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دراسة بعض المؤشرات المناعية لدى بعض المرضى المصابين بداء السكري النوع الثاني في محافظة ديالى == A Study Some Immunological Parameters In Some Patients of Diabetes Mellitus Type Two In Diyala Province

Author name: ريم قاسم محمد الحديدي
Supervisor name: محمد عبد الدايم صالح
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: Type II diabetes mellitus is achronic diseas characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion and insulin action or both and tissue resistante to insuline. This study was conducted in the Diyala province for the Type II diabetes patients which lasted for the period from beginning October 4102 to the end of May 4102 which aimed to evaluate some immunological indicators for patients infected with diabetes type two which included { assessment of the humoral immune by measuring the level of immunoglobulin (IgM, IgG) and the level of complement protein (C3, C2) by using the single radial immune diffusion assay and measuring the C - reactive protein (CRP) and determine the levels of Interlukin (IL - 01, IL - 01) by ELISA}. Atotal of (011) ablood sample was collected from patients with diabetes type two after diagnosis by a physician specialist in the clinic consulting in Baquba teaching hospital according to the criteria adopted by the World Health Organization for the diagnosis of diabetes type two, has been the number of males (24) percentage (20.11)% and the number of femals (22) percentage (21.02)% within the range of my age (32 - 11) years and collected (11) of blood sample from healthy volunteers ostensibly have been accredited as a group control, has been the number of males (32) percentage (21.33)% and the number of females is (42) percentage (20.14)% within the range of my age (31 - 44) years.Results of the study showed that the incidence of the disease rate a mong females (21.02)% than males (20.11)% with no significant difference statistically between the two groups of study for the sex, has found that age group (24 - 11, 11<) years recorded a high rate of disease (33.14)% and(32.12)% respectively while the age group (31 - 21) years percentage (1.11)% recorded lowest rate of disease whith high significant difference was noticed between the two groups.Furthermore results of the study showed low levels of immunoglobulin (IgM, IgG) in patients compared to the control group where found that the level IgM in patients (043.20124.22) mg/dl compared to the control group (434.24121.24) mg/dl and that the level of IgG in patients (0124.2110123.21) mg/dl compared to the control group (0103.32 ± 0442.14) mg/dl the results also showed low levels of complement proteins C3, C2 in patients compared to the control group it was found that the level of C3 in patients (01.00 ±31.14) mg/dl compared to the control group (030.02 ± 01.24) mg/dl and the level of C2 in patients (02.31 ± 4.11) mg/dl compared to the control group (20.231 4.13) mg/dl, and the results showed that the positivity of C - reactive protein in patients was (41.24)% compared to the control group was (1)% The results of the current study showed high level of IL - 01 in patients (410.24 ± 011.40) pg/ml compared to the control group (14.11132.43) pg/ml and the level of IL - 01 the results showed alow level of the IL - 01 in patients (13.13 ± 20.01) pg/ml compared to the control group (43.04 ± 40.03) pg/ml, inaddition to the study result showed agreat significant correlation between complement proteins (C3, C2) and the humoral immune (immunoglobulin IgM, IgG) as well as acorrelation between cellular immunity (IL - 01)and (IgM, C3).

النمو، الفعالية الانزيمية والتعبير الجيني للانزيمات المحللة للبروتين (Protease) في الفطر الجلدي Trichophyton rubrum == Growth, Enzyme Activity And Gene Expression of Proteases In A Dermatophyte Trichophyton Rubrum

Author name: سارة كريم كاظم الزبيدي
Supervisor name: جواد كاظم الجنابي | عدنان حمد الحمداني
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: صممت الدراسة الحالية لتوصيف الانماط الجزيئية والمظهرية للنمو والفعالية الانزيمية للانزيم المحلل للبروتين والتنوع الوراثي وعلاقته بالتعبير الجيني بين عزلات الفطر الجلدي.Trichophyto rubrum ولهذا الغرض جمعت 150 عينة سريرية (قشطات جلدية (80), اجزاء شعر (60) | The present study was designed to characterize the morphological and the molecular patterns of growth, enzymic activity of proteases, genetic diversity and their correlation with gene expression among strains of Trichophyton rubrum. For these purpose, A total of 150 clinical specimens (skin scrapings (80), hair fragments (60) and nail clippings (10)) were collected from 100 patients (70 males&80 females) whom clinically diagnosed with dermatophytosis after attendingto the dermatology and venereal diseases centre of Mergan Teaching hospital and private clinic in Babylon city from Feb. 2014 to May 2014. T. rubrum were isolated and identified using cultural, biochemical and physiological tests. Isolates were then subjected for confirmation by PCR, genotyping using RFLP - PCR, sequencing and registration of these sequences in GeneBank for obtaining accession numbers then phylogeny. The growth conditions, were tested, in addition to, the genetic expression of proteases (exocellular protease and endocellular aminopeptidase) were determined using Real - Time PCR. Out of 150 specimens, 24 (16%) isolates were dermatophytic fungi and only 5 (20.8%) of them belong to T. rubrum. The influence of cultural conditions in growth of T. rubrum showed that the 30 ?C, pH 6, SDA medium and 7 days incubation were the optimal conditions for its growth. Proteolytic activity of isolates of T. rubrum against casein as a substrate revealed an ability to produce protease in solid and liquid media after 14 days of incubation. This activity was varies according to the type of isolate where the isolate No.1 (isolated from skin) gave a high proteolytic activity (5.6cm) in solid media and (80.1U/ml) in liquid media in comparison with other tested isolates (No.2 - No.8). on the other hands, the 9 days of incubation, 30 ?C, pH 7 and 0.5% substrate concentration were the optimal condition for proteolytic activity of these isolates. The molecular tests confirmed that all tested isolates belong to T. rubrum with amplicon size (601bp) after amplification of ITS1 primers using PCR technique. While the RFLP - PCR technique showed the presence of two genotypes (I%II) belong to T. rubrum with subgenotypes (Ia - Id) and (IIa - IId) respectively. The relative quantification of proteolytic activity (exocellular protease and endocellular aminopeptidase) produced by T. rubrum genotypes were expressed by using Real - Time PCR after amplification of the target gene of ptotease and aminopeptidase in comparison with housekeeping gene (? - actin) as a reference gene. The results showed the up - regulation of gene encoded to exocellular protease than the down - regulation of endocellular aminopeptidase produced by T. rubrum in the presence of casein as a substrate. The internal transcribed spacer 1, partial sequence, 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene and internal transcribed spacer 2, complete sequence and 28S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence of local isolates of T. rubrum were used for sequencing, registration in Genebank - NCBI and phylogeny. Five accession numbers were recorded and available to NCBI, EMBL in Europe and the DNA Bank of Japan. These accession numbers were : KP979787, KP979788, KP979789, KP979790, KP979791. Phylogenetic relation between local strains and world strain showed a high identicasl with T. rubrum (GQ376105.1). This is the first study in Iraq which employed sequencing, registration of sequences in Genebank - NCBI and carrying out phylogeny of local and world strains of T. rubrum.

مستوى الهستامين وبعض المعايير المناعية لمرضى الحساسية التنفسية من النوع الاول == The Level of Histamine And Some Immunological Parameters Among Airway Hypersensitivity Type I Patients

Author name: سلوى احمد حمزة الكرادي
Supervisor name: فريال جميل عبد
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تم جمع 50 عينة دم من مرضى الحساسية التنفسية من النوع الاول المراجعين لمركز الحساسية والربو في محافظة بابل للفترة الممتدة ما بين تشرين الثاني 2013 ولغاية شباط 2014, بالاضافة الى 10 عينات دم من الاشخاص غير المصابين بالحساسية من النوع الاول والذين كان معدل I | Blood samples have been drawn from 50 airway hypersensitivity type I patients who visit the center of the allergies and asthma in the province of Babylon, for the period between November 2013 and up to February 2014, in addition to 10 samples from persons with normal IgE level as a control. The sample was divided into two parts, the first used to measure the level of eosinophils and basophils and the second used to measure the level of immune parameters, which included histamine, IgE, IL - 5, IL - 10 and IL - 12 by using the technique of Enzyme - Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA). Study community were divided into three groups, the first group named before immunotherapy treatment and the second group after immunotherapy treatment and final is for control. Conducted differences in the level of immune parameters between the three groups, there were significant differences between the group before the treatment and control group as well as between the group before treatment and after treatment. The level of histamine for the three groups (before treatment and after the treatment and control), reached respectively 34.8292 ± 6.47680 ng / ml and 9.3238 ± 3.55296 ng / ml and 6.9844 ± 3.05477 ng / ml, and the level of IgE reached to the before treatment group 40.6279 ± 15.24231 IU / ml and the after treatment group 23.9529 ± 11.88933 IU / ml and control group 11.7796 ± 5.53 IU / ml, while the cell count of eosinophils for the before treatment group 0.7283 ? 0.24556 x 103 cells / mm 3 and after treatment group 0.3643 ? 0.14861 x 103 cells / mm 3 and control 0.2252 ? 0.09139 x 103 cells / mm 3 , as well as for the cells of basophils for the before treatment group 0.1008 ? 0.03391 x 103 cells / mm 3 and after treatment group 0.0777 ? 0.03485 x 103 cells / mm 3 and control 0.0724 ? 0.03568 x 103 cells / mm 3 , As for the cytokines the level of IL - 5 reached for the same groups 51.3214 ± 6.18565 pg / ml and 22.7254 ± 3.99360 pg / ml and 24.5404 ± 8.64920 pg / ml respectively, while IL - 10 has reached 14.9604 ± 6.48170 pg / ml and 43.0476 ± 21.26668 pg / ml and 24.4969 ± 10.21066 pg / ml, respectively, and finally the level of IL - 12 reached for the same groups 17.753 ± 8.39343 pg / ml and 39.1929 ± 17.73975 pg / ml and 26.7731 ± 12.93092 pg / ml, respectively. There were been a difference in the level of immune parameters for a number of variables, , place of residence, gender, and type of allergy, there were no significant differences observed in the level of immune parameters between these variables. comparison was made in the level of immune parameters for the group after the treatment depending on the duration of immunotherapy, and found that there were significant differences in the level of these parameters with the increase of the duration of treatment. Through this study, conducted the correlation among histamine and the rest of the immune parameters and the results were pointing to the positive correlation of histamine with IgE, IL - 5, eosinophils and basophils and negative correlation with IL - 10 and IL - 12.

التشخيص الجزيئي للفطر المحاري Pleuroutus ostreatus وفاعلية بعض المخلفات الصناعية في انتاجه وقابليته الخزنية == Molecular Diagnosis of The Oyster Mushroom Pleuroutus Ostreatus And Effectiveness of Some Industrial Waste In Its Production And Its Ability Storage

