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عمليات التنافذ الامامي - العكسي لمعالجة المياه الملوثة بالزيوت == Forward - Reverse Osmosis Processes For Oily Wastewater Treatment

Author name: نور حمود زغير
Supervisor name: حسن فرهود مكي
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: في هذه الدراسة, تم بحث مدى ملائمة عمليات التنافذ (الامامي - العكسي) لمعالجة المياه الملوثة بالزيوت. حيث طبقت عملية التنافذ الامامي لاسترجاع الماء النقي من المياه الملوثة بالزيوت. تم استخدام زيت محرك الديزل والكازولين نوع (15W - 40) لتحضير محلول اللقيم, بي | In this study, the feasibility of Forward - Reverse membrane osmosis system was investigated for treating the oily wastewater. Forward osmosis (FO) process was applied to recover pure water from oily wastewater. Gasoline and diesel engine oil (15W - 40) was used to prepare the feed solution (FS). While sodium chloride (NaCl) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) salts were used as draw solutions, and the membrane that was used in FO process was cellulose triacetate (CTA) membrane. While reverse osmosis process was used to recovery water from the diluted draw solution using polyamide (thin film composite (TFC)) membrane. In the first stage was applying the FO process for treating the oily wastewater with two parts. The first part included the FO process using the batch system whereas the second part included the FO process using the flowing system for different draw solutions. Theoperating parameters studied were : draw solution type, draw solution concentrations (0.25 - 0.75 M), oil concentration in FS (100 - 1000 ppm), the temperatures of FS and DS (30 - 45 °C), pH of FS (4 - 10) and for the forward osmosis flowing process the flow rate of both DS and FS (20 - 60 l/h), while the pressure was maintained at 0.5 bar. The run - time of the FO process was for five hours. It was found that water flux through membrane decreases with increasing time, while oil concentration in the FS increases with increasing time. Also, it was found that the water flux produced from the osmosis cell and oil concentration in FS increase by increasing the concentration of draw solutions, the flow rate of FS and the temperature for a limit (40oC), then, the water flux and oil concentration decrease with increasing the temperature because of happening the internal concentration polarization phenomenon. By increasing the oil concentration in FS and the flow rate of the DS, the water flux and oil concentration in FS were decreased. While it had a fluctuated behavior with increasing the pH of oily wastewater. It was found also that MgCl2 gives water flux higher than NaCl. It was observed that the best operating conditions in this study were : concentration of salt (0.75 M) for MgCl2, oil concentration (100 ppm), pH of FS (7.3), temperature of feed and draw solution (40oC), flow rate of FS (60 l/h), and flow rate of DS (20 l/h). The values of resistance to solute diffusion within the membrane porous support layer were 55.93 h/m and 26.21 h/m for NaCl and MgCl2 respectively. The second stage was applied reverse osmosis process for separating the fresh water from a diluted (NaCl) solution using different parameters such as draw solution concentration (0.08 - 0.16 M), feed flow rate (20 - 40 l/h) within two hours of work of the reverse osmosis system.

تاثير المحتوى المائي , درجة الحرارة وكلوريد الصوديوم على تاكل CO2 للصلب الكربوني (A106 B) في النفط العراقي == Effect of Water Content , Temperature And NaCl On CO2 Corrosion of C - Steel (A 106 B) In Iraqi Crude Oil

Author name: انعام يوسف عبد الرحمن
Supervisor name: سعد احمد جعفر
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:
Abstract: ان التاكل الداخلي في انابيب الصلب الكربوني الذي يحدث بوجود غاز ثاني اوكسيد الكربون يعتبر مشكلة جوهرية في صناعات النفط والغاز وهو يقترن دائما مع وجود الماء. ان احتمالية حدوث التاكل تزداد بصورة عامة مع تزايد نسبة الماء ومع زيادة مستوى الماء المنتج تزداد مع | Internal corrosion of carbon steel pipelines occurring in the presence of CO2 is a substantial problem in the oil and gas industries. It is always associated with the presence of free water. The likelihood of corrosion generally increases with the volume fraction of the water phase. As the produced water level increases, the corrosion rates of carbon steel increase very rapidly and causes damage of petroleum and gas pipelines. The present research work focuses on the investigating of the corrosion rate of carbon steel as flow line in crude oil production with CO2 content employing three Iraqi crude oil (Kirkuk crude oil, Halfaya crude oil, Rumalia crude oil) with different brine concentrations [1%NaCl, 2%NaCl, 3%NaCl]. Determining the corrosivity of Iraqi crude oil was studied for the first time. Experiments were performed in an autoclave test apparatus, crude oil - produced water mixtures, water cuts were (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 100%), and total volume of mixtures inside the autoclave was always kept at 100ml and temperature (20, 40, 60°C). For all experiments, CO2 partial pressure was maintained at (4 bar) and rotational speed (500 rpm).The corrosion rates were determined by the weight loss technique. The results revealed that the corrosion rates of carbon steel increased by increasing water cut and temperature, but decreases with increasing salt concentration for all types of crude oil. Results also indicated that different crude oil has significantly different effects on corrosion of carbon steel, with identical brine compositions. Therefore, Rumaila crude oil exhibits the highest corrosion rates and Kirkuk crude oil exhibits the lowest corrosion rates while Halfaya crude oil exhibits a moderate corrosion rates e.g. at 1% NaCl, 20% water cut, temperature 60°C, pressure 4bar, the corrosion rate of carbon steel in Rumaila crude oil is 0.9163mm/yr whereas it is 0.564 mm/yr and 0.705 mm/yr in Kirkuk crude oil and Halfaya crude oil respectively. The Corrosion Rate Break produced water level was determined from the experiments. These tests are employed to evaluate the requirements for corrosion inhibitor treatment. At 100% water cut (brine/CO2) the corrosion rates of carbon steel was the highest. The presence of crude oil decreases the corrosion rates e.g. at 1% NaCl,100% water cut(brine/CO2) the corrosion rate is 7.1197 mm/yr, whereas at 40% water cut/ Rumaila crude oil the corrosion rate is 1.4097 mm/yr.

