Abstract: In this study, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) thin films are prepared by using Sol - Gel technique . The samples are prepared with different thicknesses (58,69,77)nm . Different weight ratio of Aqueous aluminum chloride (AlCl3.6H2O) are added to the Sol - Gel ZnOwith percentage (0.345%, 0.824% , 1.703% and 2.146%). These solutions are deposited by using spin coating on glass substrate .In order to investigate the sensitivity and the response of these samples for the detection about different vapors and gases (ethanol , methanol , acetone and nitrogen ) , pure and (AlCl3.6H2O) doped ZnO films are prepared by using the same technique but by adding Aluminum electrodes on these films with dimensions (2.5x0.5)cm2 .This preparing is followed by thermal treatment for these films by using oven with temperature reaches to 450 oC.The structure properties of these films are studied by using X - ray diffraction (XRD) and the results show that these films are polycrystalline and the calculated lattice constant are close to the standard values . The samples are analyses by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopic (FESEM) and the results show that the grain arrangement are regular and these structures are packed and the grain shape is as spherical . But for the AZO films , we notice that the increasing of the doping percentage reduces the gra in size .We also study the optical properties of these films such as Absorption (A) , Transmission (T) , Reflection (R) , Absorption coefficient (α) , extinction coefficient (k) , the energy gap(Eg) , refractive index (n) , with its complex and real dielectric constant( ) , dissipation factor (tanδ) , Optical Dispersion Parameters (Eo , Ed) and optical conductivity ( ) . The effect of the films thickness on the optical properties of the ZnO films for the over mentioned parameters . The results we get are discussed and compared with other studies . This work elucidates and analyzes the studying of the effect of adding (AlCl3 . 6H2O) o Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and the results are with standards agree with the results of many other researchers . The optical constant are tabulated and compared with , the results of other . And in order to determine the electronic transitions type , Absorption coefficient is calculated and it shows that ZnO and AZO films have transition of direct type because the values of α > 104 . The energy gap of the ZnO films with different thickness (58,69 and 77) nm is calculated , since it is found that the increasing of the film thickness gives slight increasing in the energy gap . The experimental results show that the increasing of doping percentagein ZnO film increases the energy gap with very little amount . In the electronic application field , the study also included design and fabrication of gas sensor system from local materials , which contain of chamber that made of plates polymer that contain of base for install the sample , electrodes to link the sample the measurement circuit , glass flask with three holes , heater , N2 gas cylinder , glass tubes , valves and the measurement circuit electric .The study also includes the ability of responding of the films for the thicknesses (58 , 69 and 77 )nm , to these gases , and it is found that the highest response was at vapor ethanol at the thickness 58nm. The effect of chloride Aluminum on the response of these percentage (0.345% , 0.824% , 1.703% , 2.146%) is studied for the mentioned gases , and it is found that the highest response we get is 45% at the concentration 2.146% for methanol gas . The results are tabulated , discussed and compared with precedent studies.

دراسة تراكيز الرادون والثورون والراديوم ومعدلات الانبعاث الكتلي والتبخر السطحي للرادون في البقوليات الجافة والعسل الطبيعي == Study of Radon , Thoron , Radium concentrations ,as well as the mass and surface exhalation rates in dry legumes and natural honey

