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الحملة الفرنسية على روسيا القيصرية 1809 - 1812 == The French Campaign Against Tsarist Russia 1809 - 1812

Author name: اسراء عبد الكريم طاهر المالكي
Supervisor name: مشعل مفرح ظاهر العونان
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The revolution that took place in France in the year 1789 was not an event that influenced France alone, in fact it crossed the borders to include the whole world , particularly Europe whose Kings began to fight its liberal ideas fearing that those ideas may reach their countries ; therefore, the reactions of the European countries towards the new revolution varied : some of the accepted them, others fought them and still others were indifferent. What matters here is the position of Russia towards that Revolution. They splitinto two parties : the Russian people supported the Revolution and found out that it was a way to get rid of the absolute monarchy and thus started to study the principles of the Revolution carefully. On the other hand the Russian Government was apparent from the nature of Empress Catherine the Second, 1762 - 1796, who fought all that related to the Revolution and dismissed the French that were settling in her country. Not only did she prevent the Russians from importing any French goods and stopped the trade with France but she also urged the Europeans to start a war against France. As a result those countries formed the first coalition against France in the year 1792. The Russian Empire continued in its hostility towards the French Revolution till her death in 1796. When her son, Paul the First, ascended the throne 1796 - 1801 ,he changed attitudes towards the Revolution and appeared as a man of peace at the beginning ,but when France occupied Egypt and Malta ,the new Tsar had to adopt a hostile position against France.Then he joined the new coalition of 1798 against France. Because of the different points of views and plans of themembers of theCoalition ,Paul the First left the coalition and signed a treaty with France. After the death of Paul the First, Alexander the First became the emperor 1801 - 1825. He was in peace with Napoleon ,who became the First council of France ,and after the war that took place between Britain and France , Bonaparte became the Emperor ,the relations between France and Russia witnessed new tension ,particularly when Napoleon executed Duke Angan ,one of the prices of the Bourbons, which the European countries regarded as actualthreat to their benefits, those countries agreed to form a third European coalition. Russia and Britain represented the corner stone of that coalition, where Russia led a lot of battles against France such as Austerlitz battle in 1805, Eylau battle in 1806 and Friedland battle in 1807.In all those battles the victory was French. Later on the two countries signed a peace treaty ,known as the Tlst Treaty in 1807, in which the two parties agreed to be allied and friends.That friendship was stressed in Erfurt Conference, which was held in 1808. The relations between the two countries continued to be friendly till the year 1810, when Russia breached that treaty by refusing to apply the embargo against Britain. The whole year 1811 the two countries continued in their correspondences that led, atlast, to Napoleon’s Campaign against Russia on the 23nd of june,1812. He and his army pushed deep into the Russian lands, where the Russians adopted the strategy of retreating deep into their land, and burning all the cities that they were withdrawing from , however the campaign did not end up unless Napoleon defeated and his army, which its strength exhausted due to a lack foodstuff materials into as well as the winter, which was harsh where the temperature dropped to ( - 26 Celsius). This actually forced Napoleon to return to France, at the same time Russia was pushed to form the sixth alliance against France.After the Allied victories in the Battle of Leipzig, Napoleon was forced to return to the France borders, but it was too late, and allied forced had decided to enter to Paris, and it was done in 1814. The first Paris Treaty was held in the same year, which brought up the dismissal of Napoleon, and then exiled to the Island of Elba, and formation of a new interim government and the return of the Bourbon to the throne of France. The campaign led by Napoleon against Russia ended all Napoleon's dreams to control over theEuropean Continent and to expand with the East.
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المجلس التاسيسي الكويتي (1961 - 1963) : دراسة تاريخية == The Constituent Assembly Of Kuwait (1961 - 1963 ) : A Historical Study

Author name: دعاء علي سرحان الزيدي
Supervisor name: رافد عبد الرضا عيلان الخفاجي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The chiefdom of Kuwait Signed in 1899, on the agreement of British protection under which became a protectorate administered some of their affairs, especially out wardness by Britain. was that agreement lasted until 19 June 1961, when Britain announced that Kuwait's independence, became incumbent on the Kuwaits to prove its existence as an independent state, citizens enjoy freedom and democracy, and that through the creation of a constituent assembly elected "suggest" to the world that the Kuwaiti government is moving towards more democracy. However, the march toward democracy soon clashed with the mentality of some of the ruling family elders, who refused at first to waive certain privileges which was granted to them in their capacity as the ruling family elders, Participated all their weight in the Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly. came participation by appointment rather than election, as is the case with the rest of the members of the Constituent Assembly, which confirms the fear of any democratic transformation lose their some of their privileges. plenty of the academic researchers, have significant and multiple aspects, specialized study of Kuwait contemporary political history, is that despite the importance of the Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly ( 1961 - 1963 ), close to its association with the lives of the Kuwaiti citizen on the one hand, and install the foundations of the modern state after the institution was about way to build the joints of the Kuwaiti state as a whole on the other hand, we have not noticed any concentration by those academic studies, for addressing the Council of Kuwait constituent of topics, and the Bill of laws and amendments, except for some writings and articles scattered, which dealt with a very small fraction of the Thread, noting that some of them have been written without the generality that there is a fight in the details, which made it difficult for any researcher, having such a topic in light of the lack of these studies first, and the difficulty of the subject and its complexities Second. Based on the historical significance of the above, it came this study tagged : ( Council Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly from 1961 to 1963 ), in order to detect one of the important aspects and the mean in Kuwait contemporary political history, an attempt to examine role of the Kuwaiti constituent assembly, and its contribution to the transmission of Kuwait from a tribal entity managed some internal and external affairs by the state of Britain's protection, an independent state adopts the existing democratic system of governance elections and parliamentary representation. as well as study the discussions members of the Special legislation of laws and amendment by the Constituent Assembly, which paved the way for the adoption of the permanent Kuwaiti constitution and the election of the National Assembly. The research found a set of findings and conclusions that can incorporate the most important as follows : First : the desire of Britain, Sheikh Abdullah Al - Salem Al - Sabah, and some Kuwaiti dignitaries, the establishment of a constitutional alternative to the tribal government the prevailing system in Kuwait at the time system, as it is becoming imperative for Kuwait after its independence from Britain in 1961, to prove its existence as an independent state, citizens enjoy freedom and democracy, and so through the creation of elected councils "suggest" to the world that the Kuwaiti government is moving towards more democracy.Second : The most important can be notice on the work of the Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly, is the presence of ministers appointed as members of the Council exercising two floors at the same time first : an executive capacity as minister in the Kuwaiti government, or Council of Ministers, and the second : a legislative capacity as members of the Constituent Assembly, so the problematic work of the Constituent Assembly was stemming from the attempt to the executive, the acquisition of the largest amount of powers to the legislative branch account, meaning that the legislature be dominant by the executive branch, and this is what made ministers insist initially through "a spokesman on their behalf," adviser legal Kuwaiti government Mohsen Abdel Hafez, that the task of the Constituent Assembly are limited to a supervisory role.Third : regardless of all the motives that accompanied the formation of the Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly, the Council's work form an important event in the history of Kuwait's political, economic and social, as the mode or the Constituent Assembly drafted the foundations of the system of government in Kuwait, which is destined to continue until the present day, the Although there are some obstacles and political problems faced by the parliament to work in Kuwait, and the Dismantling of the Kuwaiti National Assembly for several times, and electoral fraud, and the Deactivating of some articles of the Constitution, which thanks to the Kuwaiti accomplished Constituent Assembly.Fourth : such as the work of the Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly during that period, a radical shift in the history of Kuwait contemporary political, after the first legislative institution representative of the population to be formed in Kuwait, which has become a reason to create a kind of political awareness among the population of Kuwait, as "Feeling" the presence of a representative entity their own regulator monitors the work of the executive authority, defends their rights through the exercise of the functions of the legislative and regulatory authority, and about the so rushed some residents of Kuwait and dignitaries, to submit petitions and complaints related to their problems, especially the character service, which had previously been neglected, some ministers of the executive branch before the formation Foundation Board.Fifth : The follower of the minutes of the Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly, the minutes of the meetings of the committee preparing the permanent Kuwaiti constitution, foand that most of the laws and legislation political, economic, administrative and service, and some of the permanent Kuwaiti Constitution, were approved under pressure from ministers of the executive authority ( Council of Ministers ), the dominant the work of the Constituent Council ( Parliment ), or to find compromise solutions between the elected members and appointed, and that the necessary ignored the objections of the elected members, and resorting to a vote, which is always in favor of the appointed ministers as members of the Constituent Assembly, or taking the opinion of the Prince Sheikh Abdullah Salem Al - Sabah, to Definitiveness some of the topics at issue, which the size or reduced the independence of the work of the Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly to pass a lot of laws and legislation, it seemed as if the executive branch is watching the work of the legislature, other than what is the case in all parliaments of the world adoptive system democratic governance.Sixth : Overall, we can say that the Constituent Assembly of Kuwait, has succeeded despite the obstacles and difficulties created by the ministers of the executive branch appointed as members of the Constituent Assembly, in the tasks entrusted to him perform under the Interim Constitution of Kuwait : ( Act No. 1 of 1962 ), laid the foundations of the state Kuwait, through legislation, modification and approval of many of the political, economic, administrative and service laws, as well as being able to By done his mean mission president of the preparation of the permanent Kuwaiti constitution, which was approved by the Emir of Kuwait, Sheikh Abdullah Al - Salem Al - Sabah, dated 11 November 1962, under which announced the end of the action Board Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly, to take place after the elections, members of the Kuwaiti National Assembly, which held its first session on 29 January 1963.Seventh : Finally The research, to the Kuwait Permanent its constitution of 1962, he moved from the traditional chiefdom - based formula on the basis of the absolute rule of the elders of the Al - Sabah family, to a limited and incomplete constitutional emirate preliminary version, under the constitutional system of governance amid combines two systems Parliamentary the presidential, with a tendency towards the first, as part of the equation summarized Articles IV and VI of the Permanent Constitution of Kuwait, after Kuwait hereditary emirate where limited presidential Descendents Sheikh Mubarak Al - Sabah, provided that the system of government in which a democratic, under which sovereignty of the nation, all of which are the source of authority, and on despite limited mobility and not complete, but it is a big and important step compared to what it was the conditions of Kuwait in the pre - independence, particularly since the transition from autocracy system to a constitutional system of government, has identified the powers of the prince and the elders of the ruling family, for according to a Permanent Kuwaiti constitution, the center of a system which combines the two systems parliamentary and presidential.
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قوات المقاومة الشعبية في العراق 1اب 1958 - 29 تموز 1959 == Folk Resistance Forces In Iraq 1 August 1958 - 29 July 1959

