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تصنيع وتشخيص الزيولايت النانوي المتبلور نوع ZSM - 5 والزيولايت المركب نوع ZSM - 5 / MCM - 41 لانتاج الوقود الحيوي == Synthesis And Characterization of Nanocrystalline ZSM - 5 And ZSM - 5 / MCM - 41 Composite Zeolite For Biodiesel Production

Author name: اسراء عبد الجبار صالح النعمة
Supervisor name: نجوى صابر مجيد
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: الزيولايت النانوي - المتبلور بنوعين تم تصنيعهما ووصف خصائصيهما، النوع الاول يحتوي على ويحتوي على ZSM - 5/MCM - والاخر من نوع المركب 41 ZSM - مسام مايكروية ويسمى 5 05 نانومتر(. - نوعين من المسام ,المايكروية )اقل من 2 نانو متر( ومسام متوسطة ) 2 اجريت عم | Nanocrystalline ZSM - 5 zeolite and micro - mesoporous ZSM - 5/MCM - 41 composite zeolite were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment - conventional method. For ZSM - 5 two compositions were under investigation with different silica to alumina ratio of 86 and 68. Study of principal variables affecting the characterisics of synthesized zeolites were investigated in both aspects concerning chemical and process variables. Micro - mesoporous ZSM - 5/MCM - 41 composite zeolite were synthesized using alkaline treatment method and two step crystallization.Loading of synthesized zeolites with transition metals copper, cobalt, and ceria were conducted by impregnation.All zeolites products were characterized by X - ray diffraction (XRD), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR), Brunauer - Emmet - Teller (N2 adsorption - desorption isotherm), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X - ray fluorescence (XRF), and Thermogravemetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC).XRD - patterns for ZSM - 5 showed, at different temperature ranging from (150 - 180 oC) and time of crystallization from 48 - 96h, that ZSM - 5 phase is the only obtained in almost all samples and the peaks at angle 2?= 7 ? 9o and 2?= 22.5 - 24.4o are typical. XRD - patterns for ZSM - 5/MCM - 41 identified by the 3 peaks in 2? < 10o and still having the peaks of ZSM - 5.AFM reports for both zeolites, ZSM - 5 and ZSM - 5/MCM - 41 indicated that a nano - level size of about 50 nm has been got. FTIR results showed that for ZSM - 5, the peaks near bands 3400, 1080, 800, 550, 450 cm - 1 have been clearly obtained. For ZSM - 5/MCM - 41 showedthe shifting of band at 1100 cm - 1 accompanied with a decrease of intensity in bands near 440 - 450 cm - 1.BET surface area results for ZSM - 5 samples showed a value of 320 - 380 m2/g and pore volume of 0.2 cm3/g. BET surface area for ZSM - 5/MCM - 41 showed an average value of 612 m2/g and pore volume of 0.5421 cm3/g.TEM images revealed that the loading of transition metals of copper and cobalt on both types of zeolite catalysts are distributed well on the surface of zeolite and on nano - level size.Biodiesel production, using prepared catalysts were conducted by esterification and transesterification by oleic acid and sunflower oil respectively with ethanol and methanol.Batch heterogeneous esterification process gave medium conversion of 69%. Semi - batch heterogeneous esterification gave better conversion of about 85%. The effect of both catalysts (Cu - ZSM - 5 and Co - Cu - ZSM - 5/MCM - 41) were similar and gave increase in conversion between 11 - 13%.Transesterification heterogeneous batch process using base - catalyzed (Ce - Na - ZSM - 5) and acid catalyzed heterogeneous transesterification (HZSM - 5), using sunflower oil and methanol showed a yield of 26% and 33% respectively relative to oil.

تاكل الفولاذ الكاربوني تحت ظروف الخلط في وسط ثنائي الطور لمحلول ملحي مع زيت الغاز وثنائي اوكسيد الكاربون والسيطرة علية بالحماية الكاثودية == Corrosion of Carbon Steel In Stirred Two Phase Media of Brine - Gas Oil And Brine - CO2 And Prevention By Cathodic Protection

Author name: ساهر محمد عزيز
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University
Language: English
Full text from the source: https://nahrainuniv.edu.iq/sites/default/files/Combined_321.pdf
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Corrosion tests of carbon steel (CS) in single and two phase media of two immiscible liquids (CaCO3 solution - gasoil mixture) and liquid - gas (CaCO3 solution - CO2 gas) under different operating conditions of temperature, agitation velocity, phase fractions, gas flow rate, and immersion time were carried out using weight loss method and electrochemical polarization technique. Flat blade disc turbine mixer was used to simulate the two phase flow conditions.The ranges of operating parameters in two immiscible phase tests were agitation velocities of (0 - 1200 rpm), temperature of (25 - 45 oC), (1 - 10 vol %) gas oil. The effect of presence of acids such as HCl and H2SO4 on corrosion rate was also investigated under different conditions.Corrosion rate (iL) measurements in CO2 saturated solution were also attained in different operating conditions of temperatures(25 - 45 oC), agitation velocity (0 - 800 rpm), salts concentrations (2.5 × 10 - 3 to 9.9 × 10 - 3M), CO2 flow rate (0.142 to1.132 m3/h ), and immersion time by determining the limiting current density.The pH values, oxygen solubility, and electrical conductivity of tested solutions were measured under all to interpret the obtained result.The results revealed that increasing agitation velocity and temperature leads to an increase of the corrosion rate in single phase brine solution. The corrosion rate in brine - gasoil mixture is irregularly varied with concentration of gasoil and agitation velocity. The limiting current density in single phase CaCO3 increases with the increase in agitation velocity, concentration of brine, and temperature. The corrosion rate in two phase brine - CO2 mixture decreases with the increase of agitation velocity flow rate of CO2, temperature, and immersion time. The corrosion potential of Carbon steel under various conditions were determined and discussed.Cathodic protection was used to protect carbon steel in brine - CO2 mixture by using zinc as sacrificial anode under different operating conditions of flow rate of CO2, agitation velocity, and temperature. Good corrosion protection efficiency was attained.

تثبيط التكلسات في انظمة التناضح العكسي باستخدام مواد كيمياوية == Scale Inhibition In Reverse Osmosis Systems Using Chemical Materials

Author name: زهراء احمد عبد الامير
Supervisor name: نجوى صابر مجيد
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم في ھذا البحث دراسة تثبيط تكون تكلسات كاربونات الكالسيوم على سطح غشاء نظام تناضح عكسي باستخدام نوعين من مثبطات تكون التكلسات وھما كلوريد الزنك ومادة بوليمرية بتراكيز منخفضة ودراسة تاثير تغيير معدل جريان المحلول الداخل, حامضية المحلول الداخل, تركيز ال | The present study deals with the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) inhibition on the membrane surface of the reverse osmosis (RO) desalination system by using two types of scale inhibitors which are Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2) and Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonate (PAPEMP) in low concentrations and study the effect of changing the feed solution flowrate, PH of the feed solution, concentration of the inhibition material and the type of the inhibitor used on the inhibition process. In this study a range of 10 - 25 l/h of feed solution flowrate was used, the concentration of CaCl2 was 610 mg/l, the concentration of NaHCO3 was 511 mg/l, the concentration of MgSO4 was 49 mg/l, the feed pH was in the range of 6 - 10, the operating pressure kept constant at 3 bars and the temperature washeld constant at room temperature (about 40 °C) through all experiments. The concentration of the feed solution was constant, but the concentration of the inhibitors was changed using 2, 4 and 8 mg/l of Zinc Chloride then using 8 and 15 mg/l of Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonate The results showed that : Permeate rate increases as the feed flowrate increases while it decreases with time.Total dissolved solids decreases as the feed flowrate increases while it increases with time.Recovery rate decreases as the feed flowrate increases and it also decreases with time.Permeate rate, recovery rate and the total dissolved solids decreases as the inlet solution pH increases.Permeate rate and recovery rate increases while the total dissolved solids decreases when Zinc chloride or Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonate was used.Permeate rate and recovery rate increases when Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonate inhibitor was used more than the increment of them when Zinc chloride inhibitor was used.Total dissolved solids decreases when Zinc chloride inhibitor was used more than the diminution of them when Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonate inhibitor was used.