Author name: سارة عبد اللطيف كديمي

Supervisor name: عيسى جاسم محمد الخليفة

General topic: Physics

Specific topic: Physics

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: In this study a sample of 50 different dry legumes and honey used (local and imported), the number of dry legumes samples under study were 21, including 5 samples of local and imported 16 samples collected from the Governorate of Basrah markets - Iraq. 29 samples of honey collected from local markets and apiaries in Iraq. The number of local honey 8 samples while the number of imported honey were 21 sample.Two methods in this research for various measurements and comparison between them. It is a method of (Misdaq and Satif.,1996) and the method of (Azam., 1995). Both methods are considered long - term methods for measuring the concentration of radon and thoron in various materials, Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs), a closed cylinder technique method. Results in the first part of the samples dry legumes have shown that radon concentration ranges between a higher value (698.9Bq / m3) in thesample (Turkish lentil (imported)) and less valuable (69.0Bq / m3) in the samples (Iranian Homs and Chinese beans (imported)),and the concentration of thoron between the highest value (865.0Bq / m3) in the sample (Chinese beans (imported)) and the lowest value (86.45Bq / m3) in the sample (Canadian lentil (imported)), and that the radon concentration rate and thoron for samples local dry legumes (3551.1Bq / m3), (364.1Bq / m3), respectively. For samples imported dry legumes the radon concentration rate and thoron (333.0Bq / m3), (420.8Bq /m3 respectively For the results of the honey samples in the first part has found that the radon concentration between the highest value (826.7Bq / m3) in the samples ( AL - noor Honey (Basra - Seder) (Local)) , (Honey AngizaGerman (imported)) and less value (242.9Bq / m3) in the sample (Honey Mount Haj Omran (Local)), and the concentration of thoron between a higher value ( 538.4Bq / m3) in the sample (Turkish Honey) and the lowest value (115.2Bq / m3) in the sample (Honey Mount Haj Omran (Local)) , and that the concentration of radon and thoron samples of local honey rate (457.5Bq / m3), (297.0Bq / m3), respectively. For samples imported honey, the radon concentration and thoron rate(469.0Bq/m3) , (314.1Bq/m3) , respectively. Results obtained in the second part of the samples dry legumes note that the concentration of radium between the highest value of a (2.4489Bq / Kg) in the sample (Indian Homs (imported)) and less valuable (0.4030Bq / kg) in the sample (Indian Mash (Imported )), and that the concentration of radium samples local dry legumes rate (0.8941 Bq / Kg). For the samples dry legumes imported, the concentration of radium rate (0.9270Bq / Kg), the results obtained in the second part of the samples honey note that the concentration of radium ranges It is among the highest value (1.7270Bq / Kg) in the sample (Honey fall Karbala (Local)) and less valuable (0.2111Bq / Kg) in the sample (Honey Mount Haj Omran (Local)), and that the concentration of radium samples of local honey rate (0.7441 Bq / Kg). For the samples of imported honey, the concentration of radium rate (0.6141Bq / Kg).Results mass emission rates of radon samples dry legumes, ranging from the highest value (0.4442Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1) in the sample (Indian Homs (imported)) and the lowest value (0.0731Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1) in the sample (Indian Mash (imported)) , and the arithmetic average of the mass emission rate of the samples the local dry legumes (0.1540 Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1), and for dry legumes imported (0.1681 Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1), and the results of area emission rates radon samples dry legumes, ranging from the highestvalue (2.0405 Bq.m - 2.d - 1) in the samples (Indian Homs and Turkish lentil (imported)) and the lowest value (0.5681Bq.m - 2.d - 1) in the sample (Indian Mash (Imported)), and the arithmetic average of the rate of the area emission rate of surface samples local dry legumes (1.0865 Bq.m - 2.d - 1), and for samples of imported dry legumes (1.1589 Bq.m - 2.d - 1). Results mass emission rates of radon samples of honey, ranging from the highest value of ( 0.3132 Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1) in the sample (Honey fall Karbala (Local)) and the lowest value (0.0383Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1) in the sample (Honey Mount Haj Omran (Local)), and the arithmetic average of the mass emission rate for samples of local honey (0.1359 Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1), and for samples of imported honey (0.1114 Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1), and the results of area emission rates of radon samples of honey, ranging from the highest value (3.1286 Bq.m - 2.d - 1) in the sample (AL - noor Honey (Basra - Seder) (Local)) and the lowest value (0.6257 Bq.m - 2.d - 1) in the sample (Honey ount Haj Omran (Local)), and the arithmetic average of the rate of area ssion samples of local honey (1.4828 Bq.m - 2.d - 1), and for samples of imported honey (1.1670 Bq.m - 2.d - 1).

تحضير الياف نانوية موصلة من الخلائط البوليمرية PANI : DBSA/PS بطريقة الغزل الكهربائي واستخدامها في تصنيع خلية شمسية عضوية - لاعضوية == Synthesis Semiconductor Nanofiber of Polyblend (PANI : DBSA/PS) By Electrospinning Method and Application in Solar Cell

Author name: دلال نصر منشد

Supervisor name: كريمة مجيد زيدان | علاء شاوي مشعان

General topic: Physics

Specific topic: Physics

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

دراسة حركيات ليزر النقطة الكمية بوجود البرم == Study of Dynamics of Quantum Dot Laser with Spin

Author name: حكمت عبد الحسين ابراهيم

General topic: Physics

Specific topic: Physics

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

خصائص نقل الالكترون العابر لانظمة نقاط كمية متعددة == Transient Electron Transport Properties of Multiple Quantum Dots Systems

Author name: حسه ابراهيم عسكر

Supervisor name: شاكر ابراهيم عيسى

General topic: Physics

Specific topic: Electronics Physics

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Laser Physics

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: We presented a theoretical study for the electron transportcharacteristic, within a system of multi - quantum dots coupled tothe three metallic leads (right lead as an electron reservoir andtwo left leads as an electron source). We take into account twoarrangements for the scattering regions, one composed of twoquantum dots and the other is composed of four quantum dots.The study concentrated on the system parameters that has itseffect on the characteristic of the electron transfer process andhow these characteristic are affect by the number of the quantumdots in the scattering region in the both arrangements for thescattering regions.The theoretical formulism depends on the one - electron model.Where, we assigning a single effective level for each quantumdots and by taking the effects of the leads continuum levels intoaccount which are show within the wide band gap approximationto produce an imaginary quantity add to the energy levels of thequantum dots, representing the broadening in each effectivelevels.The related basic equation of motion for all the correspondinglevels eigen function probability amplitudes are solvedanalytically by using Laplace transform technique. We calculatethe occupation probability for the right lead, the instantaneouscurrent and the average instantaneous current that passes throughthe right lead.Our calculated results for the time - dependent dynamical electrontransfer offered a general features that takes into account thefollowing effects :  Energy levels position changes with respect to the leadFermi level. A suitable applied bais voltage on the right and left leads. Changes of the coupling amount among the quantum dots levels and in between them and the leads levels. Change of the leads temperatureThe characteristic of the time - dependent charge transport in the system are shown through the relation between the average instantaneous current passes the right lead and the applied baisvoltage, which we show as follow :  For the case of the scattering region arrangement that compose of two quantum dots it is an Ohmic behavior. For the case of the scattering region arrangement that compose of four quantum dots it is a non - linear (non - Ohmic) behavior.