معالجة واعادة استخدام المياه الناتجة من حقول نفط الاحدب العراقية == Treatment And Reuse of Produced Water From Al - Ahdab Iraqi Oilfields

Author name: حسين باسم عليوي
Supervisor name: Basma A. Abdul | Majeed
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: الهدف الاساسي من هذا البحث هو تطوير طريقة عملية لمعالجة المياه المنتجة من حقول النفط العراقية. في هذه الدراسة تم توظيف نظام متحد من ثلاث عمليات معالجة هي التخثير والامتزاز والتبادل الايوني لازالة وتقليل بعض الملوثات الرئيسية مثل العكورة والمحتوى الزيتي وم | The overall goal of this research was to develop a practical method of treating co - produced waters from oil - field sources. In this study, combined coagulation - adsorption - ion exchange treatment was employed for the removal of some main contaminants like turbidity, oil content, and total dissolved solids from produced water. These combination steps are not studied before. The wastewater used in this work was taken freshly form Al - Ahdab oilfields. The coagulants used in this study were aluminum sulfate (alum) as a primary coagulant and calcium hydroxide (lime) as a coagulant aid. The performance of these coagulants was investigated through jar test by comparing turbidity removal at different coagulant / coagulants aid ratio, coagulant dose, water pH, and sedimentation time. The best conditions for turbidity removal can be obtained at coagulant dosage of 80 mg/L at pH 6 and 120 min for sedimentation time. There was an improvement in the turbidity removal when 25% lime was used in conjunction with 75% alum. At these conditions, the turbidity reading was reduced from 92 to 2.1 NTU. In addition, an attempt was made to examine the relationship between turbidity (NTU) and total suspended solids (mg/L) on the same samples of produced water. This study presents an investigation on the technical feasibility of using organoclay for adsorption of oil content from produced water. The organoclay was prepared by combination of Iraqi bentonite with quaternary amine (tetraethylammonium chloride). Batch mode experiments were conducted to study the effects of amine/ bentonite ratio, organoclay quantity, pH, and contact time. The analysis results showed that the organoclay adsorbent was very effective in removing oil content from produced water and the best results obtained for the removal of oil content are 16 g/L of prepared organoclay having 35 g amine/ 100 g bentonite, pH 3, and 120 min for contact time. These results reduce the concentration of oil content from 532.1 to 2.7 mg/L. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms and kinetics were investigated. The adsorption isotherm data were fitted well to Temkin isotherm as highest coefficient of correlation (R2=0.996) and lowest value of standard deviation (Sd=2.385). The adsorption kinetic data were fitted very well the pseudo - second order kinetics model (R2=0.997 and Sd=1.644). The continuous experiments were carried out in a fixed - bed column. The results revealed that adsorption capacity increases with increasing bed depth and with decreasing flow rate. In this work, a continuous ion exchange study in fixed - bed columns was performed to reduce TDS concentration from produced water. The experiments were subjected to lab - scale ion exchangers, consisting of two types of commercial resins connected in series. The two types of resins used in this work were : strongly acidic cation exchanger of type Dowex 650C and strongly basic anion exchanger of type Dowex I. 550A. Comparison of Thomas, Yoon - Nelson, and Adams - Bohart models with experimental kinetics results was done, and model parameters were evaluated by linear regression analysis for TDS reduction in different bed depths and flow rates. The obtained experimental data were in good agreement with Thomas and Yoon - Nelson models (R2 reaches to 0.996). Reverse flow regeneration was carried out in a fixed - bed column for exhausted resin by washing with diluted acid and base solutions. The regenerated resin was reused in the same column. Approximately, 65% of the original sorption capacity was restored.

