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ازالة المحتوى الكبريتي بالاكسدة العميقة باستخدام الكاربون المنشط المحفز == Deep Oxidative Desulfurization Using Catalyze Activated Carbon

Author name: ياسمين منذر جاعد

Supervisor name: ودود طاهر محمد

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: ازالة المحتوى الكبريتي من الوقود هي قضية بيئية حاسمة على نحو متزايد. عملية الهدرجة(HDS) تزيل المركبات الكبريتية مثل المركبتان والكبريتيد من الهيدروكربونات، ولكن بعض الكبريت - يحتوي على مركبات (مثل dibenzothiophene) من الصعب جدا ازالتها وتحتاج عمليات عميقة | Removal of sulfur species from fuels is an increasingly critical environmental issue. Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) removes sulfur compounds, such as mercaptans and sulfides from hydrocarbons; however, some sulfur - containing compounds (such as dibenzothiophene) are very difficult to remove and need deep desulfurization processes.This work was applied to the desulfurization diesel fuel produced from the conventional HDS process or ultra - desulfurization. The used fuel types were either real diesel fuel or simulated diesel fuel, where sulfur - containing compound (dibenzothiophene) converted to its corresponding sulfone by oxidation using hydroperoxide as an oxidant and formic acid as cocatalyst with activated carbon (AC), in addition to its adsorbent virtue. Simulated diesel fuel according to British Petroleum 200B doped with dibenzothiophene was prepared.The experimental study was divided into two parts, preliminary study, that include thermally (activated carbon with heat treatment (ACH)) and chemically treatments (i.e. activated carbon impregnated with copper (Cu/AC), activated carbon impregnated with nickel(Ni/AC), activated carbon impregnated with copper and nickel (Cu - Ni/AC) and activated carbon with nitric acid treatment (ACN) ) to the parent activated carbon, these types were tested at different operating conditions (i.e. temperature = 25 and 60 ?C, pH=2, H2O2/diesel fuel ratio=3/100 and activated carbon doses = 0.7 and 1.0 g) to achieve the best one that gives higher desulfurization efficiency. ACM that is a mixture of ACH and ACN (equal percentage) gives 80% sulfur removed at operating conditions of temperature= 60 ?C, pH=2, H2O2/diesel fuel ratio=3/100 and ACM doses = 0.7 g. In general, the activity of activated carbons as follows ACM >ACN > ACH > Ni/AC > Cu/AC > Cu - Ni/AC > parent AC While, the second part represents the main study, that deals with the desulfurization process in details, using ACM with operating conditions of temperature of 60 - 80 ?C, pH of 0 - 4, H2O2/diesel fuel ratio of 3/100 to 7/100 and ACM doses of 0.5 to 1.0 g Maximum desulfurization efficiency achieved was 92.3% at operating conditions of temperature= 80 ?C, pH =0, H2O2/diesel fuel ratio= 5/100 and ACM dose =1.0 g.Finally, two experiments with the best conditions above were done on the real diesel fuel. Maximum desulfurization efficiency was 25% at temperature= 80 ?C, pH =0, H2O2/diesel fuel ratio= 5/100 and ACM dose =1.0 g.

معالجة مياه المصب العام للحقن في حقل الناصرية النفطي == Water Treatment of Main Outfall Drain For Injection In Nasiriyah Oil Field

Author name: جعفر جبار مدلول

Supervisor name: احمد فائق العلوي

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: يهدف العمل الحالي لانتاج مياه ملائمة للحقن في حقل الناصرية النفطي من المصب العام يتكون الجزء العملي من هذا البحث من ثلاثة مراحل(1) التخثير/ التلبد , (2) مرشح ماء الجاذبية الطبيعية او غشاء دقيق و(3) تقنية اغشية النانو. المرحلة الاولى, تخلص عملية التخثير/ | The aim of the present work is to produce water appropriate for injection in Nasiriyah oil field from Main Outfall Drain (MOD). The experimental work in this research consists from three stages (1) coagulation/ flocculation, (2) natural gravity water filter or microfiltration membrane (MF) and (3) nanofiltration membrane (NF) technology. The first stage, coagulation/flocculation process removed the suspended solids from MOD and reduced the turbidity to the demand limits. The variables studied were initial turbidity (11.8 - 100 NTU), coagulant dosage (0 - 55 ppm), speed of the slow mixing step in the jartest apparatus (2nd step) (20 - 40 rpm), time of 2nd step (20 - 40 min), and settling time (10 - 50 min). Turbidity increases by increasing initial turbidity and decreases by increasing the coagulant dosage, speed and time of 2nd step and settling time until the reaching to the optimum for them at the minimum turbidity, then any increasing of the coagulant dosage, speed and time of 2nd step will increase the turbidity, while any increasing of settling time will do no effect on turbidity. The optimum dosage for alum was 35, 40 and 50 ppm. While, for ferric chloride it was 15, 20 and 30 ppm and for polyelectrolyte 4, 8 and 10 ppm for 11.8, 30 and 100 NTU initial turbidity respectively. The optimum speed of 2nd step was 25 rpm for each of alum (35 ppm), ferric chloride (15 ppm) and polyelectrolyte (4 ppm). While the optimum time of 2nd step was 30 min for each of alum (35 ppm), ferric chloride (15 ppm) and polyelectrolyte (4 ppm) and settling time was 30 min for each of alum (35 ppm), ferric chloride (15 ppm) and polyelectrolyte (4 ppm). The second stage, natural gravity water filter or microfiltration MF was used to ensure that the particle size was in the demand limits (less than 10 ?m) and reduce the turbidity and the total suspended solids (TSS) to the demand limits (5 NTU and 3 - 3.5 mg/l). It was found that turbidity and TSS increases by increasing the inlet turbidity and TSS and the results was arranged progressively as the following : Natural gravity water filter ? 5 ?m MF ? 1 ?m MF. The final stage, nanofiltration NF membrane technology was used to remove sulphate from MOD. The variables studied were feed concentration (1800 - 9630 mg/l) and operating temperature (27 - 37 oC). Also concentrate recirculation was used to obtain high recovery percentage of water can be inject. It was found that product flow rate increases by increasing temperature and decreases by increasing salts concentration in feed. Also it was found that salts concentration in product increases by increasing feed concentration and temperature. Rejection percentages were (94.475 - 95.631 %), (88.088 - 90.714 %), (83.33 - 93.2 %), (85.116 - 92.727 %) and (65.385 - 72.727 %) for sulphate, total hardness (TH), Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl - respectively and recovery percentage of product water was (11.429 - 38.143 %) for polyamide membrane (TFC). In the case of concentrate recirculation, feed concentration, permeate concentration and volume of permeate increases with increasing in operating time and 12.69 liter of water valid for injection in oil field was recovered from 25 liter feed after 180 minute.