Author name: سولاف حامد تيموز
Supervisor name: عبد الامير سمير سعدون
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Al-Qadisiyah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Qadisiyah
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت هذه الدراسة انتاج الفطر المحاري ostreatus Pleuroutus باستعمال اوساط زرعية محضرة من مخلفات صناعة محلية وما لها من اهميه من الناحية الاقتصادية كونه يعد عنصرا غذائيا مهما يحل محل البروتين الحيواني المتمثل باللحوم، وما لهذا الفطر من اهمية طبية وعلاجية ا | This study included the production of mushroom oyster Pleuroutus ostreatus by using agricultural media prepared from local industry and which has importance in the economic district it's consider important nutrition element instead of animal protein representive by meat. this fungus has importance of medical and therapeutic, the results showed existence of chemical substances concentrated in the fruiting bodies such as Galic acid and Statin and other substances. that have had an active role in reducing cholesterol in the blood as well as break the clot blood through the presence of certain types of enzymes that break down blood clotting, which may occur, the results showed when studying the mushrooms from the genetic diagnosis molecularly using the technique of the PCR to determine the type of isolation that gives the production of economically significant. Results showed the presence of gene hereditary called Osteareolysin who works with several aspects of the mushrooms which give the recipe contrast pathogenic fungi plant also this study included re - using some of the remnants of plant starch corn husks and Al - gluten and corn embryos. the remnants of Maysan sugar Factory of material Molasses and Molass Baggaz and the study of their role as carrying materials, central ferment and growth of the oyster mushroom during agricultural it on these remnants. The results of the chemical analysis of the remnants of the sugar indestrey in Maysan Molasses and Baggaz and waste plant starch in Al - hashemeyeh / Babylon Al - Baggaz and yellow corn straw showed that molasses substance was contain the amount of sugars which sometimes reach to 41%, that making it as a good base of food to mushroom. When added molasses at different levels 2, 4, 6% to the central media the study showed a positive relationship between the levels of molasses and the radial growth of the oyster mushroom. The concentrations 25, 50, 100% of the leaky innate showed ability Tdhadah high - fungal plant pathogen (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium solani, Stymphllium sp., Penicillium sp.) Antigonsim when studying the negative ability of the fungus. The results showed a significant increasing in the growth standards and gaining characteristics of the oyster mushroom in the mass production of fruiting bodies called the gaining total according to the wet weight and it was higher production on corn husks and pomace dates 761.89, 735.13 g /kg of media and concentration of molasses 6%. when measuring efficiency of the fungus to product the largest amount of fruiting bodies observed that the middle pea - corn husks and pomace dates gave a larger amount of the remaining media and a concentration of 6% 76.18, 73.51%, have been affected by the weights of pods fungal change is another factor which affected by rates of molasses. The results were closely between nutrition media but nevertheless observed superiority of Corn husks and Pomace dates on the rest of media (15.04, 13.77)by using 6% concentration of molasses. when calculate the lengths of the necks of the body fruiting because of the great importance in a statement recipes - gaining produced and influenced by user medai - aligned and concentrations of molasses, as there were differences moral at all concentrations of molasses, when calculating the percentage of dry matter increased significantly increase the concentration of molasses and all concentrations compared with a comparison of strew wheat, which amounted to 12.16% when adding 2% molasses observed the emergence of highly significant differences between treatments and compared with control treatment, which gave treatment of Pomace dates highest rates, followed by corn husks and corn embryo and Al - gluten and Baggaz 8.21, 9.00, 9.28, 9.29%, respectively. For the purpose of obtaining material efficient in maintaining the objects fruiting intact throughout the storage period tested preservatives (such as Sorbic acid and black pepper) and concentrations 40.20g / l of articles in a row leads to prolong longevity reservoir simulation of the objects fruiting and maintain the quality characteristics of the objects fruiting. The results showed that the addition of material to the feeder molass medai AGRO of oyster mushroom had been increased the proportion of protein in the fruiting bodies, either with respect to calculate the proportion of carbohydrates had been found that the percentage of carbohydrates are associated with a high positive correlation relationship between the concentration of molasses and the different transactions that were used in the experiment. The oils were represented less than what can be had reached attribute to 0%. Well conducted safety checks the health of the mushroom oyster and the results were that the fungus free of toxins by anatomy organic to members liver, kidney and intestines and by the standards of blood physiological mice tested. And the importance of this project calculated the economic viability and profits and revenue obtained from such a project.

عزل وتشخيص بعض انواع بكتريا السالمونيلا من بعض الاغذية المحلية في مدينة تكريت == Isolation And Identification of Some Species of Salmonella From Some Local Foods In Tikrit City

Author name: شيماء جابر حميد البياتي
Supervisor name: عبد الكريم فتاح عمر
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: Tikrit University - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:
Abstract: تم التحري عن بكتريا السالمونيلا في 520 عينة من الاغذية المحلية في مدينة تكريت, وجدت هذه البكتريا في 26 عينة (5%), كانت اعلى نسبة لتواجدها في عينات اللحوم المثرومة (2.5%) والتي تمثل 16.25% من العينات الكلية للحوم المثرومة المدروسة.عزلت السالمونيلا من عي | The presence of Salmonella spp. was investigated in 520 local food samples in Tikrit city, Salmonella was found in 26 samples (5%), with the highest presence in minced meat (2.5%) which was represented 16.25% of all minced meat samples. Salmonella was isolated from chicken's meat at a percentage of 3.75%, and same percentages for meat slices samples, egg cortex and chicken's blood represented 5% for each one, and isolated too from vegetables and cheese at a percentage of 2.5% for each one. No Salmonella has been detected from sweet, yoghurt and egg content. Six Salmonella species were isolated, S. typhimurium was to be the most frequent and represented 42.30% of positive samples, then S. enteritidis and S. anatum in 34.61% and 11.53% respectively, but S. agona, S. typhi and S. arizona existed in a percentage about 3.84% for each one. Also, all the isolated species showed their own serological formula. The selective medium Tetrathionate broth (TTB) was found to be superior for isolation of Salmonella than Selenite cystine broth (SCB), the former positivity was 96.2% and 88.5% respectively. For test of better selective medium for isolation, TTB was found to be more suitable for isolation of S. anatum, while SCB was better for isolation of S. arizona.All the six isolated Salmonella species showed high sensitivity to Ciprofloxacin (5?g) and moderately sensitive to Chloramphenicol (30?g), while they showed high resistance to three antibiotics Amoxicillin (30?g), Nalidixic acid (30?g) and Pipracillin (100?g). They showed resistance with different percentages to the other tested antibiotics : Ampicillin (10?g), Gentamicin (10?g), Streptomycin (10?g), Tetracycline (30?g) and Trimethoprim (25?g).

الكشف عن بكتريا الكوكسيلا بيرنتي في حالات الاجهاض في الانسان والمجترات الصغيرة في محافظة ذي قار == Detection The Role of Coxiella Burnetii In Abortion of Human And Small Ruminants In The Thi - Qar Province

Author name: عباس دخيل مطر جبر الجوراني
Supervisor name: عبد الله كاظم هندي | محمد عبد الله جبر
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: الحمى المجهولة من الامراض الواسعة الانتشار في العالم تحدث بسبب جرثومة الكوكسيلا بيرنتي.هذه الجرثومة تسبب عدة امراض الاجهاض هو الاكثر حدوثا. المخاطر البيولوجية وانشار هذه البكتريا على النساء المجهضة والحيوانات في العراق غير معروفة. لذلك هدفت هذه الدراسة ال | Query fever is a worldwide distributed disease caused by Coxiella burnetii bacteria causes several disease main of this disease is abortion, the biological hazard and prevalence of this bacterium on the aborted woman and small ruminants are not known in Iraq. Therefore this study was aimed to detection and isolation of Coxiella burnetii as a causative agent of abortion in woman and female of small ruminants.352 samples were collected includes human samples and animals samples. A total of 120 blood aborted women, 7 breast milk samples, 20 placental samples and 50 blood samples from normal women as control groups, these samples collected from Bent Al - Huda hospital in Thi - Qar province. Animals samples, a total of 80 aborted animal blood samples, 15 milk samples, 10 placental samples and 50 blood samples, these samples from normal animals as controls group, these samples collected from veterinary hospital in Thi - Qar province. The results of this study showed a high incidence of abortion occurs in first trimester of gestation (41.666%) and high incidence in rural regions (64.16%) and also age group from 21 to 30 years old (50%).The methods used for detection of Coxiella burnetii includes serology tests, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for confirmation serological test and isolation on embryonated chicken eggs and detection by PCR technique. Out of the 120 women serum samples analyzed by enzyme ELISA, the results of percentage of anti - Coxiella burnetii IgM and IgG in human samples were 36 (30 %). The percentage of anti - C. coxiella IgM in human samples were 10 (8.333%), while the percentage of anti - C. Coxiella burnetii IgG in human 26(%21.667%).. In animals total of (80) serum samples, the percentage of anti - C. coxiella IgM and IgG in animals' serum samples were 31(38.75%) The percentage of anti - Coxiella burnetii IgM in animals 10 (12.5%), while, the percentage of anti - C. coxiella IgG in animals are 21(26.25 %). PCR technique used for identification of Coxiella burnetii in human and animals samples by targeting three genes including outer membrane protein (com1 and com2), 16S rRNA and transposase insertion element (IS1111) genes. In human blood samples the com1 and com2 genes detected in 23of 120 (19.166%) samples and in breast milk samples 1 of 7 (14.28%). and not detected in placental samples. The 16S rRNA gene was detected in 16 of 120 blood samples (13.33%) and in breast milk samples and placental samples were not detected. The IS1111 gene was detected in 9 of 120 blood samples (7.5%) in human blood samples, also were not detected in milk and placental samples.. In animals blood samples the com1 and com2 genes were detected in 19 of 80 blood samples (23.75%) and were not detected in milk and placental samples. The 16S rRNA gene detected in the same percentage of com1 and com2 genes 19 of 80(23.75%) and in the milk samples and placental samples not detected. The IS1111 gene detected in 10 of 80 (12.5%) in animal blood samples, also were not detected in placental samples. An isolation of Coxiella burnetii which identified by ELISA and PCR via inoculated Coxiella burnetii buffy coat samples in embryonated chicken eggs from 6 to7 days old and then completed an incubated to 10 - 15 days, harvested yolk sac contains then detecting Coxiella burnetii by PCR. The results of PCR after inoculation of (43) samples were positive in PCR (100%). Statistical analysis revealed no significant different between ELISA test, PCR and isolation results in human and animals samples. These mean that we can use the ELISA in the primary diagnosis. The correlation coefficient was highly significantly between human and animal samples at 0.01%.

تقييم قابلية بعض انزيمات السليليز الفطري على تخمير تخمير بقايا النباتات لانتاج الايثانول == Evaluation of Capability of Some Fungal Cellulase In Fermentation of Plant Residues For Ethanol Production

Author name: عذراء حرجان محسن الدحيدحاوي
Supervisor name: فاطمة عبد الحسين التميمي | محسن هاشم رسن
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Kufa - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: هدفت الدراسة الحالية الى تقييم قابلية بعض انزيمات السليليز الفطري على تخمير بقايا النباتات على انتاج الايثانول من بعض الفطريات المحلية المعزولة من 50 نموذج من التربة والذي تضمن Aspergillus oryzae , A. niger, A. terreus , A.flavus , A.fumigatus, A.parasiti | The present study was conducted to proceed a Bioethanol production using some of the waste fermentation plant by cellulosic hydrolysis enzyme produced by some local fungi isolated from 50 samples from soil which were including Aspergillus oryzae, A.niger, A.terreus , A.flavus , A.fumigatus, A.parasiticus, A.nidulans, Penicilliuum chrysogenum, Trichoderma longi, Rhizopus stolonifer, Cladosporium spp, Mucor indicus, Trichothecium spp. The prominent isolates were A. oryzae, A.niger, A. terreus which were chosen for further studies and screening to producing cellulase enzymes the fungal isolates revealed variation values of clear zone It’s (5.1, 5, 5, 4.8) cm to A. oryzae, A.niger, A. terreus , A.flavus respectively. The results revealed that the suitable carbon source to the cellulase activity was induced in different raw plant substrate, the highest was produced when using Corn cobs, Rice husk and Reed reached to (1.72, 2, 1.26)IU/ ml respectively when using A. oryzae and (1.24, 1.17, 1.89) IU/ ml when using A.niger, and (1.31, 1.19, 1.93)IU/ ml when using A. terreus. but using the cellulose powder and CMC, Avical sole carbon source total cellulase given least activity compare with raw plant substrate.on the other hand, using Mandels - Weber medium activity of enzyme production by A. oryzae, A.niger, A. terreus recorded (6.51, 4.14, 5.61) U/ ml respectively when using Corn cobs and (5.79, 4.03, 5.24) U/ ml and (5.55, 3.97, 5.19) U/ ml when using Rice husk and Reed by different fungi. The results refers that , the best chemical pretreatment results were appear when using NaOH at 100Co in 30min on Corn cobs, the total cellulase activity were (1.63, 1, 1.21) U / ml when using fungal isolated to degradation after treatment, while using hot water at100Co without NaOH in 15 min to pretreatment Rice husk activity were (2.16, 2.07, 2.12) U / ml but Reed are appear high activity when pretreatment with NaOH at 100C0 in 15min activity It’s (2.28, 1.65, 2.09) U / ml. The results revealed that, The optimized conditions of the enzymes were different in this study that give activities of Fpase, CMCase and ? - glucosidases to fungus A. oryzae compared to the rest of the fungi using Corn cobs as carbon source, it reached to(2.21, 2.30, 46.72) IU / ml respectively when pH6, and temperature tested for these enzymes recorded (1.64, 1.61, 30.86) IU\ ml respectively at a temperature of 30 C° and when using the concentration of substrate gave activity (2.4o, 2.48, 42.34) IU / ml of 6 % from Corn cobs and recorded when using nitrogen source concentration at 6 % (1.92, 1.89) IU\ ml in KNO3 and (NH4)2SO4 to Fpase and CMCase and the effectiveness of ? - glucosidase at the same nitrogen source (43.54, 50) IU / ml. on the other hand, showed enzymes Fpase, CMCase and ? - glucosidase high activities to ? - glucosidase, CMCase to fungus A. oryzae compared to the rest of the fungi using Reed as carbon source reached (2.31, 2.21, 46.15) IU/ml respectively at pH 6, and at different temperatures were (1.66, 30.94) IU/ml to Fpase and ? - glucosidase at 30 C°, but CMCase gave the highest efficacy (1.60) IU \ml at 25 C° and decreased effectiveness to (2.60, 2.57, 49.69) IU / ml at 6 % of the carbon source recorded effectiveness of the enzyme Fpase (1.19, 1.09) IU / ml when using (NH4)2PO4 and (NH4)2SO4 at 6 % as a nitrogen source of from either enzymatically CMCase and ? - glucosidase was effective at same nitrogen source (1.29, 2) and (35.19, 40.41) IU / ml respectively.The results showed when you use a Rice husk recorded higher effective enzymatic Fpase and CMCase and ? - glucosidases of fungus A. oryzae was (2.32, 39.27) IU /ml for Fpase and ? - glucosidases at pH 6 but CMCase gave the highest efficacy at 5 pH as recorded (2.04) IU / ml at temperatures 30 C°, reached to (1.64, 1.58, 29.13) IU / ml respectively for Fpase and CMCase and ? - glucosidases at a temperature of 30 C°, and when using 6% of the substrate was effective (2.47, 2.19, 44.86) IU / ml, activity recorded when using (NH4)2PO4 and (NH4)2SO4 at 6 % as a nitrogen source of (1.1) IU / ml to FPase on either enzymatically CMCase and ? - glucosidase was effective when use same a nitrogen source (1.18, 1.83) and (31.92, 36.91) IU/ml, respectively. In addition, The results refers when precipitation by ammonium sulfate specific activity were (38.69, 1.25, 5767.5) IU of the enzyme with 0.012 mg protein and then, Elution protein of crude enzyme solution of A.oryzae from DEAE - cellulose column was shown to the protein was separated in (33) fractions.It was found that only the fractions (F - 8) contained cellulase activity, while fraction (F - 30) eluted in column containing buffer and different concentrations of NaCl then using gel filtration and gave three peak of enzymes alone and Characterize enzymes purified FPase activity was found at 5.5 pH which (0.91) U and temperature was having activity at 25 and 30 C°, were (0.14, 0.15) U and CMCase found that the enzyme exhibited maximum activity at 25 C° was (0.33) U but 30 C° for ? - glucosidase was (38.22) U and the molecular weight of the protein was found to be about (38, 52 and 49) kD for (FPase, CMCase, ? - glucosidase) respectively. Finally, estimated ethanol density (0.80 - 0.91) g /ml and ethanol concentration (60 - 97) % but using chromic acid test of purified ethanol the complex enzyme with Reed, complex enzyme with Corn cobs recoded high value of ethanol which were (0.98, 1.72, 1.87, 1.89 ) % and (1.09, 1.83, 1.92, 1.99) % respectively but complex enzyme with Rice husk were given (1.01, 1.12, 1.48, 1.79) % in 4, 5, 6, and 7 days respectively on the other hand, when using the A.oryzae and A.terreus with Reed gave high ethanol value from other fungi with substrate in this study, and observed Rice husk in all results was recorded less absorbance at 350 nm and determination of ethanol concentration by gas chromatography mass used ethanol concentration 99 % as standard, also we showed the ethanol when using enzyme pure with substrate in which were (93.7, 97.1, 88) % ethanol to enzyme with Corn cobs and Reed and Rice husk respectively