انتقال الحرارة في الغليان الحوضي باستخدام موائع النانو == Pool Boiling Heat Transfer Using Nanofluids

Author name: خيرية مطر عيسى الخزاعي
Supervisor name: جمال مانع علي الربيعي
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يمكن اعتبار نظام المغلي التنوي واحدة من اكثر الطرق فعالية لزيادة التبادل الحراري في منطقة صغيرة نسبيا. انتقال الحرارة في الغليان الحوضي لموائع النانو تم التحقق عنها تجريبيا باستخدام مياه الالومينا AL2O3 ومياه ثاني اوكسيد التيتانيوم TiO2.كموائع نانويه (n | Nucleate boiling regime can be considered one of most effective ways to increase the heat exchange in a relatively small area. Pool boiling heat transfer nanofluid was investigated experimentally using Al2O3 - water and TiO2 - water nanofluids. The experimental test rig consists of boiling vessel and electrically heated plate heating element of stainless steel as heating element. Different concentrations of nanofluids were tested (0.05w %, 0.1w %, 0.3 w%, and 0.5 w %). The nanofluids for Al2O3 and TiO2 were prepared by mixing the( Al2O3 and TiO2) nanoparticles with distilled water in magnetic stirrer for three time periods at (2, 3 and 4) hours and for 1 hour in an ultrasonic bath to suspend the nanoparticles in base fluid. The nanofluids were scanned by scanning electron microscope to ensure well dispersion of nanoparticles in distilled water. Experiments were carried out firstly using pure water then nanofluid to compare the heat transfer enhancement. Results give maximum enhancement ratio in heat transfer rate of (100%) for 0.5% weight concentration for Al2O3 - water nanofluid and (81.82%) for TiO2 - water nanofluid at the same concentration. In both nanofluids the enhancement ratio increases with increased nanoparticle concentrations.This lead to increase in pool boiling heat transfer coefficient.

دراسة حركية التفاعل لوحدة التهديب بالعامل المساعد في مصفى الدورة == Kinetics Study of Catalytic Reforming Process In Daura Refinery

Author name: حيدر مجيد خضير
Supervisor name: محمد فاضل عبد
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Higher Diploma
University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Catalytic naphtha reforming is one of the key processes in petroleum refining, converting gasoline boiling range low - octane hydrocarbons to high - octane compounds which can be blended into gasoline. Other valuable by products include hydrogen and cracked light gases. Modeling of a typical semi - regenerative catalytic reformer of Duara refinery has been carried out involving most its key constituent units. Kinetic modeling of the reactions occurring in the fixed bed reactors connected in series formed the most significant part of the overall simulation effort. A reaction scheme involving (15 pseudo components) connected to gether by a network of 30 reactions for components in the C5 - C10 range has been modeled. The Hougen - Watson Langmuir - Hinshelwood type reaction rate expressions are used to represent rate of each reaction. Deactivation of the catalyst was modeled by including the corresponding equations for coking kinetics. It was found that Paraffines and Naphthenes undergo a continuous reduction through the three reactors while the rate of formation of aromatics is becoming slower as the reactants proceed to the third reactor. The reactor of naphtha reforming could be considered as a hydrogen production.

ازالة الكبريت من زيت الوقود باستخدام الاكسدة المعززة بالموجات الفوق الصوتية == Ultrasound - Assisted Oxidative Desulfurization of Fuel Oil

Author name: جعفر مازن جعفر
Supervisor name: نيران خليل ابراهيم | ولاء عبد الهادي نوري
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Due to the dramatic environmental impact of sulfur emissions associated with the exhaust of engines, sulfur content specification for diesel fuels became more and more stringent worldwide. Last environmental regulations for ultralow sulfur diesel require very deep desulfurization processing, which cannot be met by the conventional hydrodesulfurization process (HDS).The present work focuses on benefiting from integrating an ultrasoundassisted oxidative desulfurization process (UAODS) with the conventional HDS process to produce ultra - low sulfur fuels. The proposed method involves a batch ultrasound - assisted oxidative desulfurization process to desulfurize a previously hydrotreated diesel containing 480 ppm sulfur. The oxidizing system used was H2O2/CH3COOH with FeSO4 being used as a catalyst. An ultrasonic probe system was used to enhance the conversion of sulfur - bearing compounds that exist in diesel to sulfones and sulfoxides to affect their removal by a certain separation method, such as extraction or adsorption.The major influential parameters related to UAODS process have been investigated, namely : ratio of oxidant/fuel, ratio of the promoter/oxidant, dose of catalyst, reaction temperature, intensity of ultrasonic waves. A set of comparative studies were also carried out including type of extraction solvent, effect of initial sulfur content, and type of sulfur separation method. Total evaluation for the treated diesel was performed, including GC - MS analysis which has been used to monitor the change of organic sulfur compounds andhydrocarbons in diesel during the desulfurization process.The oxidation treatment, in combination with ultrasonic irradiation, revealed a synergistic effect for diesel desulfurization. The experimental results showed that the removal efficiency for sulfur compounds could amount to 98%, and sulfur level can be reduced to 12 ppm at mild operating conditions (70 and 1 bar). This indicates that this process is so efficient and promising for the production of ultra - low sulfur diesel fuels.The kinetics of the reaction has been also studied. It was observed that the UAODS of diesel fuels fitted pseudo - first - order kinetics under the studied experimental conditions. During this process, values of the apparent rate constant and activation energy were 0.373 min - 1 and 24 kJ/mol, respectively.

