between language learning strategies and beliefs toward teaching methodologies. Concerning English language learning strategies, the outcomes indicated that these student - teachers used language learning strategies to learn English in almost a high frequency (T.Value=3.36). Also, the results indicated that student - teachers in teaching beliefs toward EFL methodologies preferred Communicative Language Teaching to the Audio - lingual Method. In the light of these results, it was found that these student - teachers would adopt language theories from both CLT and ALM. While the results showed the relationship between student - teachers' language learning strategies and their teaching beliefs were statistically significant correlations. Nevertheless, the correlations were small. We can say that there is a positive relationship between learning strategies and teaching beliefs

اثر استخدام تـقنية Fishbowl (حوض السمك) في تحصيل الطلبة العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية في القواعد == THE EFFECT OF FISHBOWL TECHNIQUE ON THE IRAQI EFL STUDENTS' ACHIEVEMENT IN GRAMMAR

Author name: هبة احمد كريم
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Methods of Teaching English Language
Degree: Master
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Basic Education
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: ان تراكيب قواعد اللغة ليست سهلة الاتقان وذلك بسبب التنويع بين انظمة القواعد في كلا اللغتين العربية والانجليزية. لذا،يجب ان يعكس المعلمون بعمق هذه السمة ويحاولوا تجربة التقنيات الجديدة ذات الصعوبة والتي قد تثبت فعالية حل هذه المشكلة التي توثق الى حد كبير في تعلم تدريس اللغة الاجنبية. شدد جواد (2 : 2006) في رسالته الموسومة على هذه الفكرة وذكر ان الاستخدام للمتعلمين العراقيين للغة الاجنبية لا يستطيعون التفريق بين الانماط القواعدية للغة الانكليزية. لذلك،فان الدراسة الحالية هي محاولة لمعالجة هذه المشكلة باستخدام تقنية Fishbowl وتتمنى ملئ الفجوة في تعليم قواعداللغة الانجليزية للمتعلمين العراقيين.تهدف هذه الدراسة الى تحري تاثير استخدام تقنية حوض السمك Fishbowlفي تعلم العراقيين للغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية. ولتحقيق هدف الدراسة، تبنت الباحثة التصميم التجريبي المناسب في 16/2/2014و طبقت الباحثة تجربتهوااختارت عينة شملت (76) طالبة قسمت الى (38) طالبة للمجموعة التجريبية و(38) طالبة للمجموعة الضابطة. وكان اختيار الباحثة لافراد العينه بشكل عشوائي من مدرسة ثانوية التسامح للبنات في المديرية العامة لتربية الرصافة الثانية.استخدمت الباحثة تقنية حوض السمك Fishbowl واستعمالها لتعليم الطالبات قواعد اللغة الانكليزية في تعليم المجموعة التجريبية، بينما استعملت الاسلوب التقليدي في تعليم المجموعة الضابطة للسنة الدراسية (2014 - 2015) وتم اعداد اختبارتحصيلي لكي يستعمل للاختبار البعدي للمجموعتين. بدات التجربة في تاريخ 16/2/ 2014 - 2015 وانتهت في تاريخ 15/4/2014 - 2015 وبمعنى اخر,دامت ثمانية اسابيع.و صيغت فرضية واحدة لاجراء التجربة وهي : * ليس هناك اختلاف ذو دلالة احصائية بين متوسط درجات الطالبات اللاتي تم تعليمهن تراكيب قواعدية باستخدام تقنية حوض السمك Fishbowl واللاتي تعلمن هذه التراكيب باستخدام الطريقة التقليدية الموجودة في دليل المعلم.وتم تحليل البيانات بشكل احصائي باستعمال صيغة الاختبار التائي لقياس الاختلافات بين تحصيل المجموعة التجريبية في الاختبار القبلي والبعدي. واثبتت النتائج المحسوبة بان هناك اختلافات مهمة احصائيا بين انجاز العينة لحساب العينة التجريبية في الاختبار البعدي. وهذا يشير بان تقنية Fishbowl اكثر فعالية في تعليم قواعد اللغة من الطريقة المعتمدة في دليل المعلم. وبناء على ذلك، فقد تم رفض فرضية هذه الدراسة. | Grammar structures are not easy to master because of the diversity between the grammar systems of Arabic and English. Therefore, teachers should reflect deeply this aspect and should try hard to experiment new techniques that may prove effective to redress this problem which is highly documented in the literature of ELT Jawad (2006 : 2) stresses this idea by stating that Iraqi EFL users cannot differentiate between grammatical patterns. Hence, the present study is an attempt to tackle this problem using the Fishbowl Technique hoping to fill a gap in the domain of teaching English grammar to Iraqi learners. This study aims at investigating the effect of Fishbowl Technique on the Iraqi EFL students' achievement in grammar. To achieve the aim of the study, an experiment was carried out on 16/2/2014, hoping to verify the hypothesis which states that : There is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the students taught grammatical structures using the Fishbowl Technique and that of those who are taught these structures using the prescribed method recommended by the Teacher's Guide of book. The sample of the study consisted of (76) female fifth grade students divided into (38) students for the experimental group and (38) students for the control one. It was randomly chosen from Al - Tasamuh Secondary School for girls in Baghdad Governorate. Fishbowl technique has been used to teach the experimental group, while the prescribed techniques are used to teach the control one in the second term of the school year (2014 - 2015).An achievement test of five subtests is designed and used as a pre - and - posttest for the two groups.The experiment started on 16/2/2015 and ended on 15/4/ 2015 i.e., it lasted eight weeks. The collected Data has been analyzed statistically by using t - test formula to measure the differences between the means of scores of the achievement of the experimental group, and those of the control group in the pre and posttest. The calculated results have shown that there is a statistically significant difference between the achievement of the control on the pre and that of the posttest. This indicates that fishbowl technique is more effective in teaching grammar. Thus, the null hypothesis of this study is rejected. As a result, it is possible to recommend that Fishbowl technique is more effective than the recommended techniques. Finally, some pedagogical recommendations and some suggestions for further research are put forward

انماط الجملة الاساسية في قصص الاطفال الكلاسيكية == BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS IN CLASSIC CHILDREN’S STORIES

Author name: منى حسيب هويد الجوراني
Supervisor name: KHALIL ISMAIL REJIA AL - HADIDI
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - College Of Education For Human Sciences
Language: English
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: يعد اغلب النحويين دراسة انماط الجملة الاساسية واحدا من اهم المواضيع في اي تحليل منظم للغة . ان هذه الانماط المحدودة العدد هي نماذج نحوية لمجموعة غير محدودة العدد من الجمل المنطوقة والمكتوبة ذات البنية الصحيحة . بمعنى اخر تشير هذه النماذج الى الانواع الاساسية للكلمات التي ترتبط بنيويا بالجمل لكي تنقل معنى باللغة الانكليزية . ان هذه الدراسة محاولة لبحث وتحليل مدى استخدام انماط الجملة الاساسية في لغة قصص الاطفال الكلاسيكية من اجل تحديد تكرار النمط ومن ثم اساسيته في تلك اللغة . لغرض تحقيق اهداف الدراسة تم التحقق من صحة الفرضيات الاتية : 1 - ان جميع انماط الجملة الاساسية تستعمل في هذه القصص . 2 - هناك درجات تفاوت واضحة في استعمال هذه الانماط . 3 - تؤثر البساطة النحوية للنمط تاثيرا كبير وشامل في تقرير تكرار النمط ومن ثم اساسيته في هذه القصص . من خلال تبني انموذج لانماط الجملة الاساسية والتحليل الاحصائي للبيانات ، استنتجت هذه الدراسة ان النمط الاول ( فاعل + فعل ) والنمط الثاني ( فاعل + فعل + مفعول به ) هما الاكثر تكرارا واساسية اتباعا في قصص الاطفال الكلاسيكية . اما النمط الثالث ( فاعل + فعل + تكملة ) اقل تكرارا واساسية وان الجمل الوصفية اكثر عددا من الجمل التعريفية . بينما الانماط الاقل تكرارا او التي استعملت بندرة فانها الاقل اساسية وهي كالاتي : النمط الرابع ( فاعل + فعل + ظرف) ، والنمط الخامس ( فاعل + فعل + مفعول به غير مباشر + مفعول به مباشر ) ، والنمط السابع ( فاعل + فعل + مفعول به + ظرف) والنمط السادس ( فاعل + فعل + مفعول به + تكملة ) . وقد دعمت هذه النتائج فرضيات الدراسة . تتالف الدراسة الحالية من ستة فصول وملحق واحد . الفصل الاول هو المقدمة التي تعرف طبيعة المشكلة واهميتهواتحدد الفرضيات وحدود الدراسة والاهداف والاجراءات ويعرض الفصل الثاني انماط الجملة الاساسية نظريا وعمليا من خلال معاينة تفصيلية مدعمة بالامثلة ، ويتضمن الفصل الثالث موجزا عاما لادب الاطفال وتاريخه وانواعه . اما الفصل الرابع فيتعلق بتوضيح طريقة تعيين البيانات الماخوذة من اربع وعشرين قصة كلاسيكية للاطفال مختارة عشوائيا وقصديا ، وتمثل هذه القصص اربعا من اشهر واروع المجموعات الادبية المكتوبة او التي اعيدت كتابتها للاطفال بشكل خاص . هذه المجموعات هي حكايات من الليالي العربية ( Tales from Arabian Nights) وحكايات اليونان القديم ( Tales of Ancient Greece) وحكايات من شكسبير(Tales from Shakespeare) وحكايات الجنيات لاندرسن ( Andersen’s Fairy Tales ) . وفي هذا الفصل تم ذكر معايير اختيار النصوص مع المستويات التحليلية للدراسة . ويقدم الفصل الخامس تحليلا للبيانات على شكل جداول واحصاءات ، ويعرض كذلك مناقشات تفصيلية للنتائج . اما الفصل السادس فيتضمن الاستنتاجات التي خلصت اليها الدراسة وعددا من التوصيات والمقترحات قدمتها الباحثة | Studying basic sentence patterns is considered by the majority of grammarians as one of the most important subjects in any systematic analysis of a language . These finite patterns are syntactic representations of an infinite set of well - formed spoken and written sentences , i.e. , they indicate the basic kinds of words which are structurally related in sentences to convey meanings in English . This study is an attempt to investigate and analyze the occurrence of the basic sentence patterns in the language of classic children’s stories in order to designate the frequency and then the essentiality of each pattern in this language . It is hypothesized that : 1 - all the basic sentence patterns are used in these stories, 2 - there are obvious degrees of diversity in the uses of these patterns , and 3 - the grammatical simplicity of a pattern determines largely and wholly the frequency and , in turn , the essentiality of the pattern in these stories . The study , through the adoption of a model of basic sentence patterns and statistical analysis , concludes that in classic children’s stories the most frequent and essential basic sentence patterns are P1 ( SV ) and P2 ( SVO ) . P3 ( SVC ) is less frequent and essential and the descriptive sentences are larger in number than the identification ones . P4 (SVA) , P5 ( SVOO ) , P7 ( SVOA ) and P6 ( SVOC ) respectively are the least frequently or rarely used , i.e. , they are less essential than the first three patterns . These findings support the hypotheses of the study . The present study falls into six chapters and one appendix . Chapter one is the introduction which identifies the nature of the problem and its significance and specifies the hypotheses , the limits , the aims , and the procedures of the study . Chapter two examines basic sentence patterns theoretically and practically through a detailed survey provided with examples . In chapter Three , the identification , history , and categories of children’s literature are presented briefly and generally . Chapter Four shows the way of sampling the data taken randomly and intentionally from twenty four classic children’s stories that represent four best - known and most outstanding literary collections written or rewritten for children , viz. , Tales from the Arabian Nights , Tales of Ancient Greece , Tales from Shakespeare , and Andersen’s Fairy Tales . Criteria of choosing the texts and levels of analysis are also explained . Chapter Five presents the analysis of the data through tables and statistics , and it provides detailed discussions of the results . Finally Chapter Six contains the conclusions , recommendations and suggestions for further study .

تحليل مقرري الاستيعاب القرائي والانشاء في الجامعات العراقية في ضوء مهارات التفكير التاملي == An Analysis of Reading Comprehension and College Composition Courses at the Iraqi University Level According To Reflective Thinking Skills