Author name: بشائر محمود مطرود المنصوري
Supervisor name: فرات عبد الحسن كاظم الحجاج
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: If one traces the temporary history of Iraq, especially the period during which Abdul Kareem Qassim ruled from 1958 up to 1963, he will find a lot of bloody strife and struggles in that one starts thinking about the source behind these struggles and turmoil. The answer to such question is that there were two trends for the ideological policies which were different. These were the national and communist parties. It seems that the main reason behind these differences was attributed to the kind of policy practiced by the government in treating such struggles and its results. Thus, the formation of the folk resistance forces in 1958 is considered as a procedure agitating the conflict, and hence, the significance of the study comes from this source of discussion, regardless talking about the source of establishing the militias in Iraq. Also, little has been written on this subject. The significance of this study lies in its revelation of the roots of the contemporary political struggles after the 14 July revolution in 1958. This study falls into a preliminary and three chapters and a conclusion. The preliminary is primarily concerned with the rise of the 14th July revolution in 1958 and the Arab's position and national attitude towards this Rise. The national position from this revolution is considered one of the sources of the formation of the folk resistance. Chapter one includes three sections. The first one is devoted to show the reasons of establishing the folk resistance. In section two, several topics are discussed such as the law of folk resistance and the leading of these forces, besides other things. Section three pays attention to the distribution of the centers of the folk resistance forces in the provinces of Iraq. Chapter two shows the role of these forces in the happenings in Iraq from 1958 to1959. Section one in this chapter focuses on the Rasheed Aali Al - Gailani's movement showing the reasons of the rise of this movement and its results. Section two shows the role of the folk forces in Mosel happenings in 1958 and the rise of Abdul Al - Wahab's movement and its resistance of the folk forces. This section also focuses on explaining the role these forces in Mosel's massacre from 9 to 29 on March in 1959 and the position of the Iraqi government from these forces after the happenings of Al - Shawaf. Section three focuses on Rasheed Lolan's movement in Rawndooz on May in 1959, showing its causes and the role of the folk forces in dissolving this movement. Chapter three deals with the surpasses of these forces and the position of Abdul - Kareem Qassim from them in (1958 - 1959). The chapter explicates the surpass of these forces against ministers and military officers, against laws, administrations, and against the political parties. The conclusion comes finally to shed light on the result that these forces were the main helpers for the Iraqi army and the security forces. They under the influence of the communist party. This influence put these forces in two positions in that they should follow the government orders and guide and the communist party's orders. This affected their nature of work and led to a lot conflicts later on till they were dissolved in July 29th in 1959
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الصراع على السلطة في اندونيسيا 1965 - 1967 == The Struggle For Power In Indonesia 1965 - 1967

Author name: عمر عدنان داود الخالد
Supervisor name: كاظم هيلان محسن السهلاني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This thesis deals with Power conflict in Indonesia from 1965 to 1967. The researcher aims at investigating the causes and results of this conflict, its Development stages and the intentions of the involved parties. The importance of choosing this topic stems from the importance of Indonesia in South - East Asia which passed through many historical events. Independence and power hand over from Holland started a new stage of home political advances, where the parliamentary institution (1949 - 1957) followed the Western countries procedures. It legalized the freedom to form political parties and practice their work to lead opposition from inside the parliament building. However, this system failed soon because of the conflict between the political parties. This failure pushed President Sukarno to apply oriented democracy starting from 1957, where he took power in his hands and cancelled the parliamentary system; he developed good relations with the Indonesian Communist Party whose authority widened because of Sukarno's support. This lead army Generals to be the main Power after the authority of the competing parties to the Communist Party had weakened after the application of oriented democracy. Army Generals stood against the Communist party for fear of taking over power. Sukarno stood beside the party which led to a new stage in the conflict during the period 1965 - 1967. The first chapter of the study tackled the Indonesian political situation during the period (1949 - 1957). Chapter two is entitled Movement of the First of October (May - October 1965). This chapter deals with the direct preparations to the Movement, the upraise of the Movement and the change in President Sukarno's position towards it. Chapter three is entitled The Role of General Suharto against the First of October Movement, it displays General Suharto's role in evoking public opinion against President Sukarno and his role in standing against the first of October Movement. Chapter four deals with the home situation crisis in Indonesia which resulted from Sukarno's formation of the National Front for his followers to stand against General Suharto's campaign against him. This chapter refers also to the ministerial modification that Sukarno started which led to a greater inside crisis and Which evolved into what happened in March 1966. This chapter also focused on the steps that General Suharto had taken to strip Sukarno of his authorities and drive him away from ruling Indonesia. The conclusion included the most important conclusions that had been reached at through studying Authority conflict in Indonesia (1965 - 1967)
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العلاقات السياسية الامريكية - الفنلندية 1939 - 1945 == The American - Finnish Political Relations 1939 - 19

Author name: ميثاق عبد العزيز سلمان التميمي
Supervisor name: فرقد عباس قاسم المياحي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study aims at shed light on the nature of American - Finnish political relations from the Soviet attack of Finland in 1939 up to the Finnish withdrawal from the second world war, and resuming of Diplomatic relations between USA and Finland in August 1945. This study is divided into a preface, introduction, three chapters and a conclusion. The preface follows up a brief history of Finland and its geography, and the early American representations in Finland, and the American attitude towards the Finnish declaration of independence. The researcher discusses the Soviet - Finnish negotiations in 1939, which led to breakdown of war between Finland and the Soviet Union, and the failure of American good office. The first chapter deals with the American - Finnish political relations from November 1939 up to June 1941. This chapter focuses on the American attitude towards the Soviet - Finnish war, the American role in holding of Soviet - Finnish treaty in March 1940. The chapter discusses also the German - Finnish rapprochement and its effects on the American - Finnish political relations from April 1940 up to June 1941. The second chapter deals with the Finnish - German attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941 and its effect on the American - Finnish relations up to December 1941. This chapter explains also the deterioration of the American - Finnish relations during 1942 , and the reducing of diplomatic relations. The chapter explains why the American government summoned its ambassador in Helsinki for consultations in 1942. The last chapter is devoted to discuss the developments of American - Finnish relations from 1943 up to August 1945. This chapter focuses on the failure of American mediation to put an end to war between Soviet Union and Finland, the failure of peace talks between Soviet Union and Finland in 1944, why USA breaks off its diplomatic relation with Finland. Finally, this chapter discusses the resuming of the American - Finnish relations in 1945
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السياسة الامريكية تــجاه الجمهورية العربية اليمنية 1967 - 1979 == American Policy Towards The Arab Republic Of Yemen 1967 - 1979

Author name: شروق سعود عبد الخنجر
Supervisor name: ابراهيم فنجان صدام الامارة
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تبنت الولايات المتحدة الامريكية سياسات متعددة الاوجه والابعاد تجاه الشرق الاوسط بصورة عامة واليمن بصورة خاصة، لحماية مصالحها الاقتصادية لاسيما النفطية منها في المملكة العربية السعودية لما لها من اهمية لواشنطن وحلفاؤها. علاوة على ذلك فقد شكل الشطر الشمالي | Multifaceted policies have been adopted by the United States of America towards the Middle East in general, and towards Yemen in particular to protect and secure their economic and political interests especially with respect to oil interests in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, because of the importance of oil to Washington and its allies. Furthermore , the northern part of Yemen represents a great strategic and military significance. Especially after the establishment of a Marxist regime which is clearly loyal to the Soviet Union in the southern part of Yemen. Not to mention the importance of its geographical location near one of the most important International waterways which the United States made sure that they did not fall under the control of the Soviet Union which leads eventually to a great threat for its economic and political interests. And this seems clear that Yemen has become one of the most important regions of the rivalry between the USA and the Soviet Union and that any of them ( USA and the Soviet Union ) will not stand back and watch the events and the developments that the is witnessed by the region if not its interests are exposed to the risk , because Yemen was passing by the period of the political and economic building , like the Third World countries , Washington exploited the necessary need of Sanaa for the political and economic support to overcome its problems so it used this assistance to extend its influence and protect its interests and face the Soviet union influence in the southern part of Yemen. This had resulted in an Arab cold war or the proxy war which is a clear reflection of the strained of the relations between Moscow and Washington. The importance of the subject of US politics towards the northern part of Yemen 1967 - 1979 , was the reason behind choosing it for this Master thesis , which includes an introduction and five chapters and a conclusion and appendixes. The first chapter deals with Yemeni - American relations for the period 1945 - 1967. The first section deals with the first attempts of Washington and Sanaa to establish mutual relations and sign the Treaty of Friendship and Trade in 1946 , and the second section discusses the Yemen - US relations in the era of Imam Ahmad 1948 - 1962, While the third section focuses on the relations of the two parties in the republican era in 1962 - 1967 , After the US recognition of the republican system in late 1962 , the US position of the Yemeni civil war between republicans and monarchists , cut ties between Sana'a and Washington after the June 1967 war, and Egypt's role in it. The second chapter focuses on the American politics towards Yemen after the severance of diplomatic relations in 1967, The first section deals with the deterioration of the relations between Washington and Sana'a and its interruption and the second section comes to explain the American politics towards Yemen during the stage of relations cut 1967 - 1972 , and the attempts by the Yemeni government to resume its relations with Washington. The third Section discusses the shifts of the American politics after the resumption of the Yemeni - American relations 1974 - 1972. The first section Turns to the motives of the both parties for the resumption of relations in 1972. while the second section deals with the visit of 'Rogers' to Sana'a and the US position in the war of 1972 between the two parts of Yemen. while the Third Section studies the growing of the Yemeni - US relations till the coup of Al - Hamdi. In the fourth chapter , the master thesis discusses the evolution of the American politics towards the northern part of Yemen in 1974 - 1978 , the first part deals with the US position of the return of the military rule for Yemen after the coup of al - Hamdi , and the second part is about the US position of the strained of the relations between the two parts 1978. The fifth chapter focuses on the American Policy towards the Yemeni internal developments 1978 - 1979 , the first section includes the US reaction to the arrival of Ali Abdullah Saleh to the power, while the second section is allocated to the statement of the US position in the war of 1972 between the two parts of Yemen. The Title : 1. US politics towards the northern part of Yemen. 2. US politics towards the Arab Republic of Yemen
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سياسة الولايات المتحدة الامريكية تجاه القضية النمساوية 1945 - 1955 == The United States Of America The Policy Of Towards The Austrian Question 1945 - 1955