معالجة الماء من حقول النفط باستخدام محاليل ايونية في منظومة التعويم بالهواء المذاب == Treatment of Oilfield Produced Water Using Ionic Liquids In A Dissolved Air Flotation System

Author name: اوس عباس فاضل
Supervisor name: سوسن عبد مسلم محمد | سعدي كاظم عبد الحسين
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: في العراق معدل تراكيز الزيوت والشحوم (OG) في الماء المنتج يجب الا يتجاوز 09 ملغم\لتر. ولذلك فانه يتطلب معالجة المياه المنتجة بغية تلبية الحد التنظيمي للتصريف مسبقا.تم جلب نماذج الماء المنتج الخام من شركة نفط الوسط ) Md.O.C ( من الحقول النفطية من شرق بغد | In Iraq the average Oil and Grease (OG) in water concentration in discharge produced water must not exceed 10ppm. Therefore treatment of produced water is required in order to meet the pre - disposal regulatory limit.Raw produced water samples were procured from the Middle oil company (Md.O.C) (from East of Baghdad fields).Jar tests experiments were used to give a first, rough estimation for coagulants dosage of Ferric chloride and aluminum sulfate and pH values that will be used in the batch Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) experiments. Then, the effects of the three ionic liquids (ILs) types; 1 - hexyl - 3 - methylimidazolium tetra fluoroborate (ILE), 1 - hexyl - 3 - metylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (ILF) and 1 - octyl - 3 - methylimidazolium tetra fluoroborate (ILG) on the performance of the batch DAF unit were evaluated.It was concluded that, the beast operating conditions of the batch DAF unit were at a saturation pressure of 5 bar, recycle ratio of 50% and ambient temperature of 30 - 35 ?C. Ferric chloride with a dosage of 10 ppm was chosen as the suitable coagulant due to its low sensitivity to pH change, and its high removal efficiency for oil and turbidity in about ten minutes. ILs were used at concentration of 50 ?l per one liter of treated produced water. It was used in two positions of the DAF system; the saturation vessel and the treatment tank. The OG removal efficiency using ILG as an efficient surfactant in saturation vessel was higher than that in the treatment tank and higher than other ILs (ILG>ILF>ILE). The highest demulsification rates were obtained through saturation pressure range (2 - 5) bar. It reached about 90% removal efficiency at a pressure of 5 bar, and it was obtained 85% at saturation pressure of 3 bar which reduces the operation costs. The treated water concentration at 3bar was 9.5 ppm which meets the Iraqi pre - disposal regulatory limit.The results of testing the three ILs (ILE, ILF and ILG) in the saturation vessel and the treatment tank were used to produce contour line for the OG removal efficiency. This was conducted in order to detect the performance of the three ILs The results of optical microscope which was used to study coalescence of oil droplets in water phase, lead to consider the ILG as an effective demulsifier for Iraqi oil field produced water It was noted that the use of ILs in saturation vessel allowed micro bubble generation at operating pressures lower than 3 bar with high - energy savings.

اداء الحماية الكاثودية لخطوط الانابيب == Performance of Cathodic Protection For Pipe Lines

Author name: انس ثائر علي
Supervisor name: نصير عبود عيسى الحبوبي
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
Full text from the source: https://nahrainuniv.edu.iq/sites/default/files/ANAS%20THESIS%20.pdf
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: ان تاكل الهياكل المعدنية المدفونة في التربة والتي على اتصال مع التربة لفترة طويلة تعتبر مشكلة هندسية واقتصادية كبيرة.في جميع انحاء العالم هنالك الكثير من انابيب النفط والغاز والماء وكابلات الاتصالات وكذلك صهاريج التخزين والمباني والاسسات والعديد من الهيا | The corrosion of metallic structures buried in soils or in contact with soils has long been a serious engineering and economic problem. All over the world millions of kilometers of gas, water, oil pipelines, communication cables, power cables as well as storage tanks, buildings foundations, and many other structures are buried in the soil, suffering from soil corrosion problems which affect mainly the external surfaces of these structures. In many countries pipelines are by far the most important means of hydrocarbon transportation. This applies to the transport of crude, finished products and natural gas.It is an international problem with more structures and materials buried in the soil. The truly international scope of interest of this subject can be seen by the amount of literature and researches in this field. Attempts have been made to overcome this problem by the use of various types of techniques. The most common and applicable technique is cathodic protection.In this research a carbon steel pipe of length 100 cm buried in a wooden box submerged by soil and impressed current cathodic protection system (ICCP).was applied using power supply and electrical closed circuit, several important factors affecting the pipe protection from corrosion has been studied, like Anode position (distance and depth), soil resistivity (wet and dry), condition the pipe (coated and un - coated), distribution of potential and currents along the pipe(cathode) and the amount of current required to achieve cathodic protection.A correlation was achieved to simulate the ranges of parameters and factors affecting Impressed Current Cathodic Protection. Regression of this model to data and results yielded parameter values vary depending on the effect of the same factor.

ازالة الكبريت بالامتزاز من النفثا الثقيلة العراقية بواسطة 13X زيولايت == Adsorption Desulfurization of Iraqi Heavy Naphtha Using 13X Zeolite

Author name: موفق محمد يحيى
Supervisor name: حسين قاسم حسين
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: اجري هذا العمل لدراسة تاثير الامتزاز الانتقائي في ازالة مركبات الكبريت من النفثا الثقيلة العراقية التي تم توريدها من مصفاة الدورة. انجزت عملية الامتزاز بواسطة 13 منخل جزيئي داخل العمود ذو الحشوة الثابتة. X 6?? - من ??5 LHSV وقد نفذ الامتزاز الانتقائي في | This work was conducted to study the effect of selective adsorption on removal of sulfur compounds from Iraqi heavy naphtha which was supplied from Al - Dura refinery. The adsorption was carried out by molecular sieve 13X in a fixed - bed column.The selective adsorption was run out at different operating conditions such as LHSV from 1.5 - 6.0 h P - 1 P , molecular sieve bed weight from 15 - 30 g , sulfur inlet concentration of feedstock from 600 - 1650 ppm, and adsorption temperature at 25 PoPC and 40 PoPC.The breakthrough time, breakpoint and saturation state ( bed replace point ) were determined for different operating conditions in addition to the ratio of accumulated effluent weight per bed weight. Also , regeneration possibility of 13X spent catalyst was studied by using oxidative technique at different temperatures and air flow rates.The results show that increasing in LHSV and inlet concentration makes the breakthrough curves more steeper , also the breakthrough time and breakpoint decreases. Increasing the bed weight will increase both the breakthrough time and breakpoint.The best operating conditions for removing sulfur compounds were LHSV 3.0 h - 1 , bed weight of molecular sieve about 20 g and 25oC temperature , where the sulfur content in a heavy naphtha was reduced from nearly 600 ppm to less than 1 ppm (by weight).Regeneration step was thermally took place by hot air flow in a range of 16.66 - 25 liter / min and temperature range from 200 - 350 oC , the best desorption conditions for (85.8%) weight percent removal were at 16.66 liter / min air flow and 350 oC.

