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دراسة طيفيه وضوئيه للرايبوفلافين == SPECTROSCOPIC AND PHOTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF RIBOFLAVIN

Author name: سرى ماجد عطوان
Supervisor name: شهباز احمد مكي | عماد عبد الحسين يوسف
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: This work involved the use of UV - VIS spectrophotometric and spectrofluorometer to study the photoproperties and the determination of riboflavin in the vitamin synthetic standards either directly from the riboflavin present in standard solution samples or indirectly by conversion of riboflavin to its photoderivatives.Standard solutions of riboflavin were prepared at different pH ranged from (2 - 10) to get the pH at which maximum absorbance occurs. Riboflavin showed a maximum absorbance at 445 nm at pH7 after scanning in visible region. Thus this wavelength and pH were used to determine the riboflavin concentration in different standard solution samples by spectrophotometric method. The recovery of this method was found to be 98.68% with relative error of 1.31%.Scanning of the emission spectra of riboflavin by spectrofluorometer showed (445 nm as excitation wavelength) a maximum emission at 520 nm, this wavelength was chosen for the determination of riboflavin at different standard solution, the recovery of this method was found to be 99.68% with relative error of 0.63%.Indirect determination of riboflavin was carried out after the conversion of riboflavin to its photoderivatives by irradiating the vitamin solution with UV light. Different standard solutions of riboflavin with the same concentration were prepared at different pH range from (2 - 10) to get the suitable pH at which lumiflvine and lumichrome formed, pH9 showed the disappearance of the 445 nm peak and the shift of 373 nm to 359 nm, which is indicative for the formation of lumiflavine. pH4 showed thedisappearance of the 445 nm peak and the shift of 373 nm to 353 nm, which is indicative for the formation of lumichrome. Both lumiflavine and lumichrome were the main photoderivatives in basic and in acidic media respectively. The percentage of the degradation of each photoderivative was determined. The produced lumiflavine showed a maximum absorbance at 359 nm and a maximum emission at 465 nm. pH9 and a wavelength 359 nm and 465 nm were used to determine the concentration of riboflavin spectrophotometricaly and spectrofluorometricaly. The recovery of the spectrophotometric method was 95.99% with a relative error of 4%, the recovery of spectrofluorometric method was 96.42% with a relative error of 3.57%. pH4 and both wavelengths (353 nm,422 nm) were used to determine the concentration of riboflavin spectrophotometricaly and spectrofluorometricaly. The recovery of the spectrophotometric method was 95.18 % with relative errors of 4.826%, and the recovery of spectrofluorometric method was 95.75% with relative a error of 4.25%. Spectrofluorometric method showed a better recovery with a less error than the spectrophotometric method.During the study of the photochemical properties of riboflavin, it was found that the degradation is first order reaction. The specific rate constant (kd) at room temperature, was evaluated by monitoring the spectral changes during irradiation process.The quantum yield of the photodecomposition process is generally low and is greatly affected by the pH. The quantum yield of photodecomposition increases as the pH increase from 2 - 7 then begin to decrease as the pH increase from 8 - 10.

تقدير كمية العناصر الناتجة من الاحتكاك الداخلي للمحرك في الزيوت المستخدمة == DETERMINATION OF TRACE ELEMENT THAT RESULT FROM INTERNAL FRICTION OF THE ENGINE IN USED LUBRICATING OIL