تخمين حركية تفاعل ازالة الكبريت للنفثا الثقيلة العراقية == Prediction of Kinetic Reaction of Iragi Heavy Naphtha Desulferization

Author name: سها سامي قاسم
Supervisor name: زيدون محسن شكور
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Higher Diploma
University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: واحدة من التحديات في مصافي تكرير النفط الخام في الاونة الاخيرة هو الحد من محتوى الكبريت من النفثا الثقيلة الى الحدود الدنيا. في هذا البحث تم اخذ مواصفات محتوى الكبريت للنفثا الثقيلة بمعدل 632 جزء في المليون الى 2.5 جزء في المليون، في درجات حرارة التفاعل ( | One of the recent challenges in the petroleum refineries is the reduction of sulfur content of heavy naphtha to the new lower limits. In this reaserch, was taken the specification of the sulfur content of heavy naphtha at arrange 632 ppm to 2.5 ppm, The range of reaction temperatures is (35 - 175) oC and liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) at range of (1.3 - 1.4) hr - 1 and hydrogen pressure is 35 bars.The simulators are useful tools to manage operation and to improve the profitability of the process. In this study, excel and Matlab program were developed to simulate hydrodesulferization process (HDS) in vapor phase reactor of heavy naphtha hydrotreating unit of Daura refinery, the comparison between the plan results with HDS reactor model results was made.. Based on the model results the optimum operating conditions were determined. Acomputer program MATLAB (Matrix Laborator) it is software for developed code of kinetic parameter estimation problem using the estimation method and least square as objective function and new GA as solving method. The code was implemented on personal computer (intel (R) Core (TM) i3 CPU, 2.39 GHz processor, 2 GB RAM). The function to be minimized was the sum of squares of the differences between calculated and measured concentration.Genetic optimization method was used to define the parameters of desulfurization reaction kinetic. This hydrotreating reaction kinetic model for desulfurization of Daura heavy naphtha was determined for heavy naphtha boiling point range of (35 - 175) C and using a commercial (HDS) catalyst cobalt - molybdenum (Co - Mo) supported of alumina.The result showed that the order of kinetic reaction was first order for heavy naphtha hydrotreating with (Co - Mo) supported of alumina, and the graphically method is more suitable and less error than optimization method for represent the kinetic reaction for heavy naphtha hydrotreating in Daura refinery.

فعالية عامل مساعد محضر ومحفز بمعادن مختلفة لعملية ازالة الكبريت بالهدرجة لزيت الغاز العراقي == Activity of A Prepared Catalyst Promoted By Different Metals For The Hydrodesulfurization of Iraqi Gas Oil

Author name: طارق محمد نايف
Supervisor name: Abdul | Halim A.K. Mohammed | Hussein K. Hussein
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The present work deals with the improvement of Iraqi gas oil containing 1.402 wt. % sulfur by hydrotreating process using different prepared hydrodesulfurization catalysts (Ni - Mo/? - Al2O3, Co - Mo/? - Al2O3, Co - Ni - Mo/? - Al2O3, Ti - Ni - Mo/? - Al2O3 and Re - Ni - Mo/? - Al2O3). All catalysts were prepared under vacuum impregnation to ensure efficient precipitation of metals within the carrier ? - Al2O3. Physical adsorption by nitrogen was investigated, and used for determination of the surface area and pore size distribution of prepared catalysts.The results showed that modified catalysts Ti - Ni - Mo/? - Al2O3 and Re - Ni - Mo/? - Al2O3 have a high surface area 225.1 and 235.23 m2/g respectively, as compered with conventional prepared catalysts Ni - Mo/? - Al2O3 and Co - Mo/? - Al2O3 which their have surface area 178.5 and 191.4 m2/g respectively, and exhibits behavior of type four according to Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) classification, and type H1 according to de Boer classification for hysteresis loop, so, it was concluded that the pores of these catalysts are cylindrical. The performances of all the synthesized catalysts for removal of sulfur and aromatic saturation gas oil were tested at different LHSV (1 to 4 h - 1), temperatures ( 275 to 350 °C), constant pressure 40 bar, and H2/HC ratio 500 ml/ml. The results showed that the sulfur and aromatic content were decresed at all operating conditions for all prepared catalysts. It was found that the sulfur removal from gas oil increases with temperature and decreasing with the space velocity, and the temperature has higher effect on the process of sulfur removal than the space velocity. It was found also that Ni - Mo/? - Al2O3 catalyst is slightly better in sulfur removal (61.5 wt. % ) with than Co - Mo/? - Al2O3 (59.2 wt. %) at the same operation conditions (350 °C and LHSV 1 h - 1), and hydrodesulfurization over Ni - Mo/Al2O3 was improved remarkly by adding Ti and Re promoters. Maximam sulfur removal was 76.81 wt. % using Re - Ni - Mo/? - Al2O3 at temperature 350?C, LHSV 1 h - 1, while minumum aromatic content value is 15.44 wt. % for Ni - Mo/ ? - Al2O3. Calculations showed that the hydrodesulfurization rate expressions fitted with second order reaction kinetics model.The rate constant varied from 0.005 to 0.144 liter/kg.h and the values of activation energy varied from 50.0 to 93.59 kJ/mole for all prepared catalysts. Thiele modulus, for all prepared catalysts was calculated.The lower values of the Thiele modulus (> 0.4) gives strong evidence of negligible pore diffusion limitation.