Author name: ابو طالب يوسف عباس عبد الكريم الشامي

Supervisor name: نوري حسين نور الهاشمي | فرات احمد مهدي السيمري

General topic: Physics

Specific topic: Electronics Physics

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Laser Physics

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

تحضير ودراسة الخواص البصرية والكهربائية للمتراكبات البوليورية النانوية المواصلة PANI - DBSA/ MWCNTs وتطبيقاتها في الخلايا الشمسية == Preparation and Study The Optical and Electrical Properties of Nanocomposite (PANI - DBSA / MWCNTs) and Application in Solar Cell

Author name: هناء هاشم عناية

Supervisor name: كريمة مجيد زيدان

General topic: Physics

Specific topic: Physics

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science

Language: English

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The present thesis Conducts polymer (polyaniline) doped with Dodycyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid (DBSA) was prepared by chemical polymerization and with the help of ammonium persulphat (NH4)2S2O8 as oxidizing agent.Multi well carbon tubes MWNTs are ultrasonically treated with strong acide using a 3 : 1 mixture of concentrated H2SO4 and HNO3, producing carboxylic groups c - MWNTs .Nanocomposite conducting polymers PANIDBSA/ MWCNTs was prepared with adding different weight ratios (0%,1%,2%,3%,5%)(MWNCTs to PANI - DBSA). Accordingly, films of these nanocomposite polymer were prepared by spin coating technique .To study the optical properties, these films were deposited on glass, and on interdigitated finger electrode for the - electrical properties.The chemical structure of the prepared polymers PANI - DBSA, c - MWNCT and PANI - DBSA/MWCNTs are characterized by the FTIR spectra .The results indicated an appearance of functional group of doping with DBSA and MWNCTs changed to c - MWNCTs.The structure of preparation films are characterized by X - RAD diffraction .The results show crystalline peaks partial crystallinity of the PANI - DBSA/MWNCTs. The grain size of polymer was calculated by Scherrer relation.Morphologies and diameters of the nanocomposite were studied by Atom ic Force Microscope(AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The average diameters of nanocomposite change between (81 - 118) nm and the roughness increased with increasing of MWNCTs in nanocomposite. Ology and the thickness were measured by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).The result shows the polymer covered MWNCT.The optical properties of preparation film were studied from absorbance spectra at wave - lengths of (300 - 1100 nm). The analyses of optical measurement shows direct transition with energy gap decreasing increases MWNCTs about(3.4 - 1.9) eV. The reflection spectrum is analysed to find same optical constant like extension coefficient and refraction coefficient.The electric conductivity was measured and it was found that the thin films correlate with the ohmic behaviour at voltage under 10V.The electricalconductivity increases as the ratios of MWNCTs increases in PANIDBSA/ MWNCTs nanocomposite from(6.17x10 - 3 S/cm ) at 0wt% to (1.12x10 - 1 ????/cm ) at 5wt% .The effect of temperature on the electric conductivity of all ratios of thenanocompositesare also studied. The resultindicated the activationenergy decrease as MWNCTs increase from 0.15 at (0wt %) to 0.05 at (5wt %).In electronic applications of nanocomposite conducting polymers solar cell,two kinds of solar cells (ITO/TiO2/PANI - DBSA/MWCNTs/C/ITO ) and (ITO/TiO2/PANI - DBSA/MWCNTs/dye/C/ITO) were fabricated. The currentvoltage characteristics are measured at light source 100mw/cm2.The solar cell parameter like open circuit voltage VOC ,short circuit current JSC, shunt resistance RSh, series resistance RS, full factor FF, and efficiency η, are calculated. The efficiency of solar cell at different ratios of MWNCTs in PANI - DBSA/MWNCT were calculated. The result indicated that the efficiency increased as MWNCTs increase. The efficiency of solar cells also increases with adding dye.