دراسة الحركية ونمذجة تفاعل استرة حامض الاوليك باستخدام NaY زيولايت المحضر == Kinetic Study And Modeling of Olic Acid Esterification Over Prepared Nay Zeolite

Author name: رويدة نزيه عباس
Supervisor name: عمار صالح عباس
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم تحضير زيولايت من نوع استرة حامض الاوليك. اجريت فحوصات الاشعة السينية ونسبة الصوديوم ونسبة السيليكا الى الالومينا والمساحة السطحية والحجم المسامي للعامل المساعد المحضر.اظهرت الفحوصات التوافق بين العامل المساعد المحضر مع التركيب العام للزيولايت القياسي. | The NaY zeolite catalyst was prepared from locally available Iraqi kaolin in order to use it in the esterification reaction of oleic acid. X - ray diffraction, scanning electronic microscopy, sodium content, silica to alumina ratio, surface area and pore volume were determined for the prepared NaY zeolite. The results of x - ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy show that the prepared NaY zeolite has approximately the same crystal structure as the standard. The sodium content was 12.26 wt. %, and the silica to alumina mole ratiowas 2.6, surface area 330 m2/g and pore volume 0.35 cm3/g. Because of the oleic acid is one of the free fatty acids that can found in vegetable oils and animal fats. Oleic acid used as a suggested feedstock to study and simulate production of biodiesel via esterification reaction.Esterification reaction was analyzed at different operational conditions including the ethanol/oleic acid molar ratio of 3/1 and 6/1, different temperature from 40 to 70 °C, reaction time up to 180 minutes and catalyst (2, 5 and 10 wt. % NaY zeolite). The maximum conversion of oleic acid (about 0.83) was observed at 6/1 ethanol/oleic molar ratio, 70 °C reaction temperature, 10 wt. % NaY zeolite as a catalyst, and 60 minutes contact time. The study of the kinetics of the esterification reaction of oleic acid, indicated that the value of the activation energies of esterification ware 42692 and 17218 J/mol for forward and backward reaction respectively, and frequency factors were 7.2*104 (mol - 1/minute) for forward reaction and 4.5 (mol - 1.25/minute) for backward reaction. The values of reactants and products orders were 1, 1, 1.2 and 1 for oleic, ethanol, ester and water respectively.The statistical analysis of the esterification reaction and experimental data indicates that the average relative error was 1.53, within 0.95 confidence level.ReactOp cascade package simulator used for simulation the behavior of batch and plug flow reactors in different operating modes (adiabatic and isothermal) carried out at selected operating conditions Contents Contents.

عمليات التنافذ الامامي - العكسي لمعالجة المياه الملوثة بالزيوت == Forward - Reverse Osmosis Processes For Oily Wastewater Treatment

Author name: نور حمود زغير
Supervisor name: حسن فرهود مكي
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: في هذه الدراسة, تم بحث مدى ملائمة عمليات التنافذ (الامامي - العكسي) لمعالجة المياه الملوثة بالزيوت. حيث طبقت عملية التنافذ الامامي لاسترجاع الماء النقي من المياه الملوثة بالزيوت. تم استخدام زيت محرك الديزل والكازولين نوع (15W - 40) لتحضير محلول اللقيم, بي | In this study, the feasibility of Forward - Reverse membrane osmosis system was investigated for treating the oily wastewater. Forward osmosis (FO) process was applied to recover pure water from oily wastewater. Gasoline and diesel engine oil (15W - 40) was used to prepare the feed solution (FS). While sodium chloride (NaCl) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) salts were used as draw solutions, and the membrane that was used in FO process was cellulose triacetate (CTA) membrane. While reverse osmosis process was used to recovery water from the diluted draw solution using polyamide (thin film composite (TFC)) membrane. In the first stage was applying the FO process for treating the oily wastewater with two parts. The first part included the FO process using the batch system whereas the second part included the FO process using the flowing system for different draw solutions. Theoperating parameters studied were : draw solution type, draw solution concentrations (0.25 - 0.75 M), oil concentration in FS (100 - 1000 ppm), the temperatures of FS and DS (30 - 45 °C), pH of FS (4 - 10) and for the forward osmosis flowing process the flow rate of both DS and FS (20 - 60 l/h), while the pressure was maintained at 0.5 bar. The run - time of the FO process was for five hours. It was found that water flux through membrane decreases with increasing time, while oil concentration in the FS increases with increasing time. Also, it was found that the water flux produced from the osmosis cell and oil concentration in FS increase by increasing the concentration of draw solutions, the flow rate of FS and the temperature for a limit (40oC), then, the water flux and oil concentration decrease with increasing the temperature because of happening the internal concentration polarization phenomenon. By increasing the oil concentration in FS and the flow rate of the DS, the water flux and oil concentration in FS were decreased. While it had a fluctuated behavior with increasing the pH of oily wastewater. It was found also that MgCl2 gives water flux higher than NaCl. It was observed that the best operating conditions in this study were : concentration of salt (0.75 M) for MgCl2, oil concentration (100 ppm), pH of FS (7.3), temperature of feed and draw solution (40oC), flow rate of FS (60 l/h), and flow rate of DS (20 l/h). The values of resistance to solute diffusion within the membrane porous support layer were 55.93 h/m and 26.21 h/m for NaCl and MgCl2 respectively. The second stage was applied reverse osmosis process for separating the fresh water from a diluted (NaCl) solution using different parameters such as draw solution concentration (0.08 - 0.16 M), feed flow rate (20 - 40 l/h) within two hours of work of the reverse osmosis system.

تاثير المحتوى المائي , درجة الحرارة وكلوريد الصوديوم على تاكل CO2 للصلب الكربوني (A106 B) في النفط العراقي == Effect of Water Content , Temperature And NaCl On CO2 Corrosion of C - Steel (A 106 B) In Iraqi Crude Oil

Author name: انعام يوسف عبد الرحمن
Supervisor name: سعد احمد جعفر
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:
Abstract: ان التاكل الداخلي في انابيب الصلب الكربوني الذي يحدث بوجود غاز ثاني اوكسيد الكربون يعتبر مشكلة جوهرية في صناعات النفط والغاز وهو يقترن دائما مع وجود الماء. ان احتمالية حدوث التاكل تزداد بصورة عامة مع تزايد نسبة الماء ومع زيادة مستوى الماء المنتج تزداد مع | Internal corrosion of carbon steel pipelines occurring in the presence of CO2 is a substantial problem in the oil and gas industries. It is always associated with the presence of free water. The likelihood of corrosion generally increases with the volume fraction of the water phase. As the produced water level increases, the corrosion rates of carbon steel increase very rapidly and causes damage of petroleum and gas pipelines. The present research work focuses on the investigating of the corrosion rate of carbon steel as flow line in crude oil production with CO2 content employing three Iraqi crude oil (Kirkuk crude oil, Halfaya crude oil, Rumalia crude oil) with different brine concentrations [1%NaCl, 2%NaCl, 3%NaCl]. Determining the corrosivity of Iraqi crude oil was studied for the first time. Experiments were performed in an autoclave test apparatus, crude oil - produced water mixtures, water cuts were (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 100%), and total volume of mixtures inside the autoclave was always kept at 100ml and temperature (20, 40, 60°C). For all experiments, CO2 partial pressure was maintained at (4 bar) and rotational speed (500 rpm).The corrosion rates were determined by the weight loss technique. The results revealed that the corrosion rates of carbon steel increased by increasing water cut and temperature, but decreases with increasing salt concentration for all types of crude oil. Results also indicated that different crude oil has significantly different effects on corrosion of carbon steel, with identical brine compositions. Therefore, Rumaila crude oil exhibits the highest corrosion rates and Kirkuk crude oil exhibits the lowest corrosion rates while Halfaya crude oil exhibits a moderate corrosion rates e.g. at 1% NaCl, 20% water cut, temperature 60°C, pressure 4bar, the corrosion rate of carbon steel in Rumaila crude oil is 0.9163mm/yr whereas it is 0.564 mm/yr and 0.705 mm/yr in Kirkuk crude oil and Halfaya crude oil respectively. The Corrosion Rate Break produced water level was determined from the experiments. These tests are employed to evaluate the requirements for corrosion inhibitor treatment. At 100% water cut (brine/CO2) the corrosion rates of carbon steel was the highest. The presence of crude oil decreases the corrosion rates e.g. at 1% NaCl,100% water cut(brine/CO2) the corrosion rate is 7.1197 mm/yr, whereas at 40% water cut/ Rumaila crude oil the corrosion rate is 1.4097 mm/yr.