ازالة المحتوى الكبريتي من وقود الديزل بواسطة الاكسدة والاستخلاص بالمذيب == Desulfurization of Diesel Fuel By Oxidation And Solvent Extraction

Author name: شيم بهجت عبد الكريم
Supervisor name: ودود طاهر محمد | رغد فريد
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يهدف البحث الى ازالة المحتوى الكبريتي من مقطع الديزل المهدرج للتخلص من المركبات الكبريتية الثايوفينية التي تتعذر ازالتها بواسطة عملية الهدرجة المعتمدة في المصافي النفطية. ودراسة افضل الظروف للحصول على اعلى نسبة ازالة.رست الظروف التشغيلية التالية : سرعة ال | Removal of sulfur species from fuels is an increasingly critical environmental issue. Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) removes sulfur compounds, such as mercaptans and sulfides from hydrocarbons; however, some sulfur - containing compounds (such as diebenzothiophene) are very difficult to remove and need deep desulfurization processes.This work was applied to the desulfurized diesel fuel produced from the conventional HDS process for ultra - desulfurization. The used fuel types in this investigation were either real diesel fuel or simulated diesel fuel, where sulfur - containing compound ( dibenzothiophene DBT) converted to its corresponding sulfone by oxidation using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant and acetic acid as homogenous catalyst, and solvent extraction by using acetonitrile (ACN) or N - methyl - 2 - pyrrolidone (NMP) as extractants.Simulated diesel fuel according to British Petroleum 200B doped with dibenzothiophene (DBT) was prepared, the effect of stirring speed (150, 250, 350 and 450) rpm, temperature (30, 40, 45 and 50) ?C, oxidant/simulated diesel fuel ratio (0.5, 0.75,1 and 1.5) (v/v), catalyst/oxidant ratio (0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75) (v/v), solvent type, and solvent/simulated diesel fuel ratio (0.5, 0.6, 0.75 and 1) (v/v) were examined in order to obtain the maximum sulfur removal. The results of this work exhibit that the highest removal of sulfur 98.5% for N - methyl - 2 - pyrrolidone and 95.8% for acetonitrile were obtained under the conditions of operating in table below : Stirring Speed (rpm) 350 Temperature (?C) 50 Oxidant (hydrogen peroxide)/simulated diesel fuel ratio 1 Catalyst (acetic acid)/oxidant ratio 0.5 Solvent (ACN or NMP)/simulated diesel fuel ratio 1 Experiments with the above best conditions were carried out on Real diesel fuel obtained from Al - Dora refinery with 1000 ppm sulfur containing compounds. It was found that sulfur removal from real diesel fuel was 62.5% for acetonitrile and 75% for N - methyl - 2 - pyrrolidone.

استخلاص الزيوت العطرية من قشور الحمضيات باستعمال التقطير البخاري بمساعدة المايكرويف == Extraction of Essential Oils From Citrus By - Products Using Microwave Steam Distillation

Author name: سارة جبير صالح
Supervisor name: ابتهال كريم شاكر
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يهدف هذا البحث الى استخلاص الزيت العطري من ثلاثة انواع من قشور الحمضيات (البرتقال, الليمون, اللالنكي) بطريقتين : التقطير البخاري والتقطير البخاري بمساعدة المايكرويف.ودراسة تاثير عوامل الاستخلاص : (وزن القشور, وقت الاستخلاص,طاقة المايكرويف ونوع قشور الحمضي | The main objectives of this research is to extract essential oil from : orange( citrus sinensis), lemon( citrus limon) and mandarin( citrus reticulata) peels by two methods : steam distillation (SD) and microwave assisted steam distillation (MASD), study the effect of extraction conditions : weight of the sample( 398.56g, 281.8g, 116.76g), extraction time, microwave power( 135W, 265W, 445W) and citrus peel type( orange, lemon, mandarin) on oil yield and compare the results of the two methods, the resulting essential oil was analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC).Essential oils are highly concentrated substances used for their flavor and therapeutic or odoriferous properties, in a wide selection of products such as foods, medicines and cosmetics. Extraction of essential oil is one of the most time and effort consuming process. Microwave - assisted extraction is a green technique for the extraction of natural products. (MASD) was better than (SD) in terms of rapidity, energy saving and yield. (MASD) gave higher yield than (SD) with shorter extraction time, yield of orange oil extracted by (MASD) was (1.150%) in (35min.) compared to (1.095%) in (45min.) by (SD) process, same results obtained for lemon and mandarin. It was found that the optimal microwave power was (135W) and the yield was : (1.150%, 1.115%, 0.940%) for orange, lemon and mandarin respectively, (MASD) increased extraction temperature in short time and to a higher level compared to (SD).It was found that the optimal weight was (398.56g) and the yield in (SD) was : (1.095%) and MASD (1.091%) for orange oil, same results obtained for lemon and mandarin.The best citrus peel type which gave the highest yield was orange followed by lemon then mandarin in both processes.Limonene is the most abundant component in citrus essential oil, (GC) analysis showed that the amount of limonene increased in low microwave power with long extraction time for mandarin oil it was (84.3891% at 135W in 60min.), while for (SD) it was (83.0271% in 75min.) and decreased with increasing microwave power for orange oil it was (80.9661% at 265W in 35min.) while for (SD) it was (83.2189% in 45min.), (SD) was more convenient to give high amount of limonene because of the graduate temperature rise, while in microwave extraction exposure to low microwave power for long time would give complete recovery and better quality of essential oil.