Author name: تحسين علي حسين
Supervisor name: فاروق صالح العمر
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The era after the second world war witnessed a kind of competition between the united states of America and the soviet Union to control different countries in the world. Austria was one of these countries that became the stage for the conflict between the west and the east for ten years because of its important and strategic geographical position. After liberating Austria from the Nazi occupation in March 1945 , the Allies agreed to divide Austria and its capital Vienna into four Zones of occupation for the United states of America , the Soviet Union , Britain and France as a preparation to execute the treaty of independence of Austria which granted it the right of sovereignty after withdrawl of the occupying troops. However , the troops Left Austria in 1955 because of the conflict between the east and the west during the cold war. That is why most of the European historians see that the cold war started in Austria and not in Germany. The study covers the years from 1945 to 1955. 1945 was chosen as the starting point of the study because in that year , Austria was liberated from the Nazi occupation by the Allied states. Also , the researcher chose 1955 as the closing year because the treaty of Austria was signed by the four states of occupation on the 5th of March of that year. The thesis consisted of an introduction , four chapters , a conclusion and appendixes.The Study in chapter was on (( the policy of the united states of America towards Austria since Birth of the First Austrian Republic up to March 1945 )) starts in 1918 because it is the year of the Birth of the Austrian Republic out of the ruins of the Empire of Austria and Hungary after the first world war. The first section of the chapter deals with the American - Austrian relations from 1918 to 1938 when Hitler annexed Austria. The section reviews the relation between the two states and the political and economic support of the united states of America to the first Austrian Republic. Section two tackles the American policy towards Austria from 1939 to March 1945. The section focuses on the reflections of the second world war on Austria and the Position of the United states towards that war in addition to the military and political role of the United States after entering the war to liberate Austria. Chapter two(( Policy of the United States of America towards the Austria Question during Rule of President Truman from March 1945 to 1947 )) includes three sections. The chapter emphasizes the policy of the United states during the first year of occupation of Austria. Chapter three (( Policy of the United States of America towards the Austria Question during Rule of President Tru - man 1948 - 1952 )) consists of three sections and is concerned with the military , economic and political support of the United states to Austria During the Period under study in this chapter, Marshal Project came into effect in Austria and it helped a lot in recovery of the Austrian economy. Furthermore , the United states of America started in 1948 a secret plan to reconstruct the Austrian Army to be ready to defend Austria against any communist threat after signing the Austrian Treaty. Chapter four is devoted to study (( the policy of the United States of America during the Era of President Eisenhower towards the Austrian Question 1953 - 1955)). The chapter Looks into the international situation in 1953 when Eisenhower became president of the United State of America , Also , the Soviet leader Stalin died in that year and the negotiations between the Soviet Union and Austria started in that year. The chapter also sheds light on the role of the United State of America in Berlin conference in 1954 which prepared the way for the USA and USSR to agree on the treaty of Austria in April 1955. The conclusion is devoted to present the results that the researcher reached.
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معارك وغزوات الكويت ومشاركاتها الحربية (1716 - 1814) == Battles And Its Invasions Of Kuwait And Its Participatins In Wars (1716 - 1896 )

Author name: نضال خزعل غضبان الزيادي
Supervisor name: رافد عبد الرضا عيلان الخفاجي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: يهدف البحث الى دراسة معارك وغزوات الكويت ومشاركاتها الحربية ( 1716 - 1814 )، اي خلال المدة التي سبقت تولي الشيخ جابر الصباح حكم مشيخة الكويت، والتي امتازت بكثرة مشاركاته الحربية الى جانب الدولة العثمانية.. فضلا عن دراسة تاثير تلك المعارك والغزوات والمشارك | Kuwaiti modern history has been associated with many of the political events represented by wars and battles fought by the Kuwaiti tribes since their migration from Najd. Alsubah family, a branch of the tribe Utub, which have migrated up to the year 1665 from their first habitat in the Hadar located within the region of Najd to the shores of the Arabian Gulf as a result of the harsh conditions of life, and severe drought that has happened in their home areas due to Lack of rain, which caused the outbreak of tribal conflicts over grazing lands and eventually led to an exodus of large numbers of Utub tribe native to the first direction of Kuwait area, and it should be It noted that the members of this tribe before settling in Kuwait tried to settle in areas ( Al Mabraz, Al Zubarah, the coast of Persia, and Basra ), but they faced strong rejection of the population in these areas.. After a long migration, some families of Utub ( Al - Sabah, Al - Khalifa, and Al - Jalahmah ) were allowed within the year 1716, to settle near the Kuwait bay which was influenced by the tribe of Bani Khalid, a region that was not inhabited at the time. The reason I chose my study of the year 1716, as a beginning of a subject of the study is due basically that that year was the beginning of Kuwait foundation as an Emirate by Utub tribe which had many battles with different tribes to keep that Emirate. Utub tribe did its best to prove itself and quit migration life.. After settling in Kuwait , they began practicing acts of pearl diving and fishing, maritime and trade from and to India, as well as the ports of the Persian Gulf and other such as ( Basra, AL - Ahwaz, And Bahrain ). Then they divided the adminisration of the affairs of Kuwait among them. The agreement texted that Alsubah family hold presidency and its affairs by consulting others while AlKhalifa family hold the trade affairs.On the other hand , work organising affairs in the sea was entrusted by Al Jalahmah. This type of government administration was until 1766 when Alsubah family totally ruled Kuwait as a result to the migration of Al - Khalifa family and a big number of AlJalahima to Zubarah where they settled there before their occupation of the island of Bahrain with the participation of Kuwaiti rulers (Alsubah family) in 1782.. But after the year 1782, Kuwait was exposed to numerous attacks ( the most important one was the first battle occurred directly with Kuwait, known as the ( Naval battle of Rikkah ) against a coalition of AlKaab when Kuwaitis won by themselves ).. Starting in 1793, Kuwait has been subjected from time to the Wahhabi invasions, which lasted until 1896, which is the year of the study stop and the reason for this is that the year witnessed radical change in Kuwaiti policy represented by Sheikh Mubarak Alsubah's assassinating his two brothers ( Mohammad and Jarrah ) and appointed himself as a Sheikh of Kuwait.. Due to the importance above, this study is to discover one of the important political sides in the modern history of Kuwait. The study is an attempt to study those events in details and to show its effect in Kuwait as an independent Emirate and to detect the latent goals behind those events.. The study needed to divide the research into four chapters. The first chapter of the research has studied the origin of Utub tribe as a founder of the Emirate of Kuwait and presented a historical review about the origin of this tribe and its first habitat. The chapter referred to the date and the reasons of their migration from Najd up to the year 1665. It also deals with the topic of their migration to Zubarah about 1669, showing the problems happened between the tribe of Utub and the original people of Zubarah ( Al - Muslim ) which at last led to killing a man from Al - Muslim by the hand of a man from Utub. Consequently, It was the reason which made Utub migrate from Zubarah to the shores of the Arabian Gulf in 1698. The chapter always mentions their migration to Persia in 1698. They didn't settle there for a long time because they had a war with the tribe of Hola in 1701. They migrated to Basrah in the same year and settled in it for a period of time but they worked as pirates which made them have conflicts with the Ottoman empire. They were forced to leave Basrah and go to Kuwait in 1716.. The second chapter studied the Kuwait battles and participations in war ( 1716 - 1814 ) and how Utub could achieve their stability. It also studied the participation of Utub with Al - Mathkoor in the war againt Bani Kaab in 1761. It also studied the participation of Kuwait in Zubara battle in 1782, Kuwait participation with Al - Khaleefa in occupying Bahrain in 1783, and Kuwaiti battle of the naval battle of Raqqa in 1783, against a coalition of Bani Kaab and achieved victory by itself, as well as the Battle of Ibrahim bin Afissan of Kuwait in 1793, and the invasion of Manna Abu Rijlain two years in 1797, and Saoud Bin Abdel AlAziz Al - Saoud's invasion to Kuwait 1804, At last it studied the participation of Kuwait in the battle of Khkakrah in 1811.. The third chapter dealt with Kuwait war battles and participations for the period ( 1814 - 1866 ). This historical period was recognized by many Kuwaiti war participations beside the Ottoman empire such the participation of Kuwait in breaking the blockade of Basrah imposed by The tribe of Muntafiq in 1826. The chapter also studied Kuwaiti invasion to the tribe of Al - Nassar in Briam in 1827. The chapter also contains the participation of Kuwait beside the tribe of Muntafiq and Bani Kaab in the blockade of Basrah in 1831. It also studied the participation of Kuwait in the bnlockade of Zubair in 1833. It also studied the participation of Kuwait beside the Ottoman Empire in occupying the city of Mohammarah in 1837. The chapter also explainedthe Egyptian second expansion in the Arab gulf in 1838. The chapter also studied the invasion Sheik of Muntafaq , Bandar Al - Sadoun , to Kuwait in 1844. At last, the chapter studied the participation of Kuwait in the battle of Milh in 1859.. The fourth chapter studied the battles and invasions of Kuwait and war participations for the period ( 1866 - 1896 ). It mentioned the participation of Kuwait beside the Sheikh of Mohammrah, Jabir Bin Mirdaw , in his conflict with the tribe of Nassar in ( 1868 - 1869 ). It also mentions the participation of Kuwait in the Ottoman campaign on Ihsaa in 1871, referring to the decisive role done by the Kuwaiti forces participating in the campaign and the results made the campaign and its effect on Kuwait. The chapter also mentions the attempt of Saoud Bin Faisal Al - Saoud to invade Kuwait in 1873, the invasion of Mohammad Bin Abdullah Al - Rshaid to Subahiah in 1877, and the invasion of Majid Al - Duwaish to Kuwait in 1892. The chapter also mentions the participation of Kuwait in the interior conflict of Al - Dhafeer tribe in 1892. It traces the participation of Kuwait in the Ottoman campaign against Qatar in 1892, focusing on the importance of Kuwaiti financial and military support in that campaign. The chapter also mentions that Kuwait was exposed to the invasion of the tribe of Al - Saeed in 1893. It also mentions the invasion of the Saudi tribe of Bani Hajer against the Kuwaiti ships in 1894, killing many men and robbing their contents. It also mentions the participation of Kuwait beside the Ottoman empire in perusing the forces of Sheikh Al - Muntafaq, Sulaiman Mansour Al - Sadoun in 1894. Atlast it mentions the end of the study topic in the year 1896, when external and internal events happened which were the base in changing the political, social and economic situations in Kuwait when Sheikh Mubarak Al - Subah ruled Kuwait after he had killed his two brothers, Sheikhs Mohammad and Jarrah
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موقف عشائر جنوب العراق من الاحتلال البريطاني للعراق 1914 - 1918 == The Position Of The Tribes Southern Iraq From British Occupation Of Iraq 1914 - 1918