Author name: كاظم محمد موسى
Supervisor name: جاسم محمد ريحان | ايمان منغر عبيد
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Methods of Teaching English Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Basic Education - Department Of Teaching Arabic Language Methods
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: يمكن وصف المناهج بانها ضيقة وضحلة ولم يتم تحديثها بشكل كامل لسنوات. وغالبا ما تكون جامدة وتفتقر الى التركيز والفهم المتعمق، والمنطق، او التحليل والتوليف.تهدف الدراسة الحالية الى التحقق من توفر مهارات التفكير التاملي في مقرري الاستيعاب القرائي والانشاء, ومدى توفرها, ولغرض تحقيق هذين الهدفين شرع الباحث بمراجعة الادبيات والدراسات المتعلقة بالتفكير ومهاراته, وبالاخص التفكير التاملي, فاعد الباحث بالاعتماد على تلك المراجعات قائمة من المؤشرات على صيغة (استبانة : احتوت على 50 مؤشرا موزعة على خمس مجالات) والتي تدل على مهارات التفكير التاملي الخمسة : (الملاحظة, التواصل وكشف المغالطات, اعطاء تفسيرات مقنعة, الاستنتاج واصدار الحكم, واتخاذ القرار ووضع حلول مقترحة). ومن ثم تم عرض هذه المهارات بمؤشراتها على بعض الخبراء المتخصصين في مجال التفكير, وكذلك المتخصصين في طرائق تدريس اللغة الانكليزية لاعطاء ارائهم وملاحظتهم, وفي ضوء ذلك تم تعديل بعض الفقرات, حيث احتوت على 48 مؤشرا بعد الحذف والنقل والتعديل.بالاعتماد على الاستبانة المعدلة, عمد الباحث الى تحليل محتوى مقرري الاستيعاب القرائي والانشاء, وللتاكد من ثبات التحليل, استعان الباحث بمحلل اخر وباستعمال معاملي الارتباط بيرسون وبراون_ سبيرمان, بلغ معامل الارتباط بين الباحث والمحلل (0.875) و(0.895) لمقرري الاستيعاب القرائي والانشاء على التوالي.بعد مضي ثلاثة اسابيع, باعادة تحليل محتوى المقررين وقام بمقارنة نتائج التحليل الثاني بنتائج التحليل الاول وذلك بهدف التاكد من ثبات التحليل, وبعد تطبيق معادلات احصائية تبين ان نسبة الثبات كانت (0.938) و(0.878) لمقرري الاستيعاب القرائي والانشاء على التوالي.ولغرض عرض النتائج, تم استخدام التكرارات والنسب المئوية.فيما يخص مقرر الاستيعاب القرائي, بينت النتائج ان اعلى مهارة محققة هي (مهارة الملاحظة) بنسبة (31.95%). (مهارة التواصل وكشف المغالطات) سجلت (24.55%). (مهارة اتخاذ القرار ووضع حلول مقترحة) حققت (20.41%). (مهارة الاستنتاج واصدار الحكم) سجلت نسبة (12.42%), واخيرا (مهارة اعطاء تفسيرات مقنعة) بنسبة (10.65%).فيما يخص مقرر الانشاء, بينت النتائج ان اعلى مهارة محققة هي (مهارة اتخاذ القرار ووضع حلول مقترحة) بنسبة (29.43%). (مهارة التواصل وكشف المغالطات) كانت (25.97%). (مهارة اعطاء تفسيرات مقنعة) حققت (25.1%), بعدها (مهارة الاستنتاج واصدار الحكم) حققت (11.25%), واخيرا (مهارة الملاحظة) بنسبة (8.22%).في ضوء نتائج الدراسة الحالية, يوصي الباحث بما ياتي : 1. يجب الاخذ بنظر الاعتبار المعايير العالمية التي تشجع الاعتماد على المناهج التي تحسن وتطور طريقة تفكير المتعلمين.2. يجب على مدرسي المقررين عدم الاعتماد بصورة كلية على محتوى المقررات الموصى بها من قبل وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي, وانما عليهم تضمين مواضيع خارجية ذات صلة تكون مناسبة للعمر العقلي للطلبة, هذا بدوره سيجعلهم منفتحين وعلى تواصل مع الثقافة الاجنبية. 3. يجب ان يكون هناك نوع من التكامل في عملية تضمين وتوزيع مهارات التفكير التاملي في محتوى المقررين.4. يجب ان يكون هناك نوع من التنويع في التمارين بعد نهاية كل قطعة او فصل, لان هذا سيجعل المتعلمين متلهفين لمعرفة ما هو الجديد في طريقة وضع التمارين.اخيرا, اقترح الباحث قائمة من الموضوعات للدراسة في المستقبل : 1. اجراء دراسة مماثلة للدراسة الحالية على مقرر مادة المقالة.2. اجراء دراسة مماثلة للدراسة الحالية على المراحل الابتدائية والمتوسطة والاعدادية.3. اجراء دراسة مماثلة للدراسة الحالية للتاكد من مدى تضمين مهارات التفكير العليا في مقرر الاستيعاب القرائي للمرحلة الجامعية الثالثة.4. اجراء دراسة للتعرف على العلاقة بين التفكير التاملي وانواع التفكير الاخرى وتاثيرها على تحصيل الطلبة الجامعيين. | Curriculum can be described as both narrow and shallow and has not been thoroughly updated for years. It is often rigid and lacks emphasis on in - depth understanding, reasoning, or analysis and synthesis.This study aims at Investigating whether or not reflective thinking skills are included in Reading Comprehension course and College Composition course, and shedding light on the extent of their inclusion in these two courses. For achieving these two aims, the researcher started reviewing related literature and studies tackled with thinking and thinking skills, especially, Reflective Thinking. Based on that revision, he had prepared a list of indicators (in the form of a questionnaire : This questionnaire consists of 50 items distributed on five categories) to reflective thinking skills which were five skills (Observation, Communication and paralogisms revealing, Providing convincing explanations, Conclusions and judgment, and Decision - making and proposing solutions). These skills with their indicators had been presented to some experts in the field of thinking, and specialists in teaching English as a foreign language to give their opinions and notes. Depending on those notes, the items of the questionnaire had been modified. After deleting, removing and modifying the indicators, the questionnaire consisted of 48 items. Using the modified questionnaire, the researcher started analyzing the content of the two courses, i.e., Reading Comprehension and College Composition.To ensure that the process of the analysis followed by the researcher is correct and the results gained are reliable, a sample of the analyzed contents has been given to another analyst. By applying Pearson correlation co - efficient and Brown - Spearman correlation co - efficient, it was found out that the correlation was (0.875) and (0.895) for the contents of Reading Comprehension and College Composition respectively.Three weeks later, the researcher reanalyzed the courses content and compared its resorts with the results of the first analysis in order to assure the reliability. By applying suitable statistical equations, it was concluded that the percentages are (0.938) and (0.878) concerning Reading Comprehension and College Composition respectively. In order to present the results of the study, frequencies and percentages have been used. Concerning Reading Comprehension course, results show that (Observation skill) approves the highest percentage which is (31.95%). (Communication and paralogisms revealing skill) achieves (24.55%). (Decision - making and proposing solutions skill) approves (20.41%). (Conclusions and judgment skill) is (12.42%). Finally, (Providing convincing explanations skill) is (10.65%). Concerning College Composition course, results show that (Decision - making and proposing solutions skill) approves the highest percentage which is (29.43%), then (Communication and paralogisms revealing skill) is (25.97%), then (Providing convincing explanations skill) approves (25.1%), then (Conclusions and judgment skill) achieves (11.25%), and finally, (Observation skill) is (8.22%).In the light of the results of the present study, the researcher recommends the following : 1. Universal standards that encourage the dependence on syllabuses that can enhance and improve the ways the learners think should be taken into consideration.2. Teachers of these two courses should not depend totally on the two books recommended by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, but they can include some other external related topics that fit the mental age of learners. This step will make them open - minded and always keep in touch with the foreign culture.3. There should be a kind of integration in the process of the inclusion and distribution of Reflective Thinking Skills in the content of these courses. 4. There should be a kind of variety in the exercises provided in the end of each passage and chapter. This will make learners eager to explore what the exercises of the next passage (or chapter) are about and how they are formed.Finally, the researcher has suggested a list of research topics to be studied in future : 1. Conducting an identical study on the course of Essays, and Letter writing.2. Conducting an identical study on the Primary, Secondary or Preparatory levels.3. Conducting an identical study to investigate the inclusion of Higher Order Thinking Skills in the course Reading Comprehension in the Third University Stage.4. Conducting a study to investigate the relationship between Reflective Thinking and other genres (kinds) of thinking and their role in the achievement of university students

اثر المرحلة النهائية في الفشل الكلوي على الفعاليات الحياة اليومية للمرضى الخاضعين للانفاذ الدموي في مستشفيات محافظة النجف == Impact of End Stage Renal Disease upon Daily Living Activities for Adult Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis at AL - Najaf Governorate Hospitals

Author name: حسين مكي باقر مرزة الابراهيمي
Supervisor name: فخرية جبر محيبس الزبيدي | سلمى كاظم جهاد الابراهيمي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Nursing
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Nursing
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:

تاثير حالة التغذية على الاستجابة المناعية للمرضى البالغين المصابين بالسل == The Effect of Nutritional State on Immune Response for Adults Patients with Tuberculosis

Author name: وائــل رشيد عبيد عبد العباس
Supervisor name: محمد عبد كاظم حسن السعدي | هديل فاضل فرهود
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تهدف هذه الدراسة الى دراسة تاثير بعض المعايير الغذائية على الاستجابة المناعية المتضمنة مستوى الزنك ومستوى الالبومين وفيتامين C لمصول مرضى التدرن ودراسة بعض العوامل التي تؤثر على المناعة الخلوية للمرضى وتشمل نشاط الالتهام وتركيز CD56 وتركيز IFN - γ لمصول مرضى التدرن.تم تطبيق هذا العمل على 50 مريضا (31 ذكرا , 19 انثى) تتراوح اعمارهم بين (18 و75 ) عاما للمراجعين لمركز بابل للامراض الصدرية والتنفسية وللفترة من تشرين الثاني 2017 لغاية شباط 2018 و40 شخصا سويا ( 24 ذكرا, 16 انثى ) تراوحت اعمارهم (18 و75 )عاما.جمعت عينات الدم من كلا المجموعتين لتقدير نشاط الالتهام وتركيز IFN - γو فيتامين C وCD56 بطريقة الامتزاز المناعي المرتبط بالانزيم وقياس الزنك والالبومين باستخدام مقياس الطيف الضوئي. وقد تم تشخيص بكتريا التدرن بطريقة التصبيغ (AFB) والزراعة على وسط Lowenstein - Jensen وكذلك تقنية GeneXpert في عينة البلغم. اظهرت النتائج لمعايير المناعة الخلوية الى وجود انخفاض معنوي (p <0.05) في نشاط البلعمة للعدلات لدى مرضى التدرن (6.04٪) مقارنة بالاصحاء (11.70٪) وعدم زيادة معنوية (p> 0.05) لمستوى IFN - γ لدى المرضى (0.159) IU / ml مقارنة بالاصحاء (0.157).لم يكن هناك زيادة معنوية (p> 0.05) لمستوى CD56 لدى مرضى التدرن (78.043) IU / ml مقارنة بالاصحاء (74.473) . في حين مستوى الزنك اظهر نقصان معنوي (P <0.05) حيث كان للمرضى (51.18) dl/ g مقارنة بالاصحاء (113.44) dl/ g ومستوى الزلال في المصل اظهر زيادة كبيرة (P <0.05) لدى مرضى التدرن (38.973) dl/ g مقارنة بالاصحاء (50.2) dl/ g.وكشفت النتائج ان النسبة بين الريف والحضر كانت اعلى بنسبة 68٪ في المناطق الريفية من 32٪ في المناطق الحضرية لمرضى التدرن ، علاوة على معظم الفئات العمرية عرضه للاصابة بالمرض وخاصة الفئة (18 - 35) عاما كانت الاكثر اصابة وكانت نسبة الذكور الى الاناث اعلى في الذكور من الاناث | This study aims at evaluating the effect of nutritional factors on immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis including zinc, albumin level and vitamin C. Moreover the factors that affecting the cell mediated immunity including phagocytic index, CD56 and IFN - γ for TB patients were also studied.This work was applied on 50 tuberculosis patients admitted to the Babylon center of tuberculosis and chest diseases from (November 2017 to February 2018). TB patients consist of (31 males and 19 females) with age range 18 to 75 years while 40 apparently health subjects consist of 24 males and 16 females with age range from (18 to 75) years were involved as control group.Diagnosis of M.tuberculosis was carried out depending AFB, culture on Lowenstein - Jensen medium and molecular diagnosis based on GeneXpert technique in sputum sample. Blood samples were collected from patients group and control group to estimate phagocytic index, interferon gamma (IFN - γ), CD56 and Vitamin C by ELISA (Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) method . Also zinc and Albumin level were also estimated by using spectrophotometer technique.The results revealed that rural to urban TB patients percentage was (68% to 32%), moreover the affected age group was (18 - 35) years. Also male is more affected than female in TB patients. The cell mediated parameters showing that there is a significantly decreased (p< 0.05) in phagocytosis activity of neutrophils in TB patients (6.04%) compared to control group (11.70%) and there is no significantly increased (p> 0.05) of IFN - γ level in the TB patients (0.159) IU/ml compared to control group (0.157) IU/ml .No significant differences between TB patients and control group regarding concentration of CD56 . The level of zinc in serum is significantly decreased (p<0.05) in the TB patients (51.18) g/dl compared with control group (113.44) g/dl and albumin level in serum is a significantly increased (p<0.05) in theTB patients(38.973)g/l compared with control group (50.2) g/l

تاثير القهوة الخضراء على وظائف القلب والاوعية الدموية اللاارادية ومؤشر كتلة الجسم في الاشخاص المصابين بالسمنة == Effect of Green Coffee Supplement on Autonomic Cardiovascular Functions and Body Mass Index in Obese Subjects

Author name: نغم نبيل عبد الرزاق جواد
Supervisor name: اخلاص حاتم عبد الامير
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: السمنة هي قضية صحية عالمية، وتسبب العديد من المشاكل الصحية مثل امراض القلب والاوعية الدموية وداء السكري. هناك العديد من الخيارات لعلاج السمنة والتي تشمل : ممارسة الرياضة، والنظام الغذائي، والعلاجات الطبية والتدخل الجراحي كملاذ اخير. اثبتت القهوة الخضراء كخيار فعال لعلاج السمنة. وعلاوة على ذلك القهوة الخضراء تحسن الكثير من المضاعفات الضارة للبدانة.. تهدف هذه الدراسة الى اختبار تاثير القهوة الخضراء على وظائف الجهاز القلب والاوعية الدموية اللاارادية وموشر كتلة الجسم في المرضى الذين يعانون من السمنة قبل وبعد العلاج بالبن الاخضر . صممت الدراسة كدراسة جماعية . تم تسجيل 35 مرضى يعانون من السمنة المفرطة (24 اناث و11 ذكور) في هذه الدراسة للفترة من 1/12/2016 م الى 1/8/2017 م. وتمت الدراسة في 3 مراكز منها مدينة مرجان الطبية، - مستشفى المسيب العام وجامعة بابل كلية الطب. تم تضمين اي شخص لديه مؤشر كتلة الجسم فوق 25 كجم / م 2 في هذه الدراسة. اعطي جميع المشاركين القهوة الخضراء على شكل كبسولة مرة واحدة يوميا بجرعة 1000 ملغم لمدة 6 اسابيع تم اجراء الاختبارات التالية لجميع المرضى قبل بدء العلاج وبعد الانتهاء من العلاج : مؤشر كتلة الجسم واختبار وظيفة القلب والاوعية الدموية اللاارادية ، ومستوى الدهون ومستوى السكر في الدم والكاتيكولامين. اظهرت الدراسة انخفاضا معنويا في مؤشر كتلة الجسم بعد 6 اسابيع من العلاج بالقهوة قبل وبعد العلاج وكانت قيمة المعنوية (p< 0.0001. ) .واظهرت القهوة الخضراء تحسن واضح وكبير على اختبار وظائف القلب اللاارادية السمبثاوية والباراسمبثاوية. كما كشفت الدراسة عن وجود ارتباط قوي وهام بين انخفاض مؤشر كتلة الجسم وتحسين اختبارات وظائف القلب والاوعية الدموية اللاارادية قيمة.((P <0.03. اظهرت نتائج هذه الدراسة تحسن معنويا احصائيا في الدهون المفيدة ((pvalue< 0.03 وانخفاض معنوي في معدل الدهون الضارة (pvalue< 0.009). واظهرت النتائج انخفاضا معنويا في متوسط السكر في الدم للمرضى في هذه الدراسة كبيرا بعد العلاج بالقهوة الخضراء p< 0.01)).استنتجت الدراسة انخفاض معنوي في مؤشر كتلة الجسم بعد هذه العلاج بالقهوة الخضراء. كما اظهرت تحسنا كبيرا في جميع اختبارات وظائف القلب والاوعية الدموية اللاارادية بعد 6 اسابيع من العلاج. اضافة الى ذلك هناك تحسن كبير وواضح في معدل الدهون ومستوى السكر في الدم | Obesity is a global health issue .It causes many health problems like cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Obesity affects nervous system ,the autonomic nervous system, and particularly its sympathetic component, is involved in body weight regulation by modulating energy expenditure. Extended autonomic nervous system dysfunction commonly occur in obese adults affecting several organs systems like kidneys , skeletal muscle , pancreas and liver .There are many options for treatment of obesity which include : exercise , diet ,medical remedies and surgical intervention as the last resort . Green coffee proved as an effective option for the treatment of obesity . Furthermore green coffee improves a lot of harmful complication of obesity. This study aims to test the effect of green coffee on the functions of autonomic cardiovascular system and weight in obese patients before and after treatment with green coffee . The study designed as cohort study involved 50 obese patients were enrolled in this study for the period from 1/12/2016 to 1/8/2017. Only 35 patients(24 females and 11 males) were included. The study was done in 3 centers which include Merjan Medical City , AL - Mussayeb General Hospital and Universty of Babylon Collage of Medicine. Any person with body mass index above 25 kg/m2 was included in this study. All the participants were given 1000mg green coffee as a 2 capsules once daily for 6 weeks. The following parameters were done for all the patients before starting treatment and after completion of the treatment. They included : autonomic function tests , body mass index , lipid profile , fasting blood sugar and catecholamine serum level. The results of the study shows clear and significant improvement of all the autonomic function test battery according to Ewing's scoring system. The patients with normal autonomic functions and early parasympathetic damage shows significant improvement P value <0.001 and <0.002 respectively ,while definite parasympathetic damage and combined sympathetic and parasympathetic damage shows improvement but non significant . The study also disclose a strong and significant correlation between decreased body mass index and improvement of autonomic function tests and P value < 0.0001 . Body mass index shows significant decline after 6weeks of treatment (p - value < 0.0001). There is highly significant and clear reduction of very low density lipoprotein (p - value <0.009 ) and significant increase in the high density lipoprotein ( p - value <0.03) in this study .Other lipid profile such as triglyceride ,cholesterol and low density lipoprotein shows visible decrease in the mean amount but not below the level of significance . Serum catecholamine shows no significant decline but fasting blood sugar shows that( p - value <0.01). In Conclusion the green coffee beans is effective supplement to decline body mass index and this decline show strong correlation between decrease in body mass index and improvement of autonomic function tests. The green coffee has a good and beneficial effect on improvement in lipid profile and fasting blood sugar

السيستاتين سي في مصل الدم كمؤشر حيوي للتشخيص المبكر للعجز الكلوي في مرضى السكري من النوع الثاني == SERUM CYSTATIN C AS A BIOMARKER FOR EARLY RENAL IMPAIRMENT IN DIABETIC TYPE II NEPHROPATHY PATIENTS