تاثير الحماية من التاكل بواسطة الليزر على سبائك الالمنيوم == The Effect of Laser Surface Melting Corrosion Protection On Al Alloys

Author name: هبة خميس اسماعيل
Supervisor name: شذى احمد سامح
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يهدف هذا البحث الى دراسة تاثير المعاملة بالليزر على تاكل سبائك الالومنيوم (7075, 6061, 5083) المغمورة في محلول ملحي (كلوريد الصوديوم) بمختلف التراكيز. وقد تم اعداد عينات من سبائك الالومنيوم ذات ابعاد (2 ملم) سمك وقطر (25 ملم)، وكانت تجارب الاستقطاب في مح | The objectives of the present project are to generate uniform melted layers, free of large second phases to assess the corrosion resistance of the laser treated surface in comparison with the untreated alloy. So disc samples of (7075, 6061 and 5083) aluminum alloys of 2 mm thickness and 25 mm diameter, have been prepared. Polarization tests were carried out in (M lab potentiostat / galvanostat) (Germany) at 298K temperature and (1.5, 2.5 and 3.5) % wt of NaCl solution. The experiments were carried out before and after laser surface melting by (Nd : YAG, MED - 810) pulse laser, system (Q - Switched Nd : YAG 1064/532nm). Before laser surface melting the results showed that the value of the corrosion current density obviously increases with increasing the concentration of NaCl from 1.5% to 3.5%. As well as higher Cl - ions concentration more negative pitting potential (Epit) of aluminum alloys and decrease in the electrochemical stability of aluminum. The corrosion rate for the specimen 7075 is larger than that of 6061 and 5083 aluminum alloys under the same conditions. So it means that the specimens 6061 and 5083 have high resistance to corrosion in NaCl solution After laser surface melting the results showed that the surface of aluminum alloys became more homogenous and pure after treatment.It was found that the corrosion current density decreases after Laser Surface melting at about three orders than that of untreated samples, therefore, the value of the corrosion rate of laser - treated alloy is smaller than that of the untreated. As well as the pitting corrosion potential after Laser Surface melting obviously shifted to more positive direction for all aluminum alloys in different concentrations of the NaCl solution.

تثبيط تاكل الحديد الكاربوني الواطئ في حامض الكبريتيك باستعمال كحول البولي فينيل ومستخلص نبات PIPER LONGUM == Corrosion Inhibition of Low Carbon Steel In Sulfuric Acid By PVA And Piper Longum Extracts

Author name: اياد بهاء الدين احمد
Supervisor name: ماجد ابراهيم عبد الوهاب | ابرائيل سركيس يارو
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The inhibitive power of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) and the synergistic effects added on the inhibition power of PVA by two types of Piper Longum (PL) Ethanol Extracts (PLEXT) were investigated toward the corrosion of carbon steel in (0.2N) H2SO4 solution in the temperature range (30 - 60?C) and PVA concentration range (150 - 2000 PPM).The corrosion rate measurements were carried out using the following two standard corrosion measurements techniques.1. Weight loss technique was applied on carbon steel plates to evaluate inhibition efficiency in presence and absence of these inhibitors.2. Electrochemical Techniques were used to validate and support inhibition efficiencies found in weight loss techniques.A detailed study of the experimental methods and results is reported for each test conducted.The weight loss results showed that PVA could serve as a corrosion inhibitor but its inhibition power was found to be low for the corrosion of carbon steel in the acidic media.It was shown that the inhibition efficiency for (PVA) decreased with increasing temperature at a given PVA concentration. On the other hand it was shown that at given temperature the inhibition efficiency of (PVA) was increased with increasing of PVA concentration until a PVA concentration of 2000 ppm PVA was reached then only a slight decrease in inhibition efficiency was observed when increasing PVA concentration further.The Maximum inhibition efficiency reached was about 71 % at 30?C & 2000 ppm (PVA) concentration, calculated by the weight loss techniques.In order to improve the inhibition efficiency of PVA, by adding 6 ml/l of ethanol extracts of piper longum (PL) to a liter of the acid solution in presence of concentrations of PVA 150,500,1000.1500, and 2000 ppm at temperatures (30,40,50, and 60?C) was investigated.Weight loss results showed a jump in inhibition efficiency (% IE) value of the modified inhibitor mixture compared with the presence of PVA alone at all (PVA) concentrations for temperature range considered in this investigation.This study demonstrated the extra inhibition power added by the (PL) fruit extracts to the organic polymer (PVA) used. Maximum inhibition efficiencies recorded were approximately 95% for Piper Longum Extract Number two (PLEXT2) at 30?C and 2000 ppm PVA.The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters regarding the adsorption process of inhibitors used was calculated.It was found that the changes corrosion rates correlates well with the Arrhenius equation in absence and presence of inhibitors.The Results showed that the adsorption of the polymer and the plant extract follows Langmuir adsorption isotherms and the adsorption of the inhibitor molecules on the metal surface is mainly physical, nevertheless the adsorption is believed to be slightly deviated from the Langmuir model at 30?C.Electrochemical analysis of the corrosion process of carbon steel in an electrochemical corrosion cell was investigated using 3 - Electrode corrosion cell coupled with a potentiostat interfaced with a computer which assisted polarization data interception and interpretation.Polarization technique was used to obtain polarization data which was recorded for carbon steel in 0.2N H2SO4 solutions in presence and absence of the inhibitors investigated. Electrochemical runs were done in the (PVA) concentrations of 150, 1000, and 2000 PPM and a temperatures of 30, 40, 50, and 60?C.Tafel slopes, Corrosion currents, and corrosion rates were calculated from polarization curves by Tafel extrapolation method. Results showed corrosion rate trends similar to findings by the weight loss method. It was indicated also that the corrosion of carbon steel in 0.2N H2SO4 is highly activity controlled.Results revealed that the inhibition action is occurring at both anodic and cathodic sites on the metal surface so that both corrosion reactions were affected, so that the composite inhibitor could be considered as mixed - type inhibitor.Electrochemical results confirmed that (PLEXT2) was more efficient as inhibition improvement additive to (PVA) than (PLEXT1) at all experimental conditions range encountered in this study.The highest inhibition efficiency recorded using Tafel polarization method was 83% obtained at 30?C and 2000 ppm of PVA with 6 ml/l PLEXT2.