Author name: سلوان بهنام عبو حنا
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يتضمن هذا البحث طرائق طيفية لتقدير العناصر (Fe, Cu, Pb, Al) في زيوت فوكس التجارية والناتجة عن الاحتكاك الداخلي اثناء استخدمها لقطع مسافات مختلفة وبشكل متتالي من خلال محرك سيارة كولف. تم اخذ نماذج للفحص بعد ان استخدم الزيت بواسطة المحرك لقطع المسافات التالية 0 ,500 , 3000,2500,2000,1500,1000كم وبشكل متتالي. وقد تضمن الفصل الاول من هذه الرسالة بعض الحقائق والمفاهيم عن زيوت المحركات ومواصفاتها والمواد المضافة لها وخواصها الفيزيائية والكيميائية وتم التطرق الى بعض البحوث المنجزة بهذا الصدد وبمختلف التقنيات .الفصل الثاني تضمن وصف للنماذج الماخوذة من زيت المحرك والاجهزة والمواد التي استخدمت في هذه الدراسة وكما تم التطرق الى الطرق التحليلية التي اتبعت لقياس كمية العناصر التي نتجت عن الاحتكاك الداخلي للمحرك. اما النتائج فقد تم مناقشتها بالفصل الثالث حيث تم تقدير كمية المعادن(Fe, Cu, Pb, Al) والتي نتجت من الاحتكاك الداخلي للمحرك في الزيت بعد ان استخدم لقطع مسافات مختلفة وبشكل متتالي. تم فصل العناصر انفة الذكر عن الزيوت من خلال معاملتها مع حامض الهايدروكلوريك. ان تقنية المطيافية الذرية للامتصاص اللهبي( ( FAASقد استخدمت لتقدير كل من Fe, Cu, Pb)) بشكل مباشر اما تقنية الامتصاص الطيفي الجزيئي UV - vis spectrophotometer فقد تم بواسطتها تقدير كل من العناصر السابقه بالاضافة الى الالمنيوم بطريقه طيفية جزيئية وقد تطلب ذلك فصل العناصر السابقة عن بعضها حيث تم فصل الحديد الثلاثي بواسطة الداي اثيل ايثر. النحاس والرصاص تم فصلهما بواسطة محلول الدايثايزون حيث ان النحاس الثنائي يكون معقد بنفسجي اللون الذي ينفصل بشكل تام عن الطبقة المائية عند pH : 3 اما الرصاص الثنائي فيكون معقد احمر اللون الذي ينفصل بشكل تام عن الطبقة المائية pH : 8.5 . الالمنيوم تم تقديره لونينا مع كاشف الالومينون الذي يكون معقد احمر عند pH4.25 . من خلال تقدير كمية العناصر انفة الذكر تم تشخيص الاماكن التي يحدث بها الاحتكاك بالاعتماد على دراسة مسبقة (18).لقد وجد ان تركيز الحديد قد ازداد من1.47الى 136.470 ppm في العينة A (التشغيل الاول) بينما تغير تركيزه من 1.420 الى 155.397 ppm في النموذج B خلال التشغيل من (0 - 3000 ) .Km كما لوحظ ان تركيزا لنحاس قد ازداد من 0.715الى 15.164 ppm في العينة A (التشغيل الاول) بينما تغير تركيزه من 0.743الى 19.469 ppm في النموذج B خلال التشغيل من (0 - 3000 ).Km كما ان التغير بتركيز الالمنيوم كان من0 الى 8.071 ppm في العينة A (التشغيل الاول) بينما تغير تركيزه من 0 الى 12.229 ppm في النموذج B خلال التشغيل من (0 - 3000 ).Km ل وقد وجد ان تركيز الرصاص قد ازداد من0.691الى 100.880 ppm في العينة A (التشغيل الاول) بينما تغير تركيزه من 0.895 الى 116ز581 ppm في النموذج B خلال التشغيل من (0 - 3000 )Km.اخيرا فقد لوحظ ان الزيادة بتركيز العناصر يتناسب بشكل طردي مع زيادة مسافات التشغيل. كما ان الاحتكاك بين اجزاء المحرك هو المسئول عن الزيادة بتركيز الحديد والنحاس والالمنيوم بينما الزيادة بتركيز الرصاص قد تكون ناتجة عن رابع اثيلات الرصاص(مظافات الوقود). | Spectrochemical methodswas employed for determination of wear metals (Fe, Cu, Pb and Al) that result from the internal friction between engine's component after using for a different distances in commercial fuchs lubricating oil. The samples were collected from the engine after running for 0 till 3000Km. Definitions of lubricating oils, oil additives, their physical and chemical properties of the lubricating oil and oil analyses were illustrated in chapter one in addition to some literature that concerning the determination of metal content in lubricating oil.The second chapter is concerning with the experimental part which included the kind of oil samples that analyzed in this work. The instruments and material as well as the analytical methods that employed for this task. Result and discussion are presented in chapter three. The wear metal were determined after digestion of the oil sample with HCl solution. FAAS techniques was employed to determined the extracted metal ions (Fe, Cu and Pb) directly, while UV - vis spectrophotometer was employed for determination of the extracted metal ions after separation of Fe+3 with diethyl ether. The violet complex of Cu+2 with dithizone was separated quantitatively at pH=3, while the red complex of lead with dithizone was separated at pH=8.5. finally Al+3 was treated with aluminon reagent at pH=4.25 and determined at 520nm. The concentration of iron were increased from 1.47 to 136.470 ppm in sample A (first run), while the concentration of iron in sample B (second run) were increased from 1.420 to 155.397 ppm during operation from 0 to 3000Km. The concentration of copper were ringed from 0.715 to 15.164 ppm in sample A (first run), while copper concentration in sample B (second run) were ringed from 0.743 to 19.469 ppm during operation from 0 to 3000Km. The concentration of aluminum were ringed from 0 to 8.071 ppm in sample A (first run), while the concentration of aluminum in sample B (second run) were increased from 0 to 12.229 ppm during operation from 0 to 3000Km. The concentration of lead were increased from 0.691 to 100.88 ppm in sample A (first run), while the concentration of lead in sample B (second run) were increased from 0.895 to 116.581 ppm during operation from 0 to 3000Km.The concentration of wear metals were found to increase directly with an increase of operating distance. The friction between engine's components was responsible for the increase of metal concentration especially Fe, Al and Cu. The tetraethyl lead may be responsible for high concentration of lead in the collected used oil samples.