Author name: صابرين حسن هويدي فرحان
Supervisor name: اخلاص حاتم عبد الامير | منعم مكي الشوك
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: •اعتلال الكلى هو سبب هام من اسباب الوفيات في المرضى الذين يعانون من داء السكري .تتميز هذه الحالة بالبول الزلالي المستمر وربما يكون هناك انخفاض في معدل الترشيح الكبيبي اعتلال الكلى السكري المبكر عادة ما يعرف عن طريق المايكروالبومين يوريا التي تتميز بطرح الزلال من30 - 300ملغم/مل اومرحلة الماكروالبومين يوريا المتقدمةوتحديد الوظائف الكلوية غير الطبيعية بقياس الكرياتنين غير الطبيعي في المصل وحساب تصفية الكرياتنين او معدل الترشيح الكبيبي سريريا.ان اعتلال الكلى السكري يتميز بزيادة البروتين يوريا وقلة في معدل الترشيح الكبيبي وارتفاع ضغط الدم . التغييرات في الالبومين في الادرار تعتبر سمة مميزة لظهور او تقدم اعتلال الكلى السكري ومع ذلك فان بعض المرضى الذين يعانون من مرض السكري سوف تتقدم لديهم التغيرات المرضية الكلوية وتنخفض وظائف الكلى تدريجيا حتى لو كانت مستويات الزلال البولي ضمن النطاق العادي مما يشير الا ان الالبومين في الادرار ليس علامة مثالية لتحديد اعتلال الكلى السكري المبكر. الكرياتنين علامة مميزة لتقدير معدل الترشيح الكبيبي فقط. وكذلك الكرياتنين يدل على حساسية غير كافية لاسيما في المراحل المبكرة من القصور الكلوي. السيستاتين سي هو بروتين لدية كتلة جزئية منخفضة يتم تصفيته من خلال الكبيبة واعادة امتصاصه تماما من قبل الخلايا الانبوبية ان السيستاتين سي اقترح كعلامة مصل جديدة وحساسة جدا للتغيرات في معدل الترشيح الكبيبي. • الهدف من الدراسة : : دور مستوى السيستاتين سي كمؤشر حيوي لتحديد اعتلال الكلى السكري النوع الثاني مبكرا .• الطرق : في هذه الدراسة تم اختيار 100 مريض بداء السكري من النوع الثاني (50 مريض مصاب باعتلال الكلية السكري و50 مريض بدون اعتلال الكلى السكري) تم قياس مؤشر كتلة الجسم لكل مشارك. والحصول على عينة الدم في الصباح لقياس السيستاتين سي,الكرياتنين, اليوريا, السكر في الدم ,الكولسترول وعينة الادرار لقياس المايكرو البومين يوريا.النتائج - : تم اخذ مجموعتين من مرضى السكري كانت منفصلة تبعا لوجود اوعدم وجود المايكروالبومين يوريا في الادرار من 30 - 300ملغم̸ مل على التوالي. اظهرت النتائج زيادة كبيرة (P ≤ 0.05 ) في السيستاتين سي ,الكرياتنين ,اليوريا في الدم ,الالبومين ,الكولسترول في مرضى اعتلال الكلى السكري المبكر مقارنة مع مرضى السكري بدون اعتلال الكلى.لا توجد هناك فروق كبيرة بين الاناث والذكور كذلك بين زيادة الوزن والوزن الطبيعي. كانت النسبة المئوية للقياسات الغير طبيعية في مرضى اعتلال الكلى السكري مع حدوث سيستاتين سي% 46، كرياتينين %2، واليوريا 30 %، معدل الترشيح الكبيبي % 46 ، الالبومين%2،الكولسترول% 74 بينما النسبة المئوية للمجاميع الاخرى سيستاتين سي، الكرياتينين، معدل الترشيح الكبيبي، الالبومين كان صفرا، واليوريا %4، نسبة الكولسترول في الدم نسبة % .46هناك ارتباط ايجابي كبير بين كرياتينين بالمصل وسيستاتين سي بين مرضى السكري (P=0.005* ,N= 100,r =0.281) وبين اليوريا في الدم وسيستاتين سي N=100, r =0.25, P= 0.012*)) الارتباط الايجابي بين الكوليستيرول وسيستاتين سي(N=100, r =0.237, P= 0.018*) والعلاقة الايجابية بين سيستاتين سي والمايكر البومين يوريا (N= 50, r =0.315, P=0.026*) في مرضى السكري من النوع الثاني كانت هناك علاقة سلبية كبيرة بين سيستاتين سي ومعدل الترشيح الكبيبي (N=100, r = - 0.363, P= 0.001*) ). الاستنتاجات : - تشير نتائج هذه الدراسة ان قياس السيستاتين سي في مصل الدم اختبار مفيد وعملي لتقييم المرحلة المبكرة لحدوث اعتلال الكلى في مرضى السكري النوع الثاني | Background : Diabetic nephropathy is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). The condition is characterized by persistent albuminuria and decline in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Diabetic nephropathy (DNP) is typically defined by microalbuminuria—that is, a urinary albumin excretion of 30 - 300 mg/ml or macro albuminuria and abnormal renal function as represented by an abnormality in serum creatinine, calculated glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Clinically, diabetic nephropathy is characterized by a progressive increase in proteinuria and a decline in GFR and hypertension.Changes in albuminuria are considered a hallmark of onset or progression of DNP. However, some patients with diabetes have advanced renal pathological changes and progressive kidney function decline even if urinary albumin levels are in the normal range, indicating that albuminuria is not the perfect marker for the early detection of DNP. Creatinine are considered the gold standard methods for estimating GFR. Serum creatinine demonstrates an inadequate sensitivity, particularly in the early stages of renal impairment. Cystatin C is a plasma protein that has a low molecular mass freely filtered through the glomerulus and reabsorbed completely by tubular cells. It has been proposed as a new and very sensitive serum marker of changes in GFR. Aim of the study : - To assess the role of serum levels of cystatin C as a biomarker in early detection of nephropathy in type II diabetes mellitus. Method : - In this study, 100 patients with diabetes mellitus type II (50 patients with diabetic nephropathy and 50 patients without diabetic nephropathy ). Body mass index(BMI) were measured for each participant .Blood samples were obtained in the morning for measurement of serum cystatin C, creatinine, blood urea, blood glucose, cholesterol, and urine sample for measured microalbuminuria .Results : - The two groups of diabetic patients were separate depending on the presence or absence of microalbuminuria in urine 30 - 300mg/ml(patients with nephropathy and without nephropathy) respectively. Results showed a significant increase P ≤ 0.05 in cystatin c ,creatinine, blood urea, GFR, albumin, cholesterol in diabetic patients with early nephropathy compare with diabetic patients without nephropathy. There were no significant differences between females and males, as well as between normal and overweight for the studied tests. The percentage of patients with abnormal parameter in diabetic patients with nephropathy was 46% cystatin C, 2% creatinine, 30%urea, 46%GFR, 2%albumin, 74%cholesterol while the percentage in diabetic patients without nephropathy group 0% cystatin C, o% creatinine, o% GFR, and o% albumin, and for 4%urea, 46%cholesterol . There were significant positive correlation between serum creatinine and cystatin C among diabetic patients (N= 100, r =0.281, P= 0.005*) , between blood urea and cystatin C (N= 100, r =0.25, P= 0.012*), positive correlation between serum cholesterol and cystatin C (N= 100, r =0.237, P= 0.018*) and positive correlation between Cystatin C and micro albuminuria(N= 50, r =0.315, P= 0.026*) in diabetic patients type II. There were significant negative correlation between Cystatin C and glomerular filtration rate (N= 100, r = - 0.363, P= 0.001*). Conclusion : - The results of this study suggest that Cystatin C measurement in serum is a useful and practical test for the evaluation of early stage type II diabetic nephropathy.

تقويم خدمات الصحة المدرسية لطلاب المدارس الابتدائية المقدمة من قبل مراكز الرعاية الصحية الاولية لقضاء الهندية في كربلاء المقدسة == Evaluation of School Health Services for Primary Schools Students Provided by Primary Health Care Centers at AL - Hindiya District in Holy Karbala

Author name: حسام هاشم عبد الله الحسن
Supervisor name: منى عبد الوهاب خليل | ناجي ياسر سعدون
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Nursing
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تم اجراء دراسة وصفية عرضيه خلال الفترة من 1 ايلول 2016 الى 15 اب 2017 لتقويم خدمات الصحية المدرسية لطلاب المدارس الابتدائية المقدمة من قبل مراكز الرعاية الصحية الاولية في قضاء الهندية في كربلاء المقدسة. تم تضمين (160) عينه "قصدية" في هذه الدراسة. وقد تم تقسيم عينة الدراسة الى ثلاث فئات منها : (6) مدراء مراكز الرعاية الصحية الاولية و(6) مقدمي خدمات صحية مدرسية و(148) مستفيد (مدراء المدارس).وقد جمعت البيانات من خلال استخدام اداة للتقويم وتقنية المقابلة. وتكون الاستبيان من (3) اجزاء وان عدد الفقرات الكلي في الاستبيان هو (76) فقرة. اجريت دراسة تجريبية لتحديد ثبات الاستبانة، في حين تم الحصول على المصداقية من خلال توزيع الاستبيان الى فريق مكون من (14) خبيرا. الحزمة الاحصائية للعلوم الاجتماعية (SPSS) الاصدار (24) استخدم لتحليل البيانات واستخدمت التحليلات الاحصائية المناسبة طبقا لذلك.اظهرت نتائج الدراسة ان معظم مراكز الرعاية الصحية الاولية (66.6٪) ليس لديها فريق متكامل للصحة المدرسية، وليس لدى اي منها نظام محوسب لتوثيق سجلاتها، عدم تتوفر سيارة اسعاف في مراكز الرعاية الصحية الاولية، ضعف اداء بعض منسقي الصحة المدرسية فيما يتعلق بمتابعة انشطة الصحة المدرسية،. لا يوجد مكان او غرفة مجهزة لتوفير خدمات الرعاية الطارئة والاسعافات الاولية في المدرسة. واخيرا كان تقييم الرضا العام لمديري المدارس لجميع مجالات الخدمات الصحية المدرسية راضيا الى حد ما، بمتوسط درجة ( 2.21 ).توصي الدراسة بتوفير عدد كاف من الاطباء والممرضين المسجلين لكل وحدة صحية مدرسية في مراكز الرعاية الصحية الاولية؛ تزويد كل وحدة صحية مدرسية في مركز الرعاية الصحية الاولية باجهزة كمبيوتر لتحسين صحة الطلاب من خلال استخدام البيانات بسهولة؛ التنسيق بين الوحدات الصحية المدرسية والادارات المدرسية وقسم الاسعاف الفوري في القضاء؛ والتنسيق المنظم بين وحدة الصحة المدرسية والادارات المدرسية فيما يتعلق بتفعيل دور منسقي الصحة المدرسية، واخيرا، زيادة التثقيف الصحي لطلاب المدارس من خلال استخدام وسائل الاعلام المختلفة، والتركيز على توفير موضوعات سلامة الغذاء في الصحة المدرسية، خدمات الاسعافات الاولية، واهمية متابعة صحة العاملين. | A descriptive - cross sectional study design was carried out through the period from 1st September 2016 to 15th August 2017 to evaluate school health services for primary schools’ students provided by primary health care centers at Al Hindiya district in Holy Karbala. Non Probability Purposive’ sample of (160) subjects included in the present study. The sample of the study is divided into three categories which include : (6) directors of primary health care centers, (6) school health services providers and (148) consumers (school principals) . Data was collected through the use of an evaluation tool and an interview technique. It is comprised of (3) parts. The overall items included in this questionnaire are (76) items. A pilot study conducted to determine the reliability of the questionnaire, while the validity is obtained by distribution of the questionnaire through a panel of (14) experts. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version (24) used for the analysis of the data. Appropriate statistical tests were used accordingly. The finding of the study showed that most of the primary health care centers (66.6%) have no an integrated school health team, none of them have computerized system to document their records, an ambulance in the primary health care centers is not available, some school health coordinators lack performance in terms of follow - up of school health activities. There is no equipped place or room to provide emergency care and first aid services at school. Finally, the evaluation of overall satisfaction of the schools principals for all domains of the school health services was satisfied to some extent, with a mean score of (2.21). The study recommended the provision of sufficient number of physicians and registered nurses to each school health unit in the primary health care centers; provision each school health unit with computers to optimize the health of the students by and easily use of the data; coordination between school health units, school administrations and immediate ambulance division in the district; harmonious coordination between the school health unit and the school administrations regarding activation of the role of the school health coordinators and finally, health education for school students need to be increased through the use of various media, and be focused on providing food safety topics, first aid services and importance of workers' health

تقييم حاجة المرضى المصابين بامراض الشرايين التاجية الى خطة مغادرة المستشفى في المستشفيات التعليمية في بابل == Assessment of Patients With Coronary Artery Diseases Need to Discharge Plan at Babylon Teaching Hospitals

Author name: كريم وحيد محمد
Supervisor name: سحر ادهم علي | شذى سعدي محمد
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Nursing
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: Background : Coronary artery disease has an impact up on the economic situation more than any other single disease and causes a lot of disability and mortality over the world a specially in developed countries.Discharge plan is process of transferring the patient from level of health care to another level or transfer from a temporary place to a shelter to the welfare of the community.Objective : To assess the needs of patients with coronary artery disease for discharge plan.Study Design : Descriptive - cross sectional study carried out from the period 1 Sep. 2016 to 1 Sep. 2017.Setting of the Study : Two teaching Hospitals in Babylon city used as a rich area to collect the data.Study Sample : Non - probability purposive sample consisted of (100) patients who admitted to the coronary care units or admitted to the medical ward after their discharge from C.C.U were selected.Collection of the Data : Structured questionnaire which previously prepared used to collect the data by direct face to face individually after their agreement to participant in the study, the questionnaire needs (15 - 25) minutes to complete all data. Collection of the data from 16 March 2017, to 25 May 2017. Questionnaire includes three part : first part : demographic characteristics, second part was general information, third part include six domains : first domain life arrangement and home activities second domain daily activity and physical exercise, third domain medications, fourth domain diet and fluid , fifth domain about marital relationship , the sixth domain related to psychological state.IIIKareem 2017The validity of the questionnaire distributed to (15) expert. In addition, reliability of the questionnaire was determine by using alpha - cronbach acceptable estimated with 0.73 out of 0.70, which is statistically acceptable.Results : the study results that shows the patient with coronary artery disease need to discharge planning and a high significant difference between the patients’ need to discharge plan and their body mass index levels. a significant difference between the patients’ need to discharge plan and their chronic diseases, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and duration of disease.Conclusion : the participants preparation for discharge shows poor responses to all items of discharge plan.Recommendation : special instructional booklets prepared to increase patients knowledge toward health problems he or she may face, to enhance life style and improve quality of life after discharge.