السلوك التاكلي للحديد الكاربوني في نواتج المياه للصناعات النفطية المحتوية على غاز CO2 == Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel In CO2 - Containing Oilfield Produced Water

Author name: خالد حامد رشيد عبد الخالق

Supervisor name: ابرائيل سركيس يارو

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: ان وجود غاز ثاني اوكسيد الكاربون ( (CO2في طبقة الماء المالح بشكل غاز مذاب تحت ضغوط عالية والمصاحبة للنفط الخام يكون حامض الكاربونيك. الحديد المطاوع يشغل المادة الاساسية في تركيب خطوط الانابيب الناقلة في الصناعة النفطية والغازية , بسبب رخص ثمنها , مقاومته | Carbon dioxide is present in water as a dissolved gas under the high pressures common in underground oil and gas reservoirs. In the dissolved state it forms carbonic acid. The primary material of construction for pipelines in the oil and gas industry is mild steel, because of its price, strength and availability. However, carbon steel corrodes in the presence of carbonic and organic acids such as acetic acid (HAc). It is therefore important to investigate the conditions in which HAc causes corrosion damage to mild steel. The extent of HAc/CO2 corrosion depends on many other variables such as : temperature, CO2 partial pressure, pH, flow regime, etc.The corrosion rates of API X65 mild steel alloy have been studied by three different techniques : i. Weight Loss Technique.ii. Potentiodynamic Polarization Technique.iii. Characterization of the Corroded Surface Techniques.i. Weight Loss Technique : A series of experiments were performed to study the effect of simulated brines solutions on the corrosion rate of mild steel with and without acetic acid. The corrosion rates of mild steel were found to be similar in simulated brines solutions and 3.5 wt % NaCl solutions. The corrosion experiments were planned to form a second - order mathematical expression using Full Factorial Experimental Design (FFED) : a - Four variables experiments (influence of temperature, solution pH, acetic acid (HAc) concentration and speed of rotation). b - Three variables experiments (influence of temperature, solution pH and speed of rotation).The results of this investigation are summarized as follows : The second - order polynomial regression analysis of the objective function (corrosion rate), using Full Factorial Experimental Design (FFED) via STATISTICA software, gave two mathematical expressions for four and three variables experiments. Arrhenius Equation and Transition State Equation were used to evaluate the activation parameters : Activation Energy (Ea), Enthalpy of Activation (?H*) and Entropy of Activation (?S*). The values of average Equilibrium Constants (K*) were also calculated at each value of average Gibbs Free Energy Change (?G), to determine the spontaneous of corrosion reaction. The corrosion rate of mild steel in presence and absence of acetic acid were increased with increasing of temperature, acetic acid (HAc) concentration and speed of rotation, but decreased with increasing of pH of solution. Multi - variable regression analysis of objective function (corrosion rate) in presence and absence of acetic acid in weight loss technique as a function of experimental variables (temperature, solution pH, acetic acid (HAc) concentration and speed of rotation), yielded two suggested mathematical expressions.ii. Potentiodynamic Polarization Technique : In this investigation a theoretical model Equation proposed by Korobove and Medvedeva Korobove and Medvedeva, [2000] was used to analyze the shape of polarization curves. The values of polarization resistance (Rp) were also obtained, these values were increased with decreasing of temperature and speed of rotation in absence and presence of the protective film formation. The polarization resistance values in absence of acetic acid are larger than the polarization resistance values in presence of acetic acid, due to the formation of the protective film.The values of mass transfer correction factor (?) were also obtained, these values will approach unity at low overpotential and it decreases as overpotential increases in presence and absence of the protective film formation. Generally, in absence of acetic acid, the values of (?) are adjacent to each other and almost unite value compare with presence of acetic acid at different temperatures and speeds of rotation due to the protective film formation as diffusion barrier is accelerated by measures that restrict the transport of reaction products from the surface.The limiting diffusion currents of hydrogen in CO2 saturated, 3.5 wt% NaCl solutions under turbulent conditions in presence and absence of the acetic acid has been correlated. iii. Characterization of the Corroded Surface Techniques : The effect of presence and absence of the acetic acid (HAc) on the CO2 corrosion of grade API X65 mild steel alloy was investigated at optimum conditions in weight loss technique (45.4 °C, pH 4.8, 2178.5 ppm HAc and 1296.6 rpm) and in absence of acetic acid (68.7 °C, pH 7.9 and 1425.8 rpm) by using analyses of protective film thickness, porosity, roughness, Vickers micro - hardness (VMH), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), computerized metallurgical optical microscopy technique (CMOMT) and X - ray diffraction (XRD). In presence of acetic acid, a porous layer (Fe3C cementite/FeCO3 siderite layer) was formed. In absence of acetic acid, a fairly dense layer ferrous carbonate (FeCO3 / siderite layer) was formed. In absence of acetic acid, the roughness and hardness of protective film were greater than that of film formation in presence of acetic acid.

تسريع انتاج الخل بالطريقة المستمرة == Speeding - Up The Production of Vinegar By Continuous Ferementation

Author name: خليل عيدان حمد الدليمي

Supervisor name: عبد القهار مهدي محمد السامرائي

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: Arabic

University location: Salahaddin

First pages:

Abstract: تمت الدراسة على جهاز تخمير ريادي؛ باستخدام الطريقة المستمرة في انتاج حامض الخليك ومن ثم اجراء تقييم للظروف المثلى في عملية الانتا م في هذا البحث دراسة تاثير المتغيرات (معدل تدفق الهواء, وسرع المزج, ودرجة الحرارة ,والدالة الحامضية (pH ), وتركيز الاوكسجين ا | The research has been achieved by means of fermentation system by Continuous method to produce acetic acid and then evaluation of the optimum condition of production process. This research aims to study the effect of some operation variables like (air flow rate, speed of mixing, temperature, acidic function ( pH ) , and dilution rate of alcohol ) , on acetic acid production. The operation conditions that worked are (air flow rate ( 1 - 4) m3 / hr ) , speed of mixing( ( 50 - 400) rpm ) temperature (( 18 - 33)C? ) , and dilution rate ( ( 0.005 - 0.02) hr - 1 )). The optimum operating conditions to produce acetic acid by continuous process are as follow : (air flow rate ( 3 m3 / hr ) ,speed of mixing (100 rpm) , temperature ( 30 C? ), dilution rate of alcohol(0.005 hr - 1) initial alcohol concentration ( 48 g / l ) and initial concentration of acetic acid ( 40 g / l )).. The biological variables of acetic acid bacteria have been studied in the fermentation process in continuous method ( concentration of living mass , consumed alcohol , the produced acetic acid and the dissolved oxygen concentration) in addition to the lateral variables of the process ( aeration flow rate, speed of mixing , temperature , function of acidity and dilution rate ) as algebraic differential equations Mathematical models of the continuous process of fermentation process (used as simulation solutions).

معالجة عناصر الخارصين والنحاس والمنغنيز في مياه الفضلات الصناعية بطريقة الترسيب الكيمياوي == Treatment of Zinc ,Cupper And Manganese In Wastewater By Chemical Precipitation

Author name: يوسف صالح عيسى

Supervisor name: دريد فاضل احمد

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: Arabic

University location: Salahaddin

First pages:

Abstract: تهدف هذه الدراسة الى ايجاد تاثير المعالجة الكيمياوية بطريقة الترسيب الكيمياوي على كفاءة ازالة العناصر الثقيلة في مياه الفضلات الصناعية المطروحة لتصل الى النهر بالتراكيز المسموح بها. تتم عملية الترسيب الكيمياوي بالسيطرة على الدالة الحامضية لمياه الفضلات ب | This study aims to find the effect of chemical treatment by chemical precipitation on the efficiency of removing heavy metals from wastewater to be poured back to the river. Chemical precipitation is done by controlling the (PH) of wastewater by adding a suitable hydroxide ,different hydroxides were used like the hydroxides of sodium ,calcium and potassium 0.05N each and sodium carbons 0.1N in removing heavy metals of wastewater. The study has taken prepared samples contain different concentrations of heavy metals ions like cupper 2,4 and 6 ppm zinc 5,10 and 15ppm and manganese 2,5,8 ppm Jar taste is used to show the chemical precipitation. Fast and slow mixing periods were written down to get the velocity gradient (G) and (GT) The used materials were highly efficient to remove the ions of metals. The removed amount of metals was measured by (AAS) Atomic Absorption spectroscopy. The paper has also studied the effective factors on the efficiency of precipitation like the (PH) is (8,9,10,11) and The precipitation time is (0.5,1,2,3)h.The result show that the best precipitation efficiency when an ion is used alone in the solution (PH) is (10,11) precipitation time 2h hydroxides precipitation (0.05N) it removes about 98% of cupper ions when sodium and calcium hydroxides are used ,more than 96,66% when the potassium hydroxide is used.a complete removing appears of manganese ions when the calcium hydroxide is used more than 90% when the potassium hydroxide is used.77% when the sodium hydroxide is used more than 98.4% of zinc ions removed when the sodium and calcium hydroxide is used 95.9% of zinc ions is removed when the sodium carbons are used the best treatment condition appear when the (PH) is (9 to10) and precipitation time is 2h when an ion is used alone in the solution 98% of cupper and zinc ions are removing 90% of manganese ions.When the ions are mixed in the solution the best removing efficiency appears when the (PH) is (9 to 11) and precepitition time is 2h when the hydroxides and carbons are used a complete removing of cupper ions 90% of zinc ions and more than 98.2% of manganese ions.The time of reaction to get 10.5 PH using hydroxides is (25 - 30) second when sodium carbon's are used the reaction time to get 8.5 is (50) second for cupper and zinc ,(25) second for manganese.The reaction is zero order when hydroxides are used and first order when carbons are used in treating heavy metals.

التصميم الابتدائي لمحطة معالجة المياه الملوثة نفطيا في مصفى ميسان == Preliminary Design of Wastewater Treatment Plant In Missan Refinery

Author name: محمد خليل ابراهيم

Supervisor name: رياض صادق محمد صالح المختار

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Higher Diploma

University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

تقيم كفاءة مزيج مثبط التاكل لمحاكاة مياه التبريد باستخدام القطب الاسطواني الدوار == Evaluation of Corrosion Inhibitors Blend Efficiency For Simulated Cooling Waters Using Rotating Cylinder Electrode

Author name: عبير عبد الخالق القصب

Supervisor name: قاسم جبار سليمان

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: تم بحث كفائة مثبط التاكل لمزيج من نتريت الصوديوم / سداسي فوسفات الصوديوم على تاكل الفولاذ الكربوني في محاكاة انظمة مياه التبريد من خلال فقدان الوزن وتقنية الاستقطاب الكهروكيميائية. شملت الدراسة تاثير درجة الحرارة30، 45، 60 ?م، سرعة الدوران 200، 600، 1000 | The corrosion inhibition action of a blend of sodium nitrite/sodium hexametaphosphate (SN+SHMP) on corrosion of carbon steel in simulated cooling water systems (CWS) has been investigated by weight loss and electrochemical polarization technique. The effects of temperature 30, 45, and 60 oC, rotational velocity 200, 600, and 1000 rpm, and salts concentrations (0.005 N, 0.01 N, 0.03 N, 0.05 N) NaCl + 0.0736 N Na2SO4 on corrosion of carbon steel were studied in the absence and presence of mixed inhibiting blend (SN+SHMP). Also, the effects of inhibitors blend concentrations of 600 ppm, and 800 ppm (SN+SHMP), at temperatures of 30, and 60 oC, and rotational velocity of 200 and 1000 rpm, on corrosion rate of carbon steel were studied using Second - order Rotatable Design (Box - Wilson Design) to identify the significant effects and interaction in performing weight loss studies and corrosion potential approach. Electrochemical polarization measurements were used to study the behavior of carbon steel in different salt concentrations of (CWS) with pH of 7.5 in absence and presence of the inhibiting blend. The results showed that increasing the temperature, rotational velocity, and NaCl salts concentration leads to an increase in the corrosion rate for both uninhibited and inhibited solutions. The regression model (Box - Wilson Design) that has been developed using experimental data was used to verify that the interaction term of temperature with inhibitors blend and the square term of inhibitors blend are significant for corrosion rate in 0.05 N NaCl solution while the main variables are not pronounced. Also, it is found that the corrosion rate decreases with increases in inhibitor blend concentration up to 800 ppm in 0.05 N NaCl solution. Inhibitor blend concentration of 600 ppm is highly effective giving a high efficiency in 0.005, 0.01 and 0.03 N NaCl solutions of 98.5%, 97.7%, and 96% respectively. Electrochemical polarization studies show that increasing the inhibitors blend concentration (SN+SHMP) shifts the corrosion potential to more noble value (more positive), indicating the anodic nature of the inhibiting blend used.

انتاج ايثايل ثلاثي بينوتايل ايثر من ثلاثي بيوتايل الكحول وايثايل الكحول باستخدام البيتا زيولايت المصنع من قشور الرز العراقي بواسطة التقطير التفاعلي == Production of Ethyl Tert - Butyl Ether From Tert - Butyl Alcohol And Ethyl Alcohol Catalyzed By ? - Zeolite Synthesis From Iraqi Rice Husk In Reactive Distillation

Author name: مؤيد خليل ابراهيم

Supervisor name: ودود طاهر محمد | عمار صالح عباس

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: تم انتاج مادة اثل ثلاثي بيوتايل ايثر من تفاعل ثلاثي البيوتانول والايثانول باستخدام تقنية التقطير التفاعلي وبوجود العامل المساعد بيتا زيولات المحضر محليا من قشور الارز العراقي كعامل مساعد.ثلاثة انواع من العامل المساعد تم تحضيرھا من قشور الرز العراقي باع | This work was conducted to study the production of ethyl tert - butyl ether from tert - butanol and ethanol by using reactive distillation technique in the presence of locally prepared ? - zeolite catalyst from Iraqi rice husk Three types of catalyst have been prepared from Iraqi rice husk as silica source and used in this work with which are ? - zeolite with three different Si/Al ratios (10,20 and 30) for comparing with commercial ? - zeolite which purchased from China to compare its characterization and activity in the production of ethyl tert - butyl ether from tert - butanol and ethanol.Kinetic of reaction of tert - butanol and ethanol to produce ethyl tert - butyl ether was studied separately by using batch reactor. The experiments were carried out under operating conditions of; temperature of (323,333 and 343k), four catalyst types and feed mole ratio ethanol/tert - butanol varied from (1.23 - 1.96) using excess ethanol, the rate equation at 323 k for ethyl tert - butyl ether was found as shown The Arrehnius equations of constants of reactions rate were found as shown : k1 = exp (22.769 - 9912.5 /T)? k2 =exp (37.952 - 11335 /T) kw = exp ( - 40.03 + 9644 /T) The main study includes the continuous packed reactive distillation column to produce ethyl tert - buty ether. The tert - butanol and ethanol reaction was carried out by continuous packed reactive distillation column using the three types of the prepared ? - zeolites and commercial ? - zeolite at atmospheric pressure, The operating variables studied the tert - butanol feed varied from (1 - 7) ml/min., recycle ratio varied from (1 - 7) and weight of catalyst used was varied from (10 - 40) g.The analysis of samples produced from reaction was carried out using gas chromatography GC showed that the tert - butanol conversion was 100% for all types of ? - zeolite with best yield 88% toward ethyl tert - butyl ether by using prepared ? - zeolite with Si/Al of 10, tert - butanol feed flow rate 3 ml/min., weight of catalyst 20g, recycle ratio 3. The result showed that the yield of ethyl tert - butyl ether was increasing from 64% to 88% when the operating conditions varied from lower to upper limit using prepared ? - zeolite with Si/Al of 10. Also, the results showed that, the prepared ? - zeolite with Si/Al of 10 gives better yield than commercial one.