Author name: امل علي ياسين الحسن

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Plant

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The study was conducted to investigate several taxonomic aspects which comprised the micro - morphological studies of epidermal layer of leaves, pollen grains, fruits and seeds.In addition to that, the anatomical and molecular studies for 12 species of Euphorbiaceae family which belonged to five genera AndrachneL. , Chrozophora L., Euphorbia L, Mercurialis L. and RicinusL., were performed. One representative species for each genuswas selected; in exception 8 species were chosen for the genus Euphorbia..The current results confirmed that the anatomical characters showed valuable taxonomic traits which can evidently be used to distinguish between species. The most prominent trait was mesophylla tissue in leaves which were observed in three categories;1 - Bifacial leaves : - which found in C.tinctoria, Euphorbia sp ., E. milii, E.annua and R.comminus 2 - Uni - facial (heterogenus) leaves : - this category of the mesophyll was detected in two species only A.telephioides and E.prostrata3 - Uni - facial (homogenus) leaves : - this category were noticed in five species; E.denticulata ,E.helioscopia ,E,macrocarpa , E.microsphaeia and E.peplus The second important comparative anatomical character was the Mid rib, which are in four types with several shapes from which discrimination between the species can be made : - 1. Convex - concave mid rib : - that was showed in E.helioscopia, E.macrocarpa, E.milii and M.annua.2. Convex - convex : - This type was found in three species C.tinctoria , Euphorbia sp.and R. comminus3. Flat - Convex : - This type of mid rib was observed in A.telephioides E.microsphaera, E.peplus and E.prostrata4. Flat - Flat : - This type was observed in only one species E.denticulata In stem, the most prominent parts of taxonomic evidence were pith and vascular bundles.In according to the pith, species can be divided into hollow stem (without pith) and solid stem (containing medulla good configuration). Hollow stem was clear in the stems of A.telephioides , E.microsphaera , E.prostrata and M.annua. While, the solid stem wasseen in the remaining species. Vascular bundles were existed in two types; that's connected vascular bundles that's characterized the hollow stems, and separate vascular bundles. In most of the species with the exception of M. annua, stem with scatteredvascular bundles were in cortex As well as, petiole which have features that a clear taxonomy values .either by outline of petiole or its vascular arc.Micro - morphological studies of epidermal layer of leaves showed very important taxonomical value. This layer of leaves reveals variation in shape of ordinary epidermal cell and nature of anticline cell wall, stomata complexes and Epicuticlular wax crystals.Micro - morphological of pollen was taxonomic evidence as well. It can be considered to divide the species of Euphorbiaceae family into two groups based on the number of germination apertures 1 - Hexocorporate : - this type was confined to C.tinctoria2 - Tricolporate all species studied remainingThe sculpture of pollen wall provided beneficial information invested in the species identification.Both seeds and fruits showed a distinctive role in species identification. Micromorophological study of seeds for species which belong to six genera Andrachne , Chrozophora, Euphorbia, Mercurialis , Phyllanthus and Ricinus were achieved by using Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM). The study concentrated on micro - morphological aspect of Caruncle, seed surface ornamentation and the shape of epidermial cell wall. The result revealed that most studied species were with carunclated seeds ,but some specieswere with ecarunclated seeds as in A.telephioides L. ,C. tinctoria( L) Raf , E.prostrata Atin and P. maderaspatensis L Seed surface ornamentation characteristics showed a significant taxonomical value.Furthermore, current result showed that there are a highly variation in shape, size and color of the seeds walls. With respect to the fruits characteristics, which showed variations in number of mercarpi, shape, size, color and surface ornamentation that can be adopted in the separation of the species studied Molecular study provided significant support for phenotypic and anatomical classification and support genetic convergence between the species in Euphorbiacea family. The genus Euphorbia species showed a significant genetically convergence and participated in predecessors monophyletic. However, the genera in Euphorbiacea family under study probably originated and evolved from different ancestors’ polyphyletic.

دراسة تصنيفية وحياتية للديدان الخيطية عائلة Tetrameridae Travassos, 1914 المتطفلة على بعض انواع الطيور في هور السناف محافظة ذي قار == Taxonomic and Biological Studies of Nematodes of the Family Tetrameridae Travassos, 1914 in the Some Birds in Sinaph marsh Thi - Qar province