تحضير مركبات حلقية غير متجانسة جديدة مشتقة من حامض فنيل اسيتك اسيد, ودراسة الفعالية البايولوجية لبعض تلك المركبات == Synthesis and Biological activity of Five and Six Membered Heterocyclic Deterivatives

Author name: سحر بلكت حسين
Supervisor name: ابتسام خليفة جاسم
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يتضمن موضوع البحث تحضير مركبات حلقيه خماسيه وسداسيه غير متجانسة متنوعة ابتداء من هايدرازايد الحامض (فنيل استيل هايدرازايد) والتي حضرت باستعمال حوامضها الكاربوكسيليه المقابله لها.لقد تم تقسيم هذا العمل على اربعة اجزاء : الجزء الاول : - يتضمن هذا الجزء تحضير مركبات الفثالازين - 8,3 - دايون(7) ٬ البريدازين - 6,3 - دايون (6)٬ بايرازول (4و5) ثايودايازول (8) من هايدرازايد الحامض [3]وللحصول على هذه المشتقات اتبعت الخطوات الموضحة في المخطط ٬ كما موضح بالمخطط I.الجزء الثاني : - يتضمن هذا الجزء تحضير مركبات اوكسازول(11) وثايزول(12) معوضة النتروجين بوساطة التفاعل بين اثيل فنيل استيت مع كل من اليوريا والثايويوريا حيث تتم عملية الغلق الحلقي للنواتج الحاصلة باستعمال بارا - فنيل فيناسيل برومايد. وللحصول على هذه المشتقات اتبعت الخطوات الموضحة في المخطط ٬ كما موضح بالمخطط II.الجزء الثالث : - يتضمن هذا الجزء تحضيرثايوسيميكاربزايد(20)٬ سيميكاربزايد(13)٬ 4,2,1 - ترايازول (15،21)٬ 3,2,1 - اوكسادايزول(18،19،23)٬ ثايوزولين (16)٬ اوكسازولين(22) معوضة النتروجين واوكسابايريدازين - 6 - اون (17) المشتقه من فنيل استيل هايدرازايد [3] ٬ كما موضح بالمخطط II : الجزء الرابع : - يتضمن اختبار الفعالية البايولوجية لبعض المركبات المحضرة ضد اربع انواع من البكتيريا, كما موضح في الجدول(1 - 4). | This work involves synthesis of different five and six member heterocyclic rings starting from phenyl acetic acid. This work is divided into four different parts : First part : This part involved the synthesis of phthalazin - 3,8 - dione [7] and pyridazin - 3,6 - dione [6], pyrazole [4,5] and thiadiazole[8] derivative derived from phenyl acetyl hydrazide[3] . as shown in scheme I.Second part : This part involved the synthesis of .oxazole [10]and thiazole[12] derivatives via the reaction of ethyl phenyl acetate with urea and thiourea and cyclization of the resulted products with p - phenyl phenacyl bromide,as shown in scheme II. Third part : This part involved the synthesis of thiosemicarbazide [13], semicarbazide [20], 1,3,4 - Oxadiazole [23,18,19], Thiazolidine [16], N - substituted - ∆4 - Oxazoline [22], Oxapyridazine - 6 - one [17] and 1,2,4 - triazole [15,21], 1,3,4 - thiadiazole [14] derivatives derived from phenyl acetyl hydrazide [3], as shown in scheme III. Fourth part : This part deals with the study of antibacterial activities of some of the synthesized compounds. These activities were determined in vitro using disc diffusion method against four pathogenic strains of bacteria {Pseudomonas aeuroginosa and Staphylococcus aureus}, as shown in table (4 - 1).