دراسة استخدام الكاربون المنشط الحبيبي لازالة الفينول والباراكلوروفينول والبنزين من المياه المطروحة من مصفى بيجي == Study of Using Granular Activated Carbon For Removing Phenol , Parachlorophenol , And Benzene From Wastewater of Baiji Refinery

Author name: ابتسام احمد جدوع القيسي
Supervisor name: مزهر مهدي ابراهيم الدوري
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:
Abstract: ان هدف الدراسة الحالية هو ازالة البنزين والفينول والباراكلوروفينول من مياه الصرف الصناعية في مصفى بيجي بعملية الامتزاز بواسطة الكاربون المنشط الحبيبي وامكانية تمثيل العملية بنموذج رياضي.وقد صمم وصنع جهاز مختبري لغرض انجاز الدراسة اخذين بالاعتبار امكاني | The aim of the present study is to remove phenol, parachlorophenol and Benzene from waste water of Baiji refinery by using granular activated carbon. Moreover using the present models to represents the experimental data.A Laboratory scale apparatus is designed and constructed taking into account the most important parameters effecting adsorption. In performing the present study Actual wastewater of Baiji refinery is taken to perform the experimental work.The results indicated that phenol, parachlorophenol and Benzene can be removed completely using granular activated carbon. Also the results indicated that breakthrough and exhaustion time are inversely proportional with the concentration of pollutants and liquid hourly space velocity, while they are directly proportional with the thickness of granular activated carbon. Its found that the Adsorption capacity is directly proportional with the concentration of pollutants and liquid hourly space velocity. The results of this work indicated also the thickness of adsorption zone, which is calculated depending on the result of this study, is directly proportional with liquid hourly space velocity.Application of the most famous available models that are used to represent adsorption phenomena on our experimental data show that only Freundlich model gives excellent agreement.In order to find mathematical model for breakthrough and exhaustion time as a function the most important parameters, an advanced computer program is used.We found two mathematical model for breakthrough and exhaustion time as a function of granular activated carbon thickness, liquid hourly space velocity and the concentration of pollutants. These two models give acceptable agreement with the experimental results.The adsorption capacity for the three pollutants are calculated and found to be directly proportional with liquid hourly space velocity and pollutants concentration.

استخدام بعض المخثرات الطبيعية لازالة المواد العالقة من المياه == Using of Some Natural Coagulants To Remove Collide Particles From Water

Author name: زينة علي حميد
Supervisor name: رافع جمال يعقوب
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:
Abstract: تعتبر عمليات التخثير والتلبيد والترسيب من اكثر العمليات شيوعا في معاملة المياه لغرض الحصول على مياه صالحة للشرب. ولتحقيق هذا الغرض نستخدم عدة مواد كيمياوية في مرحلة التخثير. يعتبر الشب من اكثر المواد شيوعا كمادة مخثرة. بينت العديد من الدراسات والبحوث ا | Coagulation, flocculation, and settling processes are the most important processes for water purification chemical materials have to be used for coagulation processes Alum is one of the most prevalent as a coagulation material many researches and studies explain that the Alum has a side effect causes a health problems and discuses for consumer, so it is necessary to search for alternatives. In our study we explain the usage of some alternatives of Alum, we choose the Starch, Dextrin, Okra seeds & Cactus oil as a natural coagulants, we test them within the range of initial turbidity from (30 - 500 NTU) and range of pH (from 5 to 10) and we found the best dose for each coagulant.We design and fabricate a laboratory Jar test device and use the Lamella settler for test these natural coagulants.We are made many experiments by using the Jar test and Lamella settler and when compared results found that the Lamella settler has a good settling efficiency.Results show that the efficiency of the Jar test (50 - 60%) and for Lamella settler (40 - 50%).

معالجة واعادة استخدام المياه الناتجة من حقول نفط الاحدب العراقية == Treatment And Reuse of Produced Water From Al - Ahdab Iraqi Oilfields

Author name: حسين باسم عليوي
Supervisor name: Basma A. Abdul | Majeed
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: الهدف الاساسي من هذا البحث هو تطوير طريقة عملية لمعالجة المياه المنتجة من حقول النفط العراقية. في هذه الدراسة تم توظيف نظام متحد من ثلاث عمليات معالجة هي التخثير والامتزاز والتبادل الايوني لازالة وتقليل بعض الملوثات الرئيسية مثل العكورة والمحتوى الزيتي وم | The overall goal of this research was to develop a practical method of treating co - produced waters from oil - field sources. In this study, combined coagulation - adsorption - ion exchange treatment was employed for the removal of some main contaminants like turbidity, oil content, and total dissolved solids from produced water. These combination steps are not studied before. The wastewater used in this work was taken freshly form Al - Ahdab oilfields. The coagulants used in this study were aluminum sulfate (alum) as a primary coagulant and calcium hydroxide (lime) as a coagulant aid. The performance of these coagulants was investigated through jar test by comparing turbidity removal at different coagulant / coagulants aid ratio, coagulant dose, water pH, and sedimentation time. The best conditions for turbidity removal can be obtained at coagulant dosage of 80 mg/L at pH 6 and 120 min for sedimentation time. There was an improvement in the turbidity removal when 25% lime was used in conjunction with 75% alum. At these conditions, the turbidity reading was reduced from 92 to 2.1 NTU. In addition, an attempt was made to examine the relationship between turbidity (NTU) and total suspended solids (mg/L) on the same samples of produced water. This study presents an investigation on the technical feasibility of using organoclay for adsorption of oil content from produced water. The organoclay was prepared by combination of Iraqi bentonite with quaternary amine (tetraethylammonium chloride). Batch mode experiments were conducted to study the effects of amine/ bentonite ratio, organoclay quantity, pH, and contact time. The analysis results showed that the organoclay adsorbent was very effective in removing oil content from produced water and the best results obtained for the removal of oil content are 16 g/L of prepared organoclay having 35 g amine/ 100 g bentonite, pH 3, and 120 min for contact time. These results reduce the concentration of oil content from 532.1 to 2.7 mg/L. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms and kinetics were investigated. The adsorption isotherm data were fitted well to Temkin isotherm as highest coefficient of correlation (R2=0.996) and lowest value of standard deviation (Sd=2.385). The adsorption kinetic data were fitted very well the pseudo - second order kinetics model (R2=0.997 and Sd=1.644). The continuous experiments were carried out in a fixed - bed column. The results revealed that adsorption capacity increases with increasing bed depth and with decreasing flow rate. In this work, a continuous ion exchange study in fixed - bed columns was performed to reduce TDS concentration from produced water. The experiments were subjected to lab - scale ion exchangers, consisting of two types of commercial resins connected in series. The two types of resins used in this work were : strongly acidic cation exchanger of type Dowex 650C and strongly basic anion exchanger of type Dowex I. 550A. Comparison of Thomas, Yoon - Nelson, and Adams - Bohart models with experimental kinetics results was done, and model parameters were evaluated by linear regression analysis for TDS reduction in different bed depths and flow rates. The obtained experimental data were in good agreement with Thomas and Yoon - Nelson models (R2 reaches to 0.996). Reverse flow regeneration was carried out in a fixed - bed column for exhausted resin by washing with diluted acid and base solutions. The regenerated resin was reused in the same column. Approximately, 65% of the original sorption capacity was restored.