تصنيع وتشخيص الزيولايت النانوي المتبلور نوع ZSM - 5 والزيولايت المركب نوع ZSM - 5 / MCM - 41 لانتاج الوقود الحيوي == Synthesis And Characterization of Nanocrystalline ZSM - 5 And ZSM - 5 / MCM - 41 Composite Zeolite For Biodiesel Production

Author name: اسراء عبد الجبار صالح النعمة

Supervisor name: نجوى صابر مجيد

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: الزيولايت النانوي - المتبلور بنوعين تم تصنيعهما ووصف خصائصيهما، النوع الاول يحتوي على ويحتوي على ZSM - 5/MCM - والاخر من نوع المركب 41 ZSM - مسام مايكروية ويسمى 5 05 نانومتر(. - نوعين من المسام ,المايكروية )اقل من 2 نانو متر( ومسام متوسطة ) 2 اجريت عم | Nanocrystalline ZSM - 5 zeolite and micro - mesoporous ZSM - 5/MCM - 41 composite zeolite were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment - conventional method. For ZSM - 5 two compositions were under investigation with different silica to alumina ratio of 86 and 68. Study of principal variables affecting the characterisics of synthesized zeolites were investigated in both aspects concerning chemical and process variables. Micro - mesoporous ZSM - 5/MCM - 41 composite zeolite were synthesized using alkaline treatment method and two step crystallization.Loading of synthesized zeolites with transition metals copper, cobalt, and ceria were conducted by impregnation.All zeolites products were characterized by X - ray diffraction (XRD), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR), Brunauer - Emmet - Teller (N2 adsorption - desorption isotherm), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X - ray fluorescence (XRF), and Thermogravemetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC).XRD - patterns for ZSM - 5 showed, at different temperature ranging from (150 - 180 oC) and time of crystallization from 48 - 96h, that ZSM - 5 phase is the only obtained in almost all samples and the peaks at angle 2?= 7 ? 9o and 2?= 22.5 - 24.4o are typical. XRD - patterns for ZSM - 5/MCM - 41 identified by the 3 peaks in 2? < 10o and still having the peaks of ZSM - 5.AFM reports for both zeolites, ZSM - 5 and ZSM - 5/MCM - 41 indicated that a nano - level size of about 50 nm has been got. FTIR results showed that for ZSM - 5, the peaks near bands 3400, 1080, 800, 550, 450 cm - 1 have been clearly obtained. For ZSM - 5/MCM - 41 showedthe shifting of band at 1100 cm - 1 accompanied with a decrease of intensity in bands near 440 - 450 cm - 1.BET surface area results for ZSM - 5 samples showed a value of 320 - 380 m2/g and pore volume of 0.2 cm3/g. BET surface area for ZSM - 5/MCM - 41 showed an average value of 612 m2/g and pore volume of 0.5421 cm3/g.TEM images revealed that the loading of transition metals of copper and cobalt on both types of zeolite catalysts are distributed well on the surface of zeolite and on nano - level size.Biodiesel production, using prepared catalysts were conducted by esterification and transesterification by oleic acid and sunflower oil respectively with ethanol and methanol.Batch heterogeneous esterification process gave medium conversion of 69%. Semi - batch heterogeneous esterification gave better conversion of about 85%. The effect of both catalysts (Cu - ZSM - 5 and Co - Cu - ZSM - 5/MCM - 41) were similar and gave increase in conversion between 11 - 13%.Transesterification heterogeneous batch process using base - catalyzed (Ce - Na - ZSM - 5) and acid catalyzed heterogeneous transesterification (HZSM - 5), using sunflower oil and methanol showed a yield of 26% and 33% respectively relative to oil.

تاكل الفولاذ الكاربوني تحت ظروف الخلط في وسط ثنائي الطور لمحلول ملحي مع زيت الغاز وثنائي اوكسيد الكاربون والسيطرة علية بالحماية الكاثودية == Corrosion of Carbon Steel In Stirred Two Phase Media of Brine - Gas Oil And Brine - CO2 And Prevention By Cathodic Protection

Author name: ساهر محمد عزيز

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: Al-Nahrain University

Language: English

Full text from the source: https://nahrainuniv.edu.iq/sites/default/files/Combined_321.pdf

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: Corrosion tests of carbon steel (CS) in single and two phase media of two immiscible liquids (CaCO3 solution - gasoil mixture) and liquid - gas (CaCO3 solution - CO2 gas) under different operating conditions of temperature, agitation velocity, phase fractions, gas flow rate, and immersion time were carried out using weight loss method and electrochemical polarization technique. Flat blade disc turbine mixer was used to simulate the two phase flow conditions.The ranges of operating parameters in two immiscible phase tests were agitation velocities of (0 - 1200 rpm), temperature of (25 - 45 oC), (1 - 10 vol %) gas oil. The effect of presence of acids such as HCl and H2SO4 on corrosion rate was also investigated under different conditions.Corrosion rate (iL) measurements in CO2 saturated solution were also attained in different operating conditions of temperatures(25 - 45 oC), agitation velocity (0 - 800 rpm), salts concentrations (2.5 × 10 - 3 to 9.9 × 10 - 3M), CO2 flow rate (0.142 to1.132 m3/h ), and immersion time by determining the limiting current density.The pH values, oxygen solubility, and electrical conductivity of tested solutions were measured under all to interpret the obtained result.The results revealed that increasing agitation velocity and temperature leads to an increase of the corrosion rate in single phase brine solution. The corrosion rate in brine - gasoil mixture is irregularly varied with concentration of gasoil and agitation velocity. The limiting current density in single phase CaCO3 increases with the increase in agitation velocity, concentration of brine, and temperature. The corrosion rate in two phase brine - CO2 mixture decreases with the increase of agitation velocity flow rate of CO2, temperature, and immersion time. The corrosion potential of Carbon steel under various conditions were determined and discussed.Cathodic protection was used to protect carbon steel in brine - CO2 mixture by using zinc as sacrificial anode under different operating conditions of flow rate of CO2, agitation velocity, and temperature. Good corrosion protection efficiency was attained.

تثبيط التكلسات في انظمة التناضح العكسي باستخدام مواد كيمياوية == Scale Inhibition In Reverse Osmosis Systems Using Chemical Materials

Author name: زهراء احمد عبد الامير

Supervisor name: نجوى صابر مجيد

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: تم في ھذا البحث دراسة تثبيط تكون تكلسات كاربونات الكالسيوم على سطح غشاء نظام تناضح عكسي باستخدام نوعين من مثبطات تكون التكلسات وھما كلوريد الزنك ومادة بوليمرية بتراكيز منخفضة ودراسة تاثير تغيير معدل جريان المحلول الداخل, حامضية المحلول الداخل, تركيز ال | The present study deals with the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) inhibition on the membrane surface of the reverse osmosis (RO) desalination system by using two types of scale inhibitors which are Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2) and Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonate (PAPEMP) in low concentrations and study the effect of changing the feed solution flowrate, PH of the feed solution, concentration of the inhibition material and the type of the inhibitor used on the inhibition process. In this study a range of 10 - 25 l/h of feed solution flowrate was used, the concentration of CaCl2 was 610 mg/l, the concentration of NaHCO3 was 511 mg/l, the concentration of MgSO4 was 49 mg/l, the feed pH was in the range of 6 - 10, the operating pressure kept constant at 3 bars and the temperature washeld constant at room temperature (about 40 °C) through all experiments. The concentration of the feed solution was constant, but the concentration of the inhibitors was changed using 2, 4 and 8 mg/l of Zinc Chloride then using 8 and 15 mg/l of Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonate The results showed that : Permeate rate increases as the feed flowrate increases while it decreases with time.Total dissolved solids decreases as the feed flowrate increases while it increases with time.Recovery rate decreases as the feed flowrate increases and it also decreases with time.Permeate rate, recovery rate and the total dissolved solids decreases as the inlet solution pH increases.Permeate rate and recovery rate increases while the total dissolved solids decreases when Zinc chloride or Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonate was used.Permeate rate and recovery rate increases when Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonate inhibitor was used more than the increment of them when Zinc chloride inhibitor was used.Total dissolved solids decreases when Zinc chloride inhibitor was used more than the diminution of them when Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonate inhibitor was used.