تحضير بعض المركبات الحلقية الغير متجانسة المشتقة من حامض الاوكزاليك وتقييم الفعالية البايولوجية لبعضها == Synthesis of some Heterocyclic Compounds derived from oxalic acid and evaluation The Biological activity for some of them

Author name: عبد الله حاتم محمد احمد
Supervisor name: ابتسام خليفة جاسم
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يتضمن موضوع البحث في هذه الرسالة تحضير مركبات حلقية خماسية وسداسية وسباعية غير متجانسة متنوعة ابتداء من حامض الاوكزاليك. وقد تم تقسيم هذا العمل الى اربعة اقسام : - القسـم الاول يتضمن هذا القسم تحضير مركبات الفثالازين - 8,3 - دايون٬ البريدازين - 6,3 - دايون٬ البايرازول٬البايرزولون والترايازول من هايدرازيد حامض الاوكزاليك . وللحصول على هذه المركبات اتبعت الخطوات الموضحة في المخطط رقم واحد. القسـم الثاني يتضمن هذا القسم تحضير مركبات اوكسازولين و4,2,1 - ترايازول معوضة النتروجين والثايدايزول والثايزولدين بوساطة التفاعل بين هايدرازيد حامض الاوكزاليك مع فنيل ايزو سيانيد وفنيل ايزوثايو سيانيد حيث تتم عملية الغلق الحلقي للنواتج الحاصلة باستعمال بارافنيل فيناسيل برومايد و2 - نورمالي من هيدروكسيد الصوديوم وحامض الكبريتيك. وللحصول على هذه المركبات اتبعت الخطوات الموضحة في المخطط رقم اثنين . القسـم الثالث يتضمن هذا القسم تحضير مركبات 4,3,1 - اوكسادايزول والاوكسازبين من هايدرازيد حامض الاوكزاليك. وللحصول على هذه المركبات اتبعت الخطوات الموضحة في المخطط رقم ثلاثه.القسـم الرابع يتضمن هذا القسم اختبار الفعالية البايولوجية لبعض المركبات المحضرة ضد نوعين من البكتيريا وقد دلت النتائج المستحصلة بان بعض المركبات اظهرت فعالية بايولوجية كما هو عليه في الجدول (3 - 4) . | This work involves synthesis of different five and six membered heterocyclic rings starting from oxalic acid and divided into four different parts and the reaction steps for each part are summarized as shown below.First part : This part involved the synthesis of pyridazin ,phthalazin, pyrazole ,pyrazolone and triazole derived from oxalic acid hydrazide .Scheme (I).Second part : This part involved the synthesis of thiazolidine,triazole,thiadiazole,and ∆4 - oxazoline derivatives via the cyclization of substituted semicarbazide and substituted thiosemicarbazide with p - phenylphenacyl bromide ,2N NaOH and sulfuric acid respectively. The substituted semicarbazide and substituted thiosemicarbazide were synthesized through the reaction of oxalic acid hydrazide with phenyl isocyanate and phenyl isothiocyanate .(SchemeII).Third part : This part involved the synthesis of 1,3,4 - oxadiazole and oxazepine derivatives from oxalic acid hydrazide. (Scheme III). Fourth part : This part deals with the evaluation of antibacterial activities of some of the synthesized compounds and comparing these activities with that of the starting materials. These activities were determined in vitro using disc diffusion method against two pathogenic strains of bacteria (Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus aureus), the results revealed that some of these compounds showed measurable activity.

تحضير ودراسة الفعالية البايولوجية لمشتقات جديدة4,2,1 - ترايازول,4,3,1 - اوكسادايازول,4,3,1 - ثايادايازوليدين و4 - اوكزو - ثايازوليدين == Synthesis and Biological activity of New 1,2,4 - Triazole,1,3,4 - Oxadiazole,1,3,4 - Thiadiazolidine and 4 - oxo - thiazolidin derivatives