انتقال الحرارة في الغليان الحوضي باستخدام موائع النانو == Pool Boiling Heat Transfer Using Nanofluids

Author name: خيرية مطر عيسى الخزاعي
Supervisor name: جمال مانع علي الربيعي
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يمكن اعتبار نظام المغلي التنوي واحدة من اكثر الطرق فعالية لزيادة التبادل الحراري في منطقة صغيرة نسبيا. انتقال الحرارة في الغليان الحوضي لموائع النانو تم التحقق عنها تجريبيا باستخدام مياه الالومينا AL2O3 ومياه ثاني اوكسيد التيتانيوم TiO2.كموائع نانويه (n | Nucleate boiling regime can be considered one of most effective ways to increase the heat exchange in a relatively small area. Pool boiling heat transfer nanofluid was investigated experimentally using Al2O3 - water and TiO2 - water nanofluids. The experimental test rig consists of boiling vessel and electrically heated plate heating element of stainless steel as heating element. Different concentrations of nanofluids were tested (0.05w %, 0.1w %, 0.3 w%, and 0.5 w %). The nanofluids for Al2O3 and TiO2 were prepared by mixing the( Al2O3 and TiO2) nanoparticles with distilled water in magnetic stirrer for three time periods at (2, 3 and 4) hours and for 1 hour in an ultrasonic bath to suspend the nanoparticles in base fluid. The nanofluids were scanned by scanning electron microscope to ensure well dispersion of nanoparticles in distilled water. Experiments were carried out firstly using pure water then nanofluid to compare the heat transfer enhancement. Results give maximum enhancement ratio in heat transfer rate of (100%) for 0.5% weight concentration for Al2O3 - water nanofluid and (81.82%) for TiO2 - water nanofluid at the same concentration. In both nanofluids the enhancement ratio increases with increased nanoparticle concentrations.This lead to increase in pool boiling heat transfer coefficient.

دراسة حركية التفاعل لوحدة التهديب بالعامل المساعد في مصفى الدورة == Kinetics Study of Catalytic Reforming Process In Daura Refinery

Author name: حيدر مجيد خضير
Supervisor name: محمد فاضل عبد
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Higher Diploma
University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Catalytic naphtha reforming is one of the key processes in petroleum refining, converting gasoline boiling range low - octane hydrocarbons to high - octane compounds which can be blended into gasoline. Other valuable by products include hydrogen and cracked light gases. Modeling of a typical semi - regenerative catalytic reformer of Duara refinery has been carried out involving most its key constituent units. Kinetic modeling of the reactions occurring in the fixed bed reactors connected in series formed the most significant part of the overall simulation effort. A reaction scheme involving (15 pseudo components) connected to gether by a network of 30 reactions for components in the C5 - C10 range has been modeled. The Hougen - Watson Langmuir - Hinshelwood type reaction rate expressions are used to represent rate of each reaction. Deactivation of the catalyst was modeled by including the corresponding equations for coking kinetics. It was found that Paraffines and Naphthenes undergo a continuous reduction through the three reactors while the rate of formation of aromatics is becoming slower as the reactants proceed to the third reactor. The reactor of naphtha reforming could be considered as a hydrogen production.

ازالة الكبريت من زيت الوقود باستخدام الاكسدة المعززة بالموجات الفوق الصوتية == Ultrasound - Assisted Oxidative Desulfurization of Fuel Oil

Author name: جعفر مازن جعفر
Supervisor name: نيران خليل ابراهيم | ولاء عبد الهادي نوري
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Due to the dramatic environmental impact of sulfur emissions associated with the exhaust of engines, sulfur content specification for diesel fuels became more and more stringent worldwide. Last environmental regulations for ultralow sulfur diesel require very deep desulfurization processing, which cannot be met by the conventional hydrodesulfurization process (HDS).The present work focuses on benefiting from integrating an ultrasoundassisted oxidative desulfurization process (UAODS) with the conventional HDS process to produce ultra - low sulfur fuels. The proposed method involves a batch ultrasound - assisted oxidative desulfurization process to desulfurize a previously hydrotreated diesel containing 480 ppm sulfur. The oxidizing system used was H2O2/CH3COOH with FeSO4 being used as a catalyst. An ultrasonic probe system was used to enhance the conversion of sulfur - bearing compounds that exist in diesel to sulfones and sulfoxides to affect their removal by a certain separation method, such as extraction or adsorption.The major influential parameters related to UAODS process have been investigated, namely : ratio of oxidant/fuel, ratio of the promoter/oxidant, dose of catalyst, reaction temperature, intensity of ultrasonic waves. A set of comparative studies were also carried out including type of extraction solvent, effect of initial sulfur content, and type of sulfur separation method. Total evaluation for the treated diesel was performed, including GC - MS analysis which has been used to monitor the change of organic sulfur compounds andhydrocarbons in diesel during the desulfurization process.The oxidation treatment, in combination with ultrasonic irradiation, revealed a synergistic effect for diesel desulfurization. The experimental results showed that the removal efficiency for sulfur compounds could amount to 98%, and sulfur level can be reduced to 12 ppm at mild operating conditions (70 and 1 bar). This indicates that this process is so efficient and promising for the production of ultra - low sulfur diesel fuels.The kinetics of the reaction has been also studied. It was observed that the UAODS of diesel fuels fitted pseudo - first - order kinetics under the studied experimental conditions. During this process, values of the apparent rate constant and activation energy were 0.373 min - 1 and 24 kJ/mol, respectively.