معالجة الماء من حقول النفط باستخدام محاليل ايونية في منظومة التعويم بالهواء المذاب == Treatment of Oilfield Produced Water Using Ionic Liquids In A Dissolved Air Flotation System

Author name: اوس عباس فاضل

Supervisor name: سوسن عبد مسلم محمد | سعدي كاظم عبد الحسين

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: في العراق معدل تراكيز الزيوت والشحوم (OG) في الماء المنتج يجب الا يتجاوز 09 ملغم\لتر. ولذلك فانه يتطلب معالجة المياه المنتجة بغية تلبية الحد التنظيمي للتصريف مسبقا.تم جلب نماذج الماء المنتج الخام من شركة نفط الوسط ) Md.O.C ( من الحقول النفطية من شرق بغد | In Iraq the average Oil and Grease (OG) in water concentration in discharge produced water must not exceed 10ppm. Therefore treatment of produced water is required in order to meet the pre - disposal regulatory limit.Raw produced water samples were procured from the Middle oil company (Md.O.C) (from East of Baghdad fields).Jar tests experiments were used to give a first, rough estimation for coagulants dosage of Ferric chloride and aluminum sulfate and pH values that will be used in the batch Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) experiments. Then, the effects of the three ionic liquids (ILs) types; 1 - hexyl - 3 - methylimidazolium tetra fluoroborate (ILE), 1 - hexyl - 3 - metylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (ILF) and 1 - octyl - 3 - methylimidazolium tetra fluoroborate (ILG) on the performance of the batch DAF unit were evaluated.It was concluded that, the beast operating conditions of the batch DAF unit were at a saturation pressure of 5 bar, recycle ratio of 50% and ambient temperature of 30 - 35 ?C. Ferric chloride with a dosage of 10 ppm was chosen as the suitable coagulant due to its low sensitivity to pH change, and its high removal efficiency for oil and turbidity in about ten minutes. ILs were used at concentration of 50 ?l per one liter of treated produced water. It was used in two positions of the DAF system; the saturation vessel and the treatment tank. The OG removal efficiency using ILG as an efficient surfactant in saturation vessel was higher than that in the treatment tank and higher than other ILs (ILG>ILF>ILE). The highest demulsification rates were obtained through saturation pressure range (2 - 5) bar. It reached about 90% removal efficiency at a pressure of 5 bar, and it was obtained 85% at saturation pressure of 3 bar which reduces the operation costs. The treated water concentration at 3bar was 9.5 ppm which meets the Iraqi pre - disposal regulatory limit.The results of testing the three ILs (ILE, ILF and ILG) in the saturation vessel and the treatment tank were used to produce contour line for the OG removal efficiency. This was conducted in order to detect the performance of the three ILs The results of optical microscope which was used to study coalescence of oil droplets in water phase, lead to consider the ILG as an effective demulsifier for Iraqi oil field produced water It was noted that the use of ILs in saturation vessel allowed micro bubble generation at operating pressures lower than 3 bar with high - energy savings.

اداء الحماية الكاثودية لخطوط الانابيب == Performance of Cathodic Protection For Pipe Lines

Author name: انس ثائر علي

Supervisor name: نصير عبود عيسى الحبوبي

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

Full text from the source: https://nahrainuniv.edu.iq/sites/default/files/ANAS%20THESIS%20.pdf

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: ان تاكل الهياكل المعدنية المدفونة في التربة والتي على اتصال مع التربة لفترة طويلة تعتبر مشكلة هندسية واقتصادية كبيرة.في جميع انحاء العالم هنالك الكثير من انابيب النفط والغاز والماء وكابلات الاتصالات وكذلك صهاريج التخزين والمباني والاسسات والعديد من الهيا | The corrosion of metallic structures buried in soils or in contact with soils has long been a serious engineering and economic problem. All over the world millions of kilometers of gas, water, oil pipelines, communication cables, power cables as well as storage tanks, buildings foundations, and many other structures are buried in the soil, suffering from soil corrosion problems which affect mainly the external surfaces of these structures. In many countries pipelines are by far the most important means of hydrocarbon transportation. This applies to the transport of crude, finished products and natural gas.It is an international problem with more structures and materials buried in the soil. The truly international scope of interest of this subject can be seen by the amount of literature and researches in this field. Attempts have been made to overcome this problem by the use of various types of techniques. The most common and applicable technique is cathodic protection.In this research a carbon steel pipe of length 100 cm buried in a wooden box submerged by soil and impressed current cathodic protection system (ICCP).was applied using power supply and electrical closed circuit, several important factors affecting the pipe protection from corrosion has been studied, like Anode position (distance and depth), soil resistivity (wet and dry), condition the pipe (coated and un - coated), distribution of potential and currents along the pipe(cathode) and the amount of current required to achieve cathodic protection.A correlation was achieved to simulate the ranges of parameters and factors affecting Impressed Current Cathodic Protection. Regression of this model to data and results yielded parameter values vary depending on the effect of the same factor.

ازالة الكبريت بالامتزاز من النفثا الثقيلة العراقية بواسطة 13X زيولايت == Adsorption Desulfurization of Iraqi Heavy Naphtha Using 13X Zeolite

Author name: موفق محمد يحيى

Supervisor name: حسين قاسم حسين

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: اجري هذا العمل لدراسة تاثير الامتزاز الانتقائي في ازالة مركبات الكبريت من النفثا الثقيلة العراقية التي تم توريدها من مصفاة الدورة. انجزت عملية الامتزاز بواسطة 13 منخل جزيئي داخل العمود ذو الحشوة الثابتة. X 6?? - من ??5 LHSV وقد نفذ الامتزاز الانتقائي في | This work was conducted to study the effect of selective adsorption on removal of sulfur compounds from Iraqi heavy naphtha which was supplied from Al - Dura refinery. The adsorption was carried out by molecular sieve 13X in a fixed - bed column.The selective adsorption was run out at different operating conditions such as LHSV from 1.5 - 6.0 h P - 1 P , molecular sieve bed weight from 15 - 30 g , sulfur inlet concentration of feedstock from 600 - 1650 ppm, and adsorption temperature at 25 PoPC and 40 PoPC.The breakthrough time, breakpoint and saturation state ( bed replace point ) were determined for different operating conditions in addition to the ratio of accumulated effluent weight per bed weight. Also , regeneration possibility of 13X spent catalyst was studied by using oxidative technique at different temperatures and air flow rates.The results show that increasing in LHSV and inlet concentration makes the breakthrough curves more steeper , also the breakthrough time and breakpoint decreases. Increasing the bed weight will increase both the breakthrough time and breakpoint.The best operating conditions for removing sulfur compounds were LHSV 3.0 h - 1 , bed weight of molecular sieve about 20 g and 25oC temperature , where the sulfur content in a heavy naphtha was reduced from nearly 600 ppm to less than 1 ppm (by weight).Regeneration step was thermally took place by hot air flow in a range of 16.66 - 25 liter / min and temperature range from 200 - 350 oC , the best desorption conditions for (85.8%) weight percent removal were at 16.66 liter / min air flow and 350 oC.

