الصناعات الخشبية في العراق القديم حتى سنة612 ق.م : دراسة تاريخية == The wooden Industries In Ancient Iraq Till 612 B.C Historical Study
Author name:
احمد سلطان محمد الحياني
Supervisor name:
سهيلة مجيد احمد
University location:
Mosul
Abstract:
The Wooden Industries From Important Industries Which contributed in Essential Way development of civilization, The woods are considered as one of the most common raw materials that human has used in nature this is due to the various qualities which are rarely available in some other raw materials and with civilizational advance represented in establishing of many cities and emerging of many Important Industries and the increase in figures of population there had been a greater need for woods. wooden Industries started to development and woods were used in different joints of life The subject of wood industry was chosen in order to get to know their economic activity through its distinguished position and to discover the role it played in the development of civilization thus. The present thesis is divided into two parts. Part one contained four chapters, the first chapter deals with the kinds of timber and its linguistic meaning through the identification of the timber as it was stated in the cuneiform texts of Sumerians and Akkadians ,as well as the names of the different kinds of wood in Akkadian and the use of each kind of timber. Moreover, the cuneiform texts provided us with the different uses of wood. The second chapter deals with the sources of timber, including what was found inside Iraq as a source of local timber and then the mention of the sources of timber from other countries such as the Gulf, the Levant, Anatolia and Iran. The cuneiform sources provided us with the information of bringing the timber from these areas. The Levant occupied the first place as the most famous region in the production of timber and timber trees, especially the cedar. The kings of Mesopotamia considered bringing the wood as an extraordinary achievement. The third chapter deals with the carpenter who is mentioned in cuneiform sources, and then talking about the carpenter tools and different uses and their contributions significantly to the development of industries, including wood and furniture, some wood, machinery and tools. More light is thrown on the craft of carpenter, and how the craftmanship is given with full training for his children to the craft. The carpenter adopted a child to train him to this craft. The fourth chapter deals Illustrates the use of wood in construction, where the wood was an important material for the construction and it was complementary to other materials .In fact, their date goes back to the architecture of Mesopotamia in the prehistoric times when the trunks of trees were used. The palm trees were used in roofing the building blocks, wood was also used as columns assigned roofs and balconies, as well as the use of timber in the work of the doors and gates. The second part is divided into six chapters. The first one mentions that most of the furniture were made of wood and a few cases of ivory, wood, metal and the fact that perishable material, the archaeological excavations did not succeed in finding examples of them except in decorating furniture, metals, ivory, cloth. The second chapter deals with the manufacture of agricultural tools and irrigation, including the ax and shovel and sickle. Other tools for irrigation and machinery are made of wood and they have contributed significantly to the irrigating farmland. The third chapter desribes the arms industry as a result of the real need for them by men. With regard to the need of the people to arms it is important to state that man in that time was in continuous struggle against wild animals. There were internal conflicts which needed the arms.What is more, the timber is widely used in the manufacture of weapons, including light spears and bows and arrows and others. As well as the use of wood in the manufacture of heavy weapons and rams as well as military tanks used in that time in Mesopotamia, in modern Assyrian modern weapons makers have excelled in the manufacture of these heavy weapons. Because it required precise technical skill in dealing with the wood because the arms industry in particular, including heavy industries was not easy, this required big amounts of timber. Moreover, the use of land transport in the movement and transport of goods and so it played a significant role in the industry to reach a vehicle used by the residents of Mesopotamia. The fourth chapter expounds the transport industry and ground water, where the transport is a major factor in the development of civilization. As for the fifth chapter, it develops the manufacture of musical instruments, as far as music is a manifestation of civilization in Mesopotamia. Industry and musical instruments in Mesopotamia are a genuine civilization which has reached the level of sublime in terms of technical, professional perspective and Mesopotamia was always in the forefront of many achievements, including musical instruments manufacture. The sixth chapter deals with other Industries of wood, including wood work whiteboard despite the lack of use in the writing of cuneiform texts. The cuneiform texts mentions the use of wood for specific purposes, it mentions also the use of wood for the handcuffs for the prisoners. It depicted some scenes technical way of holding prisoners with timber of wood, as well as the subject focuses on the work of the coffins to bury the dead, formerly the palm trees were used for this purpose. As for the sources of the research they have been varied they are based on books and researches taken from the cuneiform references which dealt with f technical, economic and moral aspects
النشاط التجاري القديم بين بلاد الرافدين وبلاد الشام من اقدم العصور الى نهاية العصر البابلي القديم == Ancient commercial Activity between MESOPOTAMIA and Bilad Al - Sham from the OlDEST AGES to the end of the old Babylon Period
Author name:
مهند خميس عبد الله الدليمي
Supervisor name:
سهيلة مجيد احمد
University location:
Mosul