Author name: نهى جبار عبد الركابي

Supervisor name: باسم ھاشم عبد الله

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Microbiology - Parasites

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: A total of 401 represented by 128 birds of Himantopus himantopus which belong to the family Recurvirostridae , 93 birds of Chettusia leucura which belong to the family charadriidae and 180 birds of Sturnus vulgaris which belong to the family sturnidae at the period from April 2014 to march 2015 in Al - Sanaf marsh , Suq - Al - Shuyukh city southern of the Thi - Qar province,for searching the nematodes which belong to the family Tetrameridae. Four species of nematodes, which belong to the family Tetrameridae, were isolated in the current study. They were T.nouveli, T.dubia, T.spinosa and Microtetrameres inermis. The H. himantopus was infected with the nematode T.nouveli and the prevalence of infection was 25.8% , bird.Furthermore, the Chettusia leucura was infected, the mean intensity was 3.3 worm in each infected birds. The nematode T.dubia was isolated from H. himantopus with the isolated from the Ch. Leucura mean intensity was 1.7.The nematode T.spinosa was isolated from H. himantopus the the mean intensity of infection was 2.3 and it was isolated from the Ch. leucura , the prevalence of infection 4.3% and the mean intensity was 1.8 worm in each infected worm.The record of these three nematode is considering the first record in Iraq.Microtetrameres inermis was isolated from the Sturnus vulgaris, the each infected birds.Himantopus himantopus from April 2014 to March of 2015.This bird was infected with three species from family Tetrameridae, The seasonal variation study of infection prevalence of Tetrameres spp.in, H. himantopus that there was II Summarycomplete seasonal cycle for nematodes T.nouveli, T.dubia , and T.spinosa .The nematode T.nouveli had hightest infection prevalence in summer the decrease in autumn, winter and spring while the infection prevalence of nematode T.dubia was hight in summer and autumn then decrease in winter and spring. The infection prevalence of nematode T.spinosa was generally low with little increase in autumn .The results of the current of the Ch. leucura indicated that this bird was infected with three species which nematodes T.nouveli, T.dubia and T.spinosa and they had seasonal appearance . There was not any significant effect of host sex on prevalence of infection, and it showed decreased in prevalence of infection when the bird's weight was increased.The study of lifecycle of nematodes : T.nouveli ,T.dubia and M. inermis revealed obtainment the larval stages after success the infection experimental of the grasshopper Schistocerca gregaria for the first time the three isolated nematodes from family Tetrameridae in this study which it was T.nouveli , T. dubia and M.inermis and was included the lifecycle of the three species . The differences were including the period of time to produce and developing the larval stages in addition to the differences in their shapes, it was revealed that were clear differences in the structure and their shape of the tip the posterior end of the third larval stage. The end of the third larval stage of the nematode T. nouveli had three caudal papilla and the posterior end of nematode T.dubia had five caudal papilla while the end of the third larval stage of M.inermis did not have any caudal papilla , so we can distinguish these nematode larval stage depended on the prevalence this character in their third larval stage.The experimental infection of the Columba livia domestica with nematode M.inermis was successful.While the experimental infection to the Columba livia domestica with nematode T.nouveli ,T.dubia .was failed The experimental infection of the Gallus domestica with nematodes of Tetrameridae T.nouveli, T.dubia and M.inermis was failed too.

دراسة تشخيصية وحياتية لعلقة المياه العذبة Dina punctata Johansson, 1927 (Erpobdellidae : Hirudinea في اهوار السويب من محافظة البصرة جنوب العراق == Identification and Biological study of the Freshwater Leech Dina punctata Johansson, 1927 (Erpobdellidae : Hirudinea) in AL - Swaib Marshes From Basrah province south of Iraq

Author name: ازهر محمد غالي الخزعلي

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Zoology - Invertebrates

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The species Dina punctata is recorded for the first time in Iraq (from Al - Swaib marshes). The identification was conducted morphologicaly and molecularly characteristics. The morphological features summarized as : - - The species D. punctata has vermiform body compressed ventrally, ranging in length from 55 - 60 mm and in diameter from 0.5 - 2 mm. The individuals have a large ability for extening. The pointed anterior end carries small anterior sucker which resembles lips surrounding the mouth opining, while the rounded posterior end carries large rounded posterior sucker. - This species is characterized by heterogeneous features such as the color of the body which changes from blackish gray for Adults to dark brown for Juveniles, as well as the number and arrangement of eyes which is in general four pairs arranged as reverse U shape located on the dorsal anterior edge. The first two pairs of eyes are located on the middle line of the body while the third and the fourth pairs are each located on one side of the body behind the anterior pairs. - The body consists of 34 segments, each of them is divided to five secondary annuli. The fifth annuli of each segment is divided into two subsections, thus the main segment becomes consist of six annuli. - The male and female gonopores are open on the ventral surface of the 12th segment, separated from each other by two annuli, the male gonopore is usually larger and clearer and located forward in the middle of the groove which is separate the annuli b2 and a2 respectively. The female gonopore is smaller and located in the back of the male gonopore in the middle of the groove which is separate the b5 and b6 annuli respectively.Because of the instability in some morphological features, the species D.punctata also identified in the present study according to genetic features.During the genetic study, the region of internal transcription space (ITS2) in DNA was isolated from leech specimens by using special primers for region internal transcription space (ITS2), after isolation, the ITS2 genes are amplified.The results of polymerase chain reaction of DNA were obtained of single bands of 580 base pairs molecular weight for all degrees of hybridization. The sequence of each sample after detecting was entered in the database of National Center Biological Information (NCBI) and the result showed that the sequences of all samples are belonging to the species D. punctata. In the field study, monthly samples of leeches D. punctata was collected from the marshes of Al - Swaib on the eastern side of Shatt Al - Arab river inQurna northern Basrah Province during the period from January 2015 to December 2015. A total of 235 individuals and 623 Cocoon were collected during the study period. The highest number was 58 recorded for individuals during May 2015, while being 335 recorded for cocoons during February 2015. On the other hand there is no occurrence recorded during July - August for individuals, and June - November for cocoons.The study investigates the water temperature, salinity and abundance of individuals and cocoons. The statistical analysis showed negative correlation between temperature and abundance of both individuals and cocoons, while the correlation of salinity was slightly positive with abundance of individuals and cocoons.The study of population sizes structure showed that the size class 40 - 50 mm has the highest frequency during the study period compared with the other size classes. On the other hand, the highest percentage of frequency was 66.7%, which also recorded for the size class 40 - 50 mm.Laboratory experiments showed that the members of a species D.punctata able to tolerate saline concentrations between 2 - 6 psu the survival rate 100%, Also, these worms (D. punctata) feed by different ways, it can be considered Predatory Macrophagous and Scavengers, its food materials consist of invertebrate animals such as Oligochaetes, Lumbriculids, Chironomid larvae; fleshy body of some aquatic snails; and on dead fishes. In the laboratory, the leeches fed well on flesh and livers of chicken, sheeps and caws, The laboratory also studied, Three different types of food effect (chicken liver, zooplankton, and animal feed) on the growth of young leech for a period of six weeks.From the field and laboratory observations, the specie D. punctata reproduces sexually by cross fertilization. The male and female gonopores are easily observed in adults which ranging in length from 45 - 60 mm. as well as the sperm sacs on the mid ventral surface of the body during the reproduction season, which extend in our study during two periods : January - May and December 2015. The sexual reproduction processes were studded in detail and the embryonic development in cocoons was divided into five hypothetical stages according to morphological and anatomical changes and these stages are : - 1 - Depositing Cocoon Stage.2 - Primary Cleavage stage.3 - Development and extension.4 - Differentiation of regions stage.5 - Complement and release stage. The histological structure of the body wall, suckers, reproductive organs and digestive tract of adult leeches were investigated. The body wall consists of thick layers of circular, longitudinal and oblique muscles.The structures of the male reproductive system such as genital atrium, sperm sacs and testis were observed. There are two lateral blood sinuses around the mouth cavity in addition to many nerve cells. The posterior sucker is muscular, and the muscle cells are as a dense net in the peripheral part, while are as a loose cells in the middle what give it a sponge appearance, in addition to primitive glomerular cells, nerve cells and mucus cells