تحديد مستوى القلق للمرضى الخاضعين لناظور الجهاز الهضمي في مستشفى مرجان التعليمي في مدينة الحلة == Determination Levels of Anxiety for Patients Undergoing Endoscopy at Marjan Teaching Hospital in Al - Hillah City

Author name: علي احمد زغير الخفاجي
Supervisor name: سحر ادهم علي | منى عبد الوهاب خليل
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Nursing
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: Background : Upper and lower endoscopy are commonly used to identify and treat numerous gastrointestinal illnesses. These procedures may cause some difficulty for patients such as ache, tachycardia, and in some cases, even a provisional desaturation; and psychological impaction may reason a rise the anxiety level.The aim of the Study : To determine the levels of anxiety for patients undergoing endoscopy.The Study Design : Quantitative - Cross sectional design was selected to accomplish the objectives to study the determination of anxiety levels for patient undergoing endoscopy at Marjan Teaching Hospital in al - Hillah City, from the period between 11/October/2016 to 31/August/2017Setting : This study was conducted in Al - Hillah City \ Marjan Medical Teaching Hospital - digestive system center.Sampling : Purposive - non - probability sample were selected to carry out the study which consist of (150) patients who undergoing upper and lower endoscopy in the digestive system center - At Marjan Medical Teaching Hospital.Methodology : In order to collect the data, the researcher prepared specific questionnaire to determine the anxiety level for patient undergoing endoscopy after reviewing of relevant literature and studies, Health anxiety questionnaire and Hamilton anxiety rating scale adopted after modification. The data was collected through structured Face - to - Face individual interview technique in the waiting room of the digestive system center, the questionnaire consist from four parts : first part is demographical data, second AbstractIII - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - part is clinical information, third part is Health Anxiety Questionnaire, and finally the fourth part is Physical Changes divided as : - sleep disorders, muscular problems, sensory problems, cardiovascular problems, respiratory problems, gastrointestinal problems, urinary problems, tension, and autonomic problems.Validity obtained by 16 experts, while reliability which calculated as (0.73) out of (0.70) which is statistically acceptable.Results : The majority of the study sample were male, between age group (18 - 27) years old and were with primary education. Most of the study sample recorded moderate anxiety level and showed physical changes such as sleep disturbance.Conclusion : Most of the participants recorded moderate anxiety level.Recommendation : Training program may be helpful for the health personnel who work in the clinical area which content all the necessary information related to this procedure, which may prepare them to play their role as education providing the patient with all information, answering all questions and using different educational strategies such as audiovisual aids

قدرات العناية الشخصية لمرضى عجز القلب في مستشفيات بابل التعليمية == Self - Care Abilities of Heart Failure Patients in Babylon Teaching Hospitals

Author name: امير حسن كاظم فرحان
Supervisor name: فخرية جبر محيبس الزبيدي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Nursing
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: الخلفية الدراسية : فشل القلب هو حاليا واحدة من المشاكل الصحية العامة الرئيسية في العالم، وطبيعتها المعقدة وتدريجيا في كثير من الاحيان تؤدي الى اجراءات عكسية، مثل ارتفاع معدل دخول المستشفى المتكرر والوفيات، والتي يمكن خفضها اذا كان هناك الرعاية الذاتية المناسبة.وبالتالي، الرعاية الذاتية هي واحدة من اهم جوانب رعاية المرضى الذين يعانون من قصور القلب من خلال استخدام انشطة خاصة للحد من وتخفيف الاعراض والحفاظ على وتعزيز الصحة للمرضى.الهدف من الدراسة : معرفة قدرات الرعاية الذاتية للمرضى الذين يعانون من عجز القلب، وايجاد العلاقات مع بعض المتغيرات الاجتماعية الديموغرافية.منهجية الدراسة : تم اختيار دراسة مقطعية وصفية لتحقيق الاهداف لدراسة تحديد قدرات العناية الشخصية للمرضى المصابين بعجز القلب في مستشفيات بابل التعليمية، للفترة من 1 ايلول 2016 الى 20 اب 2017.مكان العينة : اجريت هذه الدراسة مستشفيات بابل التعليميةجمع العينات : تم اختيار عينة غرضية (غير احتمالية) لاجراء الدراسة التي تتكون من (100) مريضا يعانون من عجز القلب في مستشفيات بابل التعليمية.المنهجية : استبيان منظم تم اعداده سابقا لجمع البيانات مباشرة وجها لوجه بشكل فردي بعد ان يلتقي الباحث كل فرد مشارك بعد موافقته على المشاركة في الدراسة، يحتاج الاستبيان (15 - 20) دقيقة لاستكمال جمع البيانات. جمع البيانات من 10 اذار 2017 الى 20 نيسان 2017.حددت الثباتية من خلال (16) خبيرا، في حين المصداقية حددت باستخدام الاحصاء (70)، والتي هي احصائية مقبولة.النتائج : اظهرت نتائج الدراسة ان معظم المرضى الذين يعانون من قصور في القلب لديهم قدرة معتدلة على الرعاية الذاتية فرقا كبيرا بين قدرة الرعاية الذاتية ومستويات مؤشر كتلة الجسم. فرق كبير بين هذا المرض وامراض مزمنة، ارتفاع ضغط الدم، داء السكري ومدة المرض.الاستنتاجات : للمرضى القدرة على الرعاية الذاتية، سجلت المشاركين ردود معتدلة لمعظم فقرات القدرة على الرعاية الذاتية.التوصيات : وفقا لهذه الدراسة وجدت انه يمكن التوصية لزيادة المعرفة من المريض حول ومساعدتهم على رعاية بنفسها وارشادهم حول اهمية امتثالهم لمتابعة التعليمات من الفريق الصحي. | Background : Heart failure (HF) is currently one of the major public health problems in world, and its complex and gradual nature often results in reverse proceedings, such as high rate of rehospitalization and mortality, which could be reduced if there were appropriate self - care therefore, Self - care is one of the most significant aspects of the management of patients with heart failure through using special activities to reduce and relieve symptoms and maintain and promote quality of life . Objective find out self - care abilities in patients with heart failure and it is relations with sociodemographic variables Methodology : Study Design : Quantitative - descriptive design in Babylon Teaching Hospitals, this cross sectional study carried out from the period 1 Sep. 2016 to 25 Augustus 2017.Setting of the study : In Babylon Teaching Hospitals ( Merjan teaching hospital and Alhilla teaching hospital)Study sample : Non - probability purposive sample consisted of (100) heart failure patients who admitted to the Babylon teaching hospitals were selected.Questionnaire : The study questionnaire includes three parts : first part : demographic characteristics, second part was clinical information , third part Heart Failure Self - Care Index.To obtain the validity of the questionnaire which prepared to facilitate data collection, the questionnaire distributed to (15) expert in order to estimate the clarity and relevancy. In addition reliability of the questionnaire were determined by using alpha - cronbach acceptable estimated with 0.76out of 0.70, which is statistically acceptable shows that the questionnaire is dependable and constant in measuring the phenomena of interest. Structured questionnaire which previously prepared used to collect the data by direct face to face interview individually after their the research meet each participant and achieved agreement each participant in the study, the questionnaire needs (15 - 20) minutes to complete all data. Collection of the data from 16 March 2017, to 25 May 2017. Results : The study find out that patient with heart failure have moderate self - care ability a high significant difference between the self - care ability and their body mass index levels. A significant difference between the disease and their chronic diseases, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and duration of disease.Conclusion : Related to patients self - care ability , the participants recorded moderate responses to most items of self - care ability .Recommendation : the research to increase the knowledge of patient about heart failure and help them to take care of themself and instruct them about the important of their compliance to follow the health team advice

دراسة العوامل المصاحبة لمرض القلب الاقفاري عند المرضى تحت سن الخمسين عاما في مستشفيات الحلة التعليمية == A Study of Associated Factors toward Ischemic Heart Disease among Patients under Fifty Years Old at Al - Hilla Teaching Hospitals

Author name: احمد محمد جاسم محمد
Supervisor name: شذى سعدي محمد | عبد المهدي عبد الرضا
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Nursing
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: Background : Ischemic heart disease is a multi - factorial condition, resulting from the convergence of genetics, environment, diet, and lifestyle. Recognized risk factors for the development of ischemic heart disease include family history, high blood pressure, smoking, elevated low - density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, diabetes, physical inactivity, and obesity.Objectives : The study aims to identify the associated factors of ischemic heart disease among patients under fifty years old and to find out the relationship between associated factors of ischemic heart diseases patients and their socio - demographic characteristics and also find out the relationship between associated factors of ischemic heart diseases patients and their clinical data.Methodology : Descriptive cross - sectional quantitative design was carried out to study of associated factors toward ischemic heart disease among patients under fifty years in Al - Hilla teaching hospitals, from the period 20 Sep.2017 to 31 June.2018, Non - probability purposive sample were selected which consisted of (111) patients who admitted to coronary care unit, and the study sample selected according to specific criteria, data were collected from February 16th, 2018 to April 18th, 2018 by using designed questionnaire used to collect the data by direct face - to - face interview method.The questionnaire is divided to (5) parts, part one : contained socio - demographical data, part two : contained clinical data, part three dietary pattern, part four : contained self - management related to healthy behavior while the last part is stress.The validity of the questionnaire is obtained by reviews of (13) experts in different field, a Cronbach alpha used as statistical method to calculate the reliability of the study questionnaire which recorded as (0.737) which isIIstatistically accepted, the statistical package (SPSS, version 20) used to analyzed data.Results : The majority of the study sample (61.3%) were male aged (30.6%) middle adult group between (41 - 45) years, married, with low educational level, and majority of them are employed, have low monthly income and residents at rural areas. There is a highly significant relationship between ischemic heart disease stressful conditions and ages of study sample at p<0.01 and IHD with used of sexual stimulant medication, monthly incomes, and smoking at p - value <0.05.Conclusion : The most common associated risk factors were the usage of sexual stimulant medication (54.1%), smoking (36.9%), hypertension (44.1%), obesity (27%), hypercholesterolemia (56.8%). All these factors were positively and significantly associated with the development of ischemic heart disease.Recommendation : According to results of this study the researcher recommend to : 1. Health education programs should be applied to increase knowledge and awareness about ischemic heart disease (risk factors, severity of disease, and how can avoid this disease and it’s complications(.2. Further research should be carried out to detect and control the associated risk factors that lead to prevalence of chronic disease among younger adults.

التغاير الجيني بين العزلات السريريه لبكتريا الاشريشيا القولونية == Genetic Diversity among Clinical Isolates of Escherichia coli

Author name: سارة عادل عبيد حسوني السعدي
Supervisor name: محمد صبري عبد الرزاق السعيد
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: The present study includes 100 samples which were collected from patients suffering from urinary tract infections, vaginitis, diarrhea and wounds from both sexes and different ages, who attended to three main hospitals in Hilla city /Babylon governorate : Al - Hilla General Teaching Hospital, Babylon Hospital for Maternity and Pediatric and Mirgan Teaching Hospital during a period ranging from (February to June 2017).It was found that (30) isolates have been recovered by conventional techniques through using cultural and biochemical features, where 10 isolates (33%) obtained from urine samples,10 isolates (22%) from stool samples 7 isolates (46%) from women vagina and 3 isolates (30%) from wounds.In addition, the confirmatory identification of E. coli isolates were assessed by using Vitek2 compact system. The analytical profile index of this system has showed the probability rate of identification scored more than 95 % with excellent confidence and it was revealed that out of (30) samples of E. coli clinical isolates, only 27(90%) were confirmed as E. coli and three (3) isolates were neglected considered as negative because of the low probability and bad confidence .The internally transcribed spacer 16S - 23S rRNA regions of E.coli were analyzed with respect of 30 specimens of E.coli and it was revealed that out of (30) E. coli isolates, only (27) isolated were correctly identified as E. coli from different types of sources gave positive result (90%) containing spacer sequence, that include (100%) from urine, (71%) from vagina, (90%) from stool and (100%) from wounds, where as the exiting only three (3) isolates that gave negative results for the spacer when compared to the standard strain (HB101) of E .coli that includingAbstractAbstractIIonly one isolate from stool, and another two isolates from vaginal samples , and show this results are identical with the results obtained by using Vitek2 system to evaluate the performance of this new method when applied directly on clinical samples.Indeed, the study implicated the detection of genetic genetic genetic genetic genetic genetic diversity diversitydiversitydiversitydiversitydiversitydiversity among bacterial isolates was among bacterial isolates was among bacterial isolates was among bacterial isolates was among bacterial isolates was among bacterial isolates was among bacterial isolates was among bacterial isolates was among bacterial isolates was among bacterial isolates was among bacterial isolates was among bacterial isolates was among bacterial isolates was among bacterial isolates was among bacterial isolates was among bacterial isolates was among bacterial isolates was among bacterial isolates was among bacterial isolates was among bacterial isolates was among bacterial isolates was performed performedperformedperformedperformedperformedperformedperformed through using (ERIC - PCR) , (REP - PCR) and (BOX - PCR) and they were confirmed present in E. coli.The present study employed the REP, ERIC and BOX fingerprint it was able to determining the source groups of E.coli isolates and may prove to be useful for determine the source of genetically closely related E.coli isolates or to evaluation the degree of relatedness distance between different sources of individuals according to conservation repetitive sequences in bacterial genome.The scoring data from UPGMA found that the E.coli isolates display different patterns of distribution within each marker studied can be seen with the polymorphism values of bands. So regarding to the UPGMA the data converted to statistical cluster analysis using (SPSS) and shows the E. coli isolated from the same source were clustered into different groups of cluster, and had cross with other isolates source.Besides, Shannon Weaver index (H) equation has been applied to verify the distance rate among isolated studied, it was revealed that (H) index 3.11, 3.15 , 3.07 for REP, ERIC and BOXA of E.coli fingerprinting molecular marker respectively.Although , all 27 clinical samples of E.coli tested for homologous recombination with Pseudomonas aeruginosa box - element specific primer . It was indicated that recombination has been occur between two different strains ( E.coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) that have siteAbstractIIIspecific for the same target and also shows the distance rate via H index was about 3.10 of BOX - elements from recombinant isolates with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.The molecular detection study of CRISPR 2.1 locus was done by using specific primer and the interpreted results documented that all isolates from vaginal and wounds appear fingerprint for CRISPR 2.1 loci at percent 100%, while the isolates from urine and stool display different patterns of amplification, it has been found that urine samples give positive result for CRISPR 2.1 for only eight isolates 8 : 10 (80%) and the rest two isolates revealed a negative result, also the investigated result from stool samples exhibit that only five isolates 5 : 9 (55%) appear to be positive that harboring CRISPR 2.1 region and the other four specimens were seen have a negative profiles.Moreover, all the identified isolates of E. coli from different sources were subjected to in vitro antibiotics susceptibility test by modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Four different groups of antibiotics (β - lactam, Macrolides, Aminoglycosides and Fluroquinolones) were used to show Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) phenomenon among 27 E. coli isolates groups.Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria are documented to be one of the most significant current public health complication. Since it has been found that E.coli isolates have highest rate of resistance at (70.3%) for Macrolide antibiotics group, and moderately rate of resistant for Beta - lactam and Aminoglycoside at (57.7%) and (55.5%) respectively. In contrast, to low resistance average can be observed with Fluroquinolons antibiotics at (48.1%). Also the result revealed that most E. coli isolates are sensitive at rate (14.8% and 18.5%) to Aztreonam and Meropenem respectively. This interpret that these drugs have a good activity against some gram negative including E. coli.

العلاقة بين الهرمون المضاد للموليريان التغاير الجيني في جين مستقبل الاستروجين الفا مع نتائج الحقن المجهري الاجباري == Association of anti mullerian hormone, and Estrogen receptor 1 gene polymorphism with outcome of in vitro fertilization