تخمين حركية تفاعل ازالة الكبريت للنفثا الثقيلة العراقية == Prediction of Kinetic Reaction of Iragi Heavy Naphtha Desulferization

Author name: سها سامي قاسم
Supervisor name: زيدون محسن شكور
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Higher Diploma
University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: واحدة من التحديات في مصافي تكرير النفط الخام في الاونة الاخيرة هو الحد من محتوى الكبريت من النفثا الثقيلة الى الحدود الدنيا. في هذا البحث تم اخذ مواصفات محتوى الكبريت للنفثا الثقيلة بمعدل 632 جزء في المليون الى 2.5 جزء في المليون، في درجات حرارة التفاعل ( | One of the recent challenges in the petroleum refineries is the reduction of sulfur content of heavy naphtha to the new lower limits. In this reaserch, was taken the specification of the sulfur content of heavy naphtha at arrange 632 ppm to 2.5 ppm, The range of reaction temperatures is (35 - 175) oC and liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) at range of (1.3 - 1.4) hr - 1 and hydrogen pressure is 35 bars.The simulators are useful tools to manage operation and to improve the profitability of the process. In this study, excel and Matlab program were developed to simulate hydrodesulferization process (HDS) in vapor phase reactor of heavy naphtha hydrotreating unit of Daura refinery, the comparison between the plan results with HDS reactor model results was made.. Based on the model results the optimum operating conditions were determined. Acomputer program MATLAB (Matrix Laborator) it is software for developed code of kinetic parameter estimation problem using the estimation method and least square as objective function and new GA as solving method. The code was implemented on personal computer (intel (R) Core (TM) i3 CPU, 2.39 GHz processor, 2 GB RAM). The function to be minimized was the sum of squares of the differences between calculated and measured concentration.Genetic optimization method was used to define the parameters of desulfurization reaction kinetic. This hydrotreating reaction kinetic model for desulfurization of Daura heavy naphtha was determined for heavy naphtha boiling point range of (35 - 175) C and using a commercial (HDS) catalyst cobalt - molybdenum (Co - Mo) supported of alumina.The result showed that the order of kinetic reaction was first order for heavy naphtha hydrotreating with (Co - Mo) supported of alumina, and the graphically method is more suitable and less error than optimization method for represent the kinetic reaction for heavy naphtha hydrotreating in Daura refinery.

فعالية عامل مساعد محضر ومحفز بمعادن مختلفة لعملية ازالة الكبريت بالهدرجة لزيت الغاز العراقي == Activity of A Prepared Catalyst Promoted By Different Metals For The Hydrodesulfurization of Iraqi Gas Oil

Author name: طارق محمد نايف
Supervisor name: Abdul | Halim A.K. Mohammed | Hussein K. Hussein
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The present work deals with the improvement of Iraqi gas oil containing 1.402 wt. % sulfur by hydrotreating process using different prepared hydrodesulfurization catalysts (Ni - Mo/? - Al2O3, Co - Mo/? - Al2O3, Co - Ni - Mo/? - Al2O3, Ti - Ni - Mo/? - Al2O3 and Re - Ni - Mo/? - Al2O3). All catalysts were prepared under vacuum impregnation to ensure efficient precipitation of metals within the carrier ? - Al2O3. Physical adsorption by nitrogen was investigated, and used for determination of the surface area and pore size distribution of prepared catalysts.The results showed that modified catalysts Ti - Ni - Mo/? - Al2O3 and Re - Ni - Mo/? - Al2O3 have a high surface area 225.1 and 235.23 m2/g respectively, as compered with conventional prepared catalysts Ni - Mo/? - Al2O3 and Co - Mo/? - Al2O3 which their have surface area 178.5 and 191.4 m2/g respectively, and exhibits behavior of type four according to Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) classification, and type H1 according to de Boer classification for hysteresis loop, so, it was concluded that the pores of these catalysts are cylindrical. The performances of all the synthesized catalysts for removal of sulfur and aromatic saturation gas oil were tested at different LHSV (1 to 4 h - 1), temperatures ( 275 to 350 °C), constant pressure 40 bar, and H2/HC ratio 500 ml/ml. The results showed that the sulfur and aromatic content were decresed at all operating conditions for all prepared catalysts. It was found that the sulfur removal from gas oil increases with temperature and decreasing with the space velocity, and the temperature has higher effect on the process of sulfur removal than the space velocity. It was found also that Ni - Mo/? - Al2O3 catalyst is slightly better in sulfur removal (61.5 wt. % ) with than Co - Mo/? - Al2O3 (59.2 wt. %) at the same operation conditions (350 °C and LHSV 1 h - 1), and hydrodesulfurization over Ni - Mo/Al2O3 was improved remarkly by adding Ti and Re promoters. Maximam sulfur removal was 76.81 wt. % using Re - Ni - Mo/? - Al2O3 at temperature 350?C, LHSV 1 h - 1, while minumum aromatic content value is 15.44 wt. % for Ni - Mo/ ? - Al2O3. Calculations showed that the hydrodesulfurization rate expressions fitted with second order reaction kinetics model.The rate constant varied from 0.005 to 0.144 liter/kg.h and the values of activation energy varied from 50.0 to 93.59 kJ/mole for all prepared catalysts. Thiele modulus, for all prepared catalysts was calculated.The lower values of the Thiele modulus (> 0.4) gives strong evidence of negligible pore diffusion limitation.

ازالة المحتوى الكبريتي من وقود الديزل بواسطة الاكسدة والاستخلاص بالمذيب == Desulfurization of Diesel Fuel By Oxidation And Solvent Extraction

Author name: شيم بهجت عبد الكريم
Supervisor name: ودود طاهر محمد | رغد فريد
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يهدف البحث الى ازالة المحتوى الكبريتي من مقطع الديزل المهدرج للتخلص من المركبات الكبريتية الثايوفينية التي تتعذر ازالتها بواسطة عملية الهدرجة المعتمدة في المصافي النفطية. ودراسة افضل الظروف للحصول على اعلى نسبة ازالة.رست الظروف التشغيلية التالية : سرعة ال | Removal of sulfur species from fuels is an increasingly critical environmental issue. Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) removes sulfur compounds, such as mercaptans and sulfides from hydrocarbons; however, some sulfur - containing compounds (such as diebenzothiophene) are very difficult to remove and need deep desulfurization processes.This work was applied to the desulfurized diesel fuel produced from the conventional HDS process for ultra - desulfurization. The used fuel types in this investigation were either real diesel fuel or simulated diesel fuel, where sulfur - containing compound ( dibenzothiophene DBT) converted to its corresponding sulfone by oxidation using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant and acetic acid as homogenous catalyst, and solvent extraction by using acetonitrile (ACN) or N - methyl - 2 - pyrrolidone (NMP) as extractants.Simulated diesel fuel according to British Petroleum 200B doped with dibenzothiophene (DBT) was prepared, the effect of stirring speed (150, 250, 350 and 450) rpm, temperature (30, 40, 45 and 50) ?C, oxidant/simulated diesel fuel ratio (0.5, 0.75,1 and 1.5) (v/v), catalyst/oxidant ratio (0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75) (v/v), solvent type, and solvent/simulated diesel fuel ratio (0.5, 0.6, 0.75 and 1) (v/v) were examined in order to obtain the maximum sulfur removal. The results of this work exhibit that the highest removal of sulfur 98.5% for N - methyl - 2 - pyrrolidone and 95.8% for acetonitrile were obtained under the conditions of operating in table below : Stirring Speed (rpm) 350 Temperature (?C) 50 Oxidant (hydrogen peroxide)/simulated diesel fuel ratio 1 Catalyst (acetic acid)/oxidant ratio 0.5 Solvent (ACN or NMP)/simulated diesel fuel ratio 1 Experiments with the above best conditions were carried out on Real diesel fuel obtained from Al - Dora refinery with 1000 ppm sulfur containing compounds. It was found that sulfur removal from real diesel fuel was 62.5% for acetonitrile and 75% for N - methyl - 2 - pyrrolidone.