معاملة بذور الذرة الصفراء Zea mays L. بحامض السالسياليك واثرها في تحمل الشد المائي المستحث بمادة الكلايكول متعدد الاثلين == The treatment of Corn seeds (Zea mays L.) with salicylic acid and its effects on drought tolerance induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG)

Author name: وسن فوزي عبد الحسین

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Life Science

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The study was conducted in Plant physiology laboratory, department of biology, college of education for pure sciences, University of Basrah from 1/6/2015 till 10/7/2016 in order to evaluate the effect ofpretreatment (soaking) seeds of corn (Zea mays L.) cv. Baghdad 3with salicylic acid (SA) on germination, early seedlings growth and to minimize the effect of water stress induced with poly ethylene glycol (PEG). The study included the following experiments : 1 - Effect of SA and PEG on germination using a hydroponic culture and Hoagland solution in which corn seeds were soaked in three concentrations (0.1,0.3,0.5) mMof SA in addition to control treatment with distilled water for six hours. Water stress were induced with PEG at concentrations of 0 (distilled water),1%,2%,3%,6%,9% and 12%. This experiment indicated that the optimum soaking concentration with SA was 0.5 mM and that there was no germination at 12% PEG.2 - Effect of interaction between corn seeds pretreatment with DW, 0.5mM of SA for six hoursand PEG at all previous concentrations except 12%, on early corn seedlings growth using hydroponic culture and Hoagland nutrient solution, for three weeks.3 - Effect of interaction betweencorn seeds pretreatment with DW, 0.5 mM of SA for six hoursand water stress induced with PEG at 3% and 6% on vegetative growth using pots filled with a mixture of sand and peat moss for three months.The parameters were evaluated after each of the previous experiments, also , Biochemical test . Plant height, leaves number, root length and number, dry and fresh weight for shoot and roots, while the followingparameters were evaluated in corn leaves after pots experiment : 1 - Biochemical tests included : proline and glycine betain concentrations, total carbohydrates, total chlorophyll, sodium and potassium ions concentrations.2 - Leaves anatomical study to compare the effect of PEG inducedwater stress and the role of its interaction with pretreatment with SA on thegrowth and development of internal structure of corn leaves.The following results were estimated : 1 - Germination percentage : increasing water stress in the nutrient media reduced the % germination significantly when compared with control treatment. Seeds pretreatment with SA enhanced the germination percent and the highest percent was at interaction between PEG at 1%, 2% and SA at 0.5 mM.2 - Growth parameters for seedling at hydroponic culture indicated that plant height, fresh and dry weight for shoot and roots have increased significantly when seeds were pretreated with 0.5 Mm SA All theprevious parameters were reduced significantly under PEG induced waterstress especially at 9%. Interaction between SAand PEG caused apositive significant increases in all studied parameters especially atconcentrations less than 6% and 9% PEG.3 - Growth parameters for corn plants grown at pots have showed a significant increase when pretreated with SA compared with that treated with DW. PEG caused a significant decrease in the growth parameters IIIespecially at 6%. Interaction between DW and 6% PEG recorded the lowest growth in all studied parameters. 4 - Biochemical tests : There was a significant increase in total carbohydrates and total chlorophyll content in leaves of corn plants pretreated with SA in compare with that pretreatdwith DW while the content of proline and glycine betaine were higher significantly in leaves pretreated with DW.In case of PEG induced water stress, the highest total carbohydrates content was at 6%, highest chlorophyll content at 3% while proline and glycine betaine highest content were at 6% PEG. 5 - Sodium and Potassium Concentration : The highest potassium concentration was at plant treated with SA while the highest sodium concentration was at plant treated with DW. Increasing PEG concentrations caused a significant increase in potassium concentration and a significant decrease in sodium concentration. Interaction results revealed that the highest potassium and the lowest sodium concentrations were at interaction between SA and PEG at 6%. 6 - Anatomical study results revealed that increasing water stress effected the leaves tissues structures and this were cleared at vascular bundles tissues (xylem and phloem tissues) and bundle sheath. Upper and lower epidermis, polliform cells were also affected by increasing water stress.The anatomy of leaves also showed that there was a positive enhancement in the structure of leaves tissues in the plants grown from pretreated seeds with SA.

