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دور السايتوكينات المعزولة من انسجة المشيمة المغذية للجنين لدى النساء مع الاجهاض التلقائي == The role of cytokines isolated from feto - placental tissues in women with spontaneous miscarriage

Author name: ميسلون عبد الحميد ناصر
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: شملت الدراسة الحالية (172( امراة، تتراوح اعمارهم بين 16 - 41 عاما، من المرضى الذين قدموا الى مستشفى الولادة والاطفال في البصرة بسبب الاسقاط التلقائي غير الكامل في الشهور الثلاثة الاولى من الحمل ، بالاضافة الى النساء مع الحمل الطبيعي في وقت الولادة خلال الفترة من شباط 2012 الى ايار 2014 وتم تقسيمهن الى 3 مجموعات :  المجموعة - ا : وشملت )65) من النساء مع الاجهاض التلقائي المتكرر (RSM) خلال الاشهر الثلاثة الاولى، مع متوسط العمر (25.2 ± 7.28) سنة. المجموعة - ب : وشملت (36) من النساء مع الاسقاط التلقائي غير الكامل في الاشهر الثلاثة الاولى من الحمل ولها على الاقل ثلاثة مرات حمل طبيعي سابق (الاجهاض التلقائي غير المتكرر ( non - RSM بمتوسط من العمر (26.61 ± 6.97) سنة. المجموعة - ج : السيطرة (الحمل الطبيعي) : 71 امراة بمتوسط من العمر (26.17 ± 7.01) سنة. وتم الحصول على الدم الوريدي من المجاميع قيد الدراسة من اجل البحث عن المضاد المناعي م وج الخاص بمقوس قوندي , IgM ) IgG (. والتشخيص المصلي للاصابة بمقوسات قوندي يستخدم على نطاق واسع لفحص النساء الحوامل والمجهضات. كان معدل حدوث داء المقوسات (38.4٪) التي وجدت في 101 مجموعات الاجهاض التلقائي بواسطة فحص (ELISA). اظهرت عينتين (3.08٪) نتائج ايجابية المضاد المناعي (م). بينما كانت 24 (36.92٪) عينة ايجابية للمضاد المناعي (ج) لمقوس قوندي في مجموعات المرضى , بينما لم تسجل اصابة في 71 امراة من مجموعة السيطرة . غالبية النساء المصابة (50٪) في سن (30 - 39) سنة في حالة المضاد المناعي (ج)، في حين ان (10.26٪) في سن (20 - 29) سنة في حالة من المضاد المناعي (م).والنتائج كشفت عن ان اعلى نسبة للاجهاض التلقائي لوحظت في نساء الارياف . وفي الوقت نفسه، تم جمع نسيج الارومة المغذية للجنين خلال عملية الكشط والدم الوريدي للكشف وتقييم السيتوكينات المضادة للالتهابات (IL - 4، IL - 6، IL - 10) والسيتوكينات الموالية للالتهابات (IL - 2،عامل نخر الورم - الفا TNF - α، - γ IFN) وقياس تركيزها باستخدام فحص انزيم مرتبط البلمرة المناعي ، تبين تركيز عال (49.97 ± 8.82، 180.7 ± 15.03، 94.34 ± 7.68) للسيتوكينات في الارومة المغذية للجنين (IL - 4، IL - 6، IL - 10 على التوالي) في حالة مجموعة السيطرة بالمقارنة مع مجموعات المرضى وتم الكشف عن نتيجة عكسية في مصل الدم ، في حين ان التراكيز عالية من السيتوكينات الموالية للالتهابات (IL - 2، TNF - α، IFN - γ) كانت (134.17 ± 24.37، 432.16 ± 51.7، 100.46 ± 9.94 على التوالي) في حالة مجموعة الاجهاض التلقائي المتكررRSM)) بدلا من مجموعة السيطرة ومجموعة الاسقاط التلقائي غير المتكرر RSM - non مع وجود اختلافات معنوية كبير.p<0.001 وقد تبين في الدراسة الحالية وجود علاقة واضحة بين مناعة الامهات نوع TH2 والحمل الطبيعي، في حين يرتبط رد فعل جهاز المناعة نوع TH1 بفقدان الحمل. والتوازن الدقيق بين السيتوكينات الناتجة عن TH1 / TH2 ممكن ان يمنع خمج مقوسات قوندي . الذي يرتبط مع الانتاج الكبير من TH1 للسيتوكينات الموالية للالتهابات.وعلاوة على ذلك نتائج حساب مستويات CD44، اظهر فرقا معنويا عاليا p<0.001 في حال مقارنة بين مجموعة السيطرة والمجموعتين من النساء المجهضات . وهكذا تم تسجيل ارتباط CD44 مع فعالية خلايا TH2 ؛ لذا فمن المرجح انه قد يكون هناك وجود علاقة بين الحمل الطبيعي وكثافة CD44 على سطح الخلية

دراسة لمقارنة مستقبلات للهرمون المحرر لموجهة القند لقناة فالوب بواسطة تقنية المناعة النسيجية الكيميائية في النساء اللائي لديهن حمل خارج الرحم, او عملية استئصال الرحم او ربط القناة == Comparative Study of Gonadotropin - releasing Hormone Receptor in Fallopian Tube by Immunohistochemistry among Women with Ectopic Pregnancy, Hysterectomy and Tubal Ligation

Author name: هالة ناظم كاظم مهدي
Supervisor name: ايمان علي هاشم | سعد عبد الباقي عبد الله
General topic: Medicine
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: الهدف : اجريت هذة الدراسة للمقارنة في مستوى مستقبلات للهرمون المحرر لموجهة القند بواسطة تقنية المناعة النسيجية الكيميائية في قناة فالوب بين النساء اللاتي اجريت لهن عملية ربط الانابيب عند الولادة او الحمل خارج الرحم او عملية استئصال الرحم خلال الطور الافرازي/ اللوتني من دورة الطمث.المرضى والمواد : شملت الدراسة على ثلاثة مجاميع من النساء المريضات. ضمنت المجموعة الاولى على 39 امراة تتراوح اعمارهن بين 15 - 45 سنة لديهن تاريخ سابق للحمل المنتبذ (خارج الرحم) واجريت لهن عملية طارئة. اما المجموعة الثانية ضمت 40 امراه تتراوح اعمارهن بين 25 - 45 سنة اجريت لهن عملية استئصال الرحم الاختياري نتيجة لاسباب نسائية حميدة مختلفة وشملت الاورام الليفية المتعددة ، والعضال الغدي ،او النزيف المهبلي الذي لم يستجب للمعالجة الطبية. هذا بالاضافة الى شمول 40 امراه في اما المجموعة الثالثة فقد شملت 40 امراة تراوحت اعمارهن بين 26 - 45 سنة اللواتي خضعن الى عمليات قيصرية مع ربط القناة (البوق)الثنائي عند اكتمال الحمل. شملت معايير الاقصاء المريضات اللواتي يعانين من امراض الحوض الالتهابية والانتباذ البطاني الرحمي وكذلك اللواتي يستعملن الهرمون المضاهي لهرمون اللوتنة . اجريت هذه الدراسة خلال الفترة من ايلول 2014 وحزيران 2015 في مستشفى الولادة والطفل في البصرة. تمت ازالة قنوات فالوب من المريضات اللواتي اجريت لهن عملية ازالة جراحية لهذه القنوات في المجاميع الثلاث. وقد تم حفظ قنوات فالوب في 10% فورمالين وارسلت الى مختبر الامراض في مستشفى الصدر التعليمي لغرض الفحص النسيجي المرضي (باستعمال طريقة التلوين بالهيماتوكسلين والايوسين ) ولغرض التقصي المناعي النسيجي الكيميائي.النتائج : تبين في الفحص النسيجي المرضي كان هناك العديد من الزغابات المشيماتية الشاحبة في تجويف قناة فالوب. وهناك ايضا طبقات من الارومات الغازية تمتد بشكل حر داخل التجويف . ودل الراسب البني في السايتوبلازم خلايا قناة فالوب على التلوين بواسطة الاضداد الاولية ، ولايوجد تلوين في العينات السالبة باستعمال الفحص المناعي النسيجي الكيميائي . وهناك اختلاف في توزيع وجود مستقبلات للهرمون المحرر لموجهة القند بين النساء ذوات الحمل المنتبذ (58,9%) واللاتي استئصلت ارحامهن (82%) وفي 10% فقط بين النساء اللاتي اجري لهن ربط قناة فالوب عند الولادة وكان ذلك باستعمال تقنية المناعة النسيجية الكيميائيه لكن ذلك كان قريبا من الاعتداد الاحصائي ( الاحتمال =0,069) . بينما كان التوزيع السلبي لمستقبلات الهرمون المحرر لموجهة القند اعلى في النساء اللاتي اجري لهن ربط القناة (90%) مقارنة مع النساء اللاتي لديهن حمل منتبذ (41,1%) او النساء اللاتي اجري لهن استئصال الرحم (18%). ان مستقبل الهرمون المحرر لموجهة القند المتفاعل مناعيا تم تحديده في عينات قناة فالوب من مريضات الحمل المنتبذ في الغشاء المخاطي للقناة فقط (5 من 39) او في الزغابات المشيماتية فقط (6 من39) او في كليهما (13 من 39) ، وكانت الفروقات غير معتدة احصائيا ( الاحتمال اكبر من 0,85).الخلاصة : لقد تبين مما تقدم بان مستقبل الهرمون المحرر لمواجهة القند يملك دور حيوي في بداية الحمل لللاخصاب وغرس الجنين. | Objective : This is a comparative study to detect gonadotropin - releasing hormone receptor expression by immunohistochemical technique in the human fallopian tubes belong to women with ectopic pregnancy, women subjected to tubal ligation at term pregnancy with history of normal pregnancy and hysterectomized women.Patients and Methods : The study involved 3 groups of patients, the first group was involved 39 females ( their ages ranged from 15 - 45 years) with history of ectopic pregnancy who underwent emergency operation, the second group was included 40 (their ages ranged from 25 - 45 years) women who were operated on for elective hysterectomy due to various benign gynecological reasons, like multiple uterine fibroid, adenomyosis and uterine bleeding not responding to medical treatment. The third group was involved 40 women (their ages ranged from 26 - 45 years) subjected to Cesarean section with bilateral tubal ligation at term pregnancy were also included in the study. The exclusion criteria included patients with pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis and luteinizing - hormone - releasing hormone analogue users. The study was carried out during the period from September 2014 till June 2015 at Basra Maternity and Childhood Hospital. Fallopian tubes were removed and collected from all the 3 groups patients. Fallopian tubes were preserved in 10% formalin and were taken to the Pathology Laboratory at Al - Saddar Teaching Hospital for the purpose of conventional histopathology i.e, Hematoxyline eosin staining method and immunohistochemical study for gonadotropin - releasing hormone receptor.Results : Histopathological examination of the tissue of fallopian tube, indicates that there are numerous pale chorionic villi in the lumen of the fallopian tube. A brown precipitate in the cytoplasm of the cells of the fallopian tube indicated positive staining by primary antibody while no staining was detected in negative samples by using immunohistochemical examination. There is a difference in the distribution positive cases of gonadotropin - releasing hormone receptor detection among ectopic pregnant women (58.9%), hysterectomized women (82%) and only (10%) among women with tubal ligation at term pregnancy in the fallopian tube by using immunohistochemical technique but statistically the results is marginally significant (P=0.069). The immunoreactive GnRH receptor was identified in the fallopian tube samples from patients with ectopic pregnancy, in the mucosa of the tube alone (5 out of 39) or in the chorionic villi only (6 out of 39) or both of them the mucosa as well as villi (13 out of 39 ). The differences were statistically insignificant (P>0.85). Conclusion : This study was demonstrating that GnRH which is produced by the human fallopian tube, has a vital role in fertilization, early embryonic development and implantation .