Author name: حسن موات حسين الفرطوسي
Supervisor name: جعفر عبد الدائم بنيان المنصور
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: When erupted the First World War 1914 - 1918 and the declaration of war between the Ottoman and British Fmpire , she was Clans third the power of her position on the floor worrying for both parties (the Ottoman - British), and the British command deems a contributing factor in the war against the Ottomans, due to the recent persecution of those clans. Now that the national spirit for those clans have proved the opposite, as it rushed the men to do what is most precious in order to repel the British occupation of the homeland, it has had a major role in the resistance to the British occupation of Iraq, as the Ottoman authorities mainly relied on those tribes to repel the British occupation of Iraq. In spite of having a lot of research and academic Which I studied History of Iraq Modern and Contemporary with all the political aspects, economic, social and administrative, but no one was highlighted and the kind of detail on the position of the tribes of southern Iraq from British occupation during the First World War, 1914 - 1918.The letter came to cover the period of time the task of Iraq's history during the twentieth century, as well as to document and demonstrate the spirit Jihadist and true citizenship and absolute loyalty to the homeland, which surpasses all tribal loyalties and ethnic and sectarian The message came with an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion and seven appendices and a summary in English. The message chapters discussed the position of the tribes of southern Iraq from British occupation 1914 - 1918 as devoted the first chapter as an introduction to the review of the most important tribes in southern Iraq and the position of the Ottoman occupation and the influence of British authority 1869 - 1914. The second chapter the British occupation from 1914 to 1918 for Iraq and the role of tribes in southern Iraq in response to this occupation through active participation in the battles against the army of the British occupation forces and also their participation in front of Ahwaz. the third chapter Me studying the British administration in the era of occupation from 1914 to 1918 and the position of the tribes in southern Iraq, including 0, with which he discussed the formation of the British civil administration and how it has been by this management the most important administrative procedures that facilitate the process of the control of the occupation of southern Iraq areas and how the clans of southern Iraq, the position of this administration. The message has reached the most important results, as demonstrated tribes in southern Iraq national position of rejecting the Ottoman and British occupation with. as shown Ottoman neglect of Iraq only to Interests narrow. The inability of British influence in general stand, Which has expanded in Iraq because of the strategic and economic importance, as events proved the existence of effective national leadership, whether clerics or tribal leaders the leaders of this resistance and the extent of the commitment and obedience to the families of southern Iraq to references religion in Najaf
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صحيفة النداء وموقفها من الاجتياح العراقي للكويت (11 اب - 30 كانون الاول - 1990) == The Attitude Of Al - Ned,A From The Iraqi Invension To Kuwait 11 - 30 Aug 1990

Author name: زيدون محمد راضي
Supervisor name: جاسم محمد هايس
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In addition, it clarifies, in survey the beliefs and the administrative systems of ancient India before the arrival of Islam.
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القضية الفلسطينية وانعكاساتها على احداث الوطن العربي 1970 - 1982 == The Palestinian Issue And Its Impact On The Events Of The Arab World 1970 - 1982

Author name: اروى نوري نديم المياحي
Supervisor name: هلال ثجيل جلوي الخفاجي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The message deals with the Palestinian issue …reflection on the events of the Arab world , for the period from the events of September 1970 AD , in Jordon , And the October war with Israel first , and followed the camp David treaty and its repercussions onthe Arab world and the conclusion of the Lebanese and their impact on the overall Arab history of war and also the Israel occupation of Lebanon in 1982 AD. The message had been reached among the results , but the most important is that the Palestinian.Issue has a dual effect on Arab situation and events either directly or indirectly. As well as the most prominent Israeli army defect in the fact of guerrilla war fare , Which the Israeli army is not fluent in dealing suffered big losses as the peace process led by Egypt did not come to a comprehensive peace did not stand in dependent of the chain wars swept the region. As Lebanon came under two bread categories in the year 1978 AS and 1982Ad , but Israel did not achieve its targets of these attacks , either militarily shaken the prestige and power of the Israeli army to the public , The Israeli and international public opinion. criticism of the regime's policies. Numerous journalists were dropped from the party or arrested last month. In February Sadat launched his diplomatic initiative, the main elements of which were Hafiz Ismail's visits to the Soviet Union and the United States. Sadat was roundly criticized in some Arab circles for opening a dialogue with the United States, especially after the news leaked that the US was preparing to continue supplying Israel with large quantities of arms and production facilities for aircraft.The Content of the Speech Sadat began his two and one - half hour speech by 124 Foreign Relations, 1969 - 1976, Volume XXV 50. Memorandum From Director of Central Intelligence Schlesinger to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger)iWashington, April 16, 1973. SUBJECT : Israeli Estimates of Egypt's Present Military Intentions Recent assertions regarding the probability of Egyptian military moves against Israel are in conflict with the assessment the Israeli military intelligence has provided the United States as recently as the end of last week. Other indicators of Egyptian military intentions remain negative. On 12 April 1973, General Shalev, Deputy Chief of Israeli Military Intelligence, told the American Defense Attache' in Tel Aviv that he does not believeEgyptian President Sadat has made a decision to renew hostilities against Israel or that he will decide to do so in the near term. Shalev outlined at considerable length his reasons for reaching this conclusion despite certain recent developments in the Egyptian military, notably the transfer from Libya to Egypt of Libyan Mirage V aircraft, which have given rise to questions about present Egyptian intentions. A copy of the Defense Attache"s report of this conversation with Shalev is provided as Attachment A2 to this memorandum. Attachment B 118 Foreign Relations, 1969 - 1976, Volume XXV (Memorandum of conversation, March 8; ibid.) Regarding the Soviet paper handed to Kissinger by Brezhnev during Kissinger's April 1972 visit to Moscow, see Foreign Relations,1969 - 1976, volume XIV, Soviet Union, October 1971 - May 1972, Document 141, footnote 5. On March 14, Brezhnev sent Nixon a message describing his talks in Moscow with Egypt's Minister of War, Ahmed Ismail, who had expressed the Egyptian Government's serious concern with the absence of any progress toward a peace settlement. Egypt had been subjected to Israeli aggression for six years and Arab lands were still occupied by Israel. Ismail had declared that although it preferred a peaceful settlement , the Egyptian Government was coming to the conclusion that military confrontation with Israel might become unavoidable. Therefore, Egypt had to prepare itself for the possibility of a new military clash. Brezhnev concluded his message by saying that he wanted to emphasize again the seriousness of the developing situation in the Middle East and to draw the President's attention to the necessity of taking constructive steps in order to prevent such a confrontation. Brezhnev argued that such a turn of events would not only cause irreparable damage to the countries in the region but hurt other countries as well. Therefore, much depended on having the Soviet Union and the United States take "agreed steps directed at settlement of the Middle East situation."(National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Kissinger Office Files, Box 70,5 Country Files, Europe, USSR, Exchangeof Notes Between Dobrynin and Kissinger, Vol. 5) January 2 - October 5, 1973 123 42. Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixom Washington, March 30, 1973. SUBJECT : Fuller Analysis of President Sadat's Speech The Daily Brief has contained the main points in President Sadat's speech of March 26. This memo includes a more extensive discussion and analysis, and excerpts of the section on foreign policy are attached.2Background Sadat has been struggling with troublesome domestic problems since last fall. Student riots in January were followed by press 1. Memorandum From Richard T. Kennedy of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger)l Washington, January 2, 1973. SUBJECT : Secret Jordan - Egyptian Negotiations At Tab A2 is a memorandum from Director Helms conveying detailed information on secret negotiations between a representative of King Hussein andPresident Sadat which took place on 17 December. The key item is Sadat's assertion that he has decided Egypt must launch a war of attrition against Israel. Zayd Rifai represented King Hussein at the talks which took place in Cairo. In essence, the King proposed that Egypt and Jordan resume diplomatic relations and that they work together through political efforts to force a settlement on Israel. Rifai stated that the Arabs cannot risk another full scale war with Israel. He argued that the Soviets, having reached an understanding with the U.S. , do not wish to do anything that might jeopardize their newly - established working relationship with the Americans.Thus, according to Rifai, the United States is the only country in a position to break the present impasse and force the Israelis to withdraw from occupied Arab territories. Rifai informed Sadat that it is for this reason that on King Hussein's last visit to WashingtonS he attempted to take the problem out of State Department channels and bring it to President Nixon's office. Sadat expressed pleasure at Hussein's initiative in sending an emissary to meet him. He denied having any direct contacts with President Nixon's representatives but he said that he had received letters from President Nixon, all of which he had answered. Sadat told Rifai that he disagreed with Hussein on the Soviet role in the Middle East, asserting that Moscow does have a role to play inbringing about a solution to the Middle East problem , even though it is secondary to the role played by the United States. Sadat informed Rifai that his major disagreement with Hussein's views is in regard to the question of war versus political pressure on Israel. Sadat stated that he is absolutely convinced that the only way to force Israel to surrender the occupied territories is by renewing a war of attrition. He said that he had carefully calculated the cost to Egypt of starting such a war and he believes that it can be sustained. By hitting hard and deep inside Israel and by inflicting a sizeable number of civilian casualties on a regular basis, Egypt could force Israel into deciding that it is better to surrender the occupied territories. Sadat also told Rifai that under no circumstances should Jordan in any way become involved in Egypt's war of attrition because the Israelis would quickly overrun the East Bank and destroy the Jordanian army. Sadat also pushed aside Rifai's question about resuming normal diplomatic relations betweenJordan and Egypt. Sadat closed by telling Rifai that he would have some thoughts to convey to Hussein on what he could say to President Nixon about Egypt.
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جامـعة الـدول العـربية وقضايا امارات الخليـج العـربي (1945 - 1965) == League Of Arab States And Issues Of Arab Gulf Emirates (1945 - 1965)