دراسة الحركية ونمذجة تفاعل استرة حامض الاوليك باستخدام NaY زيولايت المحضر == Kinetic Study And Modeling of Olic Acid Esterification Over Prepared Nay Zeolite

Author name: رويدة نزيه عباس

Supervisor name: عمار صالح عباس

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: تم تحضير زيولايت من نوع استرة حامض الاوليك. اجريت فحوصات الاشعة السينية ونسبة الصوديوم ونسبة السيليكا الى الالومينا والمساحة السطحية والحجم المسامي للعامل المساعد المحضر.اظهرت الفحوصات التوافق بين العامل المساعد المحضر مع التركيب العام للزيولايت القياسي. | The NaY zeolite catalyst was prepared from locally available Iraqi kaolin in order to use it in the esterification reaction of oleic acid. X - ray diffraction, scanning electronic microscopy, sodium content, silica to alumina ratio, surface area and pore volume were determined for the prepared NaY zeolite. The results of x - ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy show that the prepared NaY zeolite has approximately the same crystal structure as the standard. The sodium content was 12.26 wt. %, and the silica to alumina mole ratiowas 2.6, surface area 330 m2/g and pore volume 0.35 cm3/g. Because of the oleic acid is one of the free fatty acids that can found in vegetable oils and animal fats. Oleic acid used as a suggested feedstock to study and simulate production of biodiesel via esterification reaction.Esterification reaction was analyzed at different operational conditions including the ethanol/oleic acid molar ratio of 3/1 and 6/1, different temperature from 40 to 70 °C, reaction time up to 180 minutes and catalyst (2, 5 and 10 wt. % NaY zeolite). The maximum conversion of oleic acid (about 0.83) was observed at 6/1 ethanol/oleic molar ratio, 70 °C reaction temperature, 10 wt. % NaY zeolite as a catalyst, and 60 minutes contact time. The study of the kinetics of the esterification reaction of oleic acid, indicated that the value of the activation energies of esterification ware 42692 and 17218 J/mol for forward and backward reaction respectively, and frequency factors were 7.2*104 (mol - 1/minute) for forward reaction and 4.5 (mol - 1.25/minute) for backward reaction. The values of reactants and products orders were 1, 1, 1.2 and 1 for oleic, ethanol, ester and water respectively.The statistical analysis of the esterification reaction and experimental data indicates that the average relative error was 1.53, within 0.95 confidence level.ReactOp cascade package simulator used for simulation the behavior of batch and plug flow reactors in different operating modes (adiabatic and isothermal) carried out at selected operating conditions Contents Contents.

عمليات التنافذ الامامي - العكسي لمعالجة المياه الملوثة بالزيوت == Forward - Reverse Osmosis Processes For Oily Wastewater Treatment

Author name: نور حمود زغير

Supervisor name: حسن فرهود مكي

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: في هذه الدراسة, تم بحث مدى ملائمة عمليات التنافذ (الامامي - العكسي) لمعالجة المياه الملوثة بالزيوت. حيث طبقت عملية التنافذ الامامي لاسترجاع الماء النقي من المياه الملوثة بالزيوت. تم استخدام زيت محرك الديزل والكازولين نوع (15W - 40) لتحضير محلول اللقيم, بي | In this study, the feasibility of Forward - Reverse membrane osmosis system was investigated for treating the oily wastewater. Forward osmosis (FO) process was applied to recover pure water from oily wastewater. Gasoline and diesel engine oil (15W - 40) was used to prepare the feed solution (FS). While sodium chloride (NaCl) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) salts were used as draw solutions, and the membrane that was used in FO process was cellulose triacetate (CTA) membrane. While reverse osmosis process was used to recovery water from the diluted draw solution using polyamide (thin film composite (TFC)) membrane. In the first stage was applying the FO process for treating the oily wastewater with two parts. The first part included the FO process using the batch system whereas the second part included the FO process using the flowing system for different draw solutions. Theoperating parameters studied were : draw solution type, draw solution concentrations (0.25 - 0.75 M), oil concentration in FS (100 - 1000 ppm), the temperatures of FS and DS (30 - 45 °C), pH of FS (4 - 10) and for the forward osmosis flowing process the flow rate of both DS and FS (20 - 60 l/h), while the pressure was maintained at 0.5 bar. The run - time of the FO process was for five hours. It was found that water flux through membrane decreases with increasing time, while oil concentration in the FS increases with increasing time. Also, it was found that the water flux produced from the osmosis cell and oil concentration in FS increase by increasing the concentration of draw solutions, the flow rate of FS and the temperature for a limit (40oC), then, the water flux and oil concentration decrease with increasing the temperature because of happening the internal concentration polarization phenomenon. By increasing the oil concentration in FS and the flow rate of the DS, the water flux and oil concentration in FS were decreased. While it had a fluctuated behavior with increasing the pH of oily wastewater. It was found also that MgCl2 gives water flux higher than NaCl. It was observed that the best operating conditions in this study were : concentration of salt (0.75 M) for MgCl2, oil concentration (100 ppm), pH of FS (7.3), temperature of feed and draw solution (40oC), flow rate of FS (60 l/h), and flow rate of DS (20 l/h). The values of resistance to solute diffusion within the membrane porous support layer were 55.93 h/m and 26.21 h/m for NaCl and MgCl2 respectively. The second stage was applied reverse osmosis process for separating the fresh water from a diluted (NaCl) solution using different parameters such as draw solution concentration (0.08 - 0.16 M), feed flow rate (20 - 40 l/h) within two hours of work of the reverse osmosis system.

تاثير المحتوى المائي , درجة الحرارة وكلوريد الصوديوم على تاكل CO2 للصلب الكربوني (A106 B) في النفط العراقي == Effect of Water Content , Temperature And NaCl On CO2 Corrosion of C - Steel (A 106 B) In Iraqi Crude Oil

Author name: انعام يوسف عبد الرحمن

Supervisor name: سعد احمد جعفر

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Salahaddin

First pages:

Abstract: ان التاكل الداخلي في انابيب الصلب الكربوني الذي يحدث بوجود غاز ثاني اوكسيد الكربون يعتبر مشكلة جوهرية في صناعات النفط والغاز وهو يقترن دائما مع وجود الماء. ان احتمالية حدوث التاكل تزداد بصورة عامة مع تزايد نسبة الماء ومع زيادة مستوى الماء المنتج تزداد مع | Internal corrosion of carbon steel pipelines occurring in the presence of CO2 is a substantial problem in the oil and gas industries. It is always associated with the presence of free water. The likelihood of corrosion generally increases with the volume fraction of the water phase. As the produced water level increases, the corrosion rates of carbon steel increase very rapidly and causes damage of petroleum and gas pipelines. The present research work focuses on the investigating of the corrosion rate of carbon steel as flow line in crude oil production with CO2 content employing three Iraqi crude oil (Kirkuk crude oil, Halfaya crude oil, Rumalia crude oil) with different brine concentrations [1%NaCl, 2%NaCl, 3%NaCl]. Determining the corrosivity of Iraqi crude oil was studied for the first time. Experiments were performed in an autoclave test apparatus, crude oil - produced water mixtures, water cuts were (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 100%), and total volume of mixtures inside the autoclave was always kept at 100ml and temperature (20, 40, 60°C). For all experiments, CO2 partial pressure was maintained at (4 bar) and rotational speed (500 rpm).The corrosion rates were determined by the weight loss technique. The results revealed that the corrosion rates of carbon steel increased by increasing water cut and temperature, but decreases with increasing salt concentration for all types of crude oil. Results also indicated that different crude oil has significantly different effects on corrosion of carbon steel, with identical brine compositions. Therefore, Rumaila crude oil exhibits the highest corrosion rates and Kirkuk crude oil exhibits the lowest corrosion rates while Halfaya crude oil exhibits a moderate corrosion rates e.g. at 1% NaCl, 20% water cut, temperature 60°C, pressure 4bar, the corrosion rate of carbon steel in Rumaila crude oil is 0.9163mm/yr whereas it is 0.564 mm/yr and 0.705 mm/yr in Kirkuk crude oil and Halfaya crude oil respectively. The Corrosion Rate Break produced water level was determined from the experiments. These tests are employed to evaluate the requirements for corrosion inhibitor treatment. At 100% water cut (brine/CO2) the corrosion rates of carbon steel was the highest. The presence of crude oil decreases the corrosion rates e.g. at 1% NaCl,100% water cut(brine/CO2) the corrosion rate is 7.1197 mm/yr, whereas at 40% water cut/ Rumaila crude oil the corrosion rate is 1.4097 mm/yr.