علاقة مستوى فيتامين د والبوتين الدهني ا مع مقاومة الانسولين والعوامل الايضية الاخرى في داء السكري النوع الثاني في محافظة البصرة == Relationship of vitamin D status and lipoprotein(a) levels with insulin resistance and other metabolic markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Basrah

Author name: انوار يونس ابراهيم علي
Supervisor name: عبد القادر عبد الوهاب الشاكر
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Clinical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder , caused persistent hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action or both.There are several evidence suggest that altered vitamin D and calcium homeostasis may play a role in the development of T2DM and IR .Lipoprotein(a) is a LDL - like particle consisting of Apo A moiety linked to one molecule of ApoB100 . Several studies revealed that Lp(a) may differentially affect in diabetic patient either increase or decrease or no change from normal range . It is not clear whether Lp(a) concentration is related to T2DM or associated with IR .Objectives : The present study was designed to measure vitamin D status and Lp(a) levels among patients with T2DM , to investigate association between serum 25(OH) D levels with IR , lipid profile and some metabolic factors and to demonstrate whether Lp(a) levels are linked to T2 DM. Methods and Materials : The present study included 80 patients with T 2 DM (30 male and 50female) with mean age (50.51± 10.70) year . Weigh, height, BMI were assessed for each participant . Fasting blood samples were collected to measure HbA1c% .Then another part of blood separated to get serum to measure [Vitamin D , Insulin , Lp(a) , FBS , Lipid profile , creatinine , calcium , phosphate] .Insulin resistance , Insulin sensitivity , β - cell function was calculated by homeostatic model assessment ( HOMA - IR) , (HOMA - IS) and (HOMA - %β ) respectively .Results : The result of this study revealed that serum vitamin D among diabetic patients with a mean (19.94 ± 9.59) ng/ml . Frequency of vitamin D deficiency [s.25(OH)D > 20 ng/ml ] was (52.5%) , Only (12.5%) of diabetic patients had normal levels of vitamin D [s.25(OH)D≥ 30 ng /ml] . Thirty five percent of patients with vitamin D insufficiency [s.25(OH)D = 20 - 29.9 ng /ml ] .Vitamin D among diabetic patients of the present study showed an inverse relationship with BMI , HOMA - IR, insulin , HbA1c, TG , VLDL - c, age statistically significant independent , But positive significant independent association with HOMA - IS , HDL - c and statistically significant not independent associated with FBS, HOMA - %β). No significant associated with other biochemical parameters . Regarding to the levels of Lipoprotein (a) levels among diabetic patients found with a mean (7.93± 5.34) mg/dl and no significant association with glycemic profile (FBS,HbA1c, insulin , HOMA - IR, HOMA - IS , HOMA - %β ) or lipid profile .Conclusion : The decline in the level of vitamin D among diabetic subject may affect glucose homeostasis . In addition to that hypovitaminosis D could be rising with increase BMI and obesity among diabetic subjects , BMI is positively associated with insulin resistance . Serum 25(OH)D among diabetic subject is negatively with insulin resistance . Therefore vitamin D deficiency may contribute to onset of IR and development of T2DM. Regarding to Lipoprotein (a) levels among the majority of diabetic patients were within normal range (≤ 30 mg/dl) and it was noted that the Lp(a) levels were not related to IR or T2DM . In addition to that there is no interference between levels of vitamin D and p(a) levels with respect to IR .

دراسة مستوى بعض العوامل المؤكسدة والمضادة للتاكسد في مرضى اللوكيميا وسرطان الثدى == Profile study of some oxidant and antioxidant levels in leukemic and breast cancer patients

Author name: نهاية مناحي العبودي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Clinical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was carried out to evaluate the oxidant and antioxidant level in cancer patients in Basrah during the period from the first of October 2002 till the end of April of the 2003. A total of 98 patients were investigated, who were admitted to the Basrah General Hospital, Teaching Hospital and Basrah Hospital for Maternity and Pediatric in Basrah City. They were 52 female patients with breast cancer and 46 leukemic patients (24 male and 22 female). In addition 125 sex and age - matched persons without malignancy served as controls. They were 64 persons as control for leukemic patients (32 male and 32 female) and 61 females as control for breast cancer patients. The haematological parameters measured were haemoglobin concentration(Hb), packed cell volume (PCV) value and white blood cell (WBC) count, while the biochemical parameters measured were glutathione (GSH) level, uric acid, malondialdehyde (MDA) and phagocytic activity . The leukemic patients were subclassified into two groups according to their age (30 patients ≤16 years and 16 patients >16 years). The breast cancer patients were subclassified into three groups according to their age (11 females as 25 - 34 years old, 17 females as 35 - 44 years old and 24 females as ≥45 years old). The Hb concentration and PCV value were significantly decreased (P<0.05) in leukemic patients of age group 16 years old ,however, in age group > 16 years old ,the decrease were extremely significant (P<0.001). In breast cancer patients the Hb concentration decreased extremely significantly in all age groups (P<0.001). A highly significant decrease was found in PCV value of age group 35 - 44years old (P<0.01), whereas a significant decrease in 25 - 34 years and  45 years age groups (P<0.05) was observed. The WBC count in leukemic patients showed an increase in WBC count significantly in 16 years old age group (P<0.05) and extremely significant increase in >16 years old age group (P<0.001). In breast cancer the WBC count showed decrease in WBC count significantly in 25 - years old patients (P<0.05), highly significant decrease in 35 - years old patient (P<0.01) and extremely significant decrease in 45 years old patients (P<0.001). There were no significant differenses in Hb concentration, PCV value and WBC count between male and female leukemic patients. The biochemical investigation showed an extremely significant depletion in GSH levels in leukemic and breast cancer patients (P<0.001). The phagocytic activity was extremely significantly decreased in all leukemic patients (P<0.001) and highly significant increase in 25 - 34 years old breast cancer patients (P<0.01), significantly increase in 35 - 44 years old breast cancer patients (P<0.05) and extremely significant increase in  45 years old breast cancer patients (P<0.001). There was no significant difference between male and female leukemic patients in phagocytic activity. The MDA level was highly significantly increased in 16 years old leukemic patients (P<0.01) and extremely significant in >16 years old leukemic patients (P<0.001). In breast cancer the MDA level was highly significant increase in all age groups patients (P<0.01). The investigation of uric acid concentration shows extremely significant increase in all leukemic patients (P<0.001) and highly significance increase in 25 - 34 years old and 35 - 44 years old breast cancer patients (P<0.01). Also shows extremely significant increase in 45 years old breast cancer patients (P<0.001). In conclusion, cancer patients suffer a high degree of ROS formation causing considerable oxidative stress which associated with decrease glutathione level and significant degree of lipid peroxidation.