Author name: رافد عبد الرضا عيلان الخفاجي
Supervisor name: كاظم باقر علي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This thesis aims at studying the role that the Arab League can do on the level of the Arab Gulf Emirates affairs from its emergence at 1945 till the abstraction of its projections to cooperate with Arab Gulf Emirates by the British occupation at 1965 and get the good and bad results that the Arab League and the Arab Gulf Emirates have achieved together according to the role of the League at the Arabian Emirates. It is necessary to shed the light on the stages that lead to the emergence of the Arab League and what its charter contains of subjects, aims, credits and what it has fulfilled from achievements on the political, economic, cultural and sociological level in order to compare all these achievements with what the Arab League achieves to the Arab Gulf Emirates, which has an important strategic and economy according to the British and the other western countries occupation. Since the Arab League has the ability to achieve more and more of the achievements on the Arabian level from its firm starting point, it has never regarded the Arab Gulf Emirates except after the and of 1952, when it has the opportunity to share some sort of cooperation with the Arab League, according to what the League part specifies the cooperation with other countries that did not be long to the Arab League, thus the Arab Gulf Emirates start to share and send their ambassadors ( Kuwait, Bahrain and Qutar ) to attend some of cultural, sociological and economical works of the Arab League … except some affairs that are related to politics and defense. Quickly, the League enlarges the level of its works in the Arab Gulf Emirates to have the job of defense the Arab area and protect it from the repeated Iranian claims. Also to have the ability to solve the disagreements that occurred in the area exemplified in the Iraqi - Kuwaiti crisis for which the league has a main role especially after the United Nations failure in finding a solution, so the Arab League adopted the issue and sent some Arabic armies to be on the boundaries between the Iraqi - Kuwait till the solution of this problem at 1963. In spite of that the Oman coast Emirates ( which is a part of the Arab Gulf Emirates ) stayed out of any contribution and cooperation with the Arab League till 1963. When mission Arab League visited the area in order to prevent any cooperation with Zion ( Israel ), the representatives concentrated on this point to make the members pay attention to an another problems in its report, such as foreign emigration to the Arab Gulf Emirates and the necessity to give support for the needed Emirates. The Council of the Arab League agreed to send mission of fact - finding and recommend the members to give fast supports to the area according to this specialists were sent to decide make a developed projects carried through five years. The British take the part of protecting their interests - counter after noticing the Arab seriously in giving supports, and they decide to put contrary projects to margins the Arab projects claiming that the Arab rulers agreement and the projects of giving supports of the Arab League within the British projects to develop the agreed Emirates.As a result of,in consequence of the Arab League on having a role in the Arab Gulf Emirates issues and it is its right to get ride of the British occupation on the area, so the British government increases its opposition to the projects of support. So, British sent Thomson in the time in which the general secretary started to visit the Oman coast Emirates through which he is able to take the agreement of the coast rulers to start the League projects at their Emirates, so Thomson threatened the rulers to punish them unless they cancel the agreement. The Arab League moved quickly to make the British face the situation and sent some experts Arabs to pave the way in order to make the Arab League carry on its projects. But, British do something to prevent those experts from arriving the Oman coast Emirates and removed ALSharja ruler who was the most insistent ruler to cooperate with the Arab League than others, so the order rulers were obliged to cancel their agreement on the Arab League project. The Arab League answer was unable to have actual steps to face the Britain insistence which was supported by Saudi Arabia that considered the intervention of Egypt and the Arab League in the Arab Gulf Emirates affairs as a direct threaten for her. According to the different views of Arab on one hand and the Arab - Britain difference the project is postponed as a whole. At last, it can be said that the Arab League, though doubting its suspended, has achieved some of its aims through trying to intervene itself in the Arab Gulf Emirates affairs, the League has shown the people of area that there is someone to protect and support them as possible as it could and to show them that they are not a lone to face problem but there is an Arabic nation stood by to face the problem with them. The League proved for British the Arab Gulf people is not a lone and for way from others but it was eager to get rid of his being a lone and being part of the Arab homeland and work to be higher and higher side by side with the Arab countries, but what is sorry for is that the Arab League tried to cooperate with Arab Gulf Emirates have proved the depth of Arab to Arab disagreement and the absence of cooperation between the League members, if any member talks frankly with the other and give him grantee not to intrude him self in the affairs of the other the topic would not be cancelled, that is to say, if Iraq and Egypt have talked frankly with Saudi Arabia about their secret aims and give the grantee not to intervene in its affairs the topic would not be cancelled, on the country, the Arab Gulf Emirates and the Arab League will get a lot of benefits, they would oblige British to regard the Arab Gulf Emirates when deciding any thing
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العلاقات الامريكية - الفلبينية في عهد الرئيس فردناند ماركوس 1965 - 1986 == The American - Philippine Relationships During The Time Of Ferdinand Marcos 1965 - 1986

Author name: سعدون جلوب حسين
Supervisor name: حميد احمد حمدان التميمي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Far East and Pacific Ocean have been recently regarded as a turning point in the history of foreign relationships. These regions were the hottest ones after the second world war which was followed by the cold war. These regions also have opened a new page in the history of global conflicts related to the silent ( Cold war ) between the United States of American and the Soviet Union.At the beginning of the 1960s of the twentieth century , the world witnessed a real divergence in the foreign relationships. It is evident that the Far East and the Pacific Ocean played a very important role after the visit of president Richard Nixon to Beijing and Moscow in 1972. The period was called "Accord Period" which was followed be a reconciliation between those two poles.The period also witnessed many important global events that affected the relationship between America and the Soviet Union. Among those events were the American military intrusion in Vietnam war ( 1960 - 1973 ) , the Israeli - Arabian War ( 1967 ) , the oil crisis when the oil was used in wars as weapons in some Arabian countries. The Russian intrusion in Afghanistan ( 1979 ) and the end of Shah Iran's rule in 1979 also affected the relationships between the two powerful countries : America and the Soviet Union. The Arabian literary showed great interest in The Far East. Many academic studies have been done in this regard particularly about Japan , China , Vietnam and the Philippine.The thesis is divided into : An introduction , four chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter presents an introduction to the American - Philippine relationships before Marcos's reign. That period witnessed a transitional time in which the Philippine had five presidential periods till the beginning of Marcos's coming to the rule in 1965. The chapter also sheds some lights on the independence of Philippine and it's political transition. It also refers to the re - construction of the Philippine after the second world war.The second chapter focuses on the American - Philippine political relationships during Marcos's time between the years 1965 to 1986. The chapter gives some details about Marcos's biography , his educational heritage and his participation in the second world war.The third chapter is devoted to the to the military American - Philippine relationships during the time of Marcos. It also presents information about the American desire to make the Philippine as an American military base. The Philippine become part of America's military agreements and that gave America the chance to achieve its goals. Among those agreements were the military ones. They include America's desire to help the Philippine. The fourth chapter puts focus on the economic relationship between America and The Philippine since the time of the independence of the Philippine , in 1946 to Marcos time. This chapter also deals with the economic reconstruction of the Philippine and the changes that affected the trade of sugar in the American markets. It shows the reason of the downfall of economy in Philippine.
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العلاقات العثمانية - النمساوية 1526 - 1606 : دراسة تاريخية == Ottoman - Austrian Relations 1526 - 1606 Historical Study

Author name: باسم كسار كظم وادي البركات
Supervisor name: متعب خلف جابر الريشاوي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: Al-Muthanna University - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Muthanna
First pages:
Abstract: This study examined the relations of the Ottoman - Austrian from 1526 to 1606 and is an important period at the level of relations between the two countries, Ottoman Empire took a period of time suited to its geographic area, which was virtually the largest and longest in the history of nations and empires, reaching an area, which is at its highest power and expansion, over fourteen million square kilometer. It was brought to the attention of the world politically and religiously, when the sixteenth century witnessed a lot of events and developments, it was pivotal century, as witnessed very large shifts and adjustments at all levels and known as a century of military confrontations between the various parties, including the conflict and wars between the Ottoman Empire and Austria, which was part of the war relations between East and West, it was no doubt a century of huge transformations in political systems and direct contacts and missions between the limbs across the Mediterranean Sea and it was also a century of situational alliances and urgent benefits, therefore it was impossible to separate politics from religion, and in particular, what related to file conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the European powers, it was the Renaissance and the Reformation, and the geographical explorations and colonies spread all over the world. The reason for choosing the topic of Ottoman - Austrian relations from 1526 to1606, was Austria's significant role in standing in front of the largest empire in the world to reach to the heart of Europe and controlled it, so Austria stood bulwark in facing Ottoman policy and its progress towards the West, as well as the fact that that period was important for the age of the Ottoman Empire in particular and history in general when it lived in its strengths. To cover these events and developments between the Ottoman Empire and the Austrian this study is divided into the introduction ,four chapters ,a conclusion and summary in English, and the first chapter discusses the relations of the Ottoman - Austrian for the period 1526 - 1566 AD period of the reign of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, and this period represents summit relations in the military side between the two countries and Hungary and controlling it, was the main conflict in the battle of Mohacs in 1526 AD and followed by crawling toward the capital of Austria and siege in 1529 AD, this conflict between the two countries over Hungary coincided with the movement of religious reform that appeared in Europe, which weakened the Europeans to stand in front of the Ottomans and prepare for the opportunity to Ottoman to control many areas of European, but that, this period was not devoid of diplomacy between the two countries, which culminated in establishing several treaties during this period.The first was in 1533, and the Safavid threatened to the Ottomans Eastern Front had the impact in signing the peace treaty between the Ottomans and Austria, That treaty did not put an end to the hostilities attacks between the two sides, and raids on Hungary continued, and ended with the second Treaty in 1547. In spite of holding the treaty but hostilities continued on the border between the two countries till the death of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in 1566, and the second chapter represents the Ottoman - Austrian relations for the period 1566 to 1578 AD which was culminated in the reconciliation Treaty between the Ottoman Empire and Austria in 1568, and the Ottoman Emirate campaign on Astrakhan, which was under the Russian control during the reign of Ivan IV, but the campaign failed without controlling the Emirate, while an important event appeared during this period between the East and the West, it was the Crusader alliance, which was formed by Pope Pius V and Habsburg Empire and Venice, according to the Ottoman attack and occupation of Cyprus in 1570, culminated in the NATO victory EU on the Ottomans at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, which was the most famous war for the defeat of the Ottomans during the sixteenth century, as Chapter III confirmed Ottoman - Alhabsburgah relations (1578 - 1593) AD, which includes Ottoman - English convergence who appeared during this period, because of its impact on the Habsburg joint collaboration between the Ottomans and England in the hit Habsburg Catholics through military support to the Protestants who formed the strength to stand in front of the emperors of Habsburg in all regions of the Romania holy empire, as focused on the axis of an important issue during this period that had occupied the throne of the Polish European circles during the second half of the sixteenth century, and entered into the competition between Austria, Ottomans and Russia. The fourth chapter has dealt with the Ottoman - Alhabsburgah long war in the Balkans (1593 - 1606) AD. In which Europeans showed two important aspects. The first was the principle of the alliance between Aldanobia Emirates and their alliance with the Emperor of Austria, and the second is the development of the military side of the Europeans, which enabled them to the rhythm of several military defeats the Ottomans, at a time when the Ottoman Empire lived in turmoil and chaos as a result of internal rebellions taking place in some regions and Affiliates, in addition to the Safavid threat which began to threaten the eastern front. The result of this has made Ottoman Empire occur in war on two fronts. So it was eventually forced to sign the treaty peace between the Ottoman Empire and Austria and it was named Stafatourk peace in 1606 AD, which showed through its provisions the weakness that appeared on the Ottoman Empire during the early seventeenth century through the provision of dangerous concessions at various levels, made it represents the beginning of the collapse of the Ottoman stature and strength in Europe. At the end of the research we reach the conclusion that the Ottoman Empire at the end of the sixteenth century began vulnerable than it was in the beginning of the century after it reached the maximum of its glory and greatness, while Austria began to develop its military operations as a result of the development in its military capabilities, so that enabled it to repel many Ottoman attacks and made them give big losses. In the end we can say that the beginning of the seventeenth century saw the emergence of many great empires, including the empire of Austria, which became comparable to the Ottoman Empire in all parts of the world
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ازمة الرهائن في ايران 1979 - 1981 == The Hostage Crisis In Iran 1979 - 1981