دور بكتريا الزوائف. Pseudomonas spp في التحلل البايلوجي للمركبات الهيدروكاربونية والمقاومة الاحيائية == The Role of The Pseudomonas Spp In The Biodegradation of The Hydrocarbon Compounds And Biological Resistance

Author name: عقيل شنان عمران الميالي
Supervisor name: علي عبد رحيم الناشي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Al-Qadisiyah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Qadisiyah
First pages:
Abstract: شملت الدراسة جمع 60 عينة من مصادر بيئية مختلفة ضمت ترب ملوثة وغير ملوثة بالمركبات الهايدروكاربونية ومياه بزل في محافظة الديوانية ومن مصادر سريرية لمرضى اخماج المسالك البولية في مستشفى الديوانية التعليمي, للمدة من 28 كانون الثاني2013 حتى 1 شباط 2014. هدفت | This study included collection of 60 samples from different environmental sources involved contaminated and non contaminated soils by hydrocarbon compounds and from drainage waters in Diwaniyah province and clinical sources in Diwaniyah teaching hospital, for the period from 28 January 2013 to 1 February 2014. This study aimed to isolation and identification the species of Pseudomonas and metabolic efficiency test in the analysis of petroleum hydrocarbon compounds and measure the effectiveness of antagonism in resistant pathogenic fungi to tomato plant. Thirty four isolates were identified, the Pseudomonas spp. was the highest frequency with 22 isolates. These isolates distributed to 16 isolates of pseudomonas aeruginosa and 6 isolates of pseudomonas fluorescens. Also this study included isolation of two pathogenic fungi which were Alternaria alternate and Fusarium solani in tomato plant. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences at (p<0.05) between the bacterial isolates in their analysis of hydrocarbon compounds, when the optical density measurement as an indicator of the effectiveness of growth on hydrocarbon sources. All isolates showed different optical densities were highest isolation of pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from urinary tract infections as optical density amounting to 0.23nm. Also showed an increase in electrical conductivity values for all isolates within the incubation period, the highest value to the hospital (1) isolate with 12.8 mc/cm in the third week of the incubation, But decreased in the sixth week to 8.7 mc/cm and all isolates showed a good effectiveness of electrical conductivity in the third week and noted significant differences (p<0.05) in electrical conductivity values for isolates compared with control of 7.2 mc/cm. The results of the DNA electrophoresis of the all isolates contain the two genes (C23O and rhIB) which they code for the production of hydrocarbon - degrading enzymes. In Bio - antagonism experiments noted that all isolates were inhibitory to the growth of two pathogenic fungi and stimulating the growth of tomato plants in glass and field experiments through increase germination, vegetative ratio and root length and increased weights with significant difference at (p<0.05)with seed treatment with fungus only. The best isolates increased in germination were pseudomonas aeruginosa hospital isolate and pseudomonas fluorescens generating isolate which had stimulated germination rate to 76% with significant difference when compared with the control of Alternaria alternata and Fusarium solani which germination rate was 36 and 40 respectively. Pseudomonas aeruginosa which isolated from soil was more efficient in increasing the length of the stem, the stem height was 7.53 cm compared with the control treatment with F. solani, the stem height was 5.7 cm. Pseudomonas aeruginosa hospital which led to an increase in the length of the total root to 3.66 cm compared with the control treatment with F.solani at 1.53 cm. The increase in fresh and dry weights of Total vegetative reached 0.64 gm and 0.065 gm respectively when the treatment of seed contaminated with F.solani fungus and pseudomonas aeruginosa hospital isolate compared to the control which the weights were 0.11 g and 0.011 gm respectively. The highest increase in fresh and dry weights of total root of 0.057 gm and 0.0072 gm respectively when treated seeds contaminated with the F. solani with P. fluorescens hydrocarbon contaminated soil isolate compared with control that the fresh and dry weights was 0.032 g and 0.0017 g respectively. The highest value of stem length registered when treating seed with A. alternata which was 7.5 cm when treating seed contaminated with A. alternata by P. fluorescens isolated from soil contaminated with hydrocarbon compounds. The lowest value of stem length was 7.3 cm for the treatment of seeds contaminated with the A. alternata by P. aerugionsa isolated from the drainage water compared with control treatment (seeds contaminated with A. alternata) which stem length was 6.33cm. As for the fresh and dry weight for total vegetation was the highest value of 0.8 gm and 0.793 gm respectively when the treatment of seeds contaminated with the A. alternata P. aerugionsa isolated from urinary tract infections and the lowest value of fresh weight was 0.61gm for total vegetation when treated seeds contaminated with the A. alternata by P. aerugionsa isolated from soil non contaminated with hydrocarbon compounds and 0.069 gm when treated seeds contaminated with the A. alternata by P. aerugionsa which Isolated from drainage water compared with control treatment which were 0.15 gm and 0.0014 gm of fresh and dry weight for total vegetation, respectively. As for fresh and dry weight of total root were the highest value 0.071 gm and 0.008 gm respectively, when the treatment of seeds contaminated with the A. alternata by P. fluorescens isolated from soil contaminated with hydrocarbon compounds. while the lowest value were 0.058 gm and 0.0065 gm when treated seeds contaminated with the A. alternata by P. aerugionsa isolated from soil non contaminated with hydrocarbon compounds compared to control treatment (seeds contaminated with the A. alternata only)which the fresh and dry weight values for total root were 0.046 gm and 0.0018 gm respectively. When antagonism study in the glass field, the highest percentage of inhibition of the growth of the F. solani on PDA and cetramide agar were 42% and 61% respectively, when treated with P. fluorescens generator isolate. While the bacterial antagonism with A. alternata on PDA media, the highest percentage of inhibition 51% when treated with the transaction P. fluorescens generator isolate on PDA media. Generally, the treatment of pathogenic fungi with biological control bacteria had reduced the percentage of infection and increase the percentage of germination.

دراسة بعض المؤشرات المناعية لدى بعض المرضى المصابين بفيروس المليساء المعدية في محافظة ديالى == A Study of Some Immunological Parameters In Some Patients With Molluscum Contagiosum In Diyala Province

Author name: رغد ياسين اعويد
Supervisor name: عباس عبود فرحان الدليمي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: المليساء المعدية مرض يسببه فيروس (MCV) الذي ينتمي لعائلة POXVIRUS.المليساء المعدية حيث انه مرض غير قاتل وشائع في جميع انحاء العالم, قد يشترك مع اورام المليساء التهابات قليله, المليساء المعدية يستمر لشهور او سنوات..اجريت الدراسة الحالية للفترة من 1 تشرين ا | The molluscum contagiosum (MC) virus (MCV) is a dermatotropic poxvirus, and the causative agent of MC. MC is nonlethal, common andworldwide. Additionally, little inflammation is associated with MCpapules, and MC can persist for months to years. The present study was conducted for the period from1 November 2013 to 30April, of 2014 in outpatient clinic of Baquba Teaching Hospital in city. The study aimsat assessing the immune status of patients infected with molluscumcontagiosum through the measurement ofthelevel of immunoglobulin(IgG, IgM)and the level of complementcomponents especially (C3, C4) by radial immune diffusion assay and measurement of the level of interleukin 18 R1 by Elisa assay which immune responses are key for the eventual resolution of MC. 75 patients were diagnosed with clinical lesions of MCV on different areas of the body, age of patients ranged from(2 - 50 years) including 40(53.3%) males and 35(46.7%) females.The control were 26.6±15.4 years (range from 2 - 50 years), 8 (53.3%) of them were males and 7(46.7%) females.After theexamination by single radial immune diffusion and Elisa kit.The results showed the patientswere equal or less than 16 years, 24 (32%) from 17 - 30 years, 19 (25.3%) from 31 - 45 years and 12 (16%) above 45 years and 40(53.3%) males and 35(46.7%) females, no static significant difference showed between the MCV infection and either the sex or age.The results revealed the level of IL 18R1in patient the mean±SD were 677.15±874.22 ng/ml while in control were 178.46±31.79 ng/ml. There was significant statistical difference between both groups as patients with MC had high level of IL18R1 than control.Themean±SD of IgMinpatients were 1946.6±825.6 mg/dlwhile in control were 140.1±68.7mg/dl This result was highly significant which indicates that patients with MC had higher level of IgM than control In contrast, patients had lower levels of IgG than control, The mean±SD of IgG in patientwere 221.9±96.7mg/dl while in control were 1229.9±299.7mg/dl. This result was highly significant. Also the patients had lower level of C3 and C4 than control. The mean±SD of C3 in patients were 109.6±64.8mg/dl while in control were 120.8±22.1mg/dl. The mean±SD of C4 in patients were 27.8±12.7mg/dl while in control were 38.7±9.8mg/dl. These results were statistically significant. Eleven 9 (14.7%) of patients had positive CRP while 12 (80%) of control had positive CRP which was statistically highly significant. Forty seven (62.7%) patients were from rural area while 28 (37.7%) from urban. There is no statistical difference between both groups as. Family history of MC and Recurrence of MC in patients were nostatically significant difference to infection by MCV.