دراسة استخدام الكاربون المنشط الحبيبي لازالة الفينول والباراكلوروفينول والبنزين من المياه المطروحة من مصفى بيجي == Study of Using Granular Activated Carbon For Removing Phenol , Parachlorophenol , And Benzene From Wastewater of Baiji Refinery

Author name: ابتسام احمد جدوع القيسي

Supervisor name: مزهر مهدي ابراهيم الدوري

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: Arabic

University location: Salahaddin

First pages:

Abstract: ان هدف الدراسة الحالية هو ازالة البنزين والفينول والباراكلوروفينول من مياه الصرف الصناعية في مصفى بيجي بعملية الامتزاز بواسطة الكاربون المنشط الحبيبي وامكانية تمثيل العملية بنموذج رياضي.وقد صمم وصنع جهاز مختبري لغرض انجاز الدراسة اخذين بالاعتبار امكاني | The aim of the present study is to remove phenol, parachlorophenol and Benzene from waste water of Baiji refinery by using granular activated carbon. Moreover using the present models to represents the experimental data.A Laboratory scale apparatus is designed and constructed taking into account the most important parameters effecting adsorption. In performing the present study Actual wastewater of Baiji refinery is taken to perform the experimental work.The results indicated that phenol, parachlorophenol and Benzene can be removed completely using granular activated carbon. Also the results indicated that breakthrough and exhaustion time are inversely proportional with the concentration of pollutants and liquid hourly space velocity, while they are directly proportional with the thickness of granular activated carbon. Its found that the Adsorption capacity is directly proportional with the concentration of pollutants and liquid hourly space velocity. The results of this work indicated also the thickness of adsorption zone, which is calculated depending on the result of this study, is directly proportional with liquid hourly space velocity.Application of the most famous available models that are used to represent adsorption phenomena on our experimental data show that only Freundlich model gives excellent agreement.In order to find mathematical model for breakthrough and exhaustion time as a function the most important parameters, an advanced computer program is used.We found two mathematical model for breakthrough and exhaustion time as a function of granular activated carbon thickness, liquid hourly space velocity and the concentration of pollutants. These two models give acceptable agreement with the experimental results.The adsorption capacity for the three pollutants are calculated and found to be directly proportional with liquid hourly space velocity and pollutants concentration.

استخدام بعض المخثرات الطبيعية لازالة المواد العالقة من المياه == Using of Some Natural Coagulants To Remove Collide Particles From Water

Author name: زينة علي حميد

Supervisor name: رافع جمال يعقوب

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: Arabic

University location: Salahaddin

First pages:

معالجة واعادة استخدام المياه الناتجة من حقول نفط الاحدب العراقية == Treatment And Reuse of Produced Water From Al - Ahdab Iraqi Oilfields

Author name: حسين باسم عليوي

Supervisor name: Basma A. Abdul | Majeed

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: الهدف الاساسي من هذا البحث هو تطوير طريقة عملية لمعالجة المياه المنتجة من حقول النفط العراقية. في هذه الدراسة تم توظيف نظام متحد من ثلاث عمليات معالجة هي التخثير والامتزاز والتبادل الايوني لازالة وتقليل بعض الملوثات الرئيسية مثل العكورة والمحتوى الزيتي وم | The overall goal of this research was to develop a practical method of treating co - produced waters from oil - field sources. In this study, combined coagulation - adsorption - ion exchange treatment was employed for the removal of some main contaminants like turbidity, oil content, and total dissolved solids from produced water. These combination steps are not studied before. The wastewater used in this work was taken freshly form Al - Ahdab oilfields. The coagulants used in this study were aluminum sulfate (alum) as a primary coagulant and calcium hydroxide (lime) as a coagulant aid. The performance of these coagulants was investigated through jar test by comparing turbidity removal at different coagulant / coagulants aid ratio, coagulant dose, water pH, and sedimentation time. The best conditions for turbidity removal can be obtained at coagulant dosage of 80 mg/L at pH 6 and 120 min for sedimentation time. There was an improvement in the turbidity removal when 25% lime was used in conjunction with 75% alum. At these conditions, the turbidity reading was reduced from 92 to 2.1 NTU. In addition, an attempt was made to examine the relationship between turbidity (NTU) and total suspended solids (mg/L) on the same samples of produced water. This study presents an investigation on the technical feasibility of using organoclay for adsorption of oil content from produced water. The organoclay was prepared by combination of Iraqi bentonite with quaternary amine (tetraethylammonium chloride). Batch mode experiments were conducted to study the effects of amine/ bentonite ratio, organoclay quantity, pH, and contact time. The analysis results showed that the organoclay adsorbent was very effective in removing oil content from produced water and the best results obtained for the removal of oil content are 16 g/L of prepared organoclay having 35 g amine/ 100 g bentonite, pH 3, and 120 min for contact time. These results reduce the concentration of oil content from 532.1 to 2.7 mg/L. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms and kinetics were investigated. The adsorption isotherm data were fitted well to Temkin isotherm as highest coefficient of correlation (R2=0.996) and lowest value of standard deviation (Sd=2.385). The adsorption kinetic data were fitted very well the pseudo - second order kinetics model (R2=0.997 and Sd=1.644). The continuous experiments were carried out in a fixed - bed column. The results revealed that adsorption capacity increases with increasing bed depth and with decreasing flow rate. In this work, a continuous ion exchange study in fixed - bed columns was performed to reduce TDS concentration from produced water. The experiments were subjected to lab - scale ion exchangers, consisting of two types of commercial resins connected in series. The two types of resins used in this work were : strongly acidic cation exchanger of type Dowex 650C and strongly basic anion exchanger of type Dowex I. 550A. Comparison of Thomas, Yoon - Nelson, and Adams - Bohart models with experimental kinetics results was done, and model parameters were evaluated by linear regression analysis for TDS reduction in different bed depths and flow rates. The obtained experimental data were in good agreement with Thomas and Yoon - Nelson models (R2 reaches to 0.996). Reverse flow regeneration was carried out in a fixed - bed column for exhausted resin by washing with diluted acid and base solutions. The regenerated resin was reused in the same column. Approximately, 65% of the original sorption capacity was restored.