نمط اكسدة الدهنيات ومستوى العوامل المضادة للاكسدة لدى مرضى السكري

Author name: اماني نعمة الرمضان
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Clinical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تم شمول 40 مريضا من مرضى داء البيلة السكري الخاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين، و60 مريضا من المرضى غير الخاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين، و94 شخصا من الاصحاء في هذه الدراسة. وقد تم اخذ المعلومات من جميع المشاركين في هذه الدراسة (حسب الملحق المرفق رقم 1). اجريت التحاليل التالية للمجاميع الثلاثية : مستوى جلوكوز الدم، الهيموكلوبين السكري، مستوى فيتامين ج المصلي، نسبة المالدنداي الدهايد، مستوى الكولسترول الكلي، مستوى كولسترول البروتينات الدهنية ذات الكثافة العالية، مستوى كولسترول البروتينات الدهنية ذات الكثافة الواطئة، مستوى كولسترول البروتينات الدهنية ذات الكثافة الواطئة جدا، مستوى الشحوم الثلاثية، بالاضافة الى قياس مستوى البروتينات الدهنية الابو - ا ، وكذلك مستوى البروتينات الدهنية الابو - ب. وقد اظهرت الدراسة مايلي : - ان المرضى المصابين بداء البيلة السكري (كلتا المجموعتين، الخاضعين غير الخاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين) كانوا على درجة من السوء فيما يخص السيطرة على تمثيل السكر في الدم عند مقارنتهم بالاشخاص الاصحاء . وذلك يتمثل بالنتائج التالية : ا - قيمة الهيموكلوبين السكري السكري لدى المرضى المصابين بداء البيلة السكري (الخاضعين والغير خاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين) كانت (62ر9  22ر2%) ، (1ر9  8ر2%) على التوالي ، بينما كانت النسبة لدى الاشخاص الاصحاء (9ر4  6ر0%) . ب‌ - المؤشر الثاني لسوء السيطرة على هذا المرضى عند الاشخاص المصابين، هو ارتفاع مستوى جلوكوز الدم في كلتا المجموعتين (المرضى الخاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين والغير خاضعين) عند مقارنتهم بالاشخاص الاصحاء ، حيث كانت النتائج كما يلي : - (3ر218 3ر98 ملغم / 100 مل) و(200 96 ملغم / 100 مل) على التوالي ، بينما كانت نسبة الجلوكوز لدى الاشخاص الاصحاء (6ر90  6ر14 ملغم / 100 مل) * فيما يتعلق بالعوامل المضادة للاكسدة والتي اشتملت الدراسة على قياس احداها (قياس مستوى فيتامين ج المصلي) ، قد لوحظ ما يلي : - - تدني معنوي في مستوى فيتامين ج المصلي لدى الاشخاص المصابين (الخاضعين والغير خاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين) فيتامين ج المصلي عند الاشخاص المصابين الخاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين (40ر1  45ر0 ملغم / 100 مل) ، وعند الاشخاص المصابين الغير خاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين (1ر1  45ر0 ملغم / 100مل) مقارنا بمستوى هذا الفيتامين لدى الاشخاص الاصحاء (4ر1  5ر0 ملغم / 100 مل) . - عند المجاميع الثلاثة المشاركة في هذه الدارسة ، لوحظ ان هنالك ترابط عكسي بين تركيز فيتامين ج المصلي مع كل من : - مستوى المالدناي الديهايد (0.242 = r وp< 0.001) ، الهيموكلوبين السكري (036 r ، p<0.001) ، كدلسترول البروتينات الدهنية ذات الكثافة الواطئة (r=0.21 ، p<001)، كدلسترول البروتينات الدهنية ذات الكثافة الواطئة جدا (r = 0.22 ، p<0.001) ، الشحوم الثلاثية (r =0.26 ، p<0.0001 ، الكولسترول الكلي (r = 0.23 ، p<0.001) . * اكسدة الدهينات (والتي تمثلت بقياس مستوى المالدنداي المصلي) قد اظهرت زيادة معنوية لدى الاشخاص المصابين الخاضعين والغير خاضعين للعلاج لدى الاشخاص المصابين الخاضعين والغير خاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين (1ر1  39ر5 مايكرومول / لتر و09ر1  28ر0 مايكرومول/لتر على ، p<0.001) مقارنة بالاشخاص الاصحاء (55ر0  23ر0 مايكرومول / لتر) . - وقد تبين في هذه الدراسة ايضا ان هناك ترابط عكسي بين مستوى المالونداي الديهايد المصلي مع مستوى فيتامين ج المصلي ، وكذلك مع مستوى كولسترول البروتينات الدهنية العالية الكثافة (r=0.24 ، p<0.001) ، (r=0.28 ، p<0.0001) على التوالي ، بينما وجد ان هناك ترابط طردي بين مستوى المالدنداي الديهايد المصلي ونسبة الهيموكلوبين السكري (r=0.54 ، p<0.0001) ، كذلك ترابط طردي مع مستوى الشحوم والبروتينات الدهنية ، مع كل من : - كولسترول البروتينات الدهنية ذات الكثافة الواطئة ( r = 0.54 ، p<0.0001) ، كولسترول البروتينات الدهنية ذات الكثافة الواطئة جدا ( r =0.44 ، p<0.0001) ، الشحوم الثلاثية (r =0.48 ، p<0.0001 ) ، الكولسترول الكلي (r=0.50 ، p<0.0001) . * في جميع الفئات العمرية للمرضى ، ظهر ارتفاع معنوي في مستوى الكولسترول الكلي ، والبروتينات الدهنية ذات الكثافة الواطئة جدا مقارنة بالاصحاء لتلك الفئات العمرية . وقد لوحظ في الفئة العمرية من عمر 25 - 45 سنة (لدى المرضى الخاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين) بان الزيادة في الكولسترول الكلي والبروتينات الدهنية ذات الكثافة الواطئة كانت زيادة غير مهمة معنويا . - مستوى البروتيات الدهنية ذات الكثافة العالية في مصل الدم كان اقل لدى جميع الفئات العمرية للمرضى مقارنة بالاصحاء لتلك الفئات العمرية ، اما في المجموعة العمرية البالغة اقل من 25 سنة (للمرضى الخاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين) كان هذا النقصان مهم معنويا . * وقد اظهرت هذه الدراسة ايضا ، ان مستوى البروتينات الدهنية الابو - ا في مصل الدم وفي جميع الفئات العمرية للمرضى كان اقل معنويا مقارنة بالاصحاء لتلك الفئات العمرية ، بينما كان هناك زيادة حادة في مستوى البروتينات الدهنية الابو - ب المصلي في جميع الفئات العمرية للمرضى مقارنة بالاصحاء . | Fourty patients with insulin dependent (IDDM), 60 with non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and 94 apparently healthy control subjects were included in this study. The following parameters were estimated : fasting serum glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum vitamin C, serum malondialdehyde (MDA), S.cholesterol, HDL - C, LDL - C, VLDL - C, TG, Apo - A, Apo - B. The study has shown that : Diabetic patients (both IDDM and NIDDM) have significant poor metabolic control as compared with control subjects as their a) Hb A1c% was (9.622.22) and (9.12.8) respectively, while in control subjects HbA1c% was (4.90.6). b) FBG was (218.398.3mg/dl) and (20096mg/l) respectively, while in the control subjects FBG was (90.614.6mg%). Regarding the antioxidant status (as measured by estimating serum vitamin C) a low serum vitamin C was observed in both diabetic groups (IDDM and NIDDM) as compared with control group and this result was highly significant. The mean serum vitamin C level in IDDM and NIDDM diabetic patients was (1.040.45mg/dl) (1.100.54mg/dl) respectively in comparison to (1.40.5mg/dl) in the control group. In all individuals studied, there was a significant negative correlation between serum vitamin C and the following parameters, S.MDA (r=0.242, P<0.001), HbA1c (r=0.365, P<0.001), LDL - C (r=0.214, P<0.001), VLDL - C (r=0.228, P<0.001), TG (r=0.265 , P<0.0001), TC (r=0.234, P<0.001). Lipid peroxidation (as measured by estimating serum malondialdehyde) was significantly elevated in diabetic patients both IDDM and NIDDM (1.100.39 mol/L and 1.090.28mol/L respectively, P<0.001) as compared with controls (0.550.23 mol/L). The study has illustrated also a negative correlations between S.MDA level and S.vitamin C level, as well as with HDL - C level (r=0.242, P<0.001), (r=0.285, P<0.0001) respectively. In addition there was a positive correlation between S.MDA level and HbA1c level (r=0.541, P<0.0001), as well as, a positive correlation with serum lipids as follows : LDL - C (r=0.549, P<0.0001), VLDL - C (r=0.449, P<0.0001), TG (r=0.484, P<0.0001), TC (r=0.509, P<0.0001). Serum lipids, TC, LDL - C, TG and VLDL - C levels were significantly increased in diabetic patients in all age group as compared with control - subjects. While in the IDDM at the age group (25 - 45 years), the elevation of serum levels of TC, LDL - C were statistically not significant . Serum HDL - C level was decreased in all age groups of diabetic patients as compared with control subjects. In the age group of <25 years , the decrease in the HDL - C level was statistically significant. In addition, serum Apo - A level was significantly lower among diabetic patients (IDDM and NIDDM) for all age groups compared to the respective age groups in control subjects. While serum Apo - B level was significantly higher among diabetic patients (IDDM and NIDDM) for all age groups compared to the respective age groups in control subjects.