دراسة امكانية الاستفادة من تركيز بروتين المصل الفعال نوع سي بروتين التفاعلي CRP في التشخيص المبكر للاصابات البكتيرية لحديثي الولادة وتحديد توقف اعطاء العلاج من خلاله == The Study of Usefulness of C - Reactive Protein Concentration In The Early Diagnosis And Determining The Duration of Antibiotic Therapy of Suspected Neonatal Bacterial Infection

Author name: قاسم ابراهيم حسين
Supervisor name: ايمان ناطق ناجي البياتي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Al-Haytham College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: ان التشخيص السريع لاصابات تجرثم الدم في الاطفال حديثي الولادة من الامور المهمة وذلك لخطورة الاصابة المؤدية الى الموت.الغرض من دراستنا هو امكانية استخدام فحص سي - البروتين الفعال في التشخيص المبكرلهذا المرض البكتيري وكذلك استخدامه في تحديد نقطة التوقف عن ا | Rapid diagnosis of bacterial infections of newborn infants is very important itcause of morbidity and mortality. Aim of the studyThe aim of the studyis to examin the possibility of using C - reactive protein in the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis, as well as its use in determining thestop point of the antibiotic treatment.Patent, Materials and methods This study was conducted at the Hospital of Ibn - Albaladi for children and women in Rusafathe Healthoffice / Baghdad.Iraq from February 2013 to February 2014.The number of patients with bacterial infection was 102 (62%) of the total number of patients (165) who were admitted to the neonatal care unit aged less than 28 days and their weights was more than 1500 g,. The number of males was 92 (56%) and the number of females was 73 (44%), the number of patient withearly onset sepsis EOS (less than three days) was 43 (42%) and with late onset sepsis LOS for (more than three days) was 59 (58%), 43 (57%) ofEOSwas normal deliveries infected and cesarean deliveries infected 33 (43%), while51 (57%) of LOS was normal deliveries infected and cesarean deliveries in LOS was 38 (43%). Blood samples were collected and divided into three portion : bloodculture, CRP andhematological profile.1 - Blood culture.Blood was collection from neonatal sepsis patientinto special blood culture bottle and incubate in bact /Alert 3 D device when growth of bacteria then subcultured on blood agar, MaCconkey agar, and incubatedusingvitek /2 to diagnose bacterial infection anddeterminetheir susceptibility to antibiotic treatment.ResultThe Compact results indicated that 63 (38%)of patient were negative and 102 (62%) were positive out of them 23 patients (22.6%)were infected with gram negative bacteria including {Klebsiella pneumonia 30%, Acinetobacterlowffi 17%, Enterobacter cloaca 13%, } while 79 (77.4%) were infected with gram positive bacteria including { staph Homins and staph hemolyticus each 28% then staph epidermidis 13% and staph aureus 10%, while strep spp was 6% }. 2 - c - reactive protein.It was done by twomethod for the same samples in order to characterize the accuracy of the diagnosis. The first method was agglutination test (method 1) the cut off value for positive result ? 6 µg % 79 (48%)were negative, while 86 (52%) werepositive, while the second method was immune test (method 2) µµµusing Nycocard device werethe cut off value for positive result ? 5 µg % the results 102 (62%) were positive while 63 (38% negative.3 - hematological profile.The hematological profile of our patient included PCV, WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, count were measured using Emerald automated Hematology device. The results of these tests werenot compatible with the results of the blood culture, but normal result were compatible with negative blood cultures. The results adopted of blood culture confirm the presence of bacterial infection and then compared with theresults CRP test and blood profilefor the same samples.Negative result of blood culture and CRP test were 54 (33%) while positive results of blood culture and CRP test were recorded and improved after taking treatment for (, 3, 5, 7,) days for (40, 31, 5)patients respectively.ConclusionWeconcluded C - reactive protein test was useful in the diagnosis of bacterial blood infections and determine the stop - point otreatment. Gram negative bacterial isolates were sensitive impinim, livofloxacin and Amikacin while they were resistant to Ampicillin, Ampicillin /Sollbectam and Gentamycin. on the other hand gram positive bacteria were sensitive to Amikacin, Ampicillin/sulbactam Ciprphloxacin, and Tigecyclin and were resistant to Erythromicin, and Oxacillinand Benzylpencillin.

دراسة كفاءة بعض المضادات الحيوية ذات المناشئ المختلفة على بعض انواع البكتريا المعزولة من حالات مرضية مختلفة == The Efficacy Study of Some Antibiotics From Different Origins On Some Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated From Different Cases

Author name: ليلى عاصي خزعل
Supervisor name: نجدت بهجت مهدي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Kirkuk - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Kirkuk
First pages:
Abstract: شملت الدراسة جمع 278عينة سريرية تضمنت نماذج من اخماج المجاري البولية ومسحات الجروح والحروق وعينات الدم ومسحات الاذن الوسطى من مستشفى كركوك العام ومستشفى طوز العام وللمدة من ( 2013 - 4 - 15) ولغاية ( (2013 - 10 - 15. اظهرت نتائج الزرع البكتريولوجي الاولي | The study included the collection (278) clinical samples included the same of urinary tract infections and swabs of wounds and burns, and blood samples and swabs from ear from Kirkuk General Hospital and Tuz General hospital in period from (2013 - 4 - 15) until (2013 - 10 - 15). The results of the first Bacteriological implant using the blood Agar and Macconkey agar emergence of planting positive in (148) of the total sample (278) sample rate (53.33%). Diagnosed colonies developing depending on planting characters and biomicroscopy and tests biochemical as possible diagnosis (90) the isolation of clinical divided to (30) isolation of each of the bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) divided to (28) isolates of Urine and 21 isolated from wounds and 25 isolates of burns and 11 isolated from blood and 5 isolates from the ear of the total isolates, confirmed diagnosis using the API Staph System and API 20E system. The study included examination of sensitivity using discs toward the 15 antibiotic for three types. The isolates showed to different in resistant rate, and was Anti Chloramphenicol is the most effect on the bacteria S.aureus where all isolates were sensitive to him 100%, and was an anti Imipinem, Nitrofuranation the most effect on bacteria E.coli where the percentage of sensitivity to two anti - (90%), either Anti Amikacin was the most impact on the isolates of Ps. aeruginosa where all isolates were sensitive to him ratio (100%) I tested the sensitivity of bacterial species toward (5) antibiotic (Amoxicillin Augmantine, Cefotaxime, Ciprofloxacin, Tetracyclin) concentrations of certain several different origins for each antibiotic using the method of casting dishes, use an anti Amoxicillin concentration (25) mg / ml and origins different (Iraqi, Indian, Turkey, United Arab Emirates) The results show that the origin United Arab Emirates is the most efficient than the rest of other. Use the adversaries (Cefotaxime, Augmantine) concentration (10) mg / ml and three - origins (Turkish, Indian, United Arab Emirates), oukd show that Origin United Arab Emirates is the most efficient of the rest of the origins Other. also used anti Tetracyclin concentration (10) mg / ml for three origin (Iraqi, Indian, Chinese). show that Origin Iraqi is the most efficient of the rest of the origins Other.and used anti Ciprofloxacin concentration (5) mg / ml for four origin (Iraqi, Indian, Turkish, United Arab Emirates) and show that the United Arab Emirates and Turkish origin is more efficient than the rest of other origins.Bacterial isolates showed multiple drug resistance to antibiotics where all isolates Ps. aeruginosa with resistance to multiple antibiotics by (100%) and showed isolates of S.aureus resistant multi - rate (93.3 %) and showed isolates of E.coli (96.6%) as well characterized bacterial isolates in multiple resistance to antibiotics Alpittalaktam particularly where the rates of multiple resistance (93.3 %) of the isolates of E.coli and (100%) isolates Ps.aeruginosa and (93.33%) of the isolates by S.aureus.the rapid Iodine standard method was used for screening for susceptibility of bacterial isolates to produce enzymes Beta - Lactamase have shown (73) the isolation of a positive result from the total (90) isolation rate (81.1%), were distributed among the isolates produced (27) isolated from bacteria by S.aureus (90 %) and (25) isolates of E.coli bacteria by (83.3%) and (21) isolated from bacteria Ps. aeruginosa (70%).to detect broad - spectrum Beta - Lactamase enzymes is used discs method adjacent and the results showed that there are (24) isolation of the total (73) is positive for examination by (32.87%) distributed on (12) isolated from bacteria S.aureus by (44.44%) and (5) isolates of E.coli bacteria (20%) and (7) of the bacterial isolates Ps. aeruginosa by (33.33%).Tested susceptibility bacterial isolates to produce mineral Beta - Lactamase enzymes Metallo ? - Lactamase using IMP - EDTA Combination disc and three isolates can from the production of the enzyme (4.10%) by two isolates of bacteria Ps.aeruginosa by (9.52%) and one isolate of the bacterium E.coli (4%).

دراسة انتشار انواع الفطر Saprolegnia spp. في مياه مدينة الديوانية وتوصيفها جزيئيا == Studying The Spreading of Fungus Saprolegnia SPP. In Waters of Diwaniyah City And Characterization The Molecularly

Author name: معتز محمد عزوز الزاملي
Supervisor name: ماجد كاظم عبود الشبلي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Al-Qadisiyah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Qadisiyah
First pages:
Abstract: شملت الدراسة الحالية عزل وتشخيص بعض الفطريات المائية ومنها انواع الفطر Saprolegnia spp. في مياه مدينة الديوانية وتوصيفها جزيئيا. عزلت الانواع التابعة لهذا الفطر وهما Saprolegnia parasitica وSaprolegnia ferax من الانهار والبحيرات والاسماك, وتم قياس الخصائ | The present study is concerned with isolation and identification of some aquatic fungi, including species of Saprolegnia spp. in waters of Al - Diwaniyah city and molecular characterization. Two species, Saprolegnia parasitica and Saprolegnia ferax, have been isolated from rivers, lakes and fishes. The physical and chemical environmental characteristics have been measured. The types above have been examined to extract the DNA. The (PCR) technique has been used to examine the presence of protease enzyme. The results of isolation and identification showed that the percentage of the two species were 64% in rivers areas 40% in the lakes areas and 50% in fishes. The rates represented the examined samples which were 60 samples. AS well as isolates was in rivers 16 isolation and in Lakes 10 isolates either in fish was 5 isolation and thus the total isolates 31 isolation, The S. parasitica species is more apparently found during (February, 2014), the number of samples was 12, the less presence of this species in (April, 2014), where the number of sample, was 3. The S. ferax species is more apparently presented in (February, 2014), the number of samples was 10. The less presence was in (April, 2014), the number of samples was 2. The results showed that the number of isolation of Saprolegnia spp. study area as it was S.parasitica species in were 6 in rivers, 2 in lakes, and 3 in fishes. The second species, S. ferax showed number of isolations which were 10 in rivers, 8 in lakes, and 2 in fishes. The PCR examination has used to detect the rDNA gene which responsible for proteases gene and whether it is found in the two species of fungi. The express way has been used to extract DNA and according to the instructions of manufacturer company. The concentrations of DNA in first species were 121.8 - 73.0 mcg/microliter and purity 1.87 - 1.80.In the second species the concentrations of DNA were 2360.4 - 166.9 mcg/microliter and purity 2 - 1.75. The results, by using PCR technique, showed that the percentage of protease in first species was 25% in rivers. In lakes and fish was 100%.Concerning the second species, the percentage of enzyme was 42% in rivers, 40%in lakes, and 50% in fishes. It can be concluded that there is a diversity in fungi species with respect to study areas and enzyme secretion in the stages of fungi infection. The enzyme is more apparently found in S.parasitica species compared with S.ferax species.

دراسة مصلية دمية لداء المقوسات في النساء الحوامل والاطفال حديثي الولادة في محافظة القادسية == Bloody Serological Study of Toxoplasmosis In Pregnant Women And Newborns In Diwaniyah Province

Author name: مروة جبار مزهر العبادي
Supervisor name: خيري عبد الله داود العكيلي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Al-Qadisiyah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Qadisiyah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة الحالية على الاطفال حديثي الولادة في محافظة الديوانية للمدة من بداية شهر تشرين الثاني 2012 الى نهاية شهر نيسان 2013.وقد جمعت عينات الدراسة من دم الحبل السري للاطفال الرضع المولودين حديثا اثناء الولادة في مستشفى الاطفال والولادة التعليمي في | The present study was done on new born babies in Diwania province during a period from the beginning of November 2012 till the end of April 2013. Blood samples were collected from the umbilical cord of the new born babies during delivery in children and maternity teaching hospital. Fifty samples were collected separated to serological tests and for blood pictures. Serological tests were used in this research as follows (Rapid IgG - IgM test, latex test and ELISA IgG, IgM). The results showed the Rapid test was the easiest and cheapest test for diagnosis specific antibodies against Toxoplasmosis, therefore the positive samples were 14% for IgG, 4% for IgM and 36% for overlap cases. While the positive results for latex test was 14% but the highest result was recorded by using ELISA test 30% for IgG, No positive result recorded for IgM. There were variation in positive cases of different ages of mothers, the highest percents found in ages between 30 - 39 years old by using Rapid test 72.72% , while by using The latex test demonstrate high percent of infection was 20% and also for ages between 15 - 19 year old, and the ELISA recorded 50% and the same group of age 15 - 19 years old. The results showed the for the residence factor by using Rapid test showed the rural people were high percent of incidence of Toxoplasmosis 57.14%, but the urban people recorded Latex test and ELISA)17.24%, 31.03%) respectively. Aborted women in previous time were followed by using the serological tests Rapid test 10%, Latex 10% and ELISA zero. The incidence of Toxoplasmosis was high in housewives more than other career, the results were) 34.14%, 34.14 (% for Latex and ELISA, IgM and overlapping cases, while in other career by using Rapid test 66.66% Results showed standard Blood parameters did not register significant differences (P> 0.05) for the total number of white blood cells WBC, hemoglobin Hb, blood volume compact PCV, Erythrocytic RBC, and differential count of white blood cells for Neutrophiles, Lymphocyte, Monocytes, Basophiles and Eosinophiles. Phagocytic activity was prominent in adult people more than newly born babies.