Author name: زينب صبري مهدي
Supervisor name: كاظم باقر علي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: It led the strategic and economic importance for Iran to pay big countries like the United States to direct its attention to the interests of almost constant in this region, and this is what led to the treatment of Iran's special treatment, especially during the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1941 - 1979) as it was aimed at creating a system to be a regional imperialist, based on her eastern shores of the Arabian Gulf in particular, and the Middle East in general.Came the American hostage crisis, which was the premier event in the strained political relations between the United States and Iran after the shah's fall at the hands of religious 1979 Foundation, was take over the Government of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, marking the beginning of a new phase of relations with the United States, marked by an escalation of tension that reached peak of attacking Iranian students the American embassy in Tehran in November 4, 1979, and seizing him and his employees as well as their documents, as this crisis lasted 444 days, and immediately after the storming of the students embassy were 52 Americans were held employees hostage to them, it has been the move came in response to allow the governmentAmerican Shah to enter for treatment of cancer, although the Iranian government warning of this act, as well as put an end to US influence in Iran; and strike a powerful United States and humiliating to push to end the rule of the Shah officially; and pre - empt any attempt to return to the rule of Iran, again, has the US government made it clear that allowing the entry of the Shah of treatment, required by humanitarian considerations. On 18 December, Ayatollah Khomeini declared that the hostages will be treated spies by the Iranian Islamic court in the event of non - delivery of the United States, the shah to Iran for trial, and this was an important condition for ending the crisis with its requirement as well as the confiscation of the Shah's assets in US banks for the benefit of Iran, and an apology America openly about the grave mistakes against Iran, has supported the Ayatollah Khomeini's students perform this when he said, "if they refuse extradition will take too much."As for the Shah he has left the United States in January to settle in Panama and then left in March 1980 to Egypt width of President Anwar Sadat, and in this period, the United States did not hesitate a moment ago hostage, seeking to secure their liberation in various peaceful means and sometimes forced at other times and I went in it to the extreme, as it sought to negotiate with the Iranian side, to secure the release of its nationals, tried to resort to peaceful settlements (political, diplomatic and judicial), as the United States has resorted after the hostage - taking to the Security Council, and engineered from a decision condemns the taking of hostages, and asks release, and instructed the Council Secretary - General of the United Nations, the formation of a fact - finding committee in Iran, but they are not successful in their work, the United States also resorted to the international Court of Justice, requesting the issuance of a provisional orders them to release the hostages, and the court complied with the US request, and issued its verdict on 15 / 12/1979, which it decided to Iran in violation of the Vienna Conventions on diplomatic relations 1961, relations consulate in 1963, and demanded that the court Iran to re embassy and US consulates buildings to the control of the United States, and immediate release of the hostages, but Iran does not heed the decision of the court in question, as failed attempts similar made America through the many parliamentary and personal missions of US, and when these attempts failed last resorted to coercive means through of the trade embargo and the freezing of assets of economic sanctions, as the United States decided to ban the import of Iranian oil, has also freeze the assets of Iran and property in US territory, in all the American banks; as Carter of trying to use force to rescue the hostages in April 24, 1980 aircraft tasked landed to carry out the rescue in the desert near Tehran, but the airline Marines toward Tehran ended in disaster in the desert of Tabas in eastern Iran, did not solve this crisis the death of the Shah in Egypt July 27, 1980, but lasted until the US political efforts went strongly to end the crisis
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العلاقات الروسية - الامريكية 1783 - 1867 == The Russian - American Relations 1783 - 1867

Author name: منتهى صبري مولى المنصوري
Supervisor name: مشعل مفرح ظاهر العونان
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The research tackles the "Russian - American relations from 1783 to 1867". The period is of historical importance for the two states which has never been dealt with by any Iraqi or Arab studies. The research is divided into an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter includes " The Roots of the Russian - American Relations Till 1801". It consists of three sections : the first examines the early Russian expansion : "The Roots of the Russian - American Relations Till 1775"; the second section studies "the Russian Position of the American War of Independence from 1775 to 1783 and its Effect on the Russian - American Relations"; and the last section deals with "the Establishment of the Russian - American Company in 1799 and its Role in strengthening the Russian Presence in the Western Coast of the Pacific Ocean and the Support of Orthodox Missionary" which identifies the relations between the two states through this company. The second chapter, entitled “The Russian - American Diplomatic Relations from 1803 to 1823”, studies the start of the diplomatic relations between the two states. The chapter is divided into two sections : the first one deals with “ The Russian - American Diplomatic Relations from 1803 to 1815”, whereas the focus of the second section is “ The American - British War of 1812 and its Influence on the Russian - American Relations”. The third chapter is devoted to study “The American Isolation Policy of 1823 to 1850 and its Effect on the Russian - American Relations”. Thefirst section studies “Monroe Doctrine and its Effect on the Russian - American Relations”. The second is entitled “ The Russian - American Treaty 1824 - 1834”, whereas the third section comes under the title “The Russian - American Negotiations 1834 - 1850 and the Renovation Attempt of the Treaty’s Fourth Item”.The fourth chapter deals with “Russian - American Approximation 1850 - 1867”. Its first section is entitled “ The Crimean War and its Effect on Russian - American Relations 1853 - 1856”, whereas the second section tackles the “Russian Position towards the United States of America during the American Civil War 1861 - 1865”. The last section comes under the title “ The Sale of Russian America in 1867 and its Influence on Russian - American Relations” which forms the end of the relations. The following are the ultimate conclusions of the research : 1. There was a wide Russian expansion towards Siberia since the era of Peter the biggest especially after the discovery of leather as the number of Russian explorers increased reaching finally to the northwest coast of the Pacific Ocean which became later a closed Russian trade area according to the first decree of Tsar Pawl in 1799 with the establishment of the Russian - American company which became later a center for Russian - American relations. 2. It has been noted from the Russian expansion policy that after including the northwest coast of the Pacific Ocean it starts to converge with the United States of America because of the Russian - British3. competition policy in those American areas. After the eastern Russian expansion towards Asian Siberia and the coming of Russian voyagers and explorers to the American northwest coast, Russia starts to weaken the British presence in these areas through the American independence war in 1774 after Russia taking the neutral policy. 4. The Russian - American company, which was established by Russian tradesmen with the support of Tsar Pawl the first in 1799, contributed in establishing the Russian presence in the northwest coast of the Pacific Ocean which became known later as Russian America. 5. The holy alliance was one of the reasons for announcing Monroe principle in 1823 which came in response to Tsar’s decree in 1821 about the northwest coast of the Pacific Ocean. The years following the issuance of Monroe principle witnessed tensions in the Russian - American Relations which ended with the treaty of 1824 to declare the rights of the two states concerning the north coast. 6. One of the most important conclusions is that the Crimean war ended the Russian presence in the northwest coast of the Pacific Ocean after selling Alaska to the United States because of the bankruptcy of the Russian - American company and the inability of Russia to protect its colonies. In addition the war ended the Russian - American competition in the Pacific Ocean
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الولايات المتحدة الامريكية ويوغسلافيا : دراسة في العلاقات السياسية 1948 - 1963 == United States Of America And Yugoslavia : A Study Of The Political Relations 1948 - 1963

Author name: علاء رزاك فاضل
Supervisor name: ناظم رشم معتوق
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The American - Yugoslavian political relation ( 1948 - 1963 ) was regarded as one of the best relations in the world and that was noticeable in the political arena in Europe in particular and the world in general. Those who study the events that occurred during the cold war can realize the evident role the two Countries played in the world affairs and how that was reflected on nature of political relation between them. The fact that Yugoslavia was a Communist Country after the second world war influenced its own political relations with the United States of America which was , in its turn , leading the imperial thought because of the obvious differences in attitudes , interests and political and economic regimes in the two Countries. The study is divided into an introduction , four Chapter , conclusions and appendixes. Chapter one is devoted to describe the political relation between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes which constituted the nucleus of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia which was established in 1945. That relation continued till 1948 and witnessed times of rapprochement and alienation because of the ideological differences in the two countries. Chapter two studies the political relation between the two Countries after expulsion of Yugoslavia from the Cominform at the middle of 1948 till end of 1952 because Yugoslavia's departure from Moscow strengthened its relation with the United States of America. Chapter three deals with the American - Yugoslavian political relation during the first Eisenhower administration (1953 - 1957) when the events in the region highly affected those relations especially Balkan Pact , the problem of Trieste and resumption of Soviet - Yugoslav relations. Chapter four focuses on the relation from 1957 to 1963 which was a result of the attempt of the Yugoslavian government to follow the policy of neutrality which led to tension with the American government especially after Belgrade conference in 1961. That situation Continued till the end of 1963. The conclusion is about the findings the researcher arrived at. The most important conclusions that the study arrived at were : the relation between the two countries was characterized by rapprochement at one time and alienation at the other. The Soviet Union and the fact that Yugoslavia was a Communist state were decisive factors behind that. Also, the fact that America was the leader of the capitalist world due to its military and economic power did not affect tendencies and directions of the foreign policy of Yugoslavia and it Proved many times that it was not affected by the American aids to change its positions
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نشاط الولايات المتحدة الاميركية في ايران 1926 - 1941م == United States America Acitvity In Iran (1926 - 1941)