Author name: نسرين قيس عبود القيسي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يتضمن موضوع الرسالة تحضير مركبات خماسية الحلقة غير متجانسة من بارا كلوروبنزوك هايدرازايد والذي تم تحضيره من حامض الباراكلورو بنزوك.لقد تم تقسيم هذا العمل الى ثلاث اجزاء : الجزء الاول : يتضمن تحضير ثلاث مركبات ملتحمة جديدة ومركبين جديدين من قواعد شيف مشتقة من3 - مركبتو - 4 - امينو - 5 - (باراكلورو فنل) - 4,2,1 - ترايازول [3] حيث حضر المركب]3[ من باراكلورو بنزوك هايدرازايد[2].2 - امينو - 5 - باراكلوروفنل - 4,3,1 - ثايادايازول]7[ حضرمن حامض البارا كلورو بنزوك. خطوات التفاعل موضحة في المخطط(1)الجزء الثاني : يتضمن تحضير مركبات حلقية خماسية غير متجانسة وهي : اوكسادايازول,ترايازول والثايازوليدين والتي اشتقت من تفاعل المادة الاساس ]2[. وخطوات التفاعل موضحة في المخطط (2)الجزء الثالث : يتضمن قياس الفعالية البايولوجية لبعض المركبات المحضرة ضد نوعين من البكتريا((G +,((G - ومقارنة هذه النتائج مع المادة الاساس.دلت النتائج المستحصلة بان المركبات ]5a,6,8,10[ اضهرت فعالية وكما موضح في الجدول ]3 - 1[ | The scheme of this work involves synthesis of different five memberd hetrocyclic rings from ρ - chlorobenzoic hydrazide which was synthesized from it's carboxylic acid.This work is divided into three parts : First part : Involved synthesizing three new fused rings and two new Schiff bases derived from the 3 - mercapto - 4 - amino - 5 - (ρ - chlorophenyl) - 1,2,4 - triazole[3], which was synthesized from it 's ρ - chloro benzoic hydrazide [2].2 - Amino - 5 - (ρ - chlorophenyl) - 1,3,4 - thiadiazole[7] was synthesized from the ρ - chloro benzoic acid. The following reaction steps is shown in scheme (I)Second part : Involved synthesizing derivatives of : oxadiazole, triazole and thiazolidinone from the starting material [2] as shown in scheme (II).Third part : Study the antibacterial effect of some of the synthesized compounds and comparing their activities with the starting material. These activities were determined in vitro using disc diffusion method against two pathogenic strains of bacterial Staphylococcus Aureus (G+) and Escherichia coli (G - ).The result revealed that compounds

تحضير وتشخيص معقدات عناصر انتقاليه لقواعد شيف ونتريدات مشتقه من سايكلوهكسيل امين والديهايد اروماتية == Preparation and characterization of transition metal complexes of schiff base and nitrides derived from cyclohexyl amine and aromatic aldehyde

Author name: رشا عرفي حميد
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم في هذا البحث تحضير قاعدة شيف الجديده,بارار - هيدروكسي بينزلدين فنيل امين(BSSC) والتي تمتلك حلقة السايكلوهيكسيل المشبعة وحلقة الفتيل الاروماتيه.تم مفاعلتها مع عدد من ايونات العناصر الانتقاليه,والتي شملت : (V+4 , Cr+3 , Fe+2 , Co+2 , Ni+2 , Cu+2 , Zn+2 , Cd+2 , Hg+2 and Pd+2)تم تشخيص (BSSC) عن طريق اطيافية الاشعة تحت الحمراء (IR - FT) بينما شخصت معقدات القاعدة عن طريق الاطياف الالكترونيه (الاشعة فوق البنفسجية المرئية) والاطياف الاهتزازيه (IR - FT) وكذلك عن طريق تحليل العناصر بتقنيه الامتصاص الذري اللهبي اضافه الى قياسات توصيلية الكهربائية والحساسية المغناطيسية . اظهرت نتائج القياسات كون المعقدات الملونه المحضره تمتلك الصيغ الاتيه : 1 - [M L2 (X) (M)].SX=M=zero S=Zero when M= Vo(II) X=Cl,M=H2O S= Zero when M= Cr(III) X=M=H2O S=2H2O when M=Fe(II)X=NO3 ,M=H2O S=Zero when M= Co(II) X=M=H2O S=Zero when M=Ni(II)X=M=H2O S=Zero when M=Cu(II) X=M=Zero S=2Cl when M= Zn(II)X=M=Zero S=2Cl.C2H5OH when M= Cd(II) X=M=Zero S= 2Cl.C2H5OH when M= Hg(II) X=M=Zero S=2Cl when M= Pd(II) كانت نتائج دراسة الاطياف الاهتزازية والالكترونيه وكذلك قياسات التوصيليه الكهربائيه ذات فائدة كبيرة في توضيح الصيغ التركيبية للمعقدات المحضرة, والتي كانت اما ثمانية السطوح او ذات شكل مربع مستوي ( لعنصر2+Pd ) (Vo+2 , Cr+3 , Cu+2 , Co+2 , Ni+2 , Fe+2) او رباعية السطوح العناصر | A new schiff base contaning cyclohexyl moiety and phenyl group i.e. p - hydroxy benzyliden phenyl imine (CSSB), have been prepared, and was reacted with a number of transition metal ions, which include : (V+4 , Cr+3 , Fe+2 , Co+2 , Ni+2 , Cu+2 , Zn+2 , Cd+2 , Hg+2 and Pd+2)CSSB was characterized by it’s FT - IR spectrum, while it’s complexes were characterized by their electronic (uv - vis) spectra and vibrational (FT - IR) spectra, metal analysis (using atomic absorption technique), conductivity and magnetic susciptibility measurments.The new colored complexes show to have the following general formula1 - [M L2 (X) (M)].SX=M=zero S=Zero when M= Vo(II) X=Cl,M=H2O S= Zero when M= Cr(III) X=M=H2O S=2H2O when M=Fe(II)X=NO3 ,M=H2O S=Zero when M= Co(II) X=M=H2O S=Zero when M=Ni(II)X=M=H2O S=Zero when M=Cu(II) X=M=Zero S=2Cl when M= Zn(II)X=M=Zero S=2Cl.C2H5OH when M= Cd(II) X=M=Zero S= 2Cl.C2H5OH when M= Hg(II) X=M=Zero S=2Cl when M= Pd(II) The vibrational and elucidation electronic spectral studies and conductivity measurment were very useful in the illusidation of the structural formula of the prepared complexes, which were either octahedral (Vo+2 , Cr+3 , Cu+2 , Co+2 , Ni+2 , Fe+2), square planar (for Pd+2) or tetrahedral (for Zn+2 , Cd+2 , Hg+2).