تحضير الكاربون المنشط من نوى التمر باستخدام كاربونات البوتاسيوم كعامل منشط في ازالة صبغة المثيلين الزرقاء == Preparation of Activated Carbon From Date Stones By K2Co3 Activation For Methylene Blue Dye Adsorption

Author name: اسماء فاضل عباس
Supervisor name: مثنى جبار احمد
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Present study deals with the preparation of activated carbon (AC) from date stones by K2CO3 activation via microwave heating and the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution by using such carbon as adsorbent. The influence of radiation time (4 - 12min), radiation power (540 - 700W) and impregnation ratio (0.5 - 2.5g/g) on the yield and MB uptake of such carbons were studied. Central composite design was used to determine the optimum preparation conditions and two quadratic models were developed to correlate the preparation variables for both responses.The optimum preparation conditions were reported as 8 min radiation time, 660 W radiation power and 1.5 g/g impregnation ratio resulting in 19.99% yield and 460.123 mg/g MB uptake. From the analysis of variance (ANOVA), it was found that the radiation time had the greatest effect on the yield while impregnation ratio had the greatest effect on MB uptake.The characteristics of AC were examined by pore structure analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The BET surface area and total pore volume were indentified to be 1144.25 m²/g and 0.656 m³/g, respectively. Batch adsorption study was adopted to determine the experimental adsorption isotherm data of different initial concentration of MB (50 - 450 mg/l). The equilibrium data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Sips isotherm models. The results showed that the experimental data were well fitted with sips isotherm with maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 484.7 mg/g. Pseudo - First order, Pseudo - Second order, and intraparticle diffusion models were used to analyze experimental kinetics data with high correlation coefficient for Pseudo - second - order model.

ازالة الكادميوم من المياه الملوثة بالترسيب الكهروكيمياوي باستخدام حزمة من الانابيب الفولاذية متحدة المركز == Removal of Cadmium From Wastewater By Electro - Deposition On Stainless Steel Concentric Tubes Bundle

Author name: انس بديوي سلمان
Supervisor name: عباس حميد سليمون | بسمة عباس عبد المجيد
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم دراسة انتقال الكتلة الخاص بايونات الكادميوم الثنائية الى سطح اسطوانة دوراة مصنوعة من مادة الفولاذ المقاوم للتاكل (كقطب كاثود) بواسطة قياس التيار المحدد لتفاعل اختزال ايونات الكادميوم الكاثودي في محلول كبريتات الصوديوم بتركيز مولار باستخدام خلية ثلاثية | 1 - Mass transfer of Cd+2 ions to a smooth stainless steel rotating cylinder electrode was studied by measuring the limiting current for the cathodic reduction of Cd+2 in 0.5 M sodium sulphate supporting electrolyte by three electrodes cell with stainless steel rotating cylinder electrode working in hydrodynamic voltammetry mode. The studied parameters were electrolyte pH (4, 5, 6 and 7), initial Cd+2 concentrations (50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm) and rotation rates (100, 150, 200 and 250 rpm). Cadmium ions' reduction potential for mass transfer control conditions was found to be - 0.13 V. Diffusion coefficient was determined and correlated with the bulk concentration of Cd+2 in sodium sulphate solution. The increase in pH was found to enhance the mass transfer coefficient and this effect diminishes nearly at pH=7, and the experimental data were well fitted by an empirical dimensionless correlation among the Sherwood number, Reynolds number and Schmidt number. The obtained correlation was : Sh=0.047 ?Re?^0.769 ?Sc?^0.356 For (8015.519 < Re < 20587.07) Reduction potential obtained via the voltammograms constructed by the rotating cylinder cell was applied for the two pilot scale units in order to keep the process under mass transfer control conditions. Parameters studied in these units are : initial cadmium concentration, pH, and electrolyte flow rate. The first pilot scale unit was an electrochemical reactor with smooth stainless steel concentric tubes, and the second one was an electrochemical reactor with stainless steel mesh concentric cylinders.2 - For the stainless steel smooth concentric tubes cathode, mass transfer coefficient was calculated and correlated with initial concentration.Effect of pH on mass transfer coefficient was studied and correlated, and it was found that the effect of pH was found to be completely negligible at pH=7.On the other hand, effect of flow rate on mass transfer coefficient was studied and correlated. Performance of the reactor was analyzed by introducing figures of merit for fractional conversion, specific energy consumption, space time yield and normalizes space velocity. The experimental data were correlated in a dimensionless expression as flows : Sh=0.804?Re?^0.632 ?Sc?^(1/3) For 254 < Re < 1018.3 - For the stainless steel mesh concentric cylinders was adjusted to work under mass transfer control conditions by applying the reduction potential obtained in hydrodynamic voltammetry experiments.Effect of initial cadmium concentration, pH and solution flow rate was studied and analyzed. Mass transfer coefficient was correlated with these studied parameters.Similar to smooth cathode, the mesh cathode showed a negligible response to pH at pH=7.Noticeable enhancement in mass transfer coefficient was investigated by the action of flow rate, and the mass transfer coefficient was correlated with the solution flow rate.The mesh cathode showed a higher conversion than that adopted by the smooth cathode, and showed lower cumulative current efficiency than that of smooth cathode.Mesh cathode showed specific energy consumption, space time yield and normalized space velocity higher than that for the smooth cathode.Experimental data for the mesh reactor were correlated in a dimensionless relation as follows : Sh=1.898?Re?^0.514 ?Sc?^(1/3) For 235 < Re < 943 Cadmium ions reduction reaction was found to follow a first order reaction with respect to Cd+2 concentration, and reaction rate constant was predicted under different operating conditions.