الدبلجة والسبتلة : دراسة في التوطين والتغريب بالاشارة الى فلم السنافر2 == Dubbing And Subtitling : A Study of Foreignization And Domestication With Reference To “The Smurfs 2” Movie

Author name: احمد فاخر مجيد
Supervisor name: عادل عبد الامير الثامري
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Translation
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: ان التطور في صناعة الافلام والانتاج السينمائي في السنوات الماضية يمثل اداة رئيسة من ادوات نشر ثقافة بلد معين في بلد اخر يختلف فيه عن الثقافة الام. وقد ظهرت في السنوات الاخيرة مناهج ونظريات جديدة تتناول الترجمة السمعية - البصرية ) AVT ( ومن ثم فان هذه الدر | In the last two ducats, new approaches and theories dealing with audiovisual translation (AVT) have been conducted. The development in film making or cinema production in the past years is considered as a major tool to spread a specific culture that belon

استكشاف الحبكة في رواية وليم فوكنر الصخب والعنف على وفق نظام لونغكر للتحليل السردي : دراسة اسلوبية == An Investigation of Plot in Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury in Terms of Longacre’s System of Narrative Analysis : A Stylistic Study

Author name: مجيد حميد جاسم
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Literature
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:

التركيب الوجودي في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية : تحليل نحوي تقابلي من منظور الرنامج الاختزالي == The Existential Construction In English And Arabic : A Minimalist Contrastive Account

Author name: عقيل فالح حسن العلي
Supervisor name: عادل مالك خنفر
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Language
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تمييز الصوت المؤثر والمتاثر والناتج في عملية التماثل في اللغة الانجليزية من قبل متعلميها الطلبة العراقيين في المستوى الجامعي المتقدم : دارسة سمعية == Recognition Of English Assimilatory, Assimilated And Resultant Sounds By Advanced Iraqi Learners : A Perceptual Study

Author name: عذراء علي حسين اللامي
Supervisor name: بلقيس عيسى كاطع الراشد
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Language
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: يعرف التماثل بانه العملية التي يؤثر فيها صوت معين على الاصوات المجاورة له في كلمه اخرى. ويعد الكلام الاعتيادي في اللغة الانكليزية كسائر اللغات الاخرى مجرى مترابطا من الاصوات ومن دون اي فواصل بين كلمة واخرى ولهذا نجد بعض الاصوات تؤثر في الاصوات المجاورة لها كما هو في التماثل لذلك يعد الكلام المترابط والسريع في اللغة الانكليزية من المشاكل كثيرة الشيوع التي يعاني منها متعلمو هذه اللغة وفي مراحل متقدمة من دراستهم للغة الانكليزية بوصفها لغة اجنبيه وللتحقق من هذه المشكلة اجريت هذه الدراسة لغرض استقصاء وعي الطلبة العراقيين في المستوى الجامعي في تمييز التماثل بوصفه ظاهره تحدث في الكلام السريع في اللغة الانكليزية ولا سيما لتقصي قابليتهم في تمييز الاصوات الثلاثة المتطلبة في عملية التماثل وهي الصوت المؤثر والمتاثر والناتج لانها عادة تدرس باستعمال الكلام الواضح والبطيء للغة الانكليزية.تقسم هذه الدراسة الى جزئيين رئيسين وهما الجانب النظري الذي يضم مشكلة البحث واهدافه وحدوده والمسائل المتعلقة بالتماثل مع عرض لبعض الدراسات المرتبطة بهذا الموضوع, على حين ضم الجانب العملي تجربة البحث والتحليل الاحصائي والنتائج التي توصلت اليها الباحثة . وقد اشارت النتائج الى ان نسبة تمييز الطلبة للصوت الناتج من عملية التماثل تفوق نسبة تمييزهم للصوتين المؤثر والمتاثر فضلا عن قدرة االطلبه على تمييز الاصوات الثلاثة في العبارات القصيرة بصوره اسهل مما هو عليه في العبارات الطويلة وقد ازدادت قدرة تمييزهم لتلك الاصوات في العبارات المالوفة وفي ضوء تلك النتائج اثبتت الفرضيات الثلاث للدراسة ، وانتهت الدراسة ببعض التوصيات والمقترحات لدراسات اخرى. | Assimilation usually refers to contextual variability of speech sounds which is said to be caused by the influence of one sound upon another. Casual spoken English, like any language is a continuous stream of sounds without a clear cut of boundaries between words and this causes some segments to have a strong effect on the other ones which are close to them as in the case of assimilation. Thus , ordinary English speech rate seems to be very fast for non - native English learners who often suffer from this even at an advanced level. For that reason they must be made very clearly aware of the problem of assimilation that they meet in listening to colloquial English connected speech. Hence, Iraqi learners of English in general seem to have difficulty in perceiving assimilation and in order to validate this view the current study was conducted. The present study investigates the subjects' awareness of this aspect of English casual speech since they are usually taught by using slow careful educational speech. This study attempts to check the ability of advanced Iraqi learners in recognizing the assimilatory ,the assimilated ,and the resultant sounds; these three sounds are involved in the process of English assimilation. It is divided into two main parts : the theoretical part presents the preliminaries of the study, the issues related to assimilation, and a review of the related studies. The practical part, on the other hand, illustrates the experimentation conducted, the statistical analysis carried out , and most importantly the conclusions of the study. The results of the study showed that the subjects recognized the resultant sound better than the other two sounds, and this is because of the subjects' reliance on their perception rather than their dependence on the visual form. Moreover , they recognized the three sounds involved in the process of assimilation in short phrases better than in long phrases . This suggests that they easily perceive the short phrases , and finally their ability of recognition increases when the expressions were familiar to them. The results of the statistical analysis provided a strong confirmation for the three hypotheses presented in chapter one

Secure Email Message Using Genetic Algorithm - Based Elliptic Curve Cryptography Systems

Author name: محمد حسن حالوب
Supervisor name: Haider M. Abdul - Nabi
General topic: Computer Science
Specific topic: Computer Science
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Email is a service for exchanged messages between group of people (sender and receiver) using communication network. Nowadays people, companies, and business sectors are using email in the official communications. There are a lot of threats on the email service and the most importantly one is the eavesdropping. Some email messages are very important and must have a level of security during exchange of them.The current study uses hash function to add data integrity by applying Secure Hash Algorithm - 1(SHA - 1). This study uses Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm to add authentication and non - repudiation to the email message sender.Encrypt of an email message is a solution to overcome the eavesdropping. Hence, the attacker can obtain the email message but cannot read it without the key. The encryption algorithm, which is used, is Elliptic Curve Cryptography. This algorithm has a strong encryption, high level of security, and small key size compared to the RSA algorithm.The contributions of this thesis are : proposes a new method based on genetic algorithm to select the most effective parameters of the Elliptic Curve Cryptography (a,b); and proposes four encryption methods : updated symmetric Elliptic Curve Cryptography, modified Menzes - Vanston Elliptic Curve Cryptography, hybrid symmetric and asymmetric Elliptic Curve Cryptography, and hybrid Menzes - Vanston Elliptic Curve Cryptography and AlGamal Elliptic Curve Cryptography.The proposed methods are compared against previous techniques. It is found that these methods outperform the previous techniques in terms of the encryption/decryption processing time and the level of security.

دراسة مميزات انتقال الحرارة خلال الانابيب المزعنفة تحت الظروف الجافة والرطبة == Study of The Heat Transfer Characteristics Through The Finned - Tube Under Dry And Wet Conditions

Author name: علي سيد محمد
Supervisor name: Abdul | Muhsin A. Rageb | Assistant Prof. Ali A. Monem
General topic: Mechanical Engineering
Specific topic: Mechanical Engineering
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In this work a theoretical investigation of the performance and the characteristics of the finned - tube under dry and wet conditions was developed for different fin eometries. An analytical solution was developed for the case of the tube with external an

تاثير عوامل لحام القوس الكهربائي على الخواص الميكانيكية والبنية المجهرية لانابيب الصلب المقاوم للصدا 316 باستخدام العمل التجريبي والشبكات العصبية الصطناعية == Effects of Arc Welding Parameters on The Mechanical Properties And Microstructure of 316 Stainless Steel Pipes Using Experimental Work And Neural Networks

Author name: مرتضى عماد عبد الهادي
Supervisor name: Ameen Ahmed Nassar
General topic: Mechanical Engineering
Specific topic: Applied Mechanics
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة لدراسة تا ثير عوامل اللحام مثل تيار اللحام ونوع اسلاك اللحام 613 و603 وموقع اللحام وقطر ا ل نابيبو7.5,5 10 سم على الخواص الميكانيكية، والمجهرية ل نابيب الفولاذ المقاوم للصدا 613 باس تخدام الش بكات العصبية ا لصطناعية. يشمل العمل التجريبي | The present study was carried out to study the effect of the welding parameters such as (welding current, welding wire type (316&309), welding position (normal and overhead), and pipes diameter ((5, 7.5&10) cm) on the mechanical properties and microstruct

دراسة مختبرية للهدار المستطيل ذو التنظيف الذاتي والمتعدد الفتحات السفلية ونمذجته باستخدام الشبكة العصبية الصناعية == Experimental Study of Self Cleaning Rectangular Weir With Multipul Bottom Openings And Modeling Using Artifical Neural Network

Author name: نسرين جاسم حسين المنصوري
Supervisor name: Rafa.H.Al | Suhaili | Jabbar.H.Al | Baidhani
General topic: Civil Engineering
Specific topic: Water Resources Engineering
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تم في ھذا البحث اعتماد التجارب المختبرية والنموذج الفيزيائي لتحقيق ھدفين رئيسيين الاول لدراسة الخصائص الھيدروليکية للھدار المستطيل مع وجود ثلاث فتحات سفلية مستطيلة الشکل وانشاء نموذج للتنبوء بمعامل التصريف لھذا النوع من المنشات. اما الھدف الثاني ھو الحصول | This study was based on physical modeling and laboratory experiments to achieve two aims. The first one is to compute the hydraulic characteristics for a rectangular weir with three rectangular bottom openings and develop models for predicting the dischar

ملاحة وتجنب العوائق للربوت المتنقل مبنية على اساس المنطق الضبابي == Fuzzy Based Obstacle Avoidance And Navigation of Mobile Robot