تحضير عدد من مشتقات البريميدينات ودراسة فعاليتها البايلوجية == SYNTHESIS OF SOME PYRIMIDINE DERIVATIVES AND STUDY THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Author name: ايناس عبد الكريم حازم
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Physical Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تضمن هذا البحث تحضير عدد من مركبات (مشتقات البريميدينات) من تفاعل ثايوبريميدين مع مركبات مختلفة منها الهيدرازين المائي ومشتقاته, الامينات, ومع اثيل اسيتو اسيتيت وكانت المركبات المحضرة.1) 6 - methyl - 4 - oxo - 1,2,3,4 - tetrahydro - 2 - thiopyrimidine.2) 2 - hydrazino - 6 - methylpyrimidine - 4 - (3H) one.3)6 - methyl - 2 - (3 - methyl - 5 - oxo - 4,5 - dihyro - 1 - H - pyrazol - 1 - yl - pyrimidine - 4 - (H) one.4) 2 - phenylhydrazino - 6 - methylpyrimidine - 4 - (3H) one.5) 2 - (2,4) - dinitrophenylhydrazino - 6 - methylpyrimidine - 4 - (3H) one.6) 2 - diphenylamine - 6 - methylpyrimidine - 4 - (3H) one.7) 2 - (diphenylamine)amino - 6 - methylpyrimidine - 4 - (3H) one. بالاضافة الى تحضير ثلاث مركبات تعتبر من قواعد شف التي حضرت من تفاعل (pyrimidine derivative) مع الديهايدات حلقية كما في المركبات : 8) 4 - (4 - N,N - dimethylamine benzylidene) - 6 - amino - 1,3 - dimethyl uracil.9) 4(4 - hydroxy benzylidene( - 6 - amino - 1,3 - dimethyl uracil.10)2 - (4 - N,N - dimethylaminobenzylidene)hydrazine - 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - (3H) one. تم تشخيص المركبات المحضرة بواسطة الطريقة الطيفية (طيف الاشعة تحت الحمراء F.T.IR) وتم قياس درجة الانصهار لهذه المركبات المحضرة. ولبيان الفعالية البايلوجية للمركبات المحضرة اجري اختبار على نوعين من البكتريا وهي1) Staphylococcus aureus.2) Escherichia coli.استخدمت طريقة الانتشار حول القرص على الاطباق وسط الاكار, اجريت عمليات تنمية وتكاثر البكتريا في درجة حرارة معينة واعطت هذه الاختبارات نتائج اولية جيدة ومشجعة للعمل المستقبل | The current study involves the preparation of pyrimidine derivatives from reaction of thiopyrimidine with different compounds of hydrazine hydrate derivatives, amines and with ethylaceto acetate as in compounds : 1) 6 - methyl - 4 - oxo - 1,2,3,4 - tetrahydro - 2 - thiopyrimidine.2) 2 - hydrazino - 6 - methylpyrimidine - 4 - (3H) one.3)6 - methyl - 2 - (3 - methyl - 5 - oxo - 4,5 - dihyro - 1 - H - pyrazol - 1 - yl) - pyrimidine - 4 - (H) one.4) 2 - phenylhydrazino - 6 - methylpyrimidine - 4 - (3H) one.5) 2 - (2,4) - dinitrophenylhydrazino - 6 - methylpyrimidine - 4 - (3H) one.6) 2 - diphenylamine - 6 - methylpyrimidine - 4 - (3H) one.7) 2 - (diphenylamine) amino - 6 - methylpyrimidine - 4 - (3H) one.And preparation of three compounds considered as Schiff bases that were prepared from reaction of pyrimidine derivatives with aromatic aldehydes as in the compounds : 8) 6 - (4 - N,N - dimethylamine benzylidene) - 6 - amino - 1,3 - dimethyl uracil.9) 6 - (4 - hydroxy benzylidene) - 6 - amino - 1,3 - dimethyl uracil.10)2 - (4 - N,N - dimethylaminobenzylidene)hydrazine - 6 - methyl - pyrimidine - 4 - (3H) one. The identification of the prepared compounds was done using spectroscopy (F.T.IR) and melting points for these compounds were determined. Antibacterial activity of the prepared compounds was done by using disc diffusion method on nutrient agar plate using two types of bacteria strains.1) Staphylococcus aureus.2) Escherichia coli. Bacterial growth was carried out at (37oC), some of the prepared compounds show high ability to inhibit the growth of above mentioned bacteria.