استخلاص الزيوت العطرية من قشور الحمضيات باستعمال التقطير البخاري بمساعدة المايكرويف == Extraction of Essential Oils From Citrus By - Products Using Microwave Steam Distillation

Author name: سارة جبير صالح
Supervisor name: ابتهال كريم شاكر
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يهدف هذا البحث الى استخلاص الزيت العطري من ثلاثة انواع من قشور الحمضيات (البرتقال, الليمون, اللالنكي) بطريقتين : التقطير البخاري والتقطير البخاري بمساعدة المايكرويف.ودراسة تاثير عوامل الاستخلاص : (وزن القشور, وقت الاستخلاص,طاقة المايكرويف ونوع قشور الحمضي | The main objectives of this research is to extract essential oil from : orange( citrus sinensis), lemon( citrus limon) and mandarin( citrus reticulata) peels by two methods : steam distillation (SD) and microwave assisted steam distillation (MASD), study the effect of extraction conditions : weight of the sample( 398.56g, 281.8g, 116.76g), extraction time, microwave power( 135W, 265W, 445W) and citrus peel type( orange, lemon, mandarin) on oil yield and compare the results of the two methods, the resulting essential oil was analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC).Essential oils are highly concentrated substances used for their flavor and therapeutic or odoriferous properties, in a wide selection of products such as foods, medicines and cosmetics. Extraction of essential oil is one of the most time and effort consuming process. Microwave - assisted extraction is a green technique for the extraction of natural products. (MASD) was better than (SD) in terms of rapidity, energy saving and yield. (MASD) gave higher yield than (SD) with shorter extraction time, yield of orange oil extracted by (MASD) was (1.150%) in (35min.) compared to (1.095%) in (45min.) by (SD) process, same results obtained for lemon and mandarin. It was found that the optimal microwave power was (135W) and the yield was : (1.150%, 1.115%, 0.940%) for orange, lemon and mandarin respectively, (MASD) increased extraction temperature in short time and to a higher level compared to (SD).It was found that the optimal weight was (398.56g) and the yield in (SD) was : (1.095%) and MASD (1.091%) for orange oil, same results obtained for lemon and mandarin.The best citrus peel type which gave the highest yield was orange followed by lemon then mandarin in both processes.Limonene is the most abundant component in citrus essential oil, (GC) analysis showed that the amount of limonene increased in low microwave power with long extraction time for mandarin oil it was (84.3891% at 135W in 60min.), while for (SD) it was (83.0271% in 75min.) and decreased with increasing microwave power for orange oil it was (80.9661% at 265W in 35min.) while for (SD) it was (83.2189% in 45min.), (SD) was more convenient to give high amount of limonene because of the graduate temperature rise, while in microwave extraction exposure to low microwave power for long time would give complete recovery and better quality of essential oil.

تاثير الحماية من التاكل بواسطة الليزر على سبائك الالمنيوم == The Effect of Laser Surface Melting Corrosion Protection On Al Alloys

Author name: هبة خميس اسماعيل
Supervisor name: شذى احمد سامح
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يهدف هذا البحث الى دراسة تاثير المعاملة بالليزر على تاكل سبائك الالومنيوم (7075, 6061, 5083) المغمورة في محلول ملحي (كلوريد الصوديوم) بمختلف التراكيز. وقد تم اعداد عينات من سبائك الالومنيوم ذات ابعاد (2 ملم) سمك وقطر (25 ملم)، وكانت تجارب الاستقطاب في مح | The objectives of the present project are to generate uniform melted layers, free of large second phases to assess the corrosion resistance of the laser treated surface in comparison with the untreated alloy. So disc samples of (7075, 6061 and 5083) aluminum alloys of 2 mm thickness and 25 mm diameter, have been prepared. Polarization tests were carried out in (M lab potentiostat / galvanostat) (Germany) at 298K temperature and (1.5, 2.5 and 3.5) % wt of NaCl solution. The experiments were carried out before and after laser surface melting by (Nd : YAG, MED - 810) pulse laser, system (Q - Switched Nd : YAG 1064/532nm). Before laser surface melting the results showed that the value of the corrosion current density obviously increases with increasing the concentration of NaCl from 1.5% to 3.5%. As well as higher Cl - ions concentration more negative pitting potential (Epit) of aluminum alloys and decrease in the electrochemical stability of aluminum. The corrosion rate for the specimen 7075 is larger than that of 6061 and 5083 aluminum alloys under the same conditions. So it means that the specimens 6061 and 5083 have high resistance to corrosion in NaCl solution After laser surface melting the results showed that the surface of aluminum alloys became more homogenous and pure after treatment.It was found that the corrosion current density decreases after Laser Surface melting at about three orders than that of untreated samples, therefore, the value of the corrosion rate of laser - treated alloy is smaller than that of the untreated. As well as the pitting corrosion potential after Laser Surface melting obviously shifted to more positive direction for all aluminum alloys in different concentrations of the NaCl solution.

تثبيط تاكل الحديد الكاربوني الواطئ في حامض الكبريتيك باستعمال كحول البولي فينيل ومستخلص نبات PIPER LONGUM == Corrosion Inhibition of Low Carbon Steel In Sulfuric Acid By PVA And Piper Longum Extracts

Author name: اياد بهاء الدين احمد
Supervisor name: ماجد ابراهيم عبد الوهاب | ابرائيل سركيس يارو
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The inhibitive power of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) and the synergistic effects added on the inhibition power of PVA by two types of Piper Longum (PL) Ethanol Extracts (PLEXT) were investigated toward the corrosion of carbon steel in (0.2N) H2SO4 solution in the temperature range (30 - 60?C) and PVA concentration range (150 - 2000 PPM).The corrosion rate measurements were carried out using the following two standard corrosion measurements techniques.1. Weight loss technique was applied on carbon steel plates to evaluate inhibition efficiency in presence and absence of these inhibitors.2. Electrochemical Techniques were used to validate and support inhibition efficiencies found in weight loss techniques.A detailed study of the experimental methods and results is reported for each test conducted.The weight loss results showed that PVA could serve as a corrosion inhibitor but its inhibition power was found to be low for the corrosion of carbon steel in the acidic media.It was shown that the inhibition efficiency for (PVA) decreased with increasing temperature at a given PVA concentration. On the other hand it was shown that at given temperature the inhibition efficiency of (PVA) was increased with increasing of PVA concentration until a PVA concentration of 2000 ppm PVA was reached then only a slight decrease in inhibition efficiency was observed when increasing PVA concentration further.The Maximum inhibition efficiency reached was about 71 % at 30?C & 2000 ppm (PVA) concentration, calculated by the weight loss techniques.In order to improve the inhibition efficiency of PVA, by adding 6 ml/l of ethanol extracts of piper longum (PL) to a liter of the acid solution in presence of concentrations of PVA 150,500,1000.1500, and 2000 ppm at temperatures (30,40,50, and 60?C) was investigated.Weight loss results showed a jump in inhibition efficiency (% IE) value of the modified inhibitor mixture compared with the presence of PVA alone at all (PVA) concentrations for temperature range considered in this investigation.This study demonstrated the extra inhibition power added by the (PL) fruit extracts to the organic polymer (PVA) used. Maximum inhibition efficiencies recorded were approximately 95% for Piper Longum Extract Number two (PLEXT2) at 30?C and 2000 ppm PVA.The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters regarding the adsorption process of inhibitors used was calculated.It was found that the changes corrosion rates correlates well with the Arrhenius equation in absence and presence of inhibitors.The Results showed that the adsorption of the polymer and the plant extract follows Langmuir adsorption isotherms and the adsorption of the inhibitor molecules on the metal surface is mainly physical, nevertheless the adsorption is believed to be slightly deviated from the Langmuir model at 30?C.Electrochemical analysis of the corrosion process of carbon steel in an electrochemical corrosion cell was investigated using 3 - Electrode corrosion cell coupled with a potentiostat interfaced with a computer which assisted polarization data interception and interpretation.Polarization technique was used to obtain polarization data which was recorded for carbon steel in 0.2N H2SO4 solutions in presence and absence of the inhibitors investigated. Electrochemical runs were done in the (PVA) concentrations of 150, 1000, and 2000 PPM and a temperatures of 30, 40, 50, and 60?C.Tafel slopes, Corrosion currents, and corrosion rates were calculated from polarization curves by Tafel extrapolation method. Results showed corrosion rate trends similar to findings by the weight loss method. It was indicated also that the corrosion of carbon steel in 0.2N H2SO4 is highly activity controlled.Results revealed that the inhibition action is occurring at both anodic and cathodic sites on the metal surface so that both corrosion reactions were affected, so that the composite inhibitor could be considered as mixed - type inhibitor.Electrochemical results confirmed that (PLEXT2) was more efficient as inhibition improvement additive to (PVA) than (PLEXT1) at all experimental conditions range encountered in this study.The highest inhibition efficiency recorded using Tafel polarization method was 83% obtained at 30?C and 2000 ppm of PVA with 6 ml/l PLEXT2.