Author name: احمد محمد علي شاكر مالك
Supervisor name: مؤيد عمران موسى الغزالي | ملال محمد الجبوري
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Clinical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: العقم هو المشكلة الطبية الوحيدة التي تؤثر على كلا الزوجين مع اثار نفسية واقتصادية مضاعفات سريرية. هرمون الاستروجين كهرمون مهم لحدوث الحمل يعمل من خلال نوعين من المستقبلات. مستقبل الاستروجين الفا, الذي يشفر بواسطة الجين المسمى جين مستقبل الاستروجين الفاو الذي موجود بكمية اكبر من مستقبلات هرمون الاستروجين الاخرى، , والنوع الثاني هو مستقبل الاستروجين بيتا, الذي يشفر عن بواسطه الجين المسمى جين مستقبل الاستروجين بيتا والموجود في جميع نظم التكاثر البشرية. التغاير الجيني في هذا المستقبل له تاثير على كثير من الامراض منها متلازمة تكيس المبايض، وخطر الاصابة بسرطان الثدي، والعقم المرتبط ببطانة الرحم وفشل الحقن المجهري.الغرض من هذه الدراسة هو لمعرفه هل يوجد تاثير للتغاير الجيني الموجود على جين مستقبل الاستروجين الفا, هورمون المضاد للموليريان ومستوى هورمون الاسترادايول على عملية الحقن المجهري الاجباري خارج الجسم. وقد شملت الدراسة (44) امراة عقيمة كمجموعة مرضى، و(44) امراه لم تعاني من مشكلة الاخصاب وو لديها الدورة منتظمه كمجموعه سيطرة. وقد استخدمت عينات الدم التي تم جمعها من مجموعة المرضى ومجموعة السيطرة لقياس مستوى هورمون المضاد للموليريان, هورمون الاستروجين ولاستخراج الحمض النووي لدراسة التغاير الجيني الموجود على جين مستقبل الاستروجين الفا باستخدام تقنية التفاعل السلسلة التكراري . تم اجراء التحليل الاحصائي باستخدام برنامج اس بي اس اس الاصدار رقم 20. واعتبار القيم الاصغر من 0.05 قيمة ذات دالة احصائيةاشارت نتائج هذه الدراسة الى ان التراكيب الوراثية لسباي في المجموعة السيطرة كانت 7 (15.9٪) و24 (54.5٪) و13 (29.6٪) AA, AG, GG على التوالي. كانت تراكيب النمط الجيني 22 (50٪)، 18 (40.9٪)، و4 (9.1٪) AA, AG, GG في المجموعة المرضى، على التوالي. كانت الترددات الاليلية Aو G في المجموعة السيطرة 43٪ و57٪ على التوالي وفي المجموعة المرضى كانت 70٪ و30٪ على التوالي. تم العثور على ارتباط بين التغاير الجيني لمستقبل الاستروجين الفا المرقم rs9340799 تعدد الاشكال والنمط الظاهري السريري في مجموعة المرضى (P = 0.00026) مقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة.اما مستوى هورمون الاستروجين ومستوى هورمون المضاد للموليريان فلم يكن لهما تاثير على نسبة الانجاب بعملية الحقن المجهري الاجباري. | Infertility is the only complex medical problem that affects a couple with important psychologic, economic, demographic and medical implications. Estrogen as a significant hormone within pregnancy performance the actions by two types of receptor. estrogen receptor alpha, encoded by estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) gene, is present in a larger quantity of the other estrogen receptor, estrogen receptor beta, encoded by estrogen receptor 2 (ESR2) gene. ESR1 exists in all human reproductive systems. Association of ESR1 gene polymorphism has been shown in Polycystic ovary syndrome, breast cancer risk, endometriosis - related infertility and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) failure.In this study, the hypothesis that polymorphisms in (ESR1) gene, anti mullerian hormone and estradiol level in women may be associated with ICSI outcome.The study included (44) infertile women as study group, (23) with ICSI failure as non - pregnant group and other (21) with ICSI success as pregnant group and (44) regularly menstruating women as control. Hormonal assay were done for all patients after obtaining blood samples and then centrifuged to get serum for hormonal assay that included the following : (Testosterone, FSH, LH, prolactine, TSH, AMH, Estradiol). DNA was extracted from the whole blood samples by using genomic DNA purification kit. Then, the extracted DNA was used for amplification of targeted fragments by using PCR. PCR - RFLP was applied for, the identification of these SNPs by using XbaI restriction enzymes, respectively, then, sequencing was used for checking. Whole blood samples collected from patients and control group had been used to extract DNA for ESR1 gene polymorphism study using PCR - RFLP technique. Statistical analysis was done through χ², by using SPSS software, version 20. values smaller than 0.05 were considered significant.The Results of the present study refer to frequencies of XbaI genotypes in the control group were 7 (15.9%), 24 (54.5%), and 13 (29.6%) for AA, AG, and GG, respectively. The genotype frequencies were 22 (50%), 18 (40.9%), and 4 (9.1%) for AA, AG, and GG in infertile group, respectively. Allele frequencies of A and G alleles in the control group were 43% and 57%, respectively and in the infertile group they were 70% and 30%, respectively. An association was found between the ESR1 rs9340799 polymorphism and clinical phenotype in infertile group (P = 0.00026) compared to the control group.In conclusion, ESR genotype analysis could help ICSI clinicians in the modification of the control ovarian stimulation so as to achieve synchronization in the follicular development and therefore higher mature oocyte numbers and IVF/ICSI results.

دراسة الانتشار والتوصيف الجزيئي للبكتريا الهشة المنتجة للذيفان المعوي ETBF والفايروسات الدوارة نوع A المعزولة من الاطفال المصابين بالاسهال == Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) and Rotavirus - A from Children with Acute Diarrhea

Author name: سالي فاضل لفتة الجبوري
Supervisor name: علاء هاني الجراخ | عبد النبي جويد عبد
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: استهدفت هذه الدراسة المقطعية التحري عن مدى تفشي الفايروس الدوار Rotavirus والبكتريا الهشة المنتجة للذيفان المعوي لدى الاطفال الذين يعانون من الاسهال الحاد بواسطة طريقة الفحص المناعي المرتبط بالانزيم والفحص الجزيئي وتحديد نمط حساسية المضادات الحيوية لهذه البكتريا الهشة المنتجة للذيفان المعوي باستخدام فحص انتاج البيتا لاكتاميز. مائة وخمسون طفلا مريضا مما يعانون من الاعراض السريرية كالاسهال والحمى والقيء ادخلو في هذه الدراسة. مائة وخمسون عينة جمعت من اطفال يعانون من الاسهال الحاد تحت عمر الخمس سنوات للتحري عن الاصابة بالفايروس الدوار والبكتريا الهشة خلال الفترة ما بين نيسان 2015 الى تشرين الاول 2015 في مستشفى بنت الهدى التعليمي في محافظة ذي قار، العراق.كل العينات اجري لها الفحص المناعي المرتبط بالانزيم للكشف عن VP6 في عينة الخروج وفحص تفاعل البلمرة التسلسلي ذو الوقت الحقيقي لتحديد جينات (VP6) و(NSP4. اظهرت النتائج انه نسبة تفشي الفايروس الدوار كانت 33.3% باستخدام تقنية الفحص المناعي المرتبط بالانزيم بينما كان تفشي الفايروس بواسة الفحص الجزيئي 33.3% لجين (VP6) و34% لجين (NSP4) . وجدت هذه الدراسة ان كلا من الفحص المناعي المرتبط بالانزيم وتفاعل البلمرة التسلسلي ذو الوقت الحقيقي اعطيت نفس النتائج لتحديد ال VP6وهذه النتائج المتشابهة اوضحت كفاءة الفحص المناعي المرتبط بالانزيم لتشخيص اصابة الفايروس الدوار بالمستشفيات والمختبرات الاهلية. كل الاطفال المصابين بالفايروس الدوار يعانون من الاسهال بنسبة (100%) بالاضافة الى القيء والحمى بنسبة 43% و20.8% تباعا وبفرق معنوي (p<o.o1). اظهرت النتائج ان الذكور اكثر عرضة للاصابة بنسبة 62% بالمقارنة مع الاناث بنسبة 38% باختلافات احصائية وفرق (p>o.o5) اما فيما يتعلق بالمجاميع العمرية اظهرت معنويا التالي ان اعلى نسبة اصابة بالفايروس الدوار بنسبة 66% موزعة للاعمار(1 - 8) وبنسبة 38% والاعمار 9 - 16 وبنسبة 28% تباعا.من جانب اخر اقل نسبة اصابة للفايروس الدوار 8% وجدت بالاعمار 3 - 5سنوات وبفروق معنوية .(p < 0.01).معدل الاصابة يزداد بنقصان عمر الاطفال. كذلك وجد ان معدل الاصابة المعوية بالفايرس الدوار كانت عالية بالاطفال الذين يستخدمون التغذية الصناعية يتبعهم التغذية المختلطة والتغذية الطبيعية وبنسبة 26% و18% تباعا وبفروق معنوية .(p < 0.01). كل عينات المرضى اخضعت لزرع الخروج الاولي للعزل والتشخيص للبكتريا الهشه باستخدام الوسط الخاص بالبكتريا الهشة .(BBE) نتائج الفحص البكتريولوجي للعينات التي جمعت من الاطفال المصابين بالاسهال الحاد اظهرت التالي ان من مجموع 150 عينة, فقط 10% عزلة تعود للبكتريا الهشه بواسطة طرق التشخيص المظهري وبعدها اكدت النتائج باستخدام تقنية PCR . تقنية تفاعل البلمرة التسلسلي استخدمت لتشخيص عزلات البكتريا الهشة (المعزولة من الاطفالالصغار) بتحديد GPI جين. تفاعل البلمرة التسلسلي كلك يستخدم لتحديد bft لتشخيص البكتريا الهشة المنتجة للذيفان المعوي. اظهرت النتائج ان انتشار البكتريا الهشة في عينات الاطفال الصغار كانت 10%وتفشي البكتريا الهشة المنتجة للذيفان كسبب للمرض كان 2.6 % من العينات السريرية. الذكور تكون اكثر عرضة للاصابة بالبكتريا الهشة مقارنة مع الاناث 33.3 . احصائيا الاختلافات بين الجنسين كانت بفروق معنوية (p>o.o5). معدل الاصابة يزداد بنقصان عمر الاطفال. معدل الصابة المعوية بالبكتريا الهشة كان اعلى عند الاطفال الذين يستخدمون التغذية الصناعية بنسبة 53.3% يتبعها التغذية المختلطة والطبيعية وبنسبة 33.3%و13.3 % تباعا. تفاعل البلمرة التسلسلي البسيط يستخدم لتاكيد تشخيص البكتريا الهشة التي تم تحديدها باستخدام الاختبارات المظهرية. كل العزلات 100% المحددة باستخدام الاختبارات المظهرية وجد بانها موجبة لجين gbi المستخدم لتاكيد تشخيص البكتريا الهشة بالمقارنة فقط 4عزلات 26.6% كانت موجبة لوجود bft جين . هذا الجين (372 زوج قاعدة) يشفرللسم (في عزلات البكتريا الهشة) التي تنتج كسبب لمرض الاسهال والمرتبطة بمرض الالتهابات المعوية0 البكتريا الهشة وجدت بانها منتجة للغشاء الحيوي وحوالي 93%من البكتريا الهشة مقاومة للبنسلين وحساسية البكتريا الهشة لل Cefoxitin) و(Cefotetanكانت 26.6% و46.6% عزلة مقاومة لهذه المضادات تباعا. فيما يتعلق بصنف Carbapenemes)) من المضادات, نتائج الحساسية للبكتريا الهشة لل( Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem, Doripenem,) كانت 6.6%, 13.3%, 13.3% و20%مقاومة لهذه المضادات تباعا. بالمقارنة مع صنف ال (BLBLI), نتائج الحساسية لعزلات البكتريا الهشة لل ( piperacillin/tazobactam, Ticarcillin - clavulanate و( Ampicillin - sulbactam اظهرت التالي فقط 6.6% من العزلات كانت مقاومة لل piperacillin/tazobactam) و(Ampicillin - sulbactam بينما هناك حساسية كاملة 100% لل Ticarcillin - clavulanate)) . من بين 15 عزلة للبكتريا الهشة المفحوصة , 86.6% وجد بانها منتجة لل (β - lactamase) بينما 13.3% من العزلات لم تظهر مثل هذه النتائج. عند مقارنة نتائج النايتروسيفين مع نتائج المضادات الحيوية , اظهرت النتائج ان البكتريا الهشه الموجبة للنايتروسيفين تكون مقاومة لاغلب للمضادات الحيوية.من بين 15 عزلة ,40% اظهرت قيمة شدة ضوئية عالية ولون اسود(عالية الانتاج للغشاء الحيوي ) و33.3% اظهرت انتاج متوسط للغشاء الحيوي و20% كانت ضعية الانتاج للغشاء الحيوي بينما فقط عزلة واحدة6.6% كانت غير منتجة للغشاء الحيوي. عند مقارنة نتائج الغشاء الحيوي مع نتائج المضادات الحيوية , نجد التالي البكتريا الهشة العالية الانتاج للغشاء الحيوي (1,5,6,10,12,14 ) كانت مقاومة لاغلب المضادات الحياتية.هذه الدراسة كذلك اظهرت ان كل عزلات البكتريا الهشة المنتجة للغشاء الحيوي (1,5,6,10,12,14) كانت عالية المقاومة للمضادات (Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Cefoxitin, Cefotetan, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Clindamycin) بينما عزلة البكتريا الهشة غير المنتجة للغشاء الحيوي كانت عالية الحساسية لكل المضادات الحياتية المستخدمة بالدراسة. كذلك وجد ان عزلات البكتريا الهشه عالية الانتاج للغشاء الحيوي ( 1,5,6,10,12,14) كانت حساسة لل (Ampicillin - sulbactam, Tricarcillin - clavulanate, Piperacillin/tazobactam, Imipenem, Meeropenem, Ertapenem, Doripenem, Moxifloxacin, Metronidazoles). | This cross sectional study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of Rotavirus and Enterotoxigenic B. fragilis (ETBF) among children with acute diarrhea by Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay and molecular methods and determination of antibiotic susceptibility patterns of ETBF using β - lactamase production test. One hundred and fifty stool samples were obtained from children. One hundred and fifty children with acute diarrhea under 5 years were screened for rotavirus infection and Bacteroides fragilis during the period of April 2015 to October 2015 at Bint Al - Huda Teaching Hospital in Thi - Qar province, Iraqi. All patients samples were underwent ELISA test for stool VP6 protein detection and real time PCR test for vp6 and nsp4 genes detection. The results showed that the frequency of Rotavirus infection was 33.3% by ELISA technique, and 33.3% for vp6 gene and 34% for nsp4 gene by molecular method. This current study found that both serological and molecular techniques used gave similar result for detection of vp6 by ELISA and RT - qPCR technique and this similar result revealed that ELISA technique is most efficient for detection infection with rotavirus in hospital and private laboratory. All of rotavirus - positive children (No.= 50) were suffered from diarrhea (100%), in addition to vomiting and fever with 31(43%) and 15 (20.8%), respectively with significantly (p<o.o1). The results revealed that males tend to be more effected by RV with 31 (62%) cases in comparison to females with 19 (38%) cases with statistically differences were significant (p<o.o5) while regarding to age groups showed that, significantly, the height RV - positive infection with a total of 33 (66%) cases, distributed to age group 1 - 8 months (38%) and age group 9 - 16 months (28%), respectively. On the other hand the lowest infection with rotavirus (8 %) found in age group (3 - 5 years). This variation of the above results was statistically significant (p < 0.01). The infection rate had increased with decreasing the age of the children. Also found that the rate of RV gastroenteritis found to be the highest in children who were using bottle feeding (56%), followed by mixed feeding and breast feeding (26%) and (18%), respectively. This variation of the above results was statistically significant (p < 0.01). All patients were underwent primary stool culture for isolation and presumptive identification of B. fragilis using B. fragilis isolation agar (BBE). Results of bacteriological examination of samples collected from children with acute gastroenteritis showed that out of 150 samples, Only 15 (10 %) isolates belonged to B. fragilis by phenotypic identification methods and then confirmed using PCR technique. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used for diagnosis of B. fragilis isolates (recovered from pediatric patients) by detection of gbi gene. PCR was also used for detection of bft gene for ETBF identification. The results showed that the frequency of B. fragilis infection in pediatric patients was (10%) and the prevalence of ETBF isolates as a cause of diarrheal illness in 2.66% of clinical samples. Males tend to be more effected by B. fragilis with (66.6%) cases in compares to females (33.3%) cases. Statistically, sex differences were significant (p>o.o5). The infection rate had increased with decreasing the age of the children. The rate of B. fragilis gastroenteritis was found to be the highest in children who were using bottle feeding with 8 (53.33%) child, followed by mixed feeding and breast feeding with (33.3%) and (13.3%), respectively. Simplex PCR assay had been used for confirmation the diagnosis of B. fragillis detected by phenotypic tests. All isolates (No. 15, 100%) detected by phenotypic tests, were found to be positive with gbi gene which using for confirmatory detection of B. fragillis. In contrast only 4 isolates (26.6%) were positive for the presence of bft gene. These genes (372pb) are encoding for toxin (in B. fragillis isolates) which produced as a cause of diarrheal illness, associated with inflammatory bowel disease. B. fragilis isolates were found to be biofilm producers and about Ninety - three percent of B. fragilis strains were resistant to ampicilin and susceptibility of B. fragilis isolates to Cefoxitin and Cefotetan, were (26.6%) isolates and (46.6%) isolates resistant to these antibiotics respectively. Regarding to Carbapenemes class of antibiotics, results of susceptibility of B. fragilis isolates to Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem and Doripenem, were (6.6%), (13.3%), (13.3%), and (20%), resistant to these antibiotics respectively. In contrast to β - lactam - β - lactamase inhibitors (BLBLI) class of antibiotics, results of susceptibility of B. fragilis isolates to piperacillin/tazobactam, Ticarcillin - clavulanate, and Ampicillin - sulbactam, showed that only 6.6% of the isolates were resistant for both piperacillin/tazobactam and Ampicillin - sulbactam while they were fully susceptible (100%) for Ticarcillin - clavulanate. Among the 15 B. fragilis isolates tested, 13 (86.6%) were found to be β - lactamase producers, by changing color of the nitrocefin filter paper to reddish - orange within a range from a few seconds to 15 minutes, whereas 13.3% of the isolates showed no such result. When comparing results of nitrocefin test with those of antibiotic disc diffusion test, results showed that the nitrocefin positive of B. fragilis isolates were resistant to most of the antimicrobials tested. Among 15 isolates, 6 (40%) isolates showed high OD value and dark purple colour (high biofilm producer), 5 (33.3%) showed moderate biofilm - producer, 3 (20%) showed weak biofilm producer, while only one isolate (6.6%) was non - biofilm producer. When comparing results of biofilm with those of antibiotic disc diffusion test, it was found that the high biofilm producers of B. fragilis isolates (No. 1, 5,6,10,12 and 14) were resistant to most of the antimicrobials tested. This study also showed that all high biofilm producers of B. fragilis isolates (No. 1, 5, 6, 10, 12 and 14) were highly resistant to Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Cefoxitin, Cefotetan, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone and Clindamycin while non - biofilm producers of B. fragilis isolate (No. 1) was highly sensitive to all antibiotics used in this study. Also found that high biofilm producers of B. fragilis isolates (No. 1, 5, 6, 10, 12 and 14) were sensitive to Ampicillin - sulbactam, Tricarcillin - clavulanate, Piperacillin/tazobactam, Imipenem, Meeropenem, Ertapenem, Doripenem, Moxifloxacin and Metronidazoles.