Author name: عبد الكريم عبد الهادي عبد الكريم
General topic: Computer Engineering
Specific topic: Computer Engineering
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: هناك جانبان لهذه الاطروحة الجانب الاول هو الجانب النظري الذي يتضمن تصميم مسيطر المنطق الضبابي للسيطرة على حركة الروبوت المتنقل. تم استخدام خوارزمية سرب الجسيمات الامثل (Particle Swarm Optimization) لتحسين مسيطر المنطق الضبابي حيث استخدمت لضبط دوال الانتما | Two aspects are considered in this thesis, the first one is theoretical aspect which consist of the design of fuzzy logic controller to control the motion of mobile robot. Particles Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to optimize the fuzzy logic co

تصميم وتنفيذ منظومة تعقب شمسي مستقلة معتمدة على نظام تحديد المواقع العالمي == Design And Implementation of A GPS Based Stand - Alone Solar Tracking System

Author name: احمد جبار عبد
Supervisor name: Fawzi M. Al | Naima
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In a step to overcome the limitations of sensor based solar tracking system, a design tracking strategy, is presented in this thesis which is based on astronomical equations. This strategy takes two important factors into consideration. The first is finding the more accurate equations and figure out the ability of implementing such system which can deal with these complicated equations that are based mainly on trigonometric functions. The second is how to design and build a reliable, uninterrupted, accurate and global system that is able to calculate the local time, date and location in terms of longitude and latitude.This thesis aims to design and implement practically a global dual axis solar tracker that can process the data with high efficiency, able to solve these complicated equations, gather the required data from the GPS card, then save, and manage them inaccurate with tracking efficiency up to 99.33%, increases the power production by over 40%, reduce the drive power requirement 31%, reliable and uninterrupted with real time controller.The system also presents a design for a hybrid network for a solar tracking farm consisting of N - solar tracking systems. A main control unit is presented to manage all the trackers to the sun location in multi - tracking mode, diagnosis all the trackers for any faults and give complete information about the produced power from each of the solar tracking system. A new network protocol is designed to deal with the error control, congestion control and flow control for data transmission in the network.A complete solution for power - line communication modem has been proposed based on existing power line characteristics. This modem has advantages of simplicity, cost effectiveness and using new strategy to control the out of reach devices without increasing the transmitting power or changing the circuit specifications. The proposed design offers a simple solution to control the solar trackers in a vast solar farm, enabling to monitor the supplied power by each single tracker in the field and having the ability of fault diagnosis.

تصميم وتنفيذ مختبر عن بعد باستخدام الانترنت == Design And Implementaion of Remote Laboratory Using The Internet

Author name: ايلاف صباح عبد العزيز
Supervisor name: Ali F. Marhoon
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Engineering field had always relied on experiments as backbone to profound the student’s knowledge. The apparatus used in any laboratory considered as one of the major expense in the laboratory structure. The simulation or the virtual laboratory became an integral part to the traditional laboratories where it had deepened the theoretical aspect. Simulated experiment delivered an accurate result based on calculation regardless the real time errors or the environment factors. A new solution had been proposed and titled as “online Lab”, where the students will have the opportunity to work in their own space, to practice at anytime and anywhere.The proposed remote laboratory relied on Client - server model; where the server represents the laboratory side and the client represents the user which had been divided into three types of users : administrator, instructor and student. The proposed experiment based on fuzzy controller which controls the temperature of a thermoelectric device. It will be built by the student throughout an interface provided as a web page and all it takes from the user to conduct the experiment is to have a web browser and an internet connection.The experiment’s operation based on three devices : DAQ, thermoelectric cooler and a device to turn the thermoelectric off. Elements such as sensors, voltage regulator, and resistors had been involved in the circuit to control the temperature of the thermoelectric cooler. The hardware part had been designed to be controlled by the software, which had been built with seven languages and connected to a database. The server side had been built with PHP, which is a free programming language works on different servers but had been combined in this work with Apache HTTP Server to deliver a compound system that run on different operating systems. The client programming languages started with HTML to build forms and the basic design, CSS for advanced design, jQuery which is a library of Java Script that had been used for animation tools and automatic updates, finally SVG had been quite helpful for inventing a method of drawing arrows for the membership functions to have a clear vision to the internal mechanism of the controller. The last two programming languages represented by VB.NET and C# where these languages designed as console applications running in the server side to control the connected apparatus. A camera and a modem had been attached to the server, where the camera provides a live video streaming to monitor the apparatus status and the modem used as precaution solution, since the system may face a malfunctioning. A message will be sent to the administrator to warn him and the administrator may as well send a message and direct the system to appropriate response.

دراسة نسجية ,كيمو نسجية وكيمو حيوية لتاثير عقار الكودائين - باراسيتامول في ذكور الجرذان المختبرية == Histological, Histochemical And Biochemical Study of The Effects of Codeine - Paracetamol In Male Sprague Dawley Rats

Author name: اسيل كامل حميد الهاشمي
Supervisor name: عادل جبار حسين | صالح كاظم مجيد
General topic: Veterinary Medicine
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: صممت هذه الدراسة لمعرفة التاثيرات النسجية, الكيمونسجية والكيموحيوية للاستخدام طويل الامد لعقار الكودائين - باراسيتامول على الجرذان المختبرية, حيث استخدمت في هذه الدراسة اربع وعشرون جرذ ذكر (وزن الحيوانات 200غم) قسمت عشوائيا وبالتساوي على اربع مجاميع. احتو | The present study is performed to evaluate the histological, histochemical and biochemical effects of long term use of codeine - paracetamol drug on laboratory rats, this study performed in college of veterinary medicine at university of Basra, there was (24) male rats(Body weight 200g) were divided randomly and equally into four groups, each group consisted of six rats for which codeine - paracetamol drug was orally administered for (90) days as the following : for group (A) normal saline was administered and it served as a control group. Group (B)was administered with (8/500 mg/200g) and served as low dose group, group (C)was administered with (16/1000 mg/200g) and served as intermediate dose group, and group (D) was administered with (32/2000 mg/200g) and served as high dose group. The statistical analysis results of body weight of the long term use of drug for the treated groups showed significant decreases (P?0.05) of body weight of both(L.D) and (H.D) while the (I.D) showed no significant (P?0.05) difference when compared to the control group. The internal organs weight (liver, kidney and spleen) showed significant decreases (P?0.05) of liver weights in both (L.D) and (I.D), while the (H.D) showed no significant difference of liver weight when compared to the control group; the kidney weight showed significant increases in both (L.D) and (I.D), while the (H.D) showed no significant difference when compared to the control group. Spleen weight also showed a significant increase in both (L.D) and (I.D), while the (H.D) showed significant decrease when compared to the control group. The serum lipid profile showed significant increases (P?0.05) in the levels of (cholesterol, triglyceride, High Density Lipo - protein and Low Density Lipo - protein) and no significant difference of (Very Low Density Lipo - protein) of (L.D), while the (I.D) showed significant increases of the levels of (cholesterol, HDL and LDL) and no significant differences of the levels of (triglyceride and VLDL), (H.D) also showed significant increases of levels of (cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL and VLDL) when compared to the control group. The statistical analysis of the results of liver and kidney function enzymes showed no significant differences of total serum bilirubin (TSB) of both (L.D) and (I.D) and a significant increase in (H.D); There was no significant (P?0.05) differences in the level of serum direct bilirubin (D.B) among all treated groups when compared to the control group , while the (H.D) group there was non significant compared with control and other treated groups, while the levels of (Aspartate Aminotransferase AST , Alanine Aminotransferase ALT, Alkaline phosphatase ALP and creatinine) showed significant increases in all treated groups when compared to the control group. Histological results of the liver of (L.D) and (I.D) showed vacuolation of hepatocytes and dilatation of sinusoids in which the vaculation is more severe in (I.D) with early septal fibrosis, while the liver of (H.D) showed severe centrolobular necrosis, hemorrhage, dilation of sinusoids and septal fibrosis. While the kidney of (L.D)and (I.D) showed vaculation of proximal convoluted tubules and glomerular mesengial cells with minimal vacuolation in (L.D), The kidney of (H.D) showed necrosis and vaculation of proximal convoluted tubules with vaculation of glomerular mesengial cells. The nervous system (brain, spinal cord and sciatic nerve) of all treated groups showed vacuolation of nerves cells and axons, severe vacuolation in (H.D). The lung showed edema and aggregation of inflammatory cells in lung of both (L.D) and (I.D) while the lung of (H.D) showed severe edema, enlarged proliferative and aggregation of lipid laden macrophages (pulmonary lipidosis). While the heart showed mild vacuolation of myocardial muscle cells of both (L.D) and (I.D), but the (H.D) showed sever vacuolation of myocardial muscle cells. The stomach also showed mild vacuolation of gastric epithelium in all treated groups. The testes also showed vacuolation and suppression of spermatogenesis in the (L.D) and moderate vacuolation and suppression of spermatogenesis in (I.D) while (H.D) showed present of giant multinucleated spermatid with sever vacuolation and suppression of spermatogenesis. While the spleen showed mild to moderate atrophy of white pulps of the (L.D) and (I.D), (H.D) also showed severe atrophy of white pulp with mild fibrosis and the presence of hemosiderin laden macrophages and foamy vacuolated macrophages. The histochemical study of poly saccharides(glycogen) of liver and kidney showed decrease of poly saccharides composition in mid zonal area and near the central vein, while in kidney, it was present in proximal convoluted tubules and in bowman's capsules in the (L.D) and (I.D), those changes were more severe in (H.D). While the histochemical study of lipid showed increase of lipid composition in hepatocytes near the central vein and in kidney in the proximal convoluted tubules and bowman's capsules, and those lipid compositions increased when the dose increased. The electron microscope study of liver showed mild to moderate swelling of mitochondria and dilation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in both (L.D) and (I.D), while (H.D) showed severe swelling of mitochondria and dilatation with proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