استخدام البكتريا المختزلة للنترات المعزولة من مياة انتاج حقول النفط في البصرة في السيطرة على الانتاج الحيوي لغاز كبريتيد الهيدروجين المنتج بفعل البكتريا المختزلة للكبريت == Using of Nitrate Reducing Bacteria Isolated From Produced Water of Oil Fields in Basra in Control of Biogenic Hydrogen Sulfide Produced by Sulfate Reducing Bacteria

Author name: وجدان حسين عبد الصاحب التميمي

Supervisor name: كوثر هواز مهدي

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Microbiology

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Department Of Biology

Language: English

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة الحالية استخدام تقنية الاقصاء بالتنافس الحيوي للسيطرة على الانتاج الحيوي لغاز كبريتيد الهيدروجين H2S من قبل الجراثيم المختزلة للكبريت في مزارع الدفعة والمفاعل الحيوي, اذ ان اضافة النترات او النتريت يحفز نمو الجراثيم المختزلة للنترات التي تنافس الجراثيم المختزلة للكبريت على المصادر العضوية وتستقصيها. جمعت 40 عينة من مياه انتاج حقول نفط نهران عمر واللحيس في البصرة خلال 6 اشهر للفترة من اب 2013 الى كانون الثاني 2014, عزلت مزارع خليطه من الجراثيم المختزلة للكبريت والمختزلة للنترات من تلك العينات وحسبت اعداد الخلايا لكلا النوعين باستخدام طريقه العد الاكثر احتمالا وقد اظهرت النتائج ان اعداد الجراثيم كانت منخفضة اذ بلغت اعداد الجراثيم المختزلة للكبريت بين7 - 4 خلية/100مل في حين كانت اعداد الجراثيم المختزلة للنترات اقل من 4 - 2 خلية/ 100مل. كما تضمنت الدراسة الحالية ايضا تنقيه للجراثيم المختزلة للكبريت والمختزلة للنترات واجراء التشخيص الجيني بتقنيه التفاعل التسلسلي لانزيم البوليمريز PCR والذي من خلاله تم تضخيم الجين16S rRNA وحدد تتابعه للتشخيص الى مستوى السلالة وقد اظهرت تحاليل المجتمع الجرثومي ان عزلات الجراثيم المختزلة للنترات قد امتلكت تطابقا بنسبة 99% مع الانواع Pseudomonas stutzeri وP. putida وHerbaspirillum huttiense وBacillus licheniformis اما عزلات الجراثيم المختزلة للكبريت فقد اظهرت النتائج انها امتلكت تماثل 99% للانواعShewanella hafniensis وDesulfotomaculum acetooxidans وDesulfosporosinus orientis مع افتراض ان جميع العزلات هي سلالات جديدة عالميا. كما اظهرت نتائج المعاملة بالنترات او النتريت في مزارع الدفعة وجود تاثير مثبط قوي على الجراثيم المختزلة للكبريت اذ لم يزداد مستوى الكبريتيد في جميع التراكيز المستخدمة ( 200 و400 و600 و800 و1000) ملغم/لتر من النترات والنتريت فقد تراوح مستوى تركيز الكبريتيد بين 4.2 و21 ملغم/لتر عند المعاملة مع النترات و23 و5.2 ملغم/ لتر مع النتريت, وتطابقت هذه النتائج مع تركيز الخلايا في جميع القناني المعاملة, اذ تراوح بين 0.26 - 0.001 و0.003 - 0.17 مع النترات او النتريت على التوالي بينما كانت هناك زيادة معنوية في تركيز الكبريتيد الذي بلغ 121 ملغم/لتر وتركيز الخلايا بامتصاصية بلغت 0.84 في عينات السيطرة.كان للجراثيم المختزلة للنترات تاثير مثبط قوي على نمو الجراثيم المختزلة للكبريت وانتاج الكبريتيد عند اضافة المغذيات المشجعة لنموها بمختلف التراكيز, اذ ازدادت فعاليه الجراثيم المختزلة للنترات واستهلكت كل من النترات او النتريت المضاف خلال 3 - 2 يوم من الحضن وكان اعلى تاثير مثبط لانتاج غاز كبريتيد الهيدروجين عند التركيز 1000 ملغم/لتر من النترات اذ اظهرت النتائج وجود انخفاض معنوي في مستوى الكبريتيد الى34 ملغم/لتر في حين كانت اعداد البكتريا 34.8 خلية/مل بعد عشرة ايام من المعاملة. اظهرت نتائج معالجة الحموضة طويلة الامد باستخدام المفاعل الحيوي وجود انخفاض حاد في انتاج غاز كبريتيد الهيدروجين بنسبة 94% بعد اضافة النترات والنتريت خلال فترة 60 يوما من المعاملة ,الاضافة المستمرة للنترات والنتريت بحوالي ( 333ملغم/اليوم للنترات و133ملغم/اليوم للنتريت) ادت الى تثبيط الفعالية الحيوية للجراثيم المختزلة للكبريت وانتاج غاز كبريتيد الهيدروجين, اذ انخفض مستوى الكبريتيد من 155 الى 10 ملغم/لتر واعداد الخلايا اكبرمن 1100 الى 3.5 خلية/ مل بما يعادل 99.6% , بينما ازدادت فعالية واعداد الجراثيم المختزلة للنترات من 1100 الى اكبر من 1100 خلية/مل.