دراسة العلاقة بين الحالة التغذوية واستعداد كبار السن للعدوى المايكروبية == Study of the relationship between nutritional status and susceptability to microbial infections in elderly subjects

Author name: انتظار علي هادي
Supervisor name: محمد عبد كاظم حسن السعدي | هديل فاضل فرهود
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: هدفت هذه الدراسة الى توضيح العلاقة بين الحالة الغذائية والتعرض للعدوى الميكروبية من خلال تقدير المعايير المناعية مثل (IFNγ & IL - 10)، عناصرcomplement system (C3 & C4)، فيتامين D3، وRSV وBrocella كمؤشرات من العدوى.تم تطبيق هذا العمل على 86 المسنين بزيارة الى مركز للتغذية في مستشفى مرجان في محافظة بابل ومستشفى الحسيني في محافظة كربلاء من تشرين الثاني 2016 الى كانون الثاني عام 2017، و24 شخصا اخرين اصحاء.كبار السن يعانون من سوء التغذية 62 شخص تتكون من (23 اناث و39 ذكور) مع الفئات العمرية من 60 - 90 عاما. وتم قياس مؤشر كتلة الجسم (BMI) لجميع حالات سوء التغذية والاصحاء.تم جمع عينات الدم من مجموعة سوء التغذية ومجموعة اصحاء، والكشف عنها بتقنية الامتزاز المناعي المرتبط بالانزيم للمعايير المناعيه مثل (IFN - γ وIL - 10)، complement system (C3 وC4)، فايروس الجهاز التنفسي وBrocella.اظهرت النتائج انخفاضا معنويا (P≤ 0.05) في مستوى C3 وVD3 و- γ IFNفي مجموعة سوء التغذية مقارنة بالاصحاء. على النقيض من ذلك، فان مستوى زيادة معنوية في IL - 10 وC4 ، فايروس الجهاز التنفسي وBrucella - الاجسام المضادة في مجموعة سوء التغذية بالمقارنة مع الاصحاء. وفيما يتعلق بمؤشرات الالتهابات الجرثومية، بينت النتائج ان مجاميع سوء التغذيه كانت شديدة التعرض للاصابة ب فايروس الجهاز التنفسي والاجسام المضادة لل Brucella تمثلها بواسطة زيادة كبيرة في مستوى علامة العدوى المزمنة والمتكررة التي هي مضادة - الاجسام المضادة محددة لكل نوع من مسببات الامراض. | This study aimed to clarify the relation between nutritional status of elderly and susceptibility to microbial infections including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)and Brucella indicated by anti - IgG antibodies as indicators for infections in elderly subjects by evaluating the parameters of cytokines (IFN - γ and IL - 10), complement components (C3 and C4),and vitamin D3.This work was applied on 86 elderly visited to the center of nutrition in Marjan hospital in Babylon province and Al - Husseini hospital in Karbala province from November 2016 to January 2017, and 24 non malnutrition apparently healthy as controls. Malnutrition elderly 62 consist of (23 females and 39 males) with age ranges 60 - 90 years. Body mass index(BMI ) for all subjects malnutrition and healthy was estimated.Blood sample were collected from malnutrition group and control group , and ELISA technique for cytokines (IFN - γand IL - 10), complement component (C3 and C4), and detection anti - Rspiratory syncytial virus - IgG antibodies and anti - Brucella - IgG antibodies. The results revealed a significant (p≤ 0.05) decreasing in the level of C3 , VD3 and IFN - γ in malnutrition group as compared to normal subjects.By contrast a significant increasing level in IL - 10,C4,anti - Rspiratory syncytial virus - IgG antibodies and anti - Brucella - IgG antibodies in malnutrition group as compared to normal subjects. Regarding the indicators for microbial infections ,the results expressed that malnutrition group were highly susceptible to infection with anti - Rspiratory syncytial virus - IgG antibodies and anti - Brucella - IgG antibodies represented by a significant increasing in level of the marker of chronic and recurrent infections which is anti - IgG antibodies specific for each type of pathogens.

تقييم معارف وممارسات القابلات للرعاية الفورية لحديثي الولادة في المستشفيات التعليمية في الفرات الاوسط == Assessment the Knowledge and Practices of Midwives for Immediate Newborn care in Middle Euphrates Teaching Hospitals

Author name: فاطمة فاضل جواد الزرفي
Supervisor name: وفاء عبد الكريم عباس
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Nursing
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:

دراسة وبائيه لالتهاب الكبد الفايروسي نوع ب وج في محافظة بابل == Epidemiological Study of Viral Hepatitis Types B and C in Babylon Province

Author name: ايمان فاضل عبد الحسين
Supervisor name: محمد عبود محسن
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسه لتوضيح وبائيه التهاب الكبد الفايروسي نوع (ب,ج) في محافظه بابل وقد شملت على عينه عشوائيه من المجتمع وكذلك على بعض المجاميع الاختصار للاصابه باالمرض وهم المتبرعين باالدم والملامسين للاشخاص المصابين ومرضى فقر دم البحر الابيض المتوسط ومرضى الكليه الصناعيه ومرضى نزف الدم الوراثي والعاملين في المجال الصحي تضمنت هذه الدراسه التي استمرت من تشرين الثاني 2011 الى حزيران 2012 عاى 2114عينه دم كانت قد فحصت لكل من المستضد السطحي للنوع ب والضدIgG للنوع ج شملت على 1408 ذكر و706 انثى وكان متوسط الاعمار 5, 38 سنه اظهرت النتائج ان نسبه الوبائيه للنوع ب في عينه عشوائيه من المجتمع كانت (97,3%) اما الاعمار الاكثر اصابه كانت تتراوح في الفئه العمريه (41 - 50) بنسبه اصابه ( 93,4 % )وكان الذكور اكثر اصابه من الاناث بنسبه (70,3 - 30,7%) كذلك كانت نسبه الاصابه في الريف اكثر من المدينه حيث انه من مجموع 37 عينه موجبه للنوع ب كان هنالك 26 منها كان في المناطق الريفيه في حين كانت البقيه (11عينه) في المدينه اي ان نسبه الاصابه في الريف الى المدينه كانت 1 : 2 على التوالياما في مجموعه متبرعي الدم فقد كانت نسبه الاصابه(76, 0% )و الاعمار الاكثر اصابه كانت ايضا في الفئه العمريه (41 - 50) بنسبه اصابه (87,0%) وايضا كان الذكور اكثر اصابه من الاناث بنسبه (52. 0 - 87,0)% وكذلك كانت نسبه الاصابه في الريف اكثر من المدينه 28,57 - 71,43 %)اما في مجموعه الملامسين فقد كانت نسبه الاصابه (4,92%) وكان الذكور اكثر اصابه من الاناث بنسبه (6,25 - 44,3%) وكان كل الافراد المصابين في هذه الفئه من المناطق الريفيه.ان نسبه الانتشار الوبائي للنوع ب في مجاميع الاختطار كان اكثر شيوعا في عوائل الاشخاص المصابين سابقا مقارنه بالاشخاص الذين ليس لديهم سجل اصابه مسبقه في عوائلهم بنسبه61,7 - 38,3%)ان عيار anti - HBc IgM كان اكثر توافقا مع الحمل الفايروسي للنوع ب بواسطه فحص RT - PCR من عيارفحص HBsAg المقاس بواسطه الاليزااظهرت النتائج ان نسبه الوبائيه للنوع ج في عينه عشوائيه من المجتمع كانت (1.07 %) وهي اقل بكثير مقارنه مع المجاميع المخطره للاصابه حيث كانت نسبه الاصابه في مرضى فقر دم البحر الابيض المتوسط كانت 25% وفي مرضى نزف الدم الوراثي كانت 6.98%,وفي مجموعه متبرعي الدم (0,43% ) بينما لم تسجل اي اصابه بين فئه العاملين في المجال الصحي وكان الذكور هم الاكثر اصابه مقارنه مع الاناث على الرغم من انه لاتوجد فروق معنويه اي انه لايوجد ترابط بين الجنس وبين الاصابه باالمرض.وقد كانت نسبه اصابه الذكور الى الاناث في العينه العشوائيه(1,12 : 1,02) و( 5,26 : 5) ,(8,69 : 6,67),(7,9 : 4,5),(0,53 : 0),(27,27 : 26,00) في كل من مجموعه الملامسين والكليه الصناعيه ومرضى نزف الدم الوراثي ومتبرعي الدم ومرضى فقر دم البحر الابيض المتوسط على التعاقب. ان نسبه الانتشار الوبائي للنوع ج في مجاميع الاختطار كان اكثر شيوعا في عوائل الاشخاص المصابين سابقا مقارنه بالاشخاص الذين ليس لديهم سجل اصابه مسبقه في عوائلهم بنسبه(67,5 : 32,5).هذه النتائج تشير الى احتماليه انتقال العدوى ضمن افراد العائله كما واظهرت الدراسه ان هذا المرض اكثر انتشارا عند الاشخاص ذوي الحاله المعيشيه والمستوى التعليمي المتدنين وان الاصابه بالمدن اكثر انتشارا من االمناطق الريفيه واخيرا ان عيار anti - HCV IgG المقاس بواسطه الاليزا لم يكن باالضروره متوافقا مع الحمل الفايروسي للنوع ج بواسطه فحص RT - PCR | Summary The prevalence of viral hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections in general population and some of high risk groups such as blood donor, house hold contact, thalassemics, haemodialysis, haemophilia, and health worker in Babylon Governorate were covered. From first of November (2011) to end of June (2012); A total of (2114) blood samples from (1408males) and (706 females) with a mean age of (36.5±7.8 years) were tested for anti - HBsAg and anti - HCV IgG antibody The results showed that prevalence of HBV in general population was (3.97%) and patients with age group (41 - 50) had the higher rate of infection (4.93%). According to the sex; male was more infected than female (26 : 11) respectively with prevalence rate (70.3 : 30.7) respectively. A total of (37) positive anti - HBsAg (26) of them were in rural regions while the rest (11) were in urban with rate of infection (2 : 1) respectively. The ratio of infection in blood donors group was (0.76%) and patients with age group (41 - 50) had the higher ratio of infection (57.1%). According to the sex; male was more infected than female with the prevalence rate (0.82 : 0.52).Higher anti - HBsAg prevalence was found among blood donor living in the urban area 71.43 % than those living in rural areas 28.57% . The prevalence of anti - HBsAg in house hold contact group was (4.92%) and the age group (31 - 40) had the higher prevalence of infection (66.7%). Male to female ratio were (6.25 : 3.44) respectively and all tested members were from rural areas. The prevalence of HBV in risk group was more common in subjects with a positive family history for HBV (61.7%) than subjects with negative family history (38.3%).The diagnostic marker anti - HBc IgM were more compatible with viral load /Ml of HBV by RT - PCR than anti - HBsAg which obtained by ELISA test. The prevalence of anti - HCV in general population was (1.07 %) which was much lower than in risk groups of this study since it was in thalassemics (25%), haemodialysis (6.98%) haemophilics (6.67%) and in blood donors (0.43%). No infection recorded HCV cases between health worker in this study. According to sex; male to female rate in the general population was (1.12 : 1.02).The rate were (5.26 : 5), (8.69 : 6.67), (7.9 : 4.5), (0.53 : 0),(25.25 : 26.08) in house hold contact, haemodialysis, haemophilics, blood donors, and thalassemics respectively. The prevalence of HCV in risk group was more common in subjects with a positive family history for HCV (47.5%) than subjects with negative family history (52.5%).This results may support the possibility of sexual and intrafamilial transmission of HCV in all studied groups. The study shows that there is a higher rate of HCV infections in urban residence than in rural areas with prevalence (67.5 : 32.5) . The results of RT - PCR and ELISA technique were not necessary compatible for anti - HCV. The HBV and HCV had more prevalence in people with low economic status, low educational level.

دور دراسة تخطيط الاعصاب في استكشاف اعتلال الاعصاب المحيطية للنساء الحوامل في محافظة بابل == The Role of Nerve Conduction Study In Detecting Peripheral Nerve Dysfunction In Pregnant Women In Babylon Governorate