تشخيص طيفي لاملاح بعض العناصر الانتقالية في منصهرات الاملاح بدرجة حرارة الغرفة == ULTRAVIOLET VISIBLE INVESTIGATION OF SOME TRANSITION METAL COMPOUNDS IN ROOM TEMPERATURE IONIC LIQUIDS MOLTEN SALTS

Author name: مريم علي سعيد البياتي
Supervisor name: هادي محمد علي عبود
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Investigation of some transition metal complexes were carried out at room temperature in the new clan of room temperature ionic liquids of choline chloride based composition. The Ultraviolet Visible Spectroscopic spectra of Cr3+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+ and Cu2+indicated a complexes formation between the metal ions and the entities of these types of RTILs solvents namely choline chloride/ urea and choline chloride/ malonic acid which have freezing point at 12oC and 0oC respectively.The complexes in choline chloride/ urea were found to be of Octahedral geometry for Cr3+, Ni2+ and Cu2+, and Tetrahedral geometry for Fe3+, Co2+ metal ions. Their spectra were found to be assigned to normal transition state of corresponding dn configuration in both geometries of Octahedral and Tetrahedral.Substitution of solvent coordinated to these metals by added nitrate ions were observed, suggested a weak bonding between solvent molecules and transition metal cations, although they showed some geometrical coordination of corresponding metal cations. All complexes were found to reach final state of coordination at 72 hours, except Co2+ complexes when they showed instability when they were left at room temperature for 40 days.In choline chloride/ malonic acid the geometrical coordination of Ni2+ and Cu2+ showed tetrahedral geometry rather than octahedral geometry in this RTIL, while the other cations have similar coordination geometry.CFT splitting value (10Dq) have been determined for most of new formed complexes using appropriate dn Orgel and Tanabe - Sugano diagrams, and Jorgenson rule was used to asset the suggestion of the type of ligands coordinated to transition metal cations. The nature of the bonding between the metal ions and the donor ligands were demonstrated through the Jorgenson rule and calculation of Racah parameters B̀ were obtained form appropriate dn Tanabe - Sugano diagrams together with the qualitative assistance of Orgel diagrams.