اظهرت نتائج معدل تاكل عينات الحديد المطاوع في المفاعل الحيوي بعد 60 يوما ان اعلى معدل للتاكل كان 70.7 ملغم/ سم2/ سنه في المفاعل غير المعامل بالنترات والنتريت بينما انخفض معدل التاكل الى 15.8 ملغم/ سم2/ سنه بعد نفس الفترة من التعرض في المفاعل المعامل وبنسبة انخفاض بلغت 55% مقارنة مع المفاعل غير المعامل. | This study includes the used of Bio Competitive Exclusion technology (BCX) to control biogenic production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) by Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) in batch cultures and bioreactors. The injection of nitrate (NO3) and nitrite (NO2) promotes the growth of nitrate reducing bacteria (NRB) which outcompete (SRB) on carbon sources. A total of 40 samples were collected from produced water of oil production facilities in Basra including Nahran Omer and Al - Lahis oil fields in a period time of 6 months from August 2013 to January 2014. Mix cultures of (SRB) and (NRB) were isolated from these samples, the two types of bacteria were enumerated by using most probable number method, the results show that the numbers of both bacteria were generally quite low, the viable count of (SRB) was between 4 - 7cell/100 ml whereas the (NRB) was between <2 - 4 cell/100 ml. This study also includes purification of isolates for both (SRB) and (NRB) and the genetic identification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique through which the universal 16S rRNA gene of 1500 bp is amplified and sequenced for identification to the level of strains. Microbial community analysis showed that isolates of (NRB) were have identity of 99% Pseudomonas stutzeri, P. putida, Herbaspirillum huttiense and Bacillus licheniformis while isolates of (SRB) were have identity of 99% Shewanella hafniensis, Desulfosporosinus orientis and Desulfotomaculum acetooxidans with supposing that all isolates new world strains. The results of the treatment with nitrate or nitrite showed a strong inhibitory effect on (SRB) growth and (H2S) production, sulfide levels do not increase at all concentrations (200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000) mg/l of nitrate or nitrite range between 4.2 - 21 mg/l in treatment with nitrate and 5.2 - 23 mg/l in treatment with nitrite. This is consistent with the concentrations of bacteria in all treatment bottles which range between 0.001 - 0.26 and 0.003 - 0.17 in treatment with nitrate or nitrite respectively, while there is a significant increase in sulfide 121 mg/l and concentration of bacteria 0.84 in control as optical density. (NRB) has a certain inhibitory effect on the growth of (SRB) and (H2S) production when the (NRB) nutrient (nitrate or nitrite 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000) mg/l were adding , the activity of (NRB) increases after treatment, and it consumed all nitrate or nitrite during 2 - 3 days of incubation, the strong inhibition of (H2S) production is at concentration 1000 mg/l of nitrate where the results showed that there was significant decrease in sulfide level 34 mg/l and number of bacteria, 34.8 cell/ml during 10 days of incubation.Souring control at long term treatment in bioreactors show sharp decrease in production of (H2S) to 94% after injection of nitrate and nitrite during the period of 60 days, the continuous dosing of nitrate and nitrite (333 mg/l/day nitrate and 133 mg/l/day nitrite) inhibited the metabolic activity of (SRB) and (H2S) production severely, the sulfide levels decrease from 155 to 10 mg/l and number of (SRB) from >1100 to 3.5 cell/ml the percent in number decreased was to 99.6%, at the same time activity and numbers of (NRB) increase from 1100 to >1100 cell/ml over the duration of experiment. The results of corrosion rate measurement on mild steel after 60 days showed that the highest corrosion rate was 70.7 mg/cm2/year in control reactor while the lowest corrosion rate was 15.8 mg/cm2/year in treated reactor at the same period time of exposure with percent of decreasing in weight loss to 55% comparing with control reactor.