Author name: رونزا رافع عبد الامير سلمان
Supervisor name: فرح نبيل عباس الصادق | بشرى جابر الربيعي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: الحمل هو حالة فسيولوجية تؤدي الى اجراء تغييرات تشريحية وفسيولوجية لكي تتمكن الانثى من التعامل مع زيادة المتطلبات البدنية والتمثيل الغذائي للحمل. تبدا التغييرات بعد الحمل وتؤثر على انظمة الاجهزة في الجسم. 80% من النساء الحوامل يحصل لهن تورم خلال مرحلة معينة من الحمل واغلب هذا التورم يحصل خلال فترة 8 اسابيع الاخيرة من الحمل. هذا السائل المتزايد خلال التورم يمكن ان يسبب انضغاط ويؤدي الى حالات الانحباس العصبي, وهذا يعتبر من الاثار الثانوية لتاثير او مفعول هرمون البروجستيرون وهرمون الاستروجين التي تنتجها في الغالب لوتام الجسم (الجسم الاصفر) في الاسابيع 12 الاولى من الحمل وبعد ذلك تنتجها المشيمة.تهدف هذه الدراسة لتقييم دور تخطيط الاعصاب الكهربائي خلال الحمل, تحديد مدى انتشار وشدة الانحباس العصبي في الحمل والتعرف على اعتلال الاعصاب الاخرى خلال فترة الحمل.اجريت هذه الدراسة في وحدة الفسلجة العصبية في كل من مدينة مرجان الطبية ومستشفى الامام الصادق (ع) في محافظة بابل خلال فترة الاول من اكتوبر 2016 ولغاية الاول من مايو 2017. شملت الدراسة 90 من النساء الحوامل اللاتي تم تقسيمهم نساء حوامل يعانين الاعراض والبعض الاخر بدون اعراض وكانت اعمارهن تتراوح بين 17 - 45 سنة وشملت ايضا 90 امراة غير حامل مطابقات من ناحية العمر للنساء الحوامل واللاتي تم اعتبارهن كحالات سيطرة في هذه الدراسة.خضعت كل النساء في هذه الدراسة لتقييم شامل بما في ذلك تاريخ المريض الطبي وقياس وزن الجسم وطوله لحساب مؤشر كتلة الجسم. شمل تقييم الفسلجة العصبية كل من دراسة الاعصاب الحسية والحركية لكل من العصب المتوسط, الزندي, الشظوي المشترك, الطنبوب, الفخذي الجلدي الجانبي, الساعدي الوسطي والجانبي للاعصاب الزارعة.وجدت نتائج هذه الدراسة فرق معنوي عالي في متوسط معايير العصب المتوسط بين الاناث الحوامل (ذوات الاعراض وبدون اعراض) والاناث غير الحوامل حيث كانت قيمة P اقل من 0.01 ووجود فرق معنوي عالي بين حالات الانحباس العصبي المتوسط والنساء غير الحوامل حيث كانت قيمة P اقل من 0.01. وكان هناك فرق معنوي عالي في متوسط معايير العصب الزندي, الشظوي المشترك, الطنبوب, الفخذي الجلدي, الساعدي الوسطي والجانبي للاعصاب الزارعه بين الاناث الحوامل اللاتي تعاني من الانحباس العصبي والاناث غير الحوامل حيث كانت قيمة P اقل من 0.01 . في هذه الدراسة تم تصنيف نسب الانحباس العصبي خلال الحمل كالاتي : نسبة انحباس العصب المتوسط 44.5% (متلازمة النفق الرسغي ومتلازمة برونايتر تيريس), نسبة انحباس العصب الزندي 8.9% (في قناة كيوبيتال وقناة غيونز), نسبة انحباس العصب الفخذي الجلدي 7.8%, نسبة انحباس العصب الشظوي المشترك 4.5% ونسبة متلازمة النفق الرصغي 3.3%. واستنتجت هذه الدراسة الى ان الانحباس العصبي اثناء الحمل يحدث في الغالب خلال الثلث الثاني والثالث من الحمل, الاناث الحوامل ذوات مؤشر كتلة الجسم المصنفة على انهزايادة وزن او سمنة وعند النساء الحوامل اللاتي لديها ولادات سابقة متعددة. كذلك اظهرت الدراسة ان متلازمة النفق الرسغي هو الانحباس العصبي الاكثر شيوعا في الاطراف العليا في حين ان انحباس العصب الفخذي الجلدي هو الاكثر شيوعا في الاطراف السفلى خلال فترة الحمل. | Pregnancy is a physiological condition during which females undergo profound anatomical and physiological changes so that they can cope with the increased physical and metabolic demands of their pregnancies. These changes start after conception and affect every organ system in the body. Eighty percent of pregnant women develop oedema in their last 8 weeks of pregnancy, this can cause compression and lead to conditions of focal nerve entrapment. These are largely secondary to the effects of progesterone and oestrogen which are produced predominantly by the corpus luteam in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy and thereafter are produced by the placenta. This study aims to assess the role of nerve conduction study in pregnancy, to identify severity of focal nerve entrapments in pregnancy and to identify other neuropathies during pregnancy. It's case - control study conducted in the Neurophysiological Unit of both Merjan Medical City and Al Sadiq General Hospital in Al - Hilla Governorate from the first of October, 2016 until first of May, 2017. Included 90 pregnant females which have been subdivided into symptomatic and asymptomatic and their ages ranged from 17 - 45 years and an additional 90 apparently healthy age matched non - pregnant females are considered as a control. The cases and control had been undergone comprehensive assessment including history and measurement of body weight and height to calculate body mass index. Electrophysiological assessment including sensory and motor nerve conduction studies of median, ulnar, common peroneal ,tibial, lateral cutaneous, sural, medial and lateral planter nerves. In our results found that there were highly significant mean difference of median nerve parameters between pregnant females (symptomatic and asymptomatic) and control group, P value is < 0.01, and highly significant difference between median nerve entrapment cases and control group, P value <0.01. There were highly significant mean difference of ulnar, common peroneal, tibial, lateral cutaneous, medial and lateral planter nerves parameters between pregnant females with focal nerve entrapment and control group, P value is <0.01. In this study focal nerve entrapment during pregnancy is classified as median nerve entrapment 44.5% (carpal tunnel syndrome and pronater teres syndrome), ulnar nerve entrapment 8.9% (at the cubital and guyons canal), meralgia parasthetica 7.8%, common peroneal nerve entrapment 4.5% and tarsal tunnel syndrome 3.3%. This study concluded that focal nerve entrapment during pregnancy mostly occur during second and third trimester, pregnant female with body mass index classified as overweight or obese and in multiparous pregnant women. It showed as well that carpal tunnel syndrome was most common entrapment neuropathy of the upper limbs while meralgia parasthetica was the most common entrapment neuropathy of the lower limbs during pregnancy.

تقييم الاصابات بالفايروس الدوار والطفيليات الابتدائية المعوية في الاطفال في محافظة بابل == Evaluation of Rota Virus and Intestinal Protozoal Infections in Children in Babylon Province

Author name: رائد صبحي فليح
Supervisor name: هيام خالص المسعودي | جاسم محمد المرزوكي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Clinical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: خلال الفترة الممتدة من تشرين الثاني 2016 حتى نيسان 2017 ، تم جمع ما مجموعه (120) عينة براز للاعمار الاقل من خمس سنوات للاطفال المصابين بالاسهال في مستشفى بابل التعليمي لامراض النسائية والاطفال ومستشفى النور لطب الاطفال والعديد من مراكز الرعاية الصحية الاولية حيث تم جمع عينات البراز والدم بالاضافة الى معلومات حول كل حالة بما في ذلك العمر والجنس ومدة المرض والدخول الى المستشفى ام لا , تم ايضا ادراج (60) من الاطفال الاصحاء ظاهريا ومن نفس الفئة العمرية كمجموعة سيطرة , تم فحص مرضى الاسهال عن طريق اختبارالكروموتوغرافي السريع لفيروس الروتا حيث اظهرت النتائج 24 عينة (20 ٪) ، العدوى الفيروسية كانت (20.83 ٪) في الذكور و(18.75 ٪) في الاناث مع وجود اختلافات كبيرة في معدلات العدوى وفقا لنوع الجنس كما وجد ان من بين (120) عينة من البراز في الدراسة الحالية كانت موجبة للابتدائيات (18) ٪15 التي ظهرت فيها بينما كانت (10) 8.3 ٪ E.histolytica و(8) 6.6٪ Giardia lamblia كانت العدوى بفيروس الروتا مرتفعة عند المرضى من المناطق الريفية (59٪) مقارنة مع المرضى من المناطق الحضرية (41٪) ، وكان الاطفال الذين تم تلقيحهم بجرعة ثانية مصابين بالفيروس روتا اكثر من اولئك الذين تلقوا الجرعة الاولى (83٪) ، (٪17)على التوالي.كان الاطفال الذين تم تلقيحهم (94٪) والاطفال غير الملقحين (6٪)ان معظم الاطفال المصابين تقل اعمارهم عن سنتين ، مع اعلى نسبة مئوية في للفئة العمرية بين (19 - 24) شهرا و(7 - 12) شهرا والاعمار التي اقل من 6 شهور 33.33٪ و٪22.7 و٪18.5.اظهرت الدراسة الحالية اعلى نسبة اصابة في الاطفال المعتمدين على الرضاعة الاصطناعية بنسبة ٪63, كان متوسط تركيز انترلوكين - 6 (123 ± 25 بيكوغرام / مل) ، في حين ان المجموعة الضابطة (58 ± 24 بيكوغرام / مل) مع وجود اختلافات كبيرة (P˃0.05) بينهما ، كانت نتائج انترلوكين - 17 مرتفعة ايضا في مجموعة المرضى (111 ± 17 بيكوغرام / مل) بينما كانت (31 ±9 بيكوغرام / مل) في المجموعة الضابطة مع وجود اختلافات كبيرة (P˃0.05) بينهما.تم عزل وتنقية الجزيئات الفيروسية باستخدام اختبار استخراج الحمض النووي الريبي وتقنية PCR شبه المتداخلة. كان هناك نوعان من النمط الجيني المكتشف P وG. تم الكشف عن ستة انماط جينية G1 مع (٪37.50) والتي كانت اعلى واحد تليها G2 (16.66٪( واقل نسبة G4 وG8 4.16٪)كليهما.تم الكشف عن خمسة طرز جينية) P [8] (33.33٪( ، والتي كانت اعلى واحد تليها P [4] 20.83٪) واقلها كان (4.16٪ , P [9] تم ملاحظة وجود عدوى مختلطة باكثر من نمط وراثي واحد G1 P [8] وتم العثور عليها بشكل مشترك في 9 عينات من 24 عينة موجبة ، بينما لوحظ G1 P [4] في 3 عينات ، G2 P [4] في 5 عينات ، G3 P [8] في عينة واحدة ، G9 P [8] وG4 P [8] في عينتين.وجود اصابات مشتركة بفيروس الروتا مع Giardia lamblia في ثلث اعداد المصابين بفيروس الروتا . | During a period from November 2016 till April 2017, a total of (120) stool samples under (5) years old were collected of diarrheal infected children in the Babylon Teaching Hospital for gynecology and children, Al - Noor Pediatrics Hospital and many Primary health care centers. Stool and blood samples were collected, combined with information about each case including age, sex, duration of disease; and being hospitalized or not hospitalized. (60) of apparently healthy infants and children of the same age group were also included as a control group. Diarrheic patients were investigated by rapid chromatography test for rotavirus, 24 samples (20 %) showed positive results to rotavirus,among them 15 (20.83 %) Male while 9 (18.75 %) Females ,with significant differences in rates of infection according to gender. From (120) stool samples in present study found that (18) 15 % were positive to intestinal protozoa in which (10) 8.3 % show Entamoeba histolytica and (8) 6.6 % show Giardia lamblia.A. Viral infection was (20.83 %) in male and (18.75 % ) in female while which was (18) 15% for protozoal infection, The main causative agents of potozoal by E.histolytica (10) 8.3 % and Giardia lamblia (8) 6.6 % .B. The infection with rotavirus was high in patients from rural areas (59 %) than those from urban area (41 %), The vaccinated children with second dose were infected with rotavirus were more than those who received first dose ( 83 %, 17%) respectively. Vaccinated children were (94%) and non - vaccinated children ( 6 %).C. Reveals that most of infected children were under two years age, with highest percentage in those between (19 - 24) months and (7 - 12) months also (up tp 6) months 33.33 % , 22.7 % and 18.5 % respectively.D. The highest percentage of infection was shown in children which were 63 % on bottle feeding. E. The mean concentration of IL - 6 recorded (123 ± 25 pg/ml),while the control group (58 ± 24 pg/ml) with a significant differences (P˃0.05) between them, The results of Interleukin - 17 was elevated too in patients group (111 ± 17 pg/ml) while it was (31 ± 9 pg/ml) in healthy control group with a significant differences (P˃0.05) between them.F. The viral particles purification by using RNA extraction assay and semi nested PCR technique. There was two genotype detected P and G. Six genotypes were detected G1 with (37.50 %) which was the highest one followed by G2 (16.66 %) and the lowest percentage for G4 and G8 (4.16 %) for both. G. Five genotypes were detected P[8] (33.33 %),which was the highest one followed by P[4] (20.83 %) and the lowest one was P[9] (4.16 %).H. A mixed infections with more than one genotype G1 P[8] were observed and was found jointly in 9 samples from 24 positive samples ,while G1 P[4] observed in 3 samples , G2 P[4] in 5 samples, G3 P[8] in one sample , G9 P[8] and G4 P[8] in 2 samples. I. Co - infections were observed by rotavirus with Giardia lamblia in one third of positive rotavirus infections.

تاثير عملية البدانة على مستوى هرمون المضاد الموليرين وهرمون اللبتين في النساء البدينات == Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Antimullarian Hormone and Leptin level in Obese Women

Author name: مها صاحب ارحيم عبد الله
Supervisor name: حنان عبد الجبار الطائي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: السمنة هي حالة طبية مرضية ، وهو اكثر شيوعا في النساء من الرجال. في عام 2013، صنفت الجمعية الطبية الامريكية السمنة كمرض. العلاج الاكثر فعالية للسمنة المفرطة هو جراحة علاج البدانة، والتي ترتبط على المدى الطويل مع فقدان الوزن وانخفاض معدل الوفيات عموما.ومن التغيرات الهرمونية التي تحدث بعد جراحة علاج البدانة هي التغيير في مؤشرات احتياطي المبيض ، وافضل علامة هو هرمون الانتيموليرين اما هرمون اللبتين وهو يفرز في الغالب من الانسجة الدهنية في الدورة الدموية، كذلك يطرا عليه التغير بعد اجراء عمليات علاج البدانة. الهدف من هذه الدراسة تحديد تاثير جراحة البدانة على هرمون احتياطي المبيض والسمنة.تم تسجيل ستين امراة مصابة بالسمنة، حضرن الى مستشفى الحلة التعليمي الجراحي في محافظة بابل ومستشفى التعليمي بمدينة الحسين الطبية ومستشفى الكفيل الجراحي في محافظة كربلاء خلال الفترة من شهر اب 2016 - ايار 2017.قيمت هذه الدراسة الخصائص الديموغرافية من المجموعة المدروسة (العمر والاقامة والتعليم والحالة الاجتماعية) ومؤشرات الجسم البشري (مؤشر كتلة الجسم، محيط الخصر، محيط الورك، ونسبة الخصر الورك،) لجميع المشاركين والملف الهرموني (هرمون انتيموليرين وهرمون اللبتين) للمشاركين قبل جراحة علاج البدانة وبعد شهرين منها.واظهرت نتائج الدراسة ان المرضى لديهم تغييرات كبيرة في نمط انتظام الدورة الشهرية (تطبيع دورة الطمث بعد جراحة السمنة)، وانخفاض كبير في مؤشر كتلة الجسم، محيط الخصر، محيط الورك، ونسبة الخصر الورك من قاعدة القيم الخطية لقيم ما بعد الجراحة.انخفض مستوى مصل الدم انتيموليرين واللبتين بشكل ملحوظ بعد جراحة علاج البدانة (قيمة P <0.05)، كما يوجد ارتباط سلبي معنوي بين مؤشر كتلة الجسم والهرمون انتيموليرين قبل وبعد جراحة علاج البدانة. اضافة الى الارتباط الايجابي بين هرمون اللبتين ومؤشر كتلة الجسم.توصلت الدراسة الى ان جراحة البدانة تؤثر على المعلمات الانثروبومترية، كما اثرت على مستويات المصل انتيموليرين وهرمون اللبتين .المريضات اللواتي يعانين من السمنة المفرطة يبدو انهن استفدن من جراحات انتيموليرين علاج البدانة من حيث تنظيم نمط الحيض. اعتمد الباحث في تعريب المصطلحات العلمية على : المعجم الطبي الموحد - انكليزي - عربي - رئيس التحرير د. محمود الجليلي - الطبعة الثانية 1978 م مطبعة المجمع العلمي العراقي. | Obesity is a medical condition, which is more common in women than men. In 2013, the American Medical Association classified obesity as a disease. The most effective treatment for severe obesity is Bariatric surgery, which is associated with long - term weight loss and decreased overall mortality.Antimullarian hormone is best markers for ovarian reserve, usually changes after Bariatric surgery, leptin is secreted predominantly from adipose tissue into the circulation, also will change after Bariatric surgery.This study aim was to determine serum level of antimullarian hormone and leptin hormone in obese females and estimate the impact of Bariatric surgery on antimullarian hormone and obesity. Sixty obese females were enrolled, they attended Al Hilla Surgical Teaching Hospital in Babylon Government, Teaching Hospital of Al Hussein Medical City and Al Kafeel Surgical Hospital in Karbala Government, through the period from August 2016 till May 2017.This study evaluated demographic characters of studied group (age, residence, education and marital status), anthropometric indices (body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist hip ratio) and hormonal profile (antimullarian hormone and leptin hormone) for all participants before Bariatric surgery and follow up after two months of operation.   The results of the study showed that patients who have significant normalization of the menstrual cycle after Bariatric surgery, and significant reduction of body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist hip ratio from baseline values to the postoperative values. Serum level of antimullarian hormone and leptin hormone are significantly declining after Bariatric surgery (p < 0.05), Also there is a significant negative correlation between body mass index and antimullarian hormone while positive correlation between body mass index and leptin hormone before and after Bariatric surgery. The present study concluded that Bariatric surgery affects the anthropometric parameters of patients, also effects on the levels of serum antimullarian hormone and leptin hormone. Morbidly obese patients got benefit from Bariatric surgery in terms of regularization of menstrual function

دور بعض العناصر النزرة في مرض التشنج الحمي البسيط عند الاطفال == The Role of Some Trace Elements in Simple Febrile Convulsion

Author name: ازاد فرحان هواس اسد
Supervisor name: حيدر هاشم الشلاه | عدنان حنظل الجوذري
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Clinical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: Febrile convulsion is one of the most common seizure disturbances in children with an approximate rate of 2 to 5 percent. Febrile seizures are seizures that occur between the age of 6 months and 60 months with a temperature of 38°C or higher, that are not the result of central nervous system infection or any metabolic imbalance, and that occur in the absence of a history of prior a febrile seizures. This study was carried out in Babylon Teaching Hospital for Gynecology and Pediatrics, Hilla City, Babylon Province. The samples of the patients are collected from the outpatient clinic and emergency room, during the period between August 2016 till February 2017.The sample population included 150 children, fifty of them were patients, 25 males (50%) and 25 females (50%) diagnosed with simple febrile convulsion and the other one hundred ,fifty with only fever, 30 males (60%) and 20 females (40%) and finally fifty of healthy subjects, 28 males (56%) and 22 females (44%).The parameter included in this study were (copper, zinc, selenium, magnesium, free ionized calcium, sodium and potassium) and comparative study between two techniques (atomic absorption spectrophotometry and manual spectrophotometer) in determination of trace elements.In the present study, the results showed significant increase in copper level in patient group in comparison with fever without convulsion group and healthy group p.value (< 0.05).Furthermore, it showed a significant low level of zinc and magnesium, in patients with febrile convulsion in comparison with other groups (only fever without convulsion and healthy person), p.value (<0.05).IIThe present study showed significant differences, in the means of potassium and sodium in group of patients with febrile convulsion and only fever without convulsion. Also there were significant differences between means of potassium and sodium in group of patients with febrile convulsion and healthy group, p.value (<0.05).There were no significant differences in means of the results of free ionized calcium and selenium in group of patients with febrile convulsion with other groups.Also the trace elements rather than selenium in the present study were done by two methods, atomic absorption spectrometry techniques, and spectrophotometric method. It was found differences between the two methods and the results obtained by these two methods were highly variant, according to validity test and ROC curve (receiver operating characteristic curve), which done to compare between atomic absorption technique and colorimetric method and the results obtained from atomic absorption showed highly (sensitivity, specificity and accuracy) in compared with the results of colorimetric method. the study concluded that changes in zinc, copper and magnesium levels could play a role in the development of simple febrile convulsion, also depending on the results obtained, the atomic absorption technique is considered superior for trace elements determination.