عزل وتشخيص النمط المصلي O78 : K80 لاشريشيا القولون الممرضة للطيور من دجاج اللحم ودراسة اصابتها تجريبيا == Isolation And Identification of Avian Pathogenic E. Coli O78 : K80 Serotype From Broilers And Study of Its Experemintal Infection

Author name: رجاء عبد الزهرة علي
Supervisor name: علي عبد سهم المياح
General topic: Veterinary Medicine
Specific topic: Diseases - Poultry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: الايشريشيات القولونية مسئولة عن احداث حالات مرضية مختلفة تسبب خسائر اقتصادية ناتجة عن الهلاكات العالية وانخفاض معدل التحويل الغذائي والخسائر في اتلاف الجثث والاعضاء المصابة بعد الذبح.تم في الدراسة الحالية فحص 70عينة من افراخ فروج اللحم الهالكة او التي كا | Escherichia coli (E. coli) is responsible for a variety of diseases conditions which cause high economic losses in poultry due to high mortalities, decreased food conservation rate and condemnation of whole affected carcass or organs after slaughter. In the present study, 50 out of 70 broiler chickens which have been collected from diseased chickens were exhibited lesions of fibrinous perihepatitis, fibrinous pericarditis and/or airsacculitis. Birds with these lesions were subjected for bacteriological examination. The examination revealed isolation of 23 E. coli isolates with incidence of 46%. Concerning the virulence factors , Congo red binding activity of these isolates reveled detection of 6 positive isolates with incidence of 26.08%. Serotyping showed that out of 6 Congo red positive strains, only 3 strains were serologically typed and were belonged to the serotype O78 : K80. Detection of pathogenic E. coli serotypes was confirmed by PCR technique with specific primers for fimA and fimH genes. All these 3 isolates of the serotype O78 : K80 were reacted with these 2 genes. Antimicrobial suscebtibility pattern displayed sensitivity of these isolates to Chloramphinicol and Gentamicin and their resistance to Amoxicillin, Erythromycin and Nalidixic acid. Experimental infection has been made with this isolate. Two groups of broiler chickens were used the first at one day old and the second at 5 weeks of age. Signs, lesions, histopathological changes were revealed that the first experiment was differed from the second through the presence of pus in the bursa of Fabricius, but hemorrhage in the lungs tissue occur in two experiments.

The Role of Cyclosporine In Intra Bone - Bone Marrow Transplantation In Male Rabbits

Author name: عادل جاسب عويد
Supervisor name: Abdulbari A. Alfaris | Alaa A. AL Sawad
General topic: Veterinary Medicine
Specific topic: Surgery
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: استخدم فيها 30 ارنبا ذكرا حيث قسمت الى ثلاثة مجاميع متساوية بالعدد كل مجوعه تحوي على عشرة ارانب اثنان منها تم اختيارها كواهب لنخاع العظم والثمانيه الاخرى كانت مستلمه, وكانت المجموعه الاولى هي مجموعه سيطرة وقد اعطيت المحلول الملحي الطبيعي ,والمجموعه الث | Thirty male rabbits were randomly divided into three groups as following : Group one (sham group) consists of ten male rabbits, two of them were used as donors and other eight were administered 12.5ml/kg/BW normal saline (N.S) orally for ten days. At Zero time of the experimental the collection of blood samples (10ml) was carried out on each animal from the heart (cardiac puncture) and by a sterile syringe 22 Gage needle. The (10ml) amount of blood was divided into two parts. (5ml) was deposited into tubes without anticoagulant and then refrigerated for a maximum of 12h and centrifuged at (5000 rpm) for 15 minutes these serum samples were stored in polyethylene eppendorff tubes at - 20?C Estimation of Total interleukin 2 in serum by using an Enzyme - Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The 2nd sample was also (5ml) taken for performing hematological test to measure the WBCs account and their differential, RBCs account, Hb & P.C.V. At Day10 of experimental was collecting the blood as similar procedure at zero time and did a similar examination before operation. At Day11 of the experimental an allogeneic Intra - bone - marrow injection of bone marrow transplantation aspiration method (IBM - BMT) AM was carried out and rabbits were re administered with normal saline after surgical operation until Day21 of experimental. Following that rabbits were anesthetized with Ketamine (20 mg/Kg/BW) and xylzine (9 mg/Kg/BW) intra muscular. Before bone aspiration for bone marrow histological test the smears were stained with Giemsa stain. At the end of this experimental study of there was collection of blood as a same procedure at zero time and DAY10 then made the same test to estimate of blood values and interleukin 2. Then all recipients’ rabbits were sacrificed and bled to death to obtain the Kidney and liver, which were dissected out, trimmed and processed for the histological study with used Heamatoxyline and Eosin Stain. Group two (treated with 12.5ml/kg/BW cyclosporine orally administrated) and same protocol of the sham group was applied except when using (treatment with 12.5ml/kg/bw cyclosporine orally administrated) replacing the normal saline. Group three (treatment with 25ml/kg/BW cyclosporine orally administrated) and same protocol of sham group was applied except when using (treated with 25ml/kg/BW cyclosporine orally administrated) replacing the normal saline. The results of the present study Conclusions cyclosporine effects on the bone marrow, immune system because of decrease of WBCs, lymphocytes, neutrophils and interleukin 2.The study Conclusions cyclosporine caused many adverse effects, where by it caused severe liver and kidney; therefore it was considered predisposing factor to infection with several diseases as well as it is considered the main cause of disorders in renal function renal dysfunction. The results of the present study Conclusion the surgical operation of intra - bone - bone marrow transplantation more safe than other ways of intra vinous bone marrow transplantation also the study the operation increase the hematopoietic cells

الامراضية السمية لنابروكسين الصوديوم في الجرذان البيضاء مع الكيتوبروفين كعامل تحكم ايجابي == Toxicological Pathology of Naproxen Sodium In White Laboratory Sprague Dawley Rats (Rattus Rattus) With Ketoprofen As Positive Control

Author name: ثائر علي محسن
Supervisor name: زينب وحيد خضير | صالح كاظم مجيد
General topic: Veterinary Medicine
Specific topic: Veterinary Medicine
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: ان الغرض من الدراسة هو تحديد السمية المرضية الدوائية لنابروكسين الصوديوم (كعامل مضاد التهاب غير استيرويدي) في الجرذان البيضاء، مع الكيتوبروفين كعامل تحكم ايجابي. لانها ذات فائدة على نطاق واسع في الحيوان والانسان، لتلقي العلاج الميداني، ومعرفة العلامات الس | The purposes of study are : first, to determine the toxicity and pathogenesis of naproxen sodium [as non - steroidal anti - inflammatory agent(NSAIDs)] in white rats in comparison with ketoprofen as positive control, as they are of wide use in animal and human, for treatment of variable disease; and knowledge of the clinical signs, macroscopic changes and microscopic changes by toxic dose of naproxen, second to observe note - 1 the histological changes in comparison with the control group (as untreated group), and note - 2 to examine the biochemical parameters in response to naproxen treatment, note - 3 where naproxen is (NSAID) with analgesic and antipyretic properties. In the present study, white rats are used. Divided into five groups each group contain 12 rats; these group divided into the following manner : The first group - C, representing untreated group has been treated with normal saline only; the second group - L, representing the low dose which has received (5mg/kg B.W) of naproxen sodium, while the third group - I is the intermediate dose, which has received (10mg/kg B.W); the fourth group - H, representing the high dose, that has received (20mg/kg B.W), and finally the fifth group, representing the positive control group, has received(4mg/kg B.W of ketoprofen). The method of dosing these animals are by oral gavage which continues for three months. All the animal groups have been put in the same conditions of temperature and humidity. This study shows that the treatment with naproxen sodium has led to significant gradually increase in the body weight of both high dose and intermediate dose groups in early treatment period in comparison with the control group. In contrast, the animals which have received low dose of naproxen sodium show only minimal and gradual increase in their body weight in comparison with the intermediate and high dose. As well as there has been noticeable little increase and decrease in some value of liver and kidney enzymes concentrations(AST, ALT, ALK, Urea/Cr as treated with naproxen and positive control of ketoprofen). The study also showed that the treatment with naproxen sodium had led to clinical findings include uterine hemorrhage and still birth which specially occurs in the last period of pregnancy. Infections happen in some regions of body forming abscess in the subcutaneous tissue of neck, leg, cheek. The macroscopic findings include pallor of liver and Abscess of the liver and kidney, also there is increase in size of the spleen as a result of congestion of the splenic red pulp and minimal changes of the mucosa of the stomach. Moreover the microscopic findings include minimal hepatic periportal fibrosis , moderate diffuse vacuolation of hepatocytes, area of vacuolated degenerative centrilobular hepatocyte arround the central vein and subcapsular infiltration of inflammatory cells. There was necrosis of renal cortical tubules and atrophy of glommeruli, vacuolation of mesenchymal glomerulular cells , dilated vacuolated cortical tubules, some with degeneration and loss of epithelial in lumen and degenerative necrotic tubules. In addition there is degenerative and vacuolative changes of myocardial muscle cells, and atrophy of myocardial muscle cells; and there was an evidence of interstitial edema. as well as there is atrophy of white pulp lymphoid tissue and congested of red pulp, also there was increase cellularity of red pulp(present of macrophage cells in red pulp). Furthermore,the present study exposes that the treatment with naproxen sodium would lead to other histo - pathological changes in the stomach and small intestine include vacuolation of mucosal epithelial cells of the stomach and inflammatory cells in the serosa with noticeable presence of prominant ganglion cells in the outer zone of muscularis externa and degeneration of mucosal lining and mucosal glands in the lamina propria of stomach(glandular region). In addition there have been vacuolation and degeneration of mucosal epithelial lining of small intestine , ulceration of the mucosa in the small intestine , increase in length of the villi and infiltration of inflammatory cells in lamina properia and inflammatory cells in the serosa and vacuolation of muscularis externa. In the colon there is vacuolation (prominent mucous gland) and mix of inflammatory cells infiltration, vacuolation (increase mucous gland) and a few mononuclear cells in the lamina propria and there was increase minimal fibrosis.Either in the uterus there was thicken fibrotic lamina propria and few endometrial gland. Finally the pathological changes that have been found for high dose group of naproxen prove to be more severe than both the intermediate and low dose groups.