Abstract:
The trade was the second cornerstone on which the economic life was based after the agriculture. Although Mesopotamia was known by its water resources and fertile sands, it needed for some materials wanted in the industry, such as stones, woods, and various metals. People tried hard from early ages in order to get those materials from the neighboring and remote areas. Accordingly, trade links were created with those areas like the Arabian Gulf, Turkey and Iran, as well as Syria which had a related links with Mesopotamia since the prehistory ages as referred by the archeological excavations explored in various areas of Syria.This study concentrates on the trade links between Mesopotamia and Syria; it tackles such links from the prehistory ages and till the end of the ancient Babylon. The study of this aspect shows a profile for the nature of that activity and the natural resources of cities and kingdoms in both areas. In addition, it introduces the roads and paths passed by trade caravans and military troops together. This topic is one of the important subjects which evoked researchers to make studies. There have been many studies about this topic such as including the political aspects and cultural aspects, especially that the impact of Mesopotamian culture was very great on the neighboring areas’. According to this study, it has been tackled the commercial aspects. It presents all matters related to trade links between Mesopotamia and Syria in the abovementioned period which was known by an obvious commercial activity between both of the areas.This study is made up of four chapters through which it has been presented the commercial activity between the both areas. This activity was sometimes dynamic to be moved to another direction as in the Acadian Age, and the age of third race of Ur, where almost of the commercial activity was done with the East and the Arabian Gulf. The first chapter tackles : (the Impact of Geographical Background in the Date of Mesopotamia and Syria). It is known that the geographical aspect of any area has an impact in the human activity in general and in the economic activity in particular, especially that related to the commercial activity. This chapter concentrates on the impact of geography in this activity, and the importance of commercial site for both of Mesopotamia and Syria which was making up of a unique geographical unit. Accordingly, that unit facilitated the matter of making commercial activities. This chapter includes two sections. The first one discussed the commercial site of Mesopotamia and the importance of historical site, in addition to its effect on trade. Whereas the second one tackles the commercial site of Syria and its effect in holding trades. The second chapter, however, represents : (The Commercial Activity between Mesopotamia and Syria from the Prehistory Ages and till the End of the Age of Early Races). It has been divided into two sections. The first one tackles the commercial activity between Mesopotamia and Syria in the prehistory age referred by ceramics and cylinder stamps that was spread by the trade, in addition to the existence of Sumerians in some areas of Syria which was regarded by researchers as trade stations. Especially, it had been a similarity in building designs and cities planning to the designs and planning in South Mesopotamia. The second section tackles the commercial activity between Mesopotamia and Syria in the age of early races. At that period of time, the commercial activity between Mesopotamia and Ebla was the most prominent. The effect of Mesopotamia on it was very great, especially in aspects accompanied by trades, like culture. In addition, in this period of time Mari City had appeared as a commercial agent. Then, this section tackles the trade arrangement throughout the direct supervision of kings in dealing with roads and making it safe.The third chapter refers to : the commercial activity between Mesopotamia and Syria in both of the Acadian and the third race of Ur Ages. The period has been discussed in two sections. The first one tackles the commercial activity between Mesopotamia and Syria in the Acadian Age. The commercial activity in that period concentrates on the eastern side and the Arabian Gulf, whereas there are only simple references on the commercial activity with Syria. That was represented by military companions leaded by Acadian Kings in order to warrant the trade safety, in addition to commercial substitutions which were greatly concentrated with Ebla. Kings were directly supervising on trades, and they were arranging them. The second section tackles the commercial activity between Mesopotamia and Syria in the age of third race of Ur. Trade, at that period of time, was obviously concentrated with Ebla, and it was taken into kings’ account and supervision.The fourth chapter affirms on the commercial activity between Mesopotamia and Syria in the ancient Babylon and Assyrian ages. This period was recognized by a great commercial activity, especially with Syria to be named as the age of trade and merchants. This chapter is made up of three sections. The first one concentrates on the commercial activity among the Mesopotamian and the Syrian cities, i.e. the commercial activity of Babylon & Assyria and its relation to the Syrian cities like Emar, Qatana, and Aleppo. Besides, the second section tackles the commercial activity to the city of Mari which represents a connection point between the Mesopotamian and the Syrian cities. Goods were passed between these two areas. In the third section, it has been tackled trades arrangement. The principle axes discussed in this section are the trade roads, whether they are land or sea ones, and the used transporting means in these roads. In addition, it has been tackled the taxes and fees. All these procedures was arranged and planned under the kings’ supervision
ولاية العهد في العصر الاشوري الحديث (911 - 612 ق . م) == The Succession to the Crown in the Neo Assyrian Period (911 - 612 B.C.)
غنائم الحرب في العصر الاشوري الحديث == Spoils of War In The Neo - Assyrian Period