التكسير الحراري والحفازي لمخلفات البولي اثيلين البلاستيكية في مفاعل شبه دفعوي == Thermal And Catalytic Pyrolysis Of Polyethylene Plastic Waste In Semi Batch Reactor

Author name: فهمي ابو القاسم محمد
Supervisor name: عمار صالح عباس
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

تاثير تصميم موزع الغاز على هيدروديناميكيات ومعامل انتقال الماده في العمود الفقاعي الثلاثي الاطوار == Effect Of Distributor Design On Hydrodynamics And Mass Transfer Coefficient Of Slurry Bubble Column

Author name: هبة علاء عبد الكريم
Supervisor name: صبا عدنان غني | رافع جمال يعقوب
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:

دراسة في فصل الاوكسجين من الهواء بطريقة الامتزاز بتغير الضغط (PSA) == A Study Of Oxygen Separation From Air By Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)

Author name: هبة سعدي ايوب
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:

استخلاص خام فوسفات عكاشات العراقية بالحوامض العضوية واللاعضوية == Leaching Of Iraqi Akashat Phosphate Ore By Organic And Nonorganic Acids

Author name: محمد يعقوب عيسى
Supervisor name: سيسيليا خوشابا هاويل | بسمة عباس عبد المجيد
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

اختزال مركبات الكبريت من المقاطع النفطية باستخدام تقنية الاكسدة والامتزاز == Reduction Of Sulfur Compounds From Petroleum Fractions Using Oxidation Adsorption Technique

Author name: بان جابر ابراهيم
Supervisor name: NADA SADOON AHMEDZEKI
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

دراسة ريولوجية تركيبية لمحاليل كاربوكسي مثل سليلوز == Structure Rheology Of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) Solutions

Author name: مصطفى جعفر نايف
Supervisor name: طالب بهجت عمر
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
Full text from the source: https://nahrainuniv.edu.iq/sites/default/files/Thesis_64.pdf
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

تعزيز انتقال الحرارة باستخدام مسبباب شدة الاضطراب == Enhancement Of Heat Transfer Using Turbulence Promoters

Author name: عباس نوار زناد
Supervisor name: قاسم جبار محمد سليمان
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
Full text from the source: https://nahrainuniv.edu.iq/sites/default/files/Thesis_65.pdf
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

نمذجة ومحاكاة المفاعل المهذب الثانوي الصناعي الشركة العامة لاسمدة المنطقة الجنوبية بالبصرة == Modeling And Simulation Of An Industrial Secondary Reformer Reactor (State Company Of Fertilizers South Region In Basrah)

Author name: علي عاشور الجاسمي الظفيري
Supervisor name: علاء عبد الرزاق جاسم | عباس زكي الاسدي
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:

التنبؤ بالمعامل الاجمالي لانتقال الكتلة في استخلاص سائل- سائل للابراج الرذاذة باستعمال الشبكات العصبية الاصطناعية == Prediction Of Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient In Liquid - Liquid Spray Tower Extraction Using Artificial Neural Networks

Author name: مروة سامي نعيم
Supervisor name: مصطفى محمد رضا الفائز
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:

التنبؤ بالتيار المطلوب لمنظومة الحماية الكاثودية باستخدام الشبكات العصبية الصناعية == Prediction Of Current Required For Cathodic Protection System By Artificial Neural Network

Author name: سمر محمد محسن
Supervisor name: Nawal J. Hamadi | Mustafa M. Ridha
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:

كسر الاستحلاب في الماء الحاوي على النفط == Deemulsification Of Oily Water

Author name: هبة خضير عباس
Supervisor name: Rafi R. Muhammad
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:
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