الامراضية السمية لكبريتات الثاليوم في الجرذان المختبرية البيضاءSprague Dawley (Rattus norvegicus) == Toxicological Pathology of Thallium Sulfate In White Laboratory Spraguedawley Rats (Rattus Norvegicus)

Author name: مازن عادل جايان
Supervisor name: زينب وحيد خضير | صالح كاظم مجيد
General topic: Veterinary Medicine
Specific topic: Veterinary Medicine
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة الحالية في البيت الحيواني التابع لكلية الطب البيطري - جامعة البصرة لمعرفة الامراضية السمية لكبريتات الثاليوم على انسجة الجسم المختلفة وبعض المعايير الكيموحيوية للجرذان المختبرية البيضاء Sprague Dawley (Rattus norvegicus). في هذه الدراسة تم | The present study was conducted at the College of Veterinary Medicine - University of Basrah to investigate the effect of Thallium Sulfate on some physiological parameters and histological changes in the Laboratory White Sprague Dawley Rats (Rattus norvegicus). In this study 48 rats were used, that were sexually mature (16 weeks age and 250±50 gm weighing). These animals were divided into four groups each group contain 12 rats. All of these groups administrated orally with : - normal saline ,0.4 ,0.8 ,1.6 mg /kg b. w. of thallium sulfate respectively for 90 days.After ending of this period, all animals were sacrificed after anesthesia by chloroform inhalation for the study. The study includes the effects of thallium sulfate on some biochemical parameters as estimation of serum liver function enzymes ( AST and ALT ) and kidney function enzymes ( Urea and Creatinine ). This study also includes the estimation of serum acetylcholine (Ach) concentration. The present study revealed histopathological effects of thallium sulfate on nervous system, liver, kidneys, eyes, skin, and testis. In addition to its electron microscopic changes were occurred on mitochondria of hepatocyes and cells of proximal convoluted tubules of kidney. The results of this study showed significant increase (P? 0.05) in liver enzymes and kidney function enzymes and acetylcholine concentration in treated groups in comparison with control group. There is also histopathological changes occurred in nervous tissue (brain, spinal cord, and sciatic nerve), liver, kidney, testis, eye, and skin. The ultrastructural changes showed swelling of mitochondria and also an increased in number in rats treated with 1.6 mg/kg b.w. of thallium sulfate in comparison with control group.

التاثيرات السمية المرضية للسايبرمثرين على بعض المعايير الكيموحيوية, وفعالية الاستايل كولين في الجرذان البالغة == Toxicopathological Effects of Cypermethrine On Some Biochemical Parameters And Acetylecholine Activity In Sprague Dawley Rarts (Ruttus Norvegicus)

Author name: طلال جبل حسين
Supervisor name: زينب وحيد خضير | صالح كاظم مجيد
General topic: Veterinary Medicine
Specific topic: Veterinary Medicine
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة الحالية في البيت الحيواني التابع لكلية الطب البيطري في جامعة البصرة لتقييم التاثير السمي للجرع المختلفه للسايبرمثرين على الدماغ والحبل الشوكي والعصب الوركي والكبد والكلية والخصية اضافة الى تاثيره على انزيمات الكبد(AST,ALT) وانزيمات الكلية (ا | The present study was conducted in the laboratory animal house - college of veterinary medicine - University of Basra to investigate the Toxicological effects of different doses of Cypermthrin on Brain, Spinal cord ,Sciatic nerve, Liver, Kidney ,and Testis and also its effect on liver enzymes (ALT and AST), kidney enzymes (urea and creatinine) ,and serum acetylcholine (Ach) in adult Sprague dawley rats (Rattus norvegicus). Fourty eight adult rats were used , they were divided randomly and equally into four groups. Control group orally dosed with normal saline for 90 days. The other three groups were dosed orally with different three doses of cypermthrin , high dose ( 64 mg / kg b.w. ) intermediate dose ( 32 mg / kg b.w. ) and low dose ( 16mg / kg b.w. ). The results showed that there were hitopathological changes of brain, spinal cord and Sciatic nerve that revealed there were a dose dependent increase in vaccuolation in nerves fibers to be affect larg number of nerve fiber in high dose and also affected few numbers of nerve fibers in low dose. Also there were changes in liver ,kidney and testis. Serum AST, ALT, urea, creatinine and acetylecholine concentrations increased significantly ( p ? 0.05) in rats exposed to cypermethrin in comparisons with control. In conclusion cypermthrin affects positivly on histopathological findings of nervous system, liver tissues and enzymes, kidney tissues and enzymes ,and Acetylcholine (Ach) neurotransmitter.

الكشف السيرولوجي والجزيئي لفايروس مرض الحمى القلاعية في الابقار في محافظة البصرة == Serological And Molecular Detection of Fmdv In Cow of Basrah Province

Author name: زينب مجيد سالم الكلي
Supervisor name: عدنان موسى الروضان
General topic: Veterinary Medicine
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة في6 مناطق مختلفة ( شط العرب والزبير والقرنه وابي الخصيب ومركز البصره والمدينه) ممثله لجميع اجزاء محافظة البصره خلال الفتره من شهر تشرين الاول من العام 2012 الى شهر تموز من عام 2013 ولتحديد نسبة انتشار مرض الحمى القلاعيه في الابقار استخد | This study was conducted on local cattle from 6 different regions (Shutt - Alarab,Al - Zubair, Al - Qurna, Abi - Elkhasib, Basrah center and Almdaina) covering all parts of the Basrah province during the period from October 2012 to July 2013. In order to determine the prevalence of foot and mouth disease in bovine species Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay ( ELISA) and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction techniques( RT - PCR) were used in the testing of serum ,saliva and vesicular fluid samples collected from clinically diseased cattle, moreover this study was also mentioned some clinical aspects of the disease.Diseased animals showed the following clinical signs : depression(92.1%),sever salivation(90.9%) ,vesicles in mouth(90.3%), fever(89.1%) , conjunctivitis(87.9%) and smacking of lips in higher rates( 80.6%).While the vesicles on teat(12.7%), lameness(36.9%)and vesicles on feet (45.5%)appeared in lower rates.The overall prevalence of this disease was(72.7%.).Of 165 serum samples subjected to nonstructural protein (NSP) ELISA screening test (ELISA CHEKIT FMD - 3ABC Bo - Ov ELISA Test ) , 120 were interpreted as positive representing (72.7%.) while the other 45samples were negative representing 27.3%.The seropositivity significantly associated with age groups (p<0.01) and sex (P < 0.01).Depending on sex of these animals , the higher seropositivity rate was observed in females (78.6%).Concerning the age of tested cattle the animals of 2nd age group (>4 - 8 years) appeared in higher rate (84.8 %) of seropositivity followed by the rate (51.7% ) of 1st age group animals(<1 - 4 years).The sero - positivity against FMDV was non significantly different(>P 0.05)among the cattle in Basrah districts and highest sero - prevalence rate was observed in cattle of Basrah center (100%), Al - Mdaina (77.8%), Shut - Alarab(76.3%) and Abi - Elkhasib (70%).The lower sero - positivity rate was observed in Qurna(58.8%)and Zubair (50%) cattle.RT - PCR detection of FMDV for primary and serotype specific diagnosis was used. of eighty three clinically positive samples including, mouth vesicles, saliva and serum samples tested by RT - PCR, only 68(81.9%) were successfully amplified, their identification was done with universal primer sets (1F / 1R, )with expected band of( 328 bp).Of sixty eight universal primer based RT - PCR positive samples tested for serotype A - 1C562(865bp), O - 1C272( 635bp ) and Asia1 - 1C505(911bp) serotypes primers, 19(27.9%) samples were found to be serotype A - 1C562 positive and 26(38.2%) were serotype O - 1C272 positive and nil for Asia1 - 1C505 serotype. The frequency of foot - and - mouth disease viral genome presence in cattle had significant differences concerning the sex (P<0.05) while the difference among age groups was highly significant (P < 0.01) in case of universal gene and not significant(P>0.05) in case of all serotypes genes. Depending on the sex effect, the rate of RT - PCR positive results of universal gene and O - 1C272 serotype gene were higher in females (87.5 and38.8% respectively ),while A - 1C562 serotype RT - PCR positivity rate was higher in males (31.6% ).Different rates of RT - PCR positivity was observed in the two age groups of cattle and the second age group(>4 - 8 year) showed higher rate of positivity as a follow : (universal primer (90.7%),O - 1C272 serotype primer( 40.8%) and A - 1C562 serotype primer(34.7% ).In the studied regions of Basrah province , the FMDV genes were significantly(P<0.05)distributed. The rates of universal gene appearance were100, 93.3 and 83.3%of cattle in Zubair ,Qurna and Shutt - Alarab respectively. The serotype A - 1C562 was distributed in higher rate ( 100 and 40%) of Zubair and Al - Mdaina cattle respectively , while the serotype O - 1C272 was observed in higher distribution rate in cattle of Abi - Elkhasib (44.4%) and Qurna(42.9%), so there is significant differences ((P<0.05) according to distribution of serotypes of FMDV of regions of Basrah province.