التحري عن جين الاوتولايسين في المكورات العنقوديه البشروية المقاومة لمضاد الفانكومايسين == Autolysin Gene Detection In Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus Epidermidis

Author name: مريم خميس عبد ربة بريس
Supervisor name: مي طالب فليح
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: من مجموع مئة عينة سريرية جمعت من مصادر مختلفة شملت الحروق والدم والجروح ومسحات انفية, تمكنت 90 عزلة من النمو على اكار المانيتول الملحي , ومن بينهم 40(44.4 %) عزلة عائدة لبكتريا المكورات العنقودية المنتجة للانزيم المخثر للبلازما و50 (55.5%) عائدة لبكتريا ا | Out of one hundred clinical samples were taken from different sources which include burns, blood cultures, wounds and nasal swabs infections ; 90 isolates developed growth on mannitol salt agar. Among these, 40 (44.4%) were Coagulase positive (Staphylococcus aureus) isolates, 50 (55.5%) belong to coagulase negative staphylococci in which Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates were 30(60%). The pattern of antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates to 12 antibotics (Amoxiclav, Ceftazidim, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, Erythromycin, Gentamycin, Imipenime, Penicillin G, Tetracycline, Rifampin , Methicillin, and Vancomycin) were determined using disc diffusion method. The results revealed that resistance to Penicillin G10 and Amoxiclav (Amoxicillin - clavulanic acid) were 100%, Methicillin were 93%, Erythromycin were 90%, Gentamycin and Clindamycin were 70%, Tetracycline and ceftazidim were 75%, Ciproflaxacin were 60%, Rifampin were30%. 95% of S.epidermidis isolates were sensitive to Imipenim and 5% of them were intermediate resistant, while these isolates showed 90% sensitivity to vancomycin. 19 isolates were multidrug resistance. Minimum inhibitory concentration of S.epidermidis isolates to vancomycin, was determined. The results revealed that (12) S.epidermidis isolates (40 %) were vancomycin resistant, the MIC of them were between 256 ?g\ml and 32 ?g\ml, (4) S.epidermidis isolates (13.3%) were intermediate resistance, the MIC to 3 of them were 16 ?g\ml and the last was 8 ?g\ml. Some virulence factors of VRSE and VSSE were detected including the hemolysin, protease, lipase and urease. The S. epidermidis isolates were produce hemolysin, protases, lipase and urease, were 100%, 100%, 25%, 100% respectively in VRSE, while in VSSE 100%, 100%, 60%, 100% respectively. The isolates were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique in monoplex pattern to amplify resistant incoding gene : the vanA, vanB and autolysine gene aae gene. The results by this study showed that 12 (40%) S. epidermidis isolates gave the implicone size (1030 base pair) of the vanA gene. However the results of MIC and PCR were similar but no any isolates gave product for presence of vanB gene. All S.epidermidis were able to produce implicone size(858bp) of aae gene. The effect of vancomycin resistant S. epidermidis on cell autolysis activity was detected by whole cell autolytic assay.The results revealed that there was significant difference among three isolates, the VSSE isolate (S.epidermidis 22) have the highest autolytic activity in the presence of antibiotic, followed by the VRSE isolate (S. epidermidis 1) and the VISE isolate (S. epidermidis14) which was the lowest autolytic activity with the presence of antibiotic. The result of transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed that the VRSE isolates (S.epidermidis 1) have thicker cell wall followed by VISE (S.epidermidis 14) isolates.However, the VSSE (S.epidermidis 22) didn't showed any cell wall thickening.

التوصيف المظهري والجزيئي لبعض الفطريات الخيطيه والخمائر المعزولة من اخماج العين واختبار حساسيتها الدوائيه تجاه بعض المضادات الفطرية == Morphological And Molecular Identification of Some Filamentous Fungi And Yeast Isolated From Eye Infections And Theirs Susceptibilities Toward Some Antifungals

Author name: يسر فاضل عبد الامير الاسدي
Supervisor name: زيدان خليف عمران المعموري
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science For Girls - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تمت هذه الدراسة في مختبر التقنيات الاحيائية التابع لكلية علوم البنات / جامعة بابل للفترة من اكتوبر 2012 الى اكتوبر 2013، حيث تم جمع 165 عينة سريرية من المرضى المراجعين لاستشارية العيون في مستشفى الحسين العام ومن بعض العيادات التخصصية لاطباء العيون في محاف | The study was performed in Biotechnical Laboratory in Science collage for women, Babylon University from Oct.2012 to Oct.2013. 165 clinical samples were collected from patients with eyes infections were admitted to AL - Hussein main hospital in Karbala province and private clinics of eye physician, after diagnosis of eye infection by specialize physician the clinical samples collected by using swab from Cornea, Conjunctiva, Lacrimal sac, eye allergic, contact lenses and from pull water eye after surgery, the samples included different sex & age groups.All clinical samples culturing on SDA and PDA, Yeast was identified base on their color reactions on Chromo agar Other biochemical test were performed.Antifungal sensitivity was performed against 8 antifungal (Nystatin, Econazol, Amphotericine B, Flucosytosine, Miconazole Metronidazole, Griseofulvin, Ketoconazol, Most fungi showed variable degrees in their susceptibilities to the antifungal agents. In this study we diagnostic (57) isolate from filamentous fungal species, Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp. showed highly frequent in ratio 20.1% and 9.6, In addition (37) yeast isolated, C.albicans and C.famata representative the highest frequent isolates.Molecular identification and genotyping, 8 isolates identified as C.albicans from 24 of selective Candida isolates were performed by specific pair primer (CABC) that give genotype with 515 base pair, genotype ITS1/ITS4 region show polymorphic PCR product help in diagnosis other (7) Candida species like C.famata, C.rugosa, C.glabrat, C.utili, C.saitoana, C.guilliermondii, C.inconpicua. The pair primer for amplified the transposable intron (CA - INT) was succeed in amplification of intron showed two genotypes : type A (450bp) and type B(850bp) and showed there was no C.dubliniensis isolates in our Candida isolate, This result was coincidence typing results between specific pair primer (CABC) and Microsatellite CAI for C.albicans.The amplified 18s region by using NS/EF3 and the result give genotype with molecular weight 1700bp.Also the study include using RFLP technique & the digested by using CfoI enzyme & the results for ITS PCR products of 24 isolates of Candida showed unique RFLP patterns.

التحري عن التعبير الجيني لل FOXP3 وTGF - ?1 باستخدام الطرائق الجزيئية والمناعية في سرطان الرئة اللاصغير الخلية == Detection of FOXP3 Gene Expression And TGF - ?1 Using Molecular And Immunological Methods In Non - Small Cell Lung Carcinoma

Author name: سهاد فيصل حاتم المقدادي
Supervisor name: امنة نصيف جاسم | بان عباس عبد المجيد
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Al-Haytham College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Studies have linked FOXP3 and TGF - ? expression to the outcome of certain cancers. FOXP3 is a marker known to be expression in T - regulatory cells while TGF - ? is a secreted protein usually detected in the extra cellular matrix.The present study aimed at focusing on the identification of immune markers namely FOXP3 and TGF - ? with their expression patterns in lung cancer patients as a useful tool to predict disease progression.Also it is aimed to design molecular evaluation of m RNA expression of both FOXP3 and TGF - ? in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and bronchial (brush) cells of patients with lung cancer and benign lesions, using qRT PCR; determining the T - reg level in the peripheral blood employing the High Rsolution Melting (HRM) as a novel method to detect Treg - specific demethylated region (TSDR); molecular DNA analysis of somatic mutation of exons 3, 6, 7 of FOXP3 in patients with lung cancer tissue and benign lesions and immunohistochemical (IHC) estimation of FOXP3 and TGF - ?1 in T - reg and cancer cells in formalin fixed paraffin embedded(FFPE)lung cancer tissue and benign lesions.Blood samples were collected from 30 patients with newly diagnosed, non small cell lung carcinoma and 30 patients with benign lesions.Patients were recruited at The Specialized Surgery Hospital and Oncology Teaching Hospital/Baghdad.Samples from 16 apparently healthy donors were used as control during the period from June 2012 to June 2013. The samples preservation with TRIzol reagent were subjected to molecular study including RNA and DNA extraction; reverse transcription; RT - PCR; HRM assay and DNA sequencing were done in the Molecular Oncology Unit/Guys and ST Thomas? s hospital/ King College/London/UK.The expression level of FOXP3 was high in 16(61.5%)in lung cancer cases.A significant difference was noticed between cancer cases from one side and benign lesions or healthy control on the other side p<0.05.Mean of FOXP3 expression(fold change)was significantly high(2.64±0.09)in cancer cases than in benign cases(1.32±0.04)and healthy control(1.38±0.06)with p<0.05.A significant association between high expression level and >60 age and squamous cell carcinoma in cancer cases P<0.05.The expression level of TGF - ? was high in 16(61.5%)in lung cancer cases.A significant difference was noticed between cancer cases from one side and benign lesions or healthy control on the other side p<0.05.Mean of TGF - ? expression (fold change) was significantly high (6.27±0.56) in cancer cases more than healthy control (2.87±0.09) with p<0.05.The association was significant between TGF - ? expression level (high and low) and age>60in cancer and benign groups (p<0.05), while no significant association with gender and cancer types were noticed.For FOXP3 mRNA expression in bronchial brush cells, the result showed no significant difference between the mean fold change of malignant(3.57 ± 0.06) and benign(4.02 ± 0.06) patients. The low expression was predominated both in cancer and benign cases. No significant differences were found between FOXP3 expression (high and low) and age; gender ; cancer types..According to FOXP3 T - reg specific demethylated region detection, results showed that the mean percentage of FOXP3demethylation in lung cancer patients (4.32 ± 0.04) was significantly higher than in benign lesions (3.22 ± 0.02) patients andhealthy controls(3.33±0.04). A positive correlation coefficient with high significant, was found in the group of cancer samples (R² = 0.6653;r = 0.69;P : 0.0017)on correlating percentage of Treg and demethylation of FOXP3 from one side with its m RNA expression on the other side.In benign lesion group was(R² = 0.5334;r= 0.59;p= 0.0027), While in the control group a positive correlation but a weak significance was found (R²= 0.2383;r=0.28;P=0.0437).FOXP3 gene sequencing revealed high frequency of missense mutations c.715 GTA>CTA : V 239 L in 17 (94.44%) in malignant sample and non cancerous cases7 (87.5%)without statistical differences. Missence mutations were also detected in exone 3 in 3(16.67%) cancer cases and in 1(12.5 %) benign lesion.No missense mutations could be detected in exon 6. Intronic mutations and silent mutation were variable in three exons without statistical differences. Many cases of adenocarcinoma have shown multiple mutations either of missense or Intronic types. Missense mutations of exon 7 were correlated significantly with an age of 60?years. Exon 3 mutations were significantly associated with adenocarcinoma. Positive FOXP3 Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining in tumor cells was associated with high missense mutations frequency 10(55.55%) in exon7, while in exone 3 was 2(11.11%). Negative FOXP3 IHC staining in the tumor cells was associated with seven missense mutations in exon7 and one (5.55%) in exon 3, in addition 4(23.53%) cases of the exon 7 missense mutations were associated with negative FOXP3 expression in lymphocytes.The result showed that FOXP3 by using IHC staining was positive in 21(70%) of nuclei of cancer cells, and 22(73.3%)in Treg infiltrates.The positive cancer cells and Treg infiltrates associated significantly with age>60 (p<0.05).No significant association was found withgender, cancer type, while there is association with moderate differentiation compared to poorly differentiation (p<0.05). High frequence of FOXP3 expression score 3 and high intensity were appeared in nuclear cancer cells compared to benign lesions cells, while Treg infiltrates with score 1 and high intensity was high frequency in malignant and benign.The result showed that TGF - ?1 by using IHC staining was positive in 25(83.3%) in the cancer cells and 21(70%) in stromal cells. No significant difference was noted between positive expression in malignant and benign lesions p>0.05.No significant association was noticed between positive cells expression and age, gender, cancer type and differentiation p>0.05. High frequency of TGF - ?1 expression score 3 and high intensity in malignant cells and benign. Also stromal cell expression score 3 and high intensity were predominated in malignant and benign lesions. The high and moderate intensity expression was more frequent in matrix surrounding cancer cells compared to non cancerous.Total agreement and kappa coefficient between FOXP3 and TGF - ?1were poor in malignant and benign epithelial cells and stroma, while the perfect agreement was between expression of TGF - ?1in stromal cells