تقدير انزيم اللايييز الدهني، اييولييويروتين E واييولييويروتين C2 في الذكور المدخنين وغيرفي الذكور المدخنين وغير == Estimation of Lipoprotein Lipase Enzyme, Apolipoprotein E and Apolipoprotein C2 in Smokers and Nonsmokers Males in Hilla city

Author name: مثنى فليح حسن جلوب
Supervisor name: مها فاضل سميسم | عدي جاسم الصالحي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Clinical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: moking is associated with an increase circulating low - density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL - C), plasma triglycerides (TGs) and very lowdensity lipoprotein (VLDL) levels.The aim of this study is to investigate the cause of increasing (LDL) level in smoking men by measuring lipoprotein lipase (LPL), lipoprotein lipase receptor, apolipoprotein C2 (apoC2), apolipoprotein C2 receptor, apolipoprotein E (apo E), apo E receptor, (TG), (VLDL) and (LDL). To achieve this aim (87) men were included in this study, their ages between (40 - 50) years with normal body mass index. (58) of them were heavy smokers who smoked one to two packets (≥ 30 cigarettes per day for 10 years), (29) smokers (group A) without hypertension were included. The other (29) men were smokers with hypertension (group B), while the other (29) men were the control group. The sera sample of all groups were used to measure the concentration of lipid parameters TG, VLDL and LDL byusing colorimetric methods, and ELISA method for determination of LPL, LPL receptor, apo C2, apo C2 receptor, apo E and, apo E receptor. The results of the present study show : There is a significant increase (P <0.001) in mean of TG, VLDL and LDL - C in group (A) and (B) when compared to the control group, in addition, there is a significant increase in the mean of TG, LDL (p=0.05, P=0.015) respectively in the smoking group (B) when compared to group (A). The result showed there were no significant differences in mean of VLDL - C between group (A) and (B) (P=0.26). There is a significant decrease in the mean of LPL in groups (A, B) (p <0.001, P=0.011) respectively when compared to the control group. In addition, there is a significant increase in the mean of LPL in group (B) when compared to group (A) (P =0.02).There is a significant increase in the mean of lipoprotein lipase receptor in groups (A, B) (p=0.005, P=0.012) respectively when compared to the control group, and there are no significant differences in LPL receptor between group (A) and group (B) (P=0.66).There is a significant increase in the mean of apo C2 in group (A) and (B) (p<0.001, P=0.028) respectively, when compared to the control group, and there are no significant differences in the mean of apo C2 between groups (A) and (B) (P=0.85).There is a significant increase in the mean of apo C2 receptor in groups (A, B) (p=0.004, P=0.017) respectively, when compared to the control group, and there are no significant differences in the mean of apo C2 receptor between groups (A) and (B) (P=0.62).There is a significant increase in the mean of apo E in groups (A, B) (p=0.002, P<0.001) respectively, when compared to the control group. In addition, there are no significant differences in the mean of apo E between groups (A) and (B) (P=0.94).There is no significant differences in the mean of apo E receptor in study groups (A), (B) and control There is a significant negative correlation between LPL and TG in the control group (P<0.001, r = - 0.635) and in group (A) (P=0.001, r= - 0.498), but there is no significant correlation between LPL and TG level in group (B) (P=0.076, r = - 0.329).A significant negative correlation is found between LPL and VLDL control group (P<0.001, r= - 0.611), group A (P=0.002, r = - 0.546) and group B (P=0.004, r = - 0.513).There is a significant positive correlation between LPL and apo C2 in control group (P=0.022, r= 0.469). In addition, there is a significant negative correlation between LPL and apo C2 in group A (P=0.038, r = - 0.388) and there is no significant correlation in group (B) (P=0.070, r = - 0.341). There is a significant negative correlation of apo C2 with TG in control group (P=0.003, r = - 0.529). In addition, there is a significant positive correlation between apo C2 and TG in group A (P=0.011, r=0.464), and group B (P=0.004, r=0.508).There is a significant negative correlation of apo E with LDL in the control group (P=0.008, r = - 0.474). In addition, there is a significant positive correlation between apo E and LDL in group A (P=0.041, r =0.399) and group B (P<0.001, r =0.660).There is a significant negative correlation between apo E and TG in the control group (P=0.012, r = - 0.461). In addition, there is a significant positive correlation between apo E and TG in group A (P=0.034, r =0.395), and there is no significant correlation between apo E and TG in group (B) (P=0.079, r =0.325).The study concludes that smoking is as sociated with increase Apo E level that may alter VLDL resulting to increase LDL, also shows that the decreased level of LPL is related to smoking that causes hypertriglyceridemia and increasing Apo C2 as a response to enzyme deficiency. LPL receptor increased in smoking leading to decrease bindingof LPL to its legend lipoprotein.

وعي النساء المتزوجات مبكرا فيما يتعلق بتنظيم الاسرة في مراكز الرعاية الصحية الاولية في الفرات الاوسط == Awareness of Early Married Women Regarding Family Planning in Primary Health Care Centers in Middle Euphrates

Author name: رنا رزاق حميدي
Supervisor name: وفاء عبد الكريم عباس | امين عجيل الياسري
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Nursing
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: Background : Adolescence is the most important and sensitive period of one’s life. Early marriage of girls, close to age of menarche, is a widespread practice in Arab countries. Knowledge on the cumulative effect of early maternal marriage on maternal and infant health during the childbearing period is insufficient. Understanding why people do not use family planning is critical to address unmet needs and to increase awareness about contraceptive use .( WHO, 2017)Methods : A descriptive design was conducted throughout the present study. The study was conducted in the primary health care centers in Middle Euphrate ( Babylon , Al Najaf , Karbala And Al Dewanya Province ). The sample of the study is non probability ( purposive sample ) which consist of (200) women attended the selected primary health care centers located at middle Euphrate for the age group ( 10 - 19 ) years . the questionnaire is used as a means of data collection.Results : The mean of current age of study sample was (18.98 ). The mean age at marriage was ( 15.37) . The high percent of study sample (58.0%) with current residency (urban).With regard to reproductive health awareness, the high percent of study sample (62% ) was aware of the legal age of marriage. High percent of the sample (75 %) showed a low level of awareness about the physical health needs of adolescents. With regard to family planning awareness, (64.5% ) of the study sample showed a lack of awareness about the term of family planning. While (71%) of the study sample confirmed that the source of knowledge about family planning methods is mother. (56% ) of the study sample reported that they had not used any contraceptive method before. With regard to perception of the use of contraception, the high percent of study sample ( 51% ) showed a moderate level of perception.Conclusion & Recommendation : With regard to reproductive health awareness, the highest percentage of the sample showed a high level of awareness in compared with the mean score. With regard to family planning awareness, the highest percentage of study sample had a moderate level of awareness as compared to mean score. With regard to perception of the use of contraception, the high percent of study sample showed a moderate level of perception. This study recommended to work with many institutions to increase awareness of adolescent women in regard with education and services.

العلاقة بين جين الانزيم المحول للانجيوتنسين متعدد الاشكال والانجيوتنسين 2 والانزيم المثبط لمحفز البلازمينوجين في المرضى الرجال المصابين باحتشاء العضلة القلبية وارتفاع ضغط الدم == The Association Between Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Gene Polymorphisms With Angiotensin II and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Levels in Male Patients With Myocardial Infarction And Hypertension

Author name: فلاح حسن محمد حسن
Supervisor name: مها فاضل سميسم | مشتاق وتوت
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Clinical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: Myocardial infarction (MI) is a necrosis of myocardial cell secondary to interruption of coronary blood supply caused by ischemia, Myocardial ischemia occurs when the oxygen supply to the heart is not sufficient to meet metabolic needs. The most common underlying cause of myocardial ischemia is obstruction of the coronary arteries by atherosclerosis.Many genetic factors that affect Blood Pressure, these Genetic factors include an inappropriately high activity of the Renin - angiotensin - system (RAS) and susceptibility to the effects of salts in the circulation.The aim of the study is to evaluate the role of Angiotensin converting enzyme - 1 (ACE - 1) polymorphism on the level of angiotensin II (Ang II), and the relation between Plasminogen activator inhibitor - 1 (PAI - 1) concentration and Ang II in (MI) and hypertension patients.This study was conducted in Hilla city, from the 1st of November 2016until 25th of February 2017. The MI samples were collected from the coronary care Unit (CCU) in Marjan Teaching Hospital in Babylon / Hilla city and Shaheed al mehrab center. The patients with hypertension sample were collected from Advisory Unit in the Marjan hospital. The control subject samples were collected from out of the hospitals.The study includes (100) males ageing between (50 - 60 years) and BMI (18.5 - 24.9) : 25 control, 75 patient groups, the groups of patient subdivided into {25 hypertensive patients for 10 to 15 years (group A), 25 hypertensive patients for ≥20 years (group B), 25 patients with MI plus hypertension (group C)}.XIIThe sera obtained from the blood of all groups were used to measure the concentrations of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, angiotensin II, and lipid profile, while whole blood samples from study subjects were used to extract DNA for the study of polymorphisms in the angiotensin converting enzyme gene.The results show : 1. There is a significant increase in the mean of Ang II, PAI - 1 in groups (A, B and C) as compared to the control group, (p<0.01), but there was no significant difference between A and B groups2. The significant increase (P <0.01) in total cholesterol (TC), TG, LDL - C and VLDL - C, while serum HDL - C concentration was found to significantly decrease (P<0.01) in A, B and C groups as compared with the control groups, and no significant increase or decrease in lipid profiles in comparison between A and B groups.3. Groups (A, B and C) show significant positive correlations (p<0.01) (R = 0.7848, R= 0.6855, R = 0.8871) of Ang II concentration with PAI - 1 concentration respectively.In the genetic part of the study, genotypes angiotensin - converting enzyme gene determined by allele specific polymerase chain reactionThe result observed significantly increase of ACE - 1 deletion - deletion (DD) in group (C) (88%) compared with the control groups (44%), while there were no significant difference in the groups (A, B) compared with the control group, also the result showed ACE - 1 (DD) genotype was (66%),XIIIinsertion - deletion (ID) genotype was (34%) and ACE insertion - insertion II genotype was (0%) in all the study groupsConclusion : the (DD) genotype of the Angiotensin - converting enzyme - 1(ACE - 1) polymorphism was the most frequent among Babylon patients with myocardial infarction. This suggests that Babylon individuals with the (DD) genotype might be at high risk for myocardial infarction. Furthermore, D allele of the ACE - 1 polymorphism might confer increased risk for MIPlasminogen activator inhibitor - 1 (PAI - 1) may consider as a risk factor for myocardial infarction. And there was a positive correlation between Ang II and PAI - 1in all patient groups. Therefore DD genotype is lead to an increase of PAI - 1 level.

المستويات والانماط الجينية المتعددة لعامل نخر الورم ا الفا في مرضى التهاب المفاصل الرثوي في محافظة بابل == Tumor Necrosis Factor - Alpha ( - 308 G/A) Gene Polymorphisms and Levels in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients in Babylon Province

Author name: احمد خفيف خشان فرج
Supervisor name: عبد السميع حسن الطائي | صباح جاسم الربيعي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Clinical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune disease affects 0.5 - 1% of the worldwide population, characterized by chronic inflammation of the synovial joints, hyperplasia and overgrowth of synoviocytes, with destruction of articular cartilage of unknown etiology that can cause serious weakness and inability to work. Tumor necrosis factor - α (TNF - α) proinflammatory cytokines, that plays an important role in the inflammatory and immune responses in several diseases, including RA are responsible for progress of RA.The present study aims to estimated the levels of TNF - α and anti - cyclic citrullinated peptide (ACCPA) in patients with RA and healthy controls in the case - control study.The present study also aims to investigate the possible association between TNF - α levels and ( - 308 G/A) TNF - α promoter polymorphism in patients with RA in Babylon Province.This study was designed as a case control. Forty - five (10 males and 35 females) patients with RA and forty - five ( 9 males and 36 females) apparently healthy persons as control with the compatible age and sex were enrolled in this study. Measurement the levels of TNF - α and (ACCP) antibodies were estimated by enzyme - linked immunoassay ELISA technique. Measurement of rheumatoid factor (RF) was assayed by use slide agglutination test for the qualitative and semi quantitative. Whereas, C - reactive protein (CRP) was determined using latex - enhanced nephelometry. Disease severity score of RA patients was determined by use DAS - 28. DNA was isolated from white blood cells (WBCs) and TNF - α ( - 308 G/A) gene promoter polymorphism was determined by polymerasechain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR - RFLP) technique.The present study was found a significantly high levels of serum TNF - α and ACCPA in patients with RA when compared to healthy controls. The RF of patients with RA in the present study was found to be positive in 69.3% and negative in 30.7 % in overall RA patients, whereas was negative in 97.2% and positive in 2.8% of healthy control. The CRP of patients with RA in the present study was found to be positive in 75% and negative in 25 % of overall patients with RA and was positive in 11% and negative in 89% of healthy control. Correlation between TNF - α levels with both of DAS - 28 and ACCPA in RA patients found to be a significant positive correlation. Correlation between DAS - 28 and ACCPA in RA patients was a significant positive correlation. The genotype of ( - 308 G/A) TNF - α gene promoter polymorphisms the GG genotype was 60% in RA patients and 42.2% in control group, while the GA genotype was 40% in RA patients and 53.3% in control group. The AA genotype was 0% in RA patients and 4.4% in control group. The relation between both of TNF - α levels and DAS - 28 with genotyping of ( - 308 G/A) TNF - α gene promoter polymorphism in RA patients were found to be a non - significant correlation.Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that Babylon RA patients may have different genetic or environmental factors contributing to the pathogenesis of RA. Further studies are necessary to search for other genetic polymorphisms and/or genes that contribute to the increased expression of TNF - α and hence the pathogenesis of RA in Babylon patients. The TNF - α ( - 308 G/A) promoter polymorphism may not be associated with the presence of RA in Babylon patients. An increase in the circulating TNF - α concentration, the capacity to produce TNF - α in the WBC, or the cytotoxic activity of TNF - α were found. Thus, other factors may be important in determining the circulating levels of TNF - α in RA. And this SNP cannot affect the serum level of TNF - α in RA patients. In addition, the different genotypes of TNF - α ( - 308 G/A) have no influence on disease activity of the disease.
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