دراسة سريرية وتشخيصية لنقص بعض العناصر النادرة في الاغنام في البصرة == Clinical And Diagnostic Study For Some Trace Elements In Sheep In Basra

Author name: بهجة غسان طالب
Supervisor name: اسراء عبد الودود السعد
General topic: Veterinary Medicine
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: صممت هذه الدراسة لتحديد نقص النحاس, الخارصين, والكوبالت في الاغنام في محافظة البصرة حيث تم فحص 1400 حيوان ,جمعت النماذج من اربع مناطق مختلفة (شمال, شرق, غرب, وجنوب) من المحافظة ومن خلال الفحص السريري للحيوانات, اظهرت 200 (14.2%) علامات سريريه و25 حيوان كا | The present study was planned to determine the deficiency of copper, zinc and cobalt in sheep serum in Basra province. 1400 sheep were inspected, then samples were collected from 225 sheep from different areas (North, East, West and South). 200 (14.2%) sheep showed a clinical signs, while 25 were clinically normal. The clinical examination was conducted on the sheep that were suspected to have mineral deficiency. In addition, hematological examinations were carried out including (Red Blood Cell Count "RBCc", Packed Cell Volume "PCV", Hemoglobin Concentration "Hb"), The concentrations of copper, zinc and cobalt were tested in the serum samples, and the concentration of (Superoxide dismutase "SOD" and Ceruloplasmin "CP" ) were tested as well. The result of clinical examination, showed there were alopecia (47.5%), parakeratosis (18%), diarrhea (11.5%), pale mucus membrane (49%), lacrimation (6%) and ataxia (4%). The mean value of temperature was within the normal value (39.47±0.33 C?) while there were increased mean values in pulse rate and respiratory rate (33.99±0.29 /Min and 90.48±4.53 Min) respectively in the affected sheep compared to that of the clinically normal.The hematological parameters showed significant decrease in RBCc (6.57±0.10*106/?l), PCV (19.75±0.24 %) and Hb (6.88±0.11 g/dl) compared to that of the clinically normal.The concentrations of copper, zinc and cobalt in the affected sheep were (0.15±0.00 ppm, ppm 0.73±0.03, 0.57±0.01ppm) respectively, which were less than the normal compared to that of the clinically normal.The present results revealed that the concentration of superoxide dismutase and ceruloplasmin enzymes in serum were significantly low in affected sheep compared to that of the clinically normal (P<0.05). The present results revealed a positive non - significant (P>0.05) correlation for copper with zinc and cobalt. While zinc was correlated negatively with cobalt.The present study has revealed that the concentration of SOD correlates positively with copper and zinc at (P>0.05). While there was a significant positive correlation between CP and copper (P>0.05).

تاثير بعض معطلات الغدد الصم على بعض المعايير الفسلجية والتغيرات النسجية في ذكور الجرذان البالغة Rattus norvegicus == The Effect of Some Endocrine Disruptors On Some Physiological Parameters And Histological Changes In Adult Male Rats “ Rattus Norvegicus“

Author name: سارة جعفر سعدون الازيرجاوي
Supervisor name: جاسم محمد احمد الكلبي
General topic: Veterinary Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة الحالية في البيت الحيواني لكلية الطب البيطري / جامعة البصرة خلال الفترة الممتدة من 22/2/2013 الى 1/6/2013. لتقييم التاثيرات الصميه والتكاثرية لمعطلات الغدد الصم وايجاد الرابط بينهما في الذكور البالغة. استخدم في هذه الدراسة عقارين : بروبيل | The present study was carried out in the animal house of the College of Veterinary Medicine /University of Basrah during the period extending from 22/2/2013 to 1/6/2013. To evaluate the endocrine and the reproductive effects of endocrine disruptors chemicals and find the link between them in adult male rats. This study was done using two drugs : propylthiouracil (PTU) and flutamide (FLU) (anti - thyroid and anti - androgen agents) respectively, as a model of endocrine disruptors; to reveal their effects, they were used separately and in co - treatment manner for the first time using adult male rats (Rattus norvegicus) as animal models. For this purpose the study was divided into two experiments : The first experiment : forty adult male rats weighed (146 - 200) gm were divided into four equal groups (10 rats/group). The first group (control) was administered 0.3 ml/rat of distilled water, the second group was administered (PTU) (15mg/ kg B.W), the third group was administered (FLU) (37.5 mg/ kg B.W), and the fourth group was administered (PTU+ FLU) (15mg/kg + 37.5 mg/kg B.W ) respectively, in co - treatment dose. The treatments extended for 45 days; in the end of experiment the rats were euthanized and blood was collected and stored for hormonal and biochemical parameters and some of internal organs were weighed and kept in 10% formalin for histological examination. The results of the first experiment revealed the following : 1 - A significant decrease (P?0.05) in body weight gain in 2nd and 3rd periods (The animals were weighed four times in the begining of the experiment and every 15 days till the end of the experiment) in PTU and PTU+FLU treated groups.2 - A hypothyroidism state were induced after treatment with PTU and PTU+FLU by significant decrease (P?0.05) of Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) and significant increase (P?0.05) of TSH.3 - A significant decrease (P?0.05) in testosterone (T), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) of PTU group while a significant increase (P?0.05) in T, FSH, and LH of FLU group. Moreover a significant decrease (P?0.05) in T and LH of PTU+FLU group occurred.4 - A significant increase (P?0.05) in Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) in all treatments, except in FLU no significant change has been observed in ALT. 5 - A significant increase (P?0.05) in total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein in all treatment, while, there was a significant decrease (P?0.05) in high density lipoprotein in all treatments as well.6 - A significant decrease (P?0.05) in serum glucose and a significant increase (P?0.05) in total protein in PTU and PTU+FLU groups, while, a significant decrease (P?0.05) in total protein of FLU group occurred.7 - A significant decrease (P?0.05) in sperm count of FLU and PTU+FLU groups. And a significant decrease (P?0.05) in individual motility in all treatments, while, a significant increase (P?0.05) in dead and abnormal sperm was observed in all treatments.8 - A significant increase (P?0.05) in thyroid relative weight of PTU and PTU+FLU groups and a significant increase (P?0.05) in liver relative weight in all treatments, while, a significant decrease (P?0.05) in kidney relative weight of PTU and PTU+FLU groups observed. Prostate relative weight significantly decrease (P?0.05) in FLU group and seminal vesicles relative weight significantly decrease (P?0.05) in FLU and PTU+FLU groups.9 - At the end of experiment six rats of each group was sacrificed and some of internal organs has been removed for histopathological examination and it was revealed changes as follows : 1 - Thyroid gland of PTU and PTU+FLU groups show increased number of different sizes of thyroid follicles with some vacuolation of colloid. Some follicles are misshaped. 2 - Testis of PTU group, most of seminiferous tubules are normal, a little number of them suffers from dilated lumen containing little number of spermatogonia and abnormal arrangement with degenerated Sertoli cells, little number of immature spermatid in the lumen, some vacuolation in the spermatogonia and edematous of interstitial tissue, FLU group shows clear degenerative changes in the Sertoli cells, there are few spermatogonia in some tubules and clear vacuolation in the cell with empty lumen (no spermatids). PTU+FLU group show most of the seminiferous tubules contain large number of spermatogonia but there are very thin irregular lining epitheliums, and nearly disappearance of interstitial tissue. 3 - Prostate of PTU group shows clear destructive changes in the lobules of the prostate. FLU group shows misshaped acini of the prostate lobules some of them are very enlarged and contain a large amount of secretion, others are empty with thickened irregular lining epithelium. Absence of inter acinar tissue, and PTU+FLU group show irregular shape of multiple number acini of the lobules of the prostate gland filled with shrinkage prostatic secretion. Moreover, the interstitial tissue between acini somewhat thickened with enlarged nuclei of many cells in addition to degeneration of others.4 - The liver of PTU group shows flattening of hepatocyte, clear enlargement of pyknotic nuclei and disarrangement of hepatic architecture, FLU show normal central vein, engorged with blood, disarrangement of hepatocyte architecture, and enlarged nuclei of hepatocyte. PTU+FLU show engorgement of central vein with clear flattening of hepatocyte containing enlarged nuclei.5 - The kidney of PTU group shows narrowing of lumen of renal tubules, engorgement of blood vessels, irregular sizes of glomeruli and different structure of their Bowman's capsule, FLU group shows a complete disappearance of Bowman's capsule of some glomeruli. Other glomeruli shows shrinkage and destructive changes of the content. The cuboidal epitheliums of the renal tubules shows some disarrangement of basement membrane with clear enlarged nuclei, and PTU+FLU group shows an irregular shape of renal tubules with absence of walls of the cuboidal lining epithelial cells with enlarged nuclei and shrinkage of Bowman's capsule of some glomerli. The second experiment : This experiment was carried out on 32 well experience female rats. They have been mated with 16 adult male rats which remained from the first experiment; they were divided into 4 groups : The first group : Untreated 8 female rats mated with 4 untreated male rats, the second group : Untreated 8 female rats mated with 4 treated male rats with PTU, the third group : Untreated 8 female rats mated with 4 treated male rats with FLU, the fourth group : Untreated 8 female rats mated with 4 cotreated male rats with PTU +FLU. The results of second experiment revealed a decrease in number of offspring as well as reduction in percentage of fertility and pregnancy rates.
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