تعدد الاشكال الوراثي للحركيات الخلوية وHLA - DQB1 في مرضى السل الرئوي == Genetic Polymorphisms of Cytokines And HLA - DQB1 In Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients

Author name: خلود كريم حسن
Supervisor name: علي حسين ادحية
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The present study aimed to understand the correlation between serum level of nine cytokines (IL - 1?, IL - 1RA, IL - 2, IL - 4, IL - 6, IL - 10, IL - 12, IFN - ? and TNF - ?) and their genetic polymorphisms at 16 gene positions defined by sequence specific primer - polymerase chain reaction (SSP - PCR) in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients, and in addition HLA - DQB1 gene polymorphism was also defined by SSP - PCR to determine their role in susceptibility or resistance to M. tuberculosis. Finally, serum level of cortisol was also determined in the patients.Ninety four Iraqi Arabs PTB patients (70 males and 24 females) were enrolled in the study. They were referred to the Institute of Chest and Respiratory Diseases in Baghdad for diagnosis and treatment during the period May - October 2012. A control sample of 80 apparently healthy individuals was also included and matched patients for gender (60 males and 20 females) and ethnicity. The results are summarized in the following : 1. A significant increased serum level of IL - 1? (24.16 ± 8.82 vs. 3.20 ± 1.18 pg/ml), IL - 1RA (41.31 ± 6.64 vs. 16.85 ± 5.50 pg/ml), IL - 2 (17.63 ± 3.53 vs. 7.80 ± 1.10 pg/ml), IL - 4 (9.56 ± 2.60 vs. 3.81 ± 1.70 pg/ml), IL - 10 (34.49 ± 4.60 vs. 7.61 ± 1.70 pg/ml), IL - 12 (25.16 ± 5.85 vs. 7.70 ± 1.12 pg/ml) and TNF - ? (22.52 ± 4.41 vs. 4.97 ± 1.15 pg/ml) was recorded in PTB patients compared to controls. Also, Cortisol serum level was significantly increased in patients (215.47 ± 1.33 vs. 38.63 ± 1.74 ng/ml).2. Cytokine gene polymorphism analysis revealed that neither genotypes nor alleles of IL1A - 889, IL2 - 330, IL2+166, IL4 - 590, IL4 - 33, IL6+565, IL10 - 819, IL10 - 592, IL12B - 1188 and TNF - 238 genes showed a significant variation between PTB patients and controls. In contrast, the frequency of TT genotype of IL1RN gene at position mspal 11100 showed a significant (P = 0.004) increase in PTB patients compared to controls (65.9 vs. 43.7%). For IL4 - 1098, the frequency of TT genotype was also significantly (P = 0.048) increased inpatients (82.9 vs. 70.0%). At position - 174 of IL6 gene, a significant (P = 0.002) increased frequency of GG genotype was observed in patients (55.3 vs. 31.2%). For IL10 gene, only GG genotype at position IL10 - 1082 was observed with a significant (P = 0.045) increased frequency in patients (18.1 vs. 7.5%). At position - 308 of TNF gene, a significant (P = 6.9 x 10 - 5) decreased frequency of GG genotype was observed in patients (60.6 vs. 87.5%), while GA genotype was significantly (P = 1.3 x 10 - 4) increased (38.2 vs. 12.5%). Finally, the frequency of AA genotype of IFNG gene at position +874 demonstrated a significant (P = 0.006) increase in PTB patients (55.3%) compared to controls (33.7%).3. To determine the impact of cytokine genotypes on cytokines serum level, PTB patients and controls were distributed according to their serum level in the three genotypes of each cytokine. It was found that CC genotype of IL1RNmspal 11100 in patients was observed with the highest IL - 1RA level (52.16 ± 5.81 pg/ml) compared to TT (41.39 ± 3.23 pg/ml) or TC (38.10 ± 4.54 pg/ml) genotype. The TT genotype of IL2 at position - 330 also showed the highest level of IL - 2 (22.16 ± 4.31 pg/ml) compared to TG (17.59 ± 3.40 pg/ml) or GG (13.68 ± 3.53 pg/ml) genotype in patients. The IL4 - 1098 TT genotype showed the highest level of IL - 4 in patients (10.38 ± 2.21 pg/ml) compared to TG (6.09 ± 1.20 pg/ml) or GG (3.93 ± 0.80 pg/ml) genotype. For IL10 gene, the GG genotype of IL10 - 1082 recorded the highest level of IL - 10 (40.67 ± 2.96 pg/ml), which was significantly different from AA genotype (26.66 ± 5.65 pg/ml). At position - 308 of TNF gene, serum level of TNF - ? in GG genotype of patients demonstrated a significant increased mean compared to genotype GA (24.76 ± 1.30 vs. 19.15 ± 1.12 pg/ml). At position - 238, TNF GG genotype showed a significant increase level of TNF - ? (23.02 ± 2.91 pg/ml) in patients compared to AA genotype (17.18 ± 1.53 pg/ml) of patients. Finally, IFNG+874 AA genotype was observed with the highest IFN - ? level in patients (11.07 ± 1.12 pg/ml) compared to AT (7.97 ± 1.81 pg/ml)or TT (6.10 ± 2.20 pg/ml) genotype. In contrast, no such differences were observed in controls.4. Out of the five encountered HLA - DQB1 alleles, DQB1*03 showed a significant (P = 0.005) increased frequency in PTB patients compared to controls (71.3 vs. 50.0%). It was also observed that heterozygosity at such gene locus was significantly (P = 0.03) more frequent in patients than in controls (93.6 vs. 82.5%), while homozygosity was observed with a less percentage frequency in patients compared to controls (6.4 vs. 17.5%) and the difference was also significant (P = 0.03).Accordingly, it is possible to conclude that the cytokine profile was deviated in PTB patients, and such deviation was correlated with the genotypes of some cytokines, which might also together with HLA - DQB1polymorphism confer the individual an immunogenetic predisposition to develop M. tuberculosis infection.

دراسة الملف المصلي وتقييم بعض الخصائص المناعية لدى مرضى الحزام الناري == Serum Profile Study And Evaluation Of Some Immune Features Among Patients With Shingles

Author name: زينب عبد النبي طليفح النصراوي
Supervisor name: حبيب صاحب نهر | محمد كاظم طاهر الحطاب
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine - Department Of Microbiology
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة الحالية للفترة من 1شباط 2015 لغاية 3شباط 2016 وجمعت خلالها عينات المرضى المصابين بالحزام الناري من قسم الامراض الجلدية في العيادات الاستشارية في مستشفى مرجان التعليمي للتحري عن بعض الجوانب المناعية في المرضى, وكان العدد الكلي للمرضى 50 مريضا | This study was conducted during the period from 1st February 2015 to 3rd February 2016, and the samples were collected from dermatology department of the consultant clinic in Marjan Teaching Hospital to investigate certain immunological markers of patients with shingles. The total number of patients were whose their ages ranges were 14 - 80 years. Age group (40 - 61) years have the highest percentage of infection reaching 46%.The immunofluorescence test for Varicella Zoster virus - specific IgG showed 48 out 50 are positive(96%). The higher percentage of infection with shingles was in female (54%), while male patients the percentage was(46%).The results showed that patients with blood group (O+) have 50% of infection rate.When CD4 was investigated by ELISA test , the results showed that the mean± SD of serum level of CD4 in shingles patients and control group is (6.70± 0.97 and 9.36±2.02) ng/ml respectively. The concentration of CD4 was lower in patients with shingles than healthy control group, while concentration of CD8 and CD56were higher than healthy control group ( the mean± SD of serum level of CD8 in shingles patients and control group was 21.42±5.43 and19.11±3.29 ng /ml respectively, whereas the mean ± SD of CD56 concentration in shingles and control group were 107.58± 40.39 and 67.59 ± 36.31 ng/ml, respectively).The results also showed that the concentrations of IFN ? and TNF? were lower in patients with shingles compared with non - infected persons , as the following : the mean± SD of serum level of IFN ? in shingles patients and control group was 184.31±21.95 and 218.03±26.21 pg /ml respectively, and the mean ± SD of TNF? concentration in shingles and control group were 51.55± 5.14 and 62.35 ± 6.74 pg/ml, respectively. For IL 10, the concentration was higher in patients with shingles than that in the healthy control group; the mean± SD of serum level of IL 10 in shingles patients and control group was12.42±5.59 and 4.47±0.90 pg /ml respectively. This study was concluded following : • Gender represents a risk factor for the occurrence of shingles mainly at ages over 40 years old (higher in females than males).• Varicella Zoster virus specific IgG is a sensitive and specific test that can be used for the laboratory diagnosis of shingles.• Varicella Zoster virus reactivation has a suggested link with decreased level of soluble CD4 molecules and, for lesser extend with increased soluble CD8 and CD56 molecules in patients serum. • Blood group O+ might be consider as a risk factor for reactivation of VZV infection as the majority of patients were within this blood group.• A diminished role of the inflammatory TH1 cells in reactivated shingles patients is more likely as evident by the reduced concentration of IFN? and TNF? profiles. The Treg cells (CD4+ CD25+) seems to play a role in such reduction of TH1 proinflammatory cytokines as evident by the significant elevation of IL10 in shingles patients.

عزل وتحديد هوية فيروس الحصبة في علاقته ببعض الجوانب المناعية من الاشخاص النازحين الملقحين في محافظة بابل == Isolation And Identification Of Measles Virus In Relation To Some Immunological Aspects From The Vaccinated Displaced Individuals In Babylon Governorate

Author name: ليث احمد عمران كيف الكيف
Supervisor name: محمد عبد كاظم حسن السعدي | يونس عبد الرضا كحيوش الخفاجي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: Mustansiriyah University
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة لتقييم مناعة المجتمع لكلا النازحين والمقيمين الملقحين بلقاح فيروس الحصبة ضد خمج الحصبة في محافظة بابل. لذا تضمنت هذه الدراسة معايرة الحالة المناعية في امصال النازحين والمقيمين محافظة بابل مع عزل وتشخيص فيروس الحصبة من الحالات المشتبه بها. ت | The study was conducted to evaluate the herd immunity for both the displaced and residents vaccinated with measles virus vaccine against measles infection in Babylon governorate. Therefore this study includes the evaluation of the immune status in sera of Babylon governorate displaced and residents with specific aspect for isolation and identification of measles virus from suspected cases. The immune response was evaluated by means of ELISA test (enzyme linked immunosorbet assay) for titration of IgM and IgG immunoglobulin level, in addition to evaluation of perforin level in the sera of 90 measles vaccinated individuals included in this study (50 displaced and 40 residents) from different areas in Babylon governorate, that were collected during the period extent from January up to April of 2016. Data about individuals were fixed according to information of formula including age, sex, geographical location, place displace of displaced and the vaccination date. Successful virus isolation from suspected cases on two types of cells culture included Vero cells line and chicken embryo fibroblast was carried. The titer of the isolated virus on Vero cell line reached (105.8 TCID50 / 0.1ml),which was higher than the titer of the virus isolated on CEF which reach (105.4 TCID50 / 0.1ml) after the third passage of the virus. The isolated virus was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence technique.The age of subjects included in this study ranged from <1 year up to 24 years old. The results revealed that 15 (30%) have positive IgM index in sera of displaced, whereas residents sera sample shown only 6 (15%) positivity. Howover, all 90 (100%) subjects of both groups showed positive IgG index. The results of the present study showed that there were no significant difference of perforin level in sera of refugees and residents at p<0.05.Assaying of immune response against measles virus by measuring IgM immunoglobulin in sera of vaccinated displaced and resident with measles vaccine reflected a highly significant difference between two groups which reached 0.43 mIU/ml in sera of displaced in comparison with residents sera which reached 0.34 mIU/ml. The result showed also high significant differences in IgM between females and males. The females sera IgM levels of displaced and residents were higher than its level in males sera which reached 0.47 mIU/ml and 0.35 mIU/ml, respectively, in comparison with male sera level which reached 0.40 mIU/ml and 0.32 mIU/ml, respectively. According to age group, the highest IgM value was recorded in displaced and residents sera in age group 10 - 14years (0.50 mIU/ml) and 5 - 9years (0.36 mIU/ml) respec - tively. Whereas the lowest IgM serum value was detected in age group <1 year (0.34 mIU/ml) and 15 - 19years (0.31 mIU/ml) for displaced and residents subjects. According to geographical location, the highest IgM level was detected in sera of displaced from Tal Afar city (0.44 mIU/ml) followed by displaced from Ramadi (0.41 mIU/ml) and the lowest IgM value was detected in sera of displaced from Mosul city (0.33 mIU/ml). Whereas the highest IgM value in sera of residents in the subjects of Al - Mahaweel city (0.37 mIU/ml) followed by subjects of Hilla and Al - Qasem city (0.29 mIU/ml and 0.28 mIU/ml) respectively. For IgG serum immunoglobulin the results revealed that there was no difference in significant levels in both group population. But according to age groups significant difference between displaced and residents was detected at p <0.05 in which the 1 - 4 years old showed the highest IgG serum level in both group (1.98 mIU/ml and 2.18 mIU/ml) respectively. While the lowest IgG sera value was recorded in displaced age group of < 1 year old (0.60 mIU/ml) compared with residents age group of 20 - 24 years old (1.65 mIU/ml).It could be concluded that the results showed that the displaced do not have any effect on the residents of the province of Babylon for measles as a result of the good immunization by Babil Health directorate following to the Ministry of Health.