Author name: مؤيد عويد جبير الصالحي
Supervisor name: جاسم محمد هايس
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The American influence in Iran is of great importance through the diversity and multiplicity of ways and methods of the United States to prove its supreme interests, and that the missionaries US in Iran had been settled and established religious and educational institutions and worked through her missionary, educational, medical and during its long able to obtain religious institutions and learning and even building hospitals, so the United States has continued to prove and promote their interests through economic missions in order to strengthen the relations between them have been reinforced by the influence through economic mission Dr. Arthur Milsbo 1922 - 1927 Mission has formed a quantum leap in US relations and the Iranian Maatmr to increase US support in Iran and the entry of foreign companies to Iran, and especially those that worked in the field of construction of the railway project.The interests of the United States and increase its influence through attention to the cultural aspect and relics in Iran and try to get him to exercise diplomatic pressure on those other countries, and through the rush of representatives of American museums to Iran, especially after the orientations of the National Rdachah by highlighting the heritage of Iranian culture that date back before Islam, continuing the work of those museums, including the Chicago Museums and Museums Institute of Oriental Studies and Metropolitan Museums, the rescue of American influence through trade agreements between the two countries. Therefore, we find that the US diplomatic mission and its role in proving the US commercial interests with Iran in the import of Iranian carpets and certain agricultural materials and food - for - export dried United States motor vehicles and parts. In 1935 was an important event strained Iran's relations the US through the Iranian Jaafar Jalal diplomat to drive quickly in Maryland US, which led the diplomatic book on violating effect, but after know it was released was an apology from the governor of Maryland, and this incident marked the beginning of tension through the deployment of US newspapers and eating incident ridicule and attacks on diplomatic and that the Shah of Iran, and therefore After a series of meetings between officials of the two countries and make an apology to Iran for the incident. Iranian newspapers and appeared attacking the Nile against the United States, but US newspapers took publishes news and sarcastically. That incident and to make matters worse by an American newspapers published articles about the Shah of Iran has claimed that he does not represent a descendant of the kings of Iran and that he was working in a stable British consulate in Tehran and continued US newspapers to publish news about the Shah of Iran and cynically complete, the United States does not have the force of the American newspapers , has taken even French newspapers published articles about Reza Shah, this led to the Rdachah sever diplomatic ties between the two countries, and the withdrawal of staff of the Iranian embassy in Washington the other hand remained standing US charge d'affaires in Iran, as a result of tension that diplomatic relations was reflected in the crisis, the US Postal publications occurrence of which was sent to ambassadors and consuls of foreign countries and participants, the lack of distribution and blocked Iran these publications for a long time and on the track set up negotiations between the parties from the other side has Rdachah liquidation owners missionaries American of institutions and schools teaching hospitals that were widespread in Iran, and during the negotiations and for the return diplomatic relations and allow for mail that regards the American publications of magazines and newspapers, as well as it has crystallized international factors contributed to the occurrence of the Second World War, the geographical shape to Iran, and at the outbreak of the second scientific war and the announcement of Iran's strict neutrality Walter announced Shah policy, Iran has become a focus of attention of the warring states Given global developments of the war and Mashklt United States of sterile Iran's geographical importance in strengthening its influence and moves faster and is strongly supported by the strong economy and its industry leading companies as well leave the isolation policy Aldoulihh and enter the war alongside the Allies and the adoption of resolutions of the Congress and vote on a law that loan and leasing
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الاوضاع العامة في اليابان (1972 - 1989) : دراسة تاريخيه == The General Situation In Japan (1972 - 1989)

Author name: سحر عباس عبد الحسن النجار
Supervisor name: فوزي خلف شويل
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Japan is one of the major industrialized nations that have contributed to the development of many developing countries, the economy and comes with an introduction of donor countries in the world this study was to shed light on the nature of the internal political system and the impact of this system on the general situation in Japan, which include economic and social situation and came thesis under conditions title public in Japan (1972 - 1989) and the thesis consisted of five chapters. each chapter contains three sections, preceded by an introduction and a conclusion. Because the study focused on the subject of the political process in Japan in terms of holding elections and forming a government by the winning party and winning the majority of votes, in the elections that take place every four years, according to the text of the Constitution of Japan in 1947. General political study addressed in Japan (1945 - 1972) and was keen researcher to give historical information brief on the political situation and economic and social in Japan before 1972 in order to create the reader does not accommodate subsequent study classes, and discussed the thesis subject of political forces in Japan after the surrender of Japan in 1945 Japan and they happen for the first time in the political datable under foreign occupation, and also touched on the most important political forces in Japan for the period (1945 - 1955) where he threw light on the most important political forces which have contributed to the leadership of the political system in Japan at the time and was able to rebuild Japan the new post - World war II, through cooperation with the occupation authorities, led by the United States. In 1955, the Liberal Democratic Party came to power and the study focused on discussing the political achievements of the party, which was in the forefront of recovery in Okinawa 1972. the third the One of the main topics discussed by the thesis is the oil crisis and its impact on the political situation and economic and social (1972 - 1978), where she studied the general political situation in Japan under the government of Tanaka Kakuei (1972 - 1974) and talked about the internal politics of Prime Minister Tanaka it was to clarify the impact of this policy on the internal situation and the position of the opposition political parties against the government's policy, and touch on the most important measures taken by the government following the first oil crisis, especially in the field of foreign policy in an attempt to get out of the crisis with minimal losses, so it has taken a series of political steps bold in the field of foreign policy, which was discussed in the second topic, which came under the foreign policy of Prime Minister Tanaka and its impact on the internal political and economic situation in Japan, address, and reviewed the researcher results of this policy and its role in achieving political gains and economic in favor of Japan, the study examined the political situation under the government of Miki Takeo (1974 - 1978) and the most important internal political developments that resulted from the first political scandal taking place in Japan after World war II, where he is accused former Prime Minister Tanaka, and shed light on the implications of this issue at the local and global levels. In addition to the above - mentioned study deals with the Liberal Democratic Party, LDP reforms and their impact on the internal political situation in Japan (1976 - 1980) and internal policy pursued by Prime Minister Fukuda and the position of the opposition political parties to the government as well as to talk about the most important political achievements and economic, which has during the period of his government, and foreign policy pursued by the government with the neighboring countries, particularly China. They also discussed Japan's economic growth and its impact on the internal political situation in Japan (1980 - 1985). It was reviewing the issue of Japan's trade surplus and the impact of this surplus in foreign relations as well as its impact on the internal political situation and how the Government of Japan has dealt with caution in order not to strain relations with the countries at that time were also internal political explanation during the government of Suzuki Znko (1980 - 1982) and touched study the subject of political parties opposed to the ruling party and the main political orientations in addition to the issue of the fiscal deficit in the state budget with said the most important economic measures taken by the government for the fiscal deficit to address that focused on the study reviewed the most important political achievements and economic and social Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone, who is the most prominent prime ministers of Japan and the his role in the modernization of INA - scale Japan and make it the country's number one. And dropped the study highlights the general situation in Japan (1985 - 1989), where she spoke about the internal political situation in Japan (1985 - 1989) and reviewed the most important political events that took place on the internal politics of Japan, particularly the issue of political corruption dubbed naming hiring scandal which shook the pillars of the liberal Democratic party, LDP government, also discussed the issue of the new consumption tax imposed by the Government Nakasone to address the fiscal deficit in the state budget, as well as discuss the sex scandal raised about Prime Minister Uno and how they have contributed to these events in the loss of the liberal Democratic party, LDP election and was the beginning the end of the loss of the majority, dominated by which to judge since 1955.
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السياسة الامريكية تجاه لاوس (1964 - 1975) == American Policy Towards Laos 1964 - 1975

Author name: فريال صبري علي العيداني
Supervisor name: ابراهيم فنجان صدام الامارة
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اصبحت لاوس نقطة محورية في التوترات الدولية منذ بروز الحرب الباردة بين المعسكرين الشرقي والغربي واتساع النشاط الشيوعي في الهند الصينية، وهو ما دعا الولايات المتحدة بالعمل على وقف انتشار الشيوعية، التي بدات بالتنامي في لاوس منذ الاستقلال الذي منح للبلاد عام
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الاوضاع الاجتماعية والاقتصادية في لواء العمارة (1958 - 1963) : دراسة تاريخية == The Social And Economy Conditions In Amarah Province (1958 - 1963)

Author name: ذو الفقار فرحان حسين صالح
Supervisor name: عمار محمد كاظم فرج
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The province witnessed wide changes included social and economic conditions after the revolution July14, 1958 , which has worked to end the manifestations of underdevelopment and confirmed the application objectives of the revolution in terms of construction and development , and conduct qualitative changes through what happened to remember the achievements immortalized in history over the years , Although most of the academic studies and research started on the brigade did not deal with that time period, where it was an important turning at the level of the history of Major points. And the researcher most important achievements and historical events that came in the revolution of July 14, 1958 was divided into an introduction and preface, three chapters and a conclusion Highlights include the findings of the study. Researcher occur in the boot on the social and economic conditions in the period before the revolution confined between 1953 - 1958 in terms of the rural community and its components from the Senate and the feudal procurator , peasants and city community and migration from the countryside to the city, Eating for health and education situation and the obstacles they faced in spite of the effort made by the Board of ages , but he did not suffice. The economic situation has been confined to talk about the other side of the agricultural wealth , the industrial side represents a factor of milling plants and bricks and milk. The focus in the first chapter on the social conditions during the research period 1958 - 1963 province community in the city and countryside and religious composition , and the most important changes that have occurred after July 14 , and the most prominent of the laws and their impact on society in terms of the development of education and health institutions.And singled out the second chapter on the economic developments in the province 1958 - 1963 represented the agrarian reform law and what is the nature lands of province formations agrarian reform law and the application of the reform law by seizing land , pumps and the creation of peasant associations and constraints interface agrarian reform as problems seizure and distribution, and the impact of reform on the farmer law process and the most important irrigation projects that have worked on completion , and the migration of peasants to the cities and productivity developments.And ensure that the third quarter industrial situation and what are the industrial sectors that have spread them food industries and divided into private sector milling plants and sugar mills and plants in the dairy sector and the coefficient of sweets and plants for soft drinks Alekhala private sector and the coefficient of curry , and construction industries the brick industry and industry slab and plaster craft and private sector industries , which contains a collection of ancient primitive industries that rely on the skill of the workforce and industry the pipes and floor mats and weaknesses boats , And appeared in that period of Amara Industry Corporation in terms of establishment and the most important economic effects that resulted in its establishment as a laboratory bricks and commercial activity for internal and external trade , markets and smuggling trade and the chamber of commerce and transportation routes , river and land transportation.It turns out that the researcher historical period between the year 1958 - 1963 was marked advancement in the social and economic situation in the province of Amara, as a result of the big efforts provided and represented by the following results : 1 - Revolutionary government , particularly concentrated in Iraq in general and in the province of Amara on the conditions of the countryside and the suffering of underdevelopment and neglect at all levels , and the only way is to re - work in the organization and interest in peasant life in terms of the distribution of agricultural land and to provide the necessary farming inputs and work to end the control of the Senate Squires who became dominated by large areas of farmland , which is where the farmer lived the worst days of his life and the resulting continuous migration to the cities.2 - Revolutionary government sought through the issuance of the interim constitution , which included a set of laws aimed at Equality between the debtor 's sons and the countryside which eliminates tribal claims , as amended, which was roosting on the issuance of the poorer classes in the countryside, and the issuance of Agrarian Reform Law No. 30 of 1958 , which is the turning point of the community law countryside by identifying agricultural areas and distributed to farmers , but this law has encountered great difficulties in the province because of limited resources and pressures Squires resulted in the deterioration of agricultural production and increasing migration of peasants to the cities.3 - The province entered a new phase after the revolution of July 14, 1958 was characterized by freedom of expression and the establishment of political parties and mass of organizations supporting role Authority attempt to ensure the success of the goals of the revolution especially with Provisions of laws that achieve the principle of justice between workers and owners of crafts , but it faced the ambitions of political parties and conflict Remote competition the objectives and principles of the revolution , which called for them because the conditions of the community began to go wrong.4 - Social structure of the community in various religions was and still reflect the extent of cohesion and unity among the members of the society have prevailed more in support of the revolution July 14 through their participation in the holidays , events and organizations to join the Republic.5 - The reality of education improvement in the province after the July 14 and the evolution of a lot because of the efforts made by the Provincial region represented Executor Abdul Hadi Saleh, who is widely credited with the completion of most of the projects in the province , especially the development of the educational sector , and make it compatible with the new phase characterized by changes on all social and economic levels.
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قضية التبت ومواقف الدول الكبرى والاقليمية منها (1949 - 1959) == The Issue Of Tibet And The Attitudes Of The Great And Regional Powers (1959 - 1949)

