Author name:
ايام مشهد كاظم
Supervisor name:
منتهى طالب سلمان
Abstract:
Most studies about the United States policy towards the Third World in general and Africa in particular, have not get an independent scientific study in Iraq towards the Horn of Africa or in particular and the Ethiopian - Somalian conflict about the Ogaden region, which is part of Somalia, and has been spilt up by the European countries which have divided Somalia into several parts among them and made this region under Ethiopian control, despite the efforts of Somalia to retrieve this territory from Ethiopia but remained under Ethiopian control.The importance of the main study comes to clarify the US policy toward the Somalian - Ethiopian conflict, and to show how the United States entered the Horn of Africa, and find an affective areas there, especially in Ethiopia, which was able to provide a lot of help and facilities to the American presence in the region. Ethiopia is set as a basic point for the US in the Horn of Africa in order to control the ways that transfer oil from the Arabian Gulf through Bab al - Mandab's Strait. as well as to observe the role that done by the United States, through the provision of military aid to Ethiopia, which has been able to maintain the Ogaden region at the time. As addition the study dealt with evaluating of the US policy, the conflict between the regional countries, the impact of success and failure over this policy with the impact of the intervention of the other regional and international powers. 1. In light of what presented above the submitted thesis has divided into four chapters, documents, supplements and conclusion, the first chapter consists a study of three sections, the first includes the definition of the strategic importance of the Horn of Africa and the beginning of the European competition, while the second section shows the roots of the t Somalian - Ethiopian conflict till 1960, and the third dealt with the beginnings of the US presence in the Horn of Africa until 1960.2. The second chapter comes to discuss the role of the United States in the political developments in Ethiopia and Somalia 1960 - 1964, and it includes three sections, the first section addresses the political situation in Somalia after independence until 1964, while the second section shows how the problem has been put in conferences and African organizations and the impact of African countries in reducing this conflict, whilst the third section dealt with the Somalian - Ethiopian war - in 1964 and the role of the United States in it.3. The third chapter comes under the title Ethiopian - Somalian relations and its impact on international competition in the region until 1973, consisted of three sections, the first section has devoted to clarify the normalization of Somalian - Ethiopian relations policy from 1965 to 1969, the second section touched Somalia under the military rule 1969 - 1973, while the third section shows the military government relations between Ethiopia and the great nations1969 - 1973.4. The fourth chapter hold the title the impact of Somalian - Ethiopian conflict upon the international competition in the region until 1978, this chapter has been divided into two sections, the first section has allocated to the Ethiopian politics in the era of Mengistu Haile Mariam from 1974 to 1977, the second section touched the Somalian - Ethiopian war 1977 - 1978 and the role of international forces in it. in the conclusion we find the summary of what the study has reached, of results and general conclusions in this regard.5. The Ethiopian - Somalian conflict regarded as the most intractable conflicts in the African continent and the longest - lived, it's rooted belong to the Middle Ages, it began after the arrival of Islam to this region and embraced by the Somalian. Since then, the conflict started and take multiple forms, and the wars that have existed between Ethiopia and Somalia were undecided. 6. As a result of the Somali division, Ethiopia has turned into a multi - ethnic and norms empire, and to control the Horn of Africa and take a part of drawing the political boundaries there. Where there no considerations to the principle of nationalities or the right to self - determination in drawing those boundaries, so Ethiopia borders have not been fully recognized by their mutual and among its neighbors, except its border with Kenya, and Djibouti. Somalia lost the western Somali region (Ogaden) as a result of British colonialism conceded through treaties and agreements about this region, so that this region has become a zone of conflict between the two countries for a long time continued to the present day.7. Africa in general and the Horn of Africa in special did not get the United States attention for many years, because it did not find any threats from the European powers which represented by Britain, France and Italy to its interests in the continent. So that, the US attention in the Horn of Africa has started after the II World War, after it came out of the war loaded with big capitals, the United States invested it in the African continent which took the form of economic and military aid to gain access to cheaper and abandoned industrials martials from the continent. The US interest in the Horn of Africa has grown as it occupying geostrategic location next to the oil resources in the Middle East, the necessary object that needed by the United States, as well as its location in the South desert of Africa, and the huge size of the military facilities on the Red Sea shores, and the need of such military facilities for the United States , as well as geographical proximity of the Horn from the Arabian Gulf, which is the gateway of oil to the United States, as addition this region is considered to be economically good stockpile of mineral resources, and other sources of energy, especially since the region occupies a central position in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, which made it a region of vital importance to the interests of the United States of America, particularly the strategic priority of the United States was lie in searching cheaper and enriched oil stocks in the world.8. It has been proved scientifically and historically that the revolution is moving by infected and push the winds of change from one place to another, especially if the environment is paved ,ready and mature, Ethiopia were those mature environment to welcome the change, so that the military coup in Ethiopia in 1974 occurred and overthrow the Imperial rule, and with the rise of the military Ethiopia to power in September 1974,and after five years after the rise of Somalia's military regime to power in the October 21, 1969, the political stage in Horn of Africa has become on the edge of a new challenge and change, Racing challenge and confronta - tion between the military of the two neighboring countries , has become the most important race not in the Horn of Africa alone, but in all of Africa, which has seen many other similar positions, and changes over successive military coups, changed the balance of power, changed alliances and ignited old and new conflicts and animosities altogether. 9. Loss the Ogaden war 1977 - 1978 backed to the recklessness of Siad Barre, who announced severance the relations with the Soviet Union, which led to depriving Somalia of military aid from them, although the Soviet Union tried to find a balance between Ethiopia and Somalia, and not to lose one of the parties in order to keep benefit from the basis taken by the Soviet Union in the region, so the Soviet Union became the master in the region. The hesitation of the United States of not providing assistance due to personal inexperienced and the naive of the US President Carter and decision - makers there who feared to repeat the Vietnam war in Ogaden, which left t negative effects, so the US preferred to be observer to the events that happen in the Ogaden, in particular the Horn of Africa in general.The conflict between Ethiopia and Somalia has regarded as one of the conflicts that have evolved into full - scale war, in traditional sense. After that hundreds of thousands of both sides went victims to armed operations, the case is still under investigation and subject to further research, tight and attract, though the war has ended, Skirmishes, clashes border and political maneuvering diplomacy, or (what might be called an indirect conflict) is still Ongoing and continuous.