التعدد الشكلي للمستقبل الثاني لعامل الورم التنخري والجين المحفز للـ CD4 والانترلوكين 37 في تقييم التهاب المفاصل الرثوي == Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor II, Cd4 Enhancer Gene Polymorphisms And IL - 37 In Assessment Of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Author name: وسناء جمعة محمد
Supervisor name: محمد شمخي جبر | باسم شهاب احمد
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: التهاب المفاصل الرثوي (Rheumatoid Arthritis) مرض جهازي التهابي مزمن يصيب المفاصل وتحديدا الاغشية الزلالية والتراكيب المفصلية، والذي يحدث للعديد من الناس وبنسبة تقارب 0.5 الى 1% من السكان في العالم. لوحظ خلال الدراسات الوبائية لمرض التهاب المفاصل الرثوي | Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) one of the most common systemic autoimmune diseases characterized by chronic joint inflammation and subsequent joint destruction. To date, it well known that RA is characteristic of the expansion of the synovium and infiltration of the inflammatory cells coupled with destruction of adjacent articular cartilage and bone. This is strongly dependent on CD4 T cell. CD4 Cells stimulate monocytes, macrophages, synovial fibroblasts, and other cells to produce cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor - ? (TNF - ?, interleukin - 1 (IL - 1), IL - 6, IL - 15, IL - 17 and metalloproteinases that produce tissue damage. TNF is a major inflammatory cytokine contributing to the pathogenesis of RA, which provides rational for development of anti - TNF biological agents in the treatment of RA.Recently have shown that IL - 37 is a key cytokine in regulating inflammatory response, mainly by inhibiting the expression, production, and function of proinflammatory cytokines. Objectives This study planned to evaluate the association of TNFRII and CD4 enhancer genes polymorphisms in development and severity of RA in Iraqi patients, evaluate IL - 37 in patients with RA and investigate the correlation between IL - 37 levels with disease activity and relation of inflammatory parameters (ESR, CRP, ACPA, and RF) with TNFRII, CD4 enhancer genes polymorphisms.Patients and methods This study was performed during the period from May to September 2015. The patients were attending the out patients' Clinic in Medical City/Baghdad Teaching hospital/rheumatology unit and the laboratory ELISA tests were done in nursing home hospital laboratory, polymerase chain reaction (RFLP) analysis was performed in the specialist private molecular laboratory (ASCO Lab) in Al - Harthia / Baghdad. Fifty patients and 50 apparently healthy control individuals, Patients received disease modifying anti rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and newly diagnosed patients.The diagnosis of RA patients has performed under the supervision of rheumatic disease consultant physician at the consultation clinic of Baghdad teaching hospital of the medical city. Blood samples had taken from RA patients to measure (ESR), white blood cells count and hemoglobin. Also, analyze the serum levels of ACPA, RF screen CRP and estimate the levels of IL - 37 in patients and healthy individuals using ELISA test kits. TNFRII and CD4 enhancer genes polymorphisms genotyping had achieved by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length (PCR - RFLP).Results The results showed the estimation of RF by screening test revealed that its mean level was high among RA patients (168.87+31.62) in comparison with apparently healthy control (4.96+0.71) with highly significant difference (p<0.01). There was a higher positivity of Anti CCP in the patients sera (114.85+21.06) in comparison with apparently healthy control (1.71+0.13) (P<0.01). while the estimation of CRP showed that its level was higher among sera of RA patients (38.39+4.31) in comparison with healthy control group (16.49+2.51) (P<0.01). Furthermore, the ESR level in RA patients were higher than apparently healthy individuals (52.96+3.68) and (10.44+0.74) respectively with significance (P<0.01).The frequencies of the MM, MR, RR genotypes of TNFRII gene polymorphisms were 60%, 32%, 8% in RA patients and 52%, 42%, 6% in controls. There were no significant differences in the genotypes frequencies polymorphisms of the TNFRII 196 MR polymorphism between apparently healthy control and RA. The frequencies of AA, AG, GG genotypes of CD4 10845 A/G in patients was 36%, 42%, 22% and 8%, 44%, 48% in control group. There were significant differences in the genotypes frequencies polymorphisms of the CD4 10845A/G polymorphisms between apparently healthy control and RA patients (p<0.01). AA genotype were significantly more likely to develop RA (OR=1.355). There was significant increase in disease activity and severity in patients carries AA genotype (p<0.01).IL - 37 levels were elevated markedly in RA patients (101.31+10.41) compared with apparently healthy control (43.90+0.91) (p<0.01). More importantly, IL - 37 showed a significant correlation with disease activity (CRP) in RA patients (p<0.05). Also, IL - 37 show non - significant relationship with (MM, MR, RR) exon6 TNFRII in RA patients compared with controls, and non - significant difference between level of IL - 37 with CD4 10845 A/G genotypes compared with healthy control.Conclusion All findings suggested that TNFRII - 196R genotypes not associated with RA diagnosis. In addition, genetic polymorphisms at the CD4 enhancer gene are one of important factors that associated with susceptibility and severity of RA and can serve as a genetic marker for the risk of development of RA.

دورا محتملا لفيروس ابشتاين بار في عملية تسرطن الغدة الدرقية الحليمية == A Possible Role Of Epstein - Barrvirus In Carcinogenesis Of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Author name: هند علي خميس
Supervisor name: عامر رشيد النجار | سعد حسن محمد علي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: This study was designed as a retrospective research. A total number of (90) formalin - fixed, paraffin embedded tissues were studied. Malignant and normal thyroid tumors tissue blocks were collected from the archives of histopathology laboratories of different general hospital including ALYarmouk Teaching Hospital (Baghdad), Baghdad Medical City Teaching Hospital as well as many private laboratories in Baghdad, during the period from May 2013 to May 2014. These cases include ? Thirty tissue specimens from patients with papillary thyroid cancer. ? Thirty tissue specimens with benign thyroid lesions as control thyroid tissues group. ? Thirty (30) thyroid specimens were obtained from the normal thyroid tissues from the same those totally - thyroidectimized patients for thyroid papillary cancer (PTC) and have served as the second control group for this study. This study was therefore a paired case - control design. The sections were stained by hemotaxyline and eosin staining so as to confirm the diagnosis and assure that the intervening sections ( that were specified for the in situ hybridization and Immunohistochemistry study have containing the questioned tissues from papillary thyroid cancers and benign thyroid tissues (control group).After histopathological sectioning of these thyroid gland tumors and staining by Hematoxylin and Eosin, a final definitive diagnosis was done by histopathologist consultant. The practical part of this study was designed in four pathways : 1. Molecular detection of Epstein - Barr virus in those tissue blocks were performed by using ultra - sensitive version of in situ hybridization (ISH) for detection of EBV - EBERs. 2. To perform immunohistochemical study to demonstrate EBV - latent gene (LMP1, EBNA - 2) in the papillary thyroid cancer compared to control group. 3. To perform immunohistochemical screening study to demonstrate the over expression state of p53 - tumor suppressor gene in those tissues with papillary thyroid cancer compared to control group. 4. To perform immunohistochemical screening study to detected the CD8 and CD56 in tissues with papillary thyroid cancers compared to control group. The obtained results are summarized as follows : 1. The mean age of patients with papillary thyroid cancer and simple nodular goiter was (39.87&41.13) years respectively, with standard deviation ±(11.773,9.243) years. 2. In this study, the percentage of the females with papillary thyroid cancer was higher (86.7%; 26 cases) than the percentage of their PTC - male counter parts (13.3%; 4 cases). The patients whom sub totally thyroidectimized for simple noduler goiters , the percentage of females was also higher (73.3%; 22 cases) than the percentage of their male counter parts with simple noduler goiters ( 26.7%; 8cases). Female / male ratios of the patients with PTC and simple noduler goiters were 6.5 and 2.75 respectively. 3. The percentage of EBV results in the total group of PTC was (50%) while the percentage in the total group of normal thyroid tissue was (26.7%) and lastly in the total simple nodular goiter group was (10.0%). 4. The positivity rate of EBV EBERs - ISH technique in the total group of PTC was (30%), where as its percentage in NTT tissues was (16.7%) and in SNG tissues was (3.3%). 5. The percentage of positive - EBNA - 2 IHC technique in the total group of PTC was (20%), where as its percentage in NTT tissues was (10.0%) and in SNG tissues was (6.7%). 6. The percentage of positive - EBV - LMP - 1 - IHC technique in the total group of PTC was (43.3%), where as its percentage in NTT tissues was (20.0%) and in SNG tissues was (6.7%). 7. Mutated P53 - protein was detected in 28 cases (70%) of the studied cases. Twelve cases (30.0 %) showed negative IHC reactions. 8. The highest total percentage of CD8 - IHC reactions (21 cases; 70%) was found in those with papillary thyroid cancer followed by normal thyroid tissues cases ( 5 cases; 16.7%) and then ( 2 cases : 6.7%) in simple nodular goiter. 9. It was found that the highest percentage of CD56 - IHC reactions was in those with normal thyroid tissues (25 cases; 83.3%) followed by an equal percentages of CD56 - IHC reactions in either thyroid papillary or simple nodular goiter (2 positive cases; 6.7%, each). 10. The importance of CD56 marker has been found to play a role or it may be better to be used as a negative - diagnostic biomarker for papillary thyroid cancer in differentiating it from other malignancies as well as benign lesions of the thyroid gland, individually as well as in combination with other markers for clinical evaluation of those patients. 11. The evident high mutated p53 - over expression, as reflected by abnormal gene product, among papillary thyroid cancer patients indicates for a pivotal role of such genetic mutation in their carcinogenesis as well as could be useful in the clinical evaluation of patients with papillary thyroid cancer, too. 12. The high coexistence of p53 - mutation with EBV in PTC could point for participation of EBV - transformation genes in the p53 activation in high proportion of PTC. 13.The high percentage of CD8 lymphocytes in EBV - positive PTC as compared to their EBV - negative counterparts could reflect the participation of specific cellular immunity against both, the papillary thyroid cancers and this EBV infection during the initiation and progression of EBV - associated papillary thyroid cancers.