Author name: منتصر حسن دهيرب
Supervisor name: فرقد عباس قاسم المياحي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The Issue of Tibet is one of the most important Issues, which Occupied the Formal and Informal world Opinion during the Fifth decade of last Century, Tibet Issue is Regarded as an Important Issue because it Started with the beginning of the Cold war between the two Camps of the Communist and Capitalist after World War II, and the Success of the in control of the General Rule in 1949 Chinese Communist Party in taking Power in 1949 after its Success to move Kuomintang Party away to Taiwan. The Researcher Chose the Year 1949 as a Start for the Thesis title because on that Year the Communist Party has Controlling on Power in China, and his Leaders Started calling for the unification of China and entering Regions and one of them was Tibet to Chinese State Authorities. The end of the Thesis was in the Year 1959, which was the Year Tibet Revolution happened in Tibet Revolution was against Chinese existence. The Revolution ended by Escape of the Dalai Lama outside Tibet and asking for Asylum in India. Moreover Tibet Leadership has Succeeded in showing their Issue to the United National Assembly and getting an International Decision to Condemn china. The Thesis is divided into an Introduction and four Chapters and a conclusion. The introduction included general explanation for the Thesis and its way of building. The Titled of the first Chapter was (General Situation in Tibet 1900 - 1949). And it included three Sections. The First Section Referred to the Geographic, Economic and Social Importance in addition to the beginning of the Political establishment of Tibet. the second section that indicated to political developments in Tibet during period of the British Occupation in 1904 and Chinese Occupation in 1910, while the third section has included political developments during period of independence (1912 - 1949), the Second Section had title (Chinese claim with returning Tibet and attitudes of regional and great States 1949 - 1951). it consist of three Section , first Section indicates to Chinese threats with re - annexation of Tibet and of great and regional States. The Second Section that expresses to shuttle fighters for TibetanDelegation in an attempt to avoided their country the risk of Chinese occupation for Eastern Tibet areas (Chamdo) and force Tibetan Government to inter in bilateral negotiation with china. It also dealt with attitudes of regional and great states of the occupation. Third Section had title (internal political developments in Tibet and attitudes of great and regional States of them )1951 - 1958 that consists of two sections first section indicated to bilateral relations between local government of Tibet and Chinese government this Section dealt with refusal of local government for Chinese administrative procedures in AL Tibet and opposition against Chinese existence on both formal and popular levels the second section dealt with first Tibetan revolution against Chinese Authorities have implemented in two provinces Kham and Amdo. It also dealt with Military and logistics Aids that USA Intelligence (CIA) have Provided to Tibetan Resistance. The four section had title (political developments in Tibet and international and regional attitude of them (10 of march 1959 - November 1959) consists of two sections : first section dealt with second Tibetan revolution in 1959 that has reported direct reasons to starting revolution and procedures that popular Chinese government has taken to its suppression the second section indicated to regional and international attitude of Tibetan revolution the conclusion has included the most important results that have reached the thesis
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علاقات ايران مع الكيان الصهيوني 1949 - 1969

Author name: فرات عبد الحسن كاظم
Supervisor name: فوزي خلف شويل
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Iran is a state lies at the east of the Arab homeland with long international sides. Where as the Zionist is a conquered state fixed in the hemi of the Arab homeland, which is represented by Palestine with force by the west. Beside , this state is being the more dangerous threatening the Arab countries and a wall upon this it's "east - west unity.From this point , the real dangerous relationship of Iran and the Zionist state appears , especially and after it's passing for an accurate lines which increase the Arab - Zionist conflict. The period ( 1949 - 1969 ) was chosen from the Iran - Zionist entity relationship subject for it sensivity with Palestine issue and the other sides of Arab - Zionist conflict.The study began in the year ( 1949) because this year represented the temp ls of the Zionists entity gain ,Iran government confession and this is ascertained during few months. i.e. a real relation between the tow states took place during lees than one year, exactly in 1950. From that time, an important stage of relation history began. The study is ended in the year 1969 because it represents an agitated stage of the history of that relation , after it becomes more confirmly , and reaches the participated alliance in so many other aspects. The stag that follows this period has it own special characteristics thatrequires an independent study , in which the united states appears as it get great benefits and so many entrances into the middle east after England announcement in 1968 to draw bake from the Arab gulf in 1971.The study consists of an introduction, prologue, three chapters, and the The prologue deals with the history roots of Jew's in Iran, and their bests and activities to penetrate in it's life aspects. The way that paned for Zionist institution to play a vital role in helping Zionists in 1948.The first chapter 'deals with the, Zionist entity to tempts get Iran admission in the period ( 1949 - 1953). So these tempest began in 1949 Le. a year after the' help of Zionist entity. The Zionists get this confession in 1950, on the basic of the event. We deal also with the reactions, and effects, in and out, and the illustration of the end of these relations in the period (1951 - 1953).The second chapter deals with relations of Iran and the Zionist entity since the coming of shah Mohammed Radha Bahlwi , and after the fall of Musaddiq government where Zionist activity appears and works with it ally on surrounding Arab - unity by the surrounded states like Iran , Turkey and Ethiopia, especially and after the rising of the Arab voice by Egypt - Syria unity , the held of united - Arab Republic , and the brooking out of 14 - July revolution in Iraq. The third chapter contains the development of relation between Iran and Zionist entity in the period (1960 - 1969) and the sides oflran announcement confession of Zionist entity in the year 1960, Beside the study of the development of that relations in many aspects. And Iran attitude towards June - 5 - 1967 war, and its effects on the relation of the two stales as well as Iran policy towards Zionists when British announces its intention to draw back with it forces from Arab - Gulf land in 1968. So this is really done with the coming of 1970. Finally, the Zionist's attitude by burning Al - Masjid Al - Aqsa and it re~ections on the relations of the to states.The end contains the most important conclusions which this study reaches.The most important conclusion are - Iran is the second Islamic - state after Turkey confesses Zionists entity on the base of the events of the year 1950. It is considered the first state in the Middle East makes various relations with the Zionists entity. - Iran is the vital source of oil for Zionists entity, hence they penetrated into the Iranian military - force and make closed relation with the major leader of pahlwi - system So, those leaders make so many visits to the Zionists entity. The Zionists were mediators in American equipments sale - processes for Iran , and they gate a lot of money from these processes. This money increased the Economical ability of there illegal state. Shah system proved that it is a good ally for Zionists entity as well as , It helps the Zionists entity with their aggression against Arab - unity by giving them oil and don't permit Arab's to use the oil as a weapon in the battle. The most closed relations between 'Shah system and the Zionist entity come after June war.
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العلاقات الاسرائيلية الرومانية 1948 - 1973 : دراسة تاريخية == Fhe Israeli - Rumanian Relations Since 1948 To1971 A Historical Study

Author name: عماد مكلف عسل عبد البدران
Supervisor name: فوزي خلف شويل
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The researcher has chosen the ·~Israeli - Rumanian r ations Since 1948 to 1973" to be the topic of his thesis b cause it is an outstanding period in the history of relations between the two sides. Moreover, Rumania had diverged from her communist allies in her view towards the Arabian - Israeli conflict which was embodied in the wars of 1948, 1956,1967, and 1973. Rumania, also, established wide relations with Israel, Son1ething which no other communist state did. The thesis falls into an introduction, four chapters, and a conclusion. Chapter one deals with the circumstances of Rumanian Jews Since the Seventeenth century up to the establishment of Israel in 1948. It tackles their economic, political, and social circumstances since 1882 thereafter, then it focuses on the reasons behind their migration to Palestine up to 1948.Chapter two is devoted to follow the Rumanian Jews migration to Palestine till the fourth Arabian - Israeli war in 1973 and the consequences of this war, it investigates he reasons obstacles and influence at the migration on the elations between Israel and Rumania with the beginning f the n1assive n1igration during the years 1948 to 1951. he chapter, then, follows up the developn1ent and tumbling of the migration up to 1960. After that it studies t e reason behind its decrease up to 1973. The third chapter concerns itself with the political I raeli - Rumanian relations in (1948 to 1973). It 1 vestigates the reason of their improvement since 1948 up t the third Arabian - Israeli war in 1967. Then, it sheds ht on the Rumanian attitude changed up to 1969 when e bassies between the two sides were exchanged it £ cuses on the new Rumanian tendencres in (1970 to1 73), i.e. the first years of the reign of Anwar Al - Sadat, th Egyptian president, and the role and influence of these te dencies on the Rumanian - Arab relations. It also in estigates the Rumanian attitude towards the Israeli - A bian conflict in the United Nations Organization. The fourth and last chapter studies the economic Isr eli - Rumanian relations since 1948 to 1973, i.e. sinc e emergence of Israel up to the signature of the most 1portant economic agreement between the two sides in pril 1967. Then, it gaves on to follow these relations up the October war in 1973.On of the most outstanding finindings that the research mes up with is the difference between the Rumanian ws and the lJ.S.S.R and its communist allies towards Israel - Arabian conflict, and Israel's success to win mania to its side. The Ru1nanian policy was that ofb rgain between the conflicting parties, which aimed at g tting more interests from interests from the two sides in a ition to playing an eminent diplomatic role which gave (Rumania) an influence in the conflict dimensions
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موقف الجمهورية الفرنسية الرابعة من القضية الفلسطينية 1945 - 1958 : دراسة تحليلية == The Attitude Of The French Fourth Republic Towards Palestinian Problem 1945 - 1958

Author name: عماد مكلف عسل عبد البدران
Supervisor name: فائق حاكم عيسى الغانم
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The fourth chapter handles the culture sides as, in particular , The administration , The governance regimes , the economic development and the country including the traditions and customs.
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