تحضير الكاربون المنشط من نوى التمر باستخدام كاربونات البوتاسيوم كعامل منشط في ازالة صبغة المثيلين الزرقاء == Preparation of Activated Carbon From Date Stones By K2Co3 Activation For Methylene Blue Dye Adsorption

Author name: اسماء فاضل عباس
Supervisor name: مثنى جبار احمد
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Present study deals with the preparation of activated carbon (AC) from date stones by K2CO3 activation via microwave heating and the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution by using such carbon as adsorbent. The influence of radiation time (4 - 12min), radiation power (540 - 700W) and impregnation ratio (0.5 - 2.5g/g) on the yield and MB uptake of such carbons were studied. Central composite design was used to determine the optimum preparation conditions and two quadratic models were developed to correlate the preparation variables for both responses.The optimum preparation conditions were reported as 8 min radiation time, 660 W radiation power and 1.5 g/g impregnation ratio resulting in 19.99% yield and 460.123 mg/g MB uptake. From the analysis of variance (ANOVA), it was found that the radiation time had the greatest effect on the yield while impregnation ratio had the greatest effect on MB uptake.The characteristics of AC were examined by pore structure analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The BET surface area and total pore volume were indentified to be 1144.25 m²/g and 0.656 m³/g, respectively. Batch adsorption study was adopted to determine the experimental adsorption isotherm data of different initial concentration of MB (50 - 450 mg/l). The equilibrium data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Sips isotherm models. The results showed that the experimental data were well fitted with sips isotherm with maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 484.7 mg/g. Pseudo - First order, Pseudo - Second order, and intraparticle diffusion models were used to analyze experimental kinetics data with high correlation coefficient for Pseudo - second - order model.

ازالة الكادميوم من المياه الملوثة بالترسيب الكهروكيمياوي باستخدام حزمة من الانابيب الفولاذية متحدة المركز == Removal of Cadmium From Wastewater By Electro - Deposition On Stainless Steel Concentric Tubes Bundle

Author name: انس بديوي سلمان
Supervisor name: عباس حميد سليمون | بسمة عباس عبد المجيد
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم دراسة انتقال الكتلة الخاص بايونات الكادميوم الثنائية الى سطح اسطوانة دوراة مصنوعة من مادة الفولاذ المقاوم للتاكل (كقطب كاثود) بواسطة قياس التيار المحدد لتفاعل اختزال ايونات الكادميوم الكاثودي في محلول كبريتات الصوديوم بتركيز مولار باستخدام خلية ثلاثية | 1 - Mass transfer of Cd+2 ions to a smooth stainless steel rotating cylinder electrode was studied by measuring the limiting current for the cathodic reduction of Cd+2 in 0.5 M sodium sulphate supporting electrolyte by three electrodes cell with stainless steel rotating cylinder electrode working in hydrodynamic voltammetry mode. The studied parameters were electrolyte pH (4, 5, 6 and 7), initial Cd+2 concentrations (50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm) and rotation rates (100, 150, 200 and 250 rpm). Cadmium ions' reduction potential for mass transfer control conditions was found to be - 0.13 V. Diffusion coefficient was determined and correlated with the bulk concentration of Cd+2 in sodium sulphate solution. The increase in pH was found to enhance the mass transfer coefficient and this effect diminishes nearly at pH=7, and the experimental data were well fitted by an empirical dimensionless correlation among the Sherwood number, Reynolds number and Schmidt number. The obtained correlation was : Sh=0.047 ?Re?^0.769 ?Sc?^0.356 For (8015.519 < Re < 20587.07) Reduction potential obtained via the voltammograms constructed by the rotating cylinder cell was applied for the two pilot scale units in order to keep the process under mass transfer control conditions. Parameters studied in these units are : initial cadmium concentration, pH, and electrolyte flow rate. The first pilot scale unit was an electrochemical reactor with smooth stainless steel concentric tubes, and the second one was an electrochemical reactor with stainless steel mesh concentric cylinders.2 - For the stainless steel smooth concentric tubes cathode, mass transfer coefficient was calculated and correlated with initial concentration.Effect of pH on mass transfer coefficient was studied and correlated, and it was found that the effect of pH was found to be completely negligible at pH=7.On the other hand, effect of flow rate on mass transfer coefficient was studied and correlated. Performance of the reactor was analyzed by introducing figures of merit for fractional conversion, specific energy consumption, space time yield and normalizes space velocity. The experimental data were correlated in a dimensionless expression as flows : Sh=0.804?Re?^0.632 ?Sc?^(1/3) For 254 < Re < 1018.3 - For the stainless steel mesh concentric cylinders was adjusted to work under mass transfer control conditions by applying the reduction potential obtained in hydrodynamic voltammetry experiments.Effect of initial cadmium concentration, pH and solution flow rate was studied and analyzed. Mass transfer coefficient was correlated with these studied parameters.Similar to smooth cathode, the mesh cathode showed a negligible response to pH at pH=7.Noticeable enhancement in mass transfer coefficient was investigated by the action of flow rate, and the mass transfer coefficient was correlated with the solution flow rate.The mesh cathode showed a higher conversion than that adopted by the smooth cathode, and showed lower cumulative current efficiency than that of smooth cathode.Mesh cathode showed specific energy consumption, space time yield and normalized space velocity higher than that for the smooth cathode.Experimental data for the mesh reactor were correlated in a dimensionless relation as follows : Sh=1.898?Re?^0.514 ?Sc?^(1/3) For 235 < Re < 943 Cadmium ions reduction reaction was found to follow a first order reaction with respect to Cd+2 concentration, and reaction rate constant was predicted under different operating conditions.

التكسير الحراري والحفازي لمخلفات البولي اثيلين البلاستيكية في مفاعل شبه دفعوي == Thermal And Catalytic Pyrolysis Of Polyethylene Plastic Waste In Semi Batch Reactor

Author name: فهمي ابو القاسم محمد
Supervisor name: عمار صالح عباس
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

تاثير تصميم موزع الغاز على هيدروديناميكيات ومعامل انتقال الماده في العمود الفقاعي الثلاثي الاطوار == Effect Of Distributor Design On Hydrodynamics And Mass Transfer Coefficient Of Slurry Bubble Column

Author name: هبة علاء عبد الكريم
Supervisor name: صبا عدنان غني | رافع جمال يعقوب
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Salahaddin
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