تشخيص مصلي وجزيئي لفيروس الحلا البشري النوع السادس المصاحب لبعض سرطانات الدم == Serological And Molecular Detection Of Human Herpesvirus Type 6 Associated With Certain Hematologic Malignancies

Author name: هديل محمد فياض
Supervisor name: علاء فاضل علوان | داود سلمان داود
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV - 6) is largely ubiquitous double stranded DNA viruses within the betaherpesvirinae subfamily and of the genus Roseolovirus.HHV - 6A and HHV - 6B infects very high percentage of population around the world, primarily during childhood through respiratory droplets. HHV - 6 has been found out in many types of cancers : lymphomas, leukemia, cervical cancer, and brain tumors.This cross - sectional case control study was carried out in Baghdad Teaching Hospital and National Center of Hematology - AL - Mustansiriyah University - Baghdad, for the period from 1 September 2013 to 1 April 2015.The aims of the study were to explore the seropositivity rate of HHV - 6 antibodies among Iraqi patients with different hematological malignancies using different laboratory assays, beside, the molecular determination of plasma viral DNA load by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).The study included 109 patients with different hematological malignancies; 24 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 30 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 11 patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), 39 patients with non hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and 5 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia(CLL). All patients were newly diagnosed and enrolled before receiving chemotherapy. The age range was between 14 - 80 years. Fifty three (48.6%) and 56 (51.4%) patients were males and females, respectively. The diagnosis of their malignancies was based on either bone marrow aspirate biopsy and lymph node biopsy as well as cytochemical investigations. Additionally, 59 apparently healthy blood donors were enrolled as control group. The age range was between 18 - 59 years, twenty eight (47.4%) and 31 (52.6%) were males and females, respectively.The serum anti - HHV - 6 IgG was detected by indirect immunofluorescent technique (IFAT) as well as by enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA).While, the serum anti - HHV - 6 IgM was detected by ELISA only. The detection and quantification of plasma viral DNAemia was carried out by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Serological as well as molecular assays were done in Central Public Health Laboratory in Baghdad. The highest IFAT positivity rate was among patients with CLL (100%), followed by patients with AML (83.3%), and the least positivity rate was among patients with NHL (64.1%) compared to that of healthy control. Generally, the total anti - HHV - 6 IgG by IFAT was insignificantly higher among patients compared to healthy controls (74.3% vs 61.0%, p=0.074). The anti - HHV - 6 IgG positivity rates by ELISA were insignificantly higher in all groups of haematological malignancies except in patients with AML in whom it was significantly higher compared to healthy controls (96.7% vs 72.9%, p= 0.007 ). A part from AML, the highest anti - HHV - 6 IgG by ELISA was among patients with ALL (87.5%) followed by patients with NHL (84.6%), and the least was among patients with CLL (80.0%) compared to healthy control. Generally, the total anti - HHV - 6 IgG positivity rate detected by ELISA was significantly higher compared to IFAT in patients (p= 0.013) as well as in healthy control (p= 0.0005).The results of anti - HHV - 6 IgM positivity rate as detected by ELISA was significantly higher in patients with AML (36.7%, p=0.0004), and patients with HL (27.7%, p= 0.038) compared to healthy controls (6.8%). Whereas, other groups of hematological malignancies showed insignificantly higher positivity rate versus control group. However, the highest positivity rate was among patients with AML (36.7%), and the least positivity rate was among patients with CLL (0%). Generally, the total ELISA anti - HHV - 6 IgM positivity rate was significantly higher in patients versus healthy controls (22.0% vs 6.8%, p= 0.011). The results of PCR showed that 5 out of 109 patients had detectable HHV - 6 DNA in the plasma. The highest detection rate was among patients with HL (27.3%), followed by patients with ALL (4.2%), and then patients with AML (3.3%), while the virus was not detected in other disease categories as well as in healthy controls. The plasma viral load (mean ± SD) among the three Hodgkin lymphoma patients was 1.4± 0.3*102 particle/milliliter.The study concluded that the seropositivity rate of HHV - 6 infection is highly prevalent among Iraqi patients with hematological malignancies compared to healthy population. However, primary or reactivation infection as determined by anti - HHV - 6 IgM in patients as well as healthy individuals is relatively low. Furthermore, the HHV - 6 DNA detection rate as well as plasma viral load among malignant patients before receiving immunosuppressive treatment were low.

دراسة Toll like receptors(TLR2& ( 4 ومؤشرات حيوية مختارة في المرضى المصابين بسرطان المثانة == Study Of Toll Like Receptors (TLR - 2 And 4) And Selected Biomarkers In Bladder Cancer Patients

Author name: هدى سعدون البياتي
Supervisor name: ميسون علي سليم | ناهي يوسف ياسين | عصام سلمان العزاوي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Worldwide, cancers of the urinary bladder are complex and involve genetic abnormalities and may be due to different environmental chemical carcinogens, as well as chronic infection like Schistosomiasis, all these will allow normal transitional cells to become cancerous which are typically transitional cell carcinoma(TCC).This study was conducted at AL - Yarmouk and Baghdad Teaching Hospitals in Baghdad from June 2013 to April 2014, of which urine and bladder tissue were taken from 57 bladder cancer patients and 80 controls to assess Interleukin - 8 (IL - 8), Matrix MetalloPeptidase - 9 (MMP - 9), Bladder Cancer - Associated Protein (BLCA - 4),Toll - Like Receptors (TLR - 2and TL - R4) level among them and to evaluate their roles in cancer development.One hundred thirty seven Iraqi individual were divided to 28(20.43%) newly diagnosed and 29(21.16%) recurrent bladder cancer patients (relapse), 40(29.19%) apparently healthy volunteers and 40(29.19%) autopsies (apparently normal urothelium), of whom urinesample and tissue biopsy were collected, clinical diagnosis of patients carried out by cystoscopic and histopathological examination, the mean ±SD age of bladder cancer patients were (63± 9.3) with (M : F ratio7.1 : 1).Predominant cancer type was Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). According to risk factors of bladder cancer, out of 57 bladder cancer patients, 34(59.64%), 29(50.87%), 9(15.78%), 7(12.28%), 6(10.52%) were smoker, had UTI, history of Schistosomiasis, family history ofcancer and stones respectively. In this study 30 patients had non - muscle invasive bladder cancer, most of them (21) had newly diagnosed tumors, and only 9 had recurrent disease, as well as, 27 patients with muscle - invasive bladder tumor, just 7 had newly diagnosed tumors and 20 with recurrent disease.According to the result of ELISA technique, the mean±SD urine level IL - 8(pg/ml) for recurrent bladder cancer patients was 359.6±170.1pg/ml, for newly diagnosed was 265.95±139.09pg/ml and for healthy volunteers was 62.04±37.66pg/ml. The mean ±SD concentration of urine MMP - 9(pg/ml) was 7368.3±1730.19pg/ml for recurrent, 6176.8±2366.9 pg/ml for newly diagnosed and 1131.53±1554.80 pg/ml for healthy volunteers. Mean±SD Level of urine BLCA - 4 (ng/ml) for recurrent was 1.45± 0.26 ng/ml, for newly diagnosed was 1.30± 0.22 ng/ml and for healthy volunteers was 1.02±0.067 ng/ml. Urine level of these markers was significantly higher in recurrence group when compared with newly diagnosed and these levels decreased in normal volunteers which was statistically significance (P<0.001 for IL - 8, MMP - 9and BLCA - 4),also there was a significant increase in urine IL - 8 level according to grade(P=0.0002) and muscle invasion(P= 0.0009) as well as BLCA - 4 showed this significant increase in high grade(P=0.0001), and muscle invasion(P=0.0001),but no significant difference was found in the level of urine MMP - 9 with grade(P=0.23) and muscle invasion(P =0.069)In comparison, IL - 8 and MMP - 9 IHC staining of bladder tissue, showed low expression in cancerous tissue with no significant difference between cancer and normal urothelium(P=0.140 for IL - 8, P=0.265 for MMP - 9 ), and unrelated to grade, muscle invasion and recurrence.Significant increase in TLR - 2 and TLR - 4 expression in bladder cancer tissue than in normal urothelium (P=0.0001 for each), and according to grade and muscle invasion, TLR - 2 showed significant over expression in high grade than low grade (40.7%vs36.6%) with P=0.018, muscle invasion than non - muscle invasion (44.4%vs33.3%) with P value of 0.02, while TLR - 4 was none significantly correlated with grade andmuscle invasion. As well as, there was no correlation between these receptors with tumor recurrence.In regard to risk factors, Smoking, schistosomiasis and family history showed correlation with study marker in different manner as, IL - 8 was significantly highly expressed in smoking associated bladder cancer group, as well as patients with family history of bladder cancer showed high expression IL - 8, for Schistosoma associated TCC patients and UTI they demonstrated a statistically significant high expression of TLR - 2 p= (0.0001).From this study we conclude that urine IL - 8, MMP - 9and BLCA - 4 measured by ELISA showed specificity in diagnosis of bladder cancer, besides that, urine IL - 8, MMP - 9 and BLCA - 4 have a role in discrimination between newly diagnosed vs recurrent, with a significant association between urine IL - 8 with BLCA - 4 (P= 0.0001) and IL - 8 with MMP - 9 (P= 0.005) in patients with recurrent bladder cancer. Urine IL - 8 and BLCA - 4 concentration were statistically with significant increase in high grade than low grade and muscle invasion than non - muscle invasion, On the other hand, bladder cancer cells over express TLR - 2 and TLR - 4,while TLR - 2 showed correlation with high grade and muscle invasion,TLR4 did not show such correlation. Lastly, IL - 8 and MMP - 9 staining showed low expression in tumor tissue of different grades, stages and groups.

دراسة بكتريولوجية على التفاقم الحاد لمرضى الانسداد الرئوي المزمن == Bacteriological Study On Acute Exacerbation Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Patients

Author name: هبة اسماعيل علي العزي
Supervisor name: عروبة خالد عباس | عبد الحميد القصير
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: Mustansiriyah University
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: لا يزال مرض الانسداد الرئوي المزمن مشكلة رئيسية في مجال الصحة العامة. ويرتبط التفاقم الحاد مع فقدان سريع في وظيفة الرئة وخلل في نوعية الحياة وهي من الاسباب الرئيسية للامراضية والوفيات في مرضى الانسداد الرئوي المزمن. تعتبر العدوى البكتيريا هي من الاسباب | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease remains a main problem in public health. The acute exacerbations are related with rapid loss in lung function and defect in the quality of life and are the main causes of morbidity and mortality in COPD. This study was carried out to isolate and identify the bacteria that cause acute exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and sensitivity of isolated bacteria for most of the antibiotics currently in use.Eighty sputum specimens from patients were included in this study and their age was range forty and above , during the period from January 2015 to June 2015 from three places Al - Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, Medical City Hospital and Medical Al khademeain Emamaain City.Bacteria were identified in 52 (65%) while the patient is not specified any reasoned in 28 patients (35%) patients. The diagnosis of bacteria through culture and microscopic examinations and biochemical tests necessary for diagnosis and then the diagnosis has been confirmed of isolation by the Vitek method for each bacterium, the percentages were as follows : Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most frequently isolated bacteria, which recovered from 21 (26.25%) patients. Followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., which isolated from (7.5%, 7.5%, and 5%) of patients respectively, while (3.75%) for each of Acinetobacter baumannii & Staphylococcus aureus. The proportion of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was (2.5%) while the proportion (1.25%) for each of Enterobacter cloacae, Leclercia adecarboxylata, Moraxella catarrhalis & Raoultella ornithinolytica.Through the search three cases were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis diagnosed by direct Acid Fast Stain test and their percentage was (3.75%).Sensitivity of bacterial isolates to antibiotics Carbapenems and Doxycycline and Chloramphenicol were the most effective against tested bacteria in vitro while Erythromycin, Tetracycline, and Amoxicillin were the least sensitive

دراسة جزيئية ومناعية لدى عينة من مرضى التدرن الرئوي == Molecular And Immunological Study In A Sample Of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients

Author name: مي يحيى عبد الحسين
Supervisor name: عروبة خالد عباس | احمد اسمر منخي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: Mustansiriyah University
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يعتبر مرض السل الرئوي tuberculosis الذي تسببه بكترياMycobacterium tuberculosis من الامراض المعدية والشائعة واحد الاسباب الرئيسية لحالات الوفاة في العالم, ولاهميته اجريت هذه الدراسة لتسليط الضوء اكثر حول التشخيص المناعي للمرض وعلاقته بالتشخيص الجزيئي.تضم | Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; which consider as one of the most common, infectious diseases and major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. A prospective study was conducted to diagnose disease by immunological methods and its association with molecular diagnosis.The study included immunological diagnosis by Quantiferon - TB Gold In Tube Test, estimation the serum levels of IFN - ?, TNF - ? and IL - 10 in TB patients and control by a sandwich ELISA test using commercially available kits, in addition to molecular diagnosis by using Gene Xpert MTB/RIF assay, conventional bacteriological tests such as smear microscopy by Ziehl - Neelsen stain for sputum samples. Furthermore, estimation of ESR and WBCs.Fifty TB patients attending the National Reference Laboratory of Tuberculosis /Baghdad from the period between April to July 2014 were recruited in this study. For the purpose of comparison, 50 control samples (respiratory disease and healthy) matched by age and gender were also included.All TB patients' samples were positive by smear microscopy. The results revealed that there were significance differences between AFB scoring and G - Xpert results (p Forty five samples of TB patients with significance difference (p?0.01) were positively detected by Quantiferon - TB Gold Test.The mean serum level of QFT among TB patient and control (3.54 IU/ml vs. 0.866 IU/ml and 0.556 IU/ml), IL - 10 (53.02 Pg/ml vs. 22.24 pg/ml and 7.51 pg/ml) and TNF - ? (74.34 Pg/ml vs. 49.12 Pg/ml and 27.81 pg/ ml) were significantly higher in TB patients as compared to controls (P?0.05).In conclusion, high levels of IFN - ?, TNF - ? and IL - 10 in TB patients serum indicate an important role of theses cytokines in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis, so they could be considered as a good biomarkers for diagnosis and considered as a target for future therapy. The present study revealed significant difference in the WBCs and ESR values between TB patients and control (P?0.05)
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