انتقال الحرارة في الغليان الحوضي باستخدام موائع النانو == Pool Boiling Heat Transfer Using Nanofluids

Author name: خيرية مطر عيسى الخزاعي

Supervisor name: جمال مانع علي الربيعي

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

دراسة حركية التفاعل لوحدة التهديب بالعامل المساعد في مصفى الدورة == Kinetics Study of Catalytic Reforming Process In Daura Refinery

Author name: حيدر مجيد خضير

Supervisor name: محمد فاضل عبد

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Higher Diploma

University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

ازالة الكبريت من زيت الوقود باستخدام الاكسدة المعززة بالموجات الفوق الصوتية == Ultrasound - Assisted Oxidative Desulfurization of Fuel Oil

Author name: جعفر مازن جعفر

Supervisor name: نيران خليل ابراهيم | ولاء عبد الهادي نوري

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Master

University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: Due to the dramatic environmental impact of sulfur emissions associated with the exhaust of engines, sulfur content specification for diesel fuels became more and more stringent worldwide. Last environmental regulations for ultralow sulfur diesel require very deep desulfurization processing, which cannot be met by the conventional hydrodesulfurization process (HDS).The present work focuses on benefiting from integrating an ultrasoundassisted oxidative desulfurization process (UAODS) with the conventional HDS process to produce ultra - low sulfur fuels. The proposed method involves a batch ultrasound - assisted oxidative desulfurization process to desulfurize a previously hydrotreated diesel containing 480 ppm sulfur. The oxidizing system used was H2O2/CH3COOH with FeSO4 being used as a catalyst. An ultrasonic probe system was used to enhance the conversion of sulfur - bearing compounds that exist in diesel to sulfones and sulfoxides to affect their removal by a certain separation method, such as extraction or adsorption.The major influential parameters related to UAODS process have been investigated, namely : ratio of oxidant/fuel, ratio of the promoter/oxidant, dose of catalyst, reaction temperature, intensity of ultrasonic waves. A set of comparative studies were also carried out including type of extraction solvent, effect of initial sulfur content, and type of sulfur separation method. Total evaluation for the treated diesel was performed, including GC - MS analysis which has been used to monitor the change of organic sulfur compounds andhydrocarbons in diesel during the desulfurization process.The oxidation treatment, in combination with ultrasonic irradiation, revealed a synergistic effect for diesel desulfurization. The experimental results showed that the removal efficiency for sulfur compounds could amount to 98%, and sulfur level can be reduced to 12 ppm at mild operating conditions (70 and 1 bar). This indicates that this process is so efficient and promising for the production of ultra - low sulfur diesel fuels.The kinetics of the reaction has been also studied. It was observed that the UAODS of diesel fuels fitted pseudo - first - order kinetics under the studied experimental conditions. During this process, values of the apparent rate constant and activation energy were 0.373 min - 1 and 24 kJ/mol, respectively.

تخمين حركية تفاعل ازالة الكبريت للنفثا الثقيلة العراقية == Prediction of Kinetic Reaction of Iragi Heavy Naphtha Desulferization

Author name: سها سامي قاسم

Supervisor name: زيدون محسن شكور

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Higher Diploma

University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: واحدة من التحديات في مصافي تكرير النفط الخام في الاونة الاخيرة هو الحد من محتوى الكبريت من النفثا الثقيلة الى الحدود الدنيا. في هذا البحث تم اخذ مواصفات محتوى الكبريت للنفثا الثقيلة بمعدل 632 جزء في المليون الى 2.5 جزء في المليون، في درجات حرارة التفاعل ( | One of the recent challenges in the petroleum refineries is the reduction of sulfur content of heavy naphtha to the new lower limits. In this reaserch, was taken the specification of the sulfur content of heavy naphtha at arrange 632 ppm to 2.5 ppm, The range of reaction temperatures is (35 - 175) oC and liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) at range of (1.3 - 1.4) hr - 1 and hydrogen pressure is 35 bars.The simulators are useful tools to manage operation and to improve the profitability of the process. In this study, excel and Matlab program were developed to simulate hydrodesulferization process (HDS) in vapor phase reactor of heavy naphtha hydrotreating unit of Daura refinery, the comparison between the plan results with HDS reactor model results was made.. Based on the model results the optimum operating conditions were determined. Acomputer program MATLAB (Matrix Laborator) it is software for developed code of kinetic parameter estimation problem using the estimation method and least square as objective function and new GA as solving method. The code was implemented on personal computer (intel (R) Core (TM) i3 CPU, 2.39 GHz processor, 2 GB RAM). The function to be minimized was the sum of squares of the differences between calculated and measured concentration.Genetic optimization method was used to define the parameters of desulfurization reaction kinetic. This hydrotreating reaction kinetic model for desulfurization of Daura heavy naphtha was determined for heavy naphtha boiling point range of (35 - 175) C and using a commercial (HDS) catalyst cobalt - molybdenum (Co - Mo) supported of alumina.The result showed that the order of kinetic reaction was first order for heavy naphtha hydrotreating with (Co - Mo) supported of alumina, and the graphically method is more suitable and less error than optimization method for represent the kinetic reaction for heavy naphtha hydrotreating in Daura refinery.

فعالية عامل مساعد محضر ومحفز بمعادن مختلفة لعملية ازالة الكبريت بالهدرجة لزيت الغاز العراقي == Activity of A Prepared Catalyst Promoted By Different Metals For The Hydrodesulfurization of Iraqi Gas Oil

Author name: طارق محمد نايف

Supervisor name: Abdul | Halim A.K. Mohammed | Hussein K. Hussein

General topic: Chemical Engineering

Specific topic: Chemical Engineering

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: The present work deals with the improvement of Iraqi gas oil containing 1.402 wt. % sulfur by hydrotreating process using different prepared hydrodesulfurization catalysts (Ni - Mo/? - Al2O3, Co - Mo/? - Al2O3, Co - Ni - Mo/? - Al2O3, Ti - Ni - Mo/? - Al2O3 and Re - Ni - Mo/? - Al2O3). All catalysts were prepared under vacuum impregnation to ensure efficient precipitation of metals within the carrier ? - Al2O3. Physical adsorption by nitrogen was investigated, and used for determination of the surface area and pore size distribution of prepared catalysts.The results showed that modified catalysts Ti - Ni - Mo/? - Al2O3 and Re - Ni - Mo/? - Al2O3 have a high surface area 225.1 and 235.23 m2/g respectively, as compered with conventional prepared catalysts Ni - Mo/? - Al2O3 and Co - Mo/? - Al2O3 which their have surface area 178.5 and 191.4 m2/g respectively, and exhibits behavior of type four according to Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) classification, and type H1 according to de Boer classification for hysteresis loop, so, it was concluded that the pores of these catalysts are cylindrical. The performances of all the synthesized catalysts for removal of sulfur and aromatic saturation gas oil were tested at different LHSV (1 to 4 h - 1), temperatures ( 275 to 350 °C), constant pressure 40 bar, and H2/HC ratio 500 ml/ml. The results showed that the sulfur and aromatic content were decresed at all operating conditions for all prepared catalysts. It was found that the sulfur removal from gas oil increases with temperature and decreasing with the space velocity, and the temperature has higher effect on the process of sulfur removal than the space velocity. It was found also that Ni - Mo/? - Al2O3 catalyst is slightly better in sulfur removal (61.5 wt. % ) with than Co - Mo/? - Al2O3 (59.2 wt. %) at the same operation conditions (350 °C and LHSV 1 h - 1), and hydrodesulfurization over Ni - Mo/Al2O3 was improved remarkly by adding Ti and Re promoters. Maximam sulfur removal was 76.81 wt. % using Re - Ni - Mo/? - Al2O3 at temperature 350?C, LHSV 1 h - 1, while minumum aromatic content value is 15.44 wt. % for Ni - Mo/ ? - Al2O3. Calculations showed that the hydrodesulfurization rate expressions fitted with second order reaction kinetics model.The rate constant varied from 0.005 to 0.144 liter/kg.h and the values of activation energy varied from 50.0 to 93.59 kJ/mole for all prepared catalysts. Thiele modulus, for all prepared catalysts was calculated.The lower values of the Thiele modulus (> 0.4) gives strong evidence of negligible pore diffusion limitation.