تصنيع ودراسة اقطاب انتقائية جديدة لتقدير كل من البروميثازين هيدروكلورايد والانديوم الثلاثي == Construction and Study of New Ion Selective Electrodes for the Determination Promethazine Hydrochloride and Indium (III

Author name: زينب واثق احمد
Supervisor name: خالدة حميد محمد السعيدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

تحضير، تشخيص ودراسة الفعالية البايولوجية لبعض مشتقات الحلقات الخماسية والملتحمة غير المتجانسة == SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY FOR SOME FIVE MEMBERED AND FUSED HETEROCYCLIC DERIVATIVES

Author name: مصطفى محمد عبد الرسول
Supervisor name: علاء حسين جواد | جواد كاظم شنين
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: في هذه الدراسة تم تحضير وتشخيص مشتقات لمركبات غير متجانسة تحتوي على حلقات خماسية وملتحمة وتتضمن الحلقات 4,2,1 - ترايازول , 4,3,1 - ثايادايازول وترايازولو [b - 4,3] ثايادايازين بخطوات غلق متعددة. فقد تم تحضير المركب [A1] عن طريق تفاعل غلق حلقي بين الهيدرازين وثنائي كبريتيد الكاربون. وتم مفاعلة المركب [A1] مع كلورو خلات الاثيل بوجود هيدروكسيد البوتاسيوم الكحولي ليعطي الاستر [A2]. وتم الحصول على هيدرازايد الحامض الكاربوكسيلي[A3] عندما تم مفاعلة المركب [A2] مع الهيدرازين. وتكون الملح [A4] عندما تم مفاعلة المركب [A3] مع ثنائي كبريتيد الكاربون في وسط قاعدي كحولي. المركب [A4] تم غلقه بوساطة الهيدرازين ليتكون المركب [A5]الخطوة الاخيرة تضمنت غلق اخر عن طريق استخدام المادة بارا - بروموفيناسيل برومايد لغلق المركب [A5] وتكوين المركب [A6].المركبات [B3], [B4], [C3] و[C4] تم تحضيرها بطرق مشابهة لتلك التي استخدمت لتحضير المركب [A5] والمركب [A6] مع استخذام اثيل مالونات ومثيل بنزوات كمواد اساسية بدلا من المركب [A2].وكذلك تضمنت الدراسة اجراء دراسة الفعالية البيولوجية للمركبات[C4] [C3], [B4], [B3], [A6], و[A5] حيث تم اختبار هذه المركبات كمضادات حيوية على اربعة انواع من البكتريا اثنان منها كانت موجبة الصبغة (gram positive) (Staphylococcus Aureus , Enterococcus faecalis واثنان سالبة الصبغة ( gram negative) (Escherichia Coli , and Klepsiala pneumonia) ونوع واحد من الفطريات ( Candida albicans) .وبينت النتائج ان للمركبات المحضرة فعالية بايولوجية عالية عند المقارنة مع تاثير مضادات حيوية معروفة على هذه الانواع من البكتريا والفطريات. | In this study, some of five membered and fused heterocyclic derivatives containing 1,2,4 - Triazole, 1,3,4 - Thiadiazole and triazolo [3,4 - b] thiadiazine were synthesized by several cyclization steps. 2, 5 - dimercapto - 1, 3, 4 - thiadiazole [A1] was obtained by the reaction of hydrazine hydrate with carbon disulfide. Compound [A1] was reacted with Ethyl chloro acetate in presence of alkali ethanol to give 2, 5 - bis (thioethylacetate 2, 2', diyl)1,3,4 thiadiazole [A2]. 2, 5 - bis (thioacetiohydrazide - 2 - yl) - 1, 3, 4 - thiadiazole [A3] was obtained from the reaction of compound [A2] with hydrazine hydrate. bis - potassium dithiocarbazinate [A4] was obtained by reacting of compound [A3] with CS2 in alkali ethanol. 2,5 - bis(4 - amino - 3 - thiol - 5 - thiomethyl - 1,2,4 triazole - 5,5'yl) - 1,3,4 - thiadizole [A5] was obtained by the cyclization reaction of compound [A4] with hydrazine hydrate. The last step in this study involved preparation of 2,5 - bis((6 - (4 - bromophenyl) - 7H - [1,2,4]triazolo[3,4 - b][1,3,4]thiadiazin - 3 - yl - thiomethyl) - 1,3,4 - thiadiazole [A6] by the cyclization reaction of compound [A5] with p - Bromo phenacylbromide. Compounds 5, 5' - methylene bis - (4 - amino - 4H - 1,2,4 - triazole - 3 - thiol) [B3], bis (6 - (4 - bromophenyl) - 7H - [1,2,4]triazolo[3,4 b][1,3,4]thiadiazin - 3 - yl)methane [B4], 4[amino] - 5 - phenyl - 4H - 1, 2, 4 - triazole - 3 - thiol [C3] and 6 - ( 4 - bromophenyl ) - 3 - phenyl - 7H - [1,2,4] triazolo[3,4 - b] [1,3,4] thiadiazine [C4] were synthesized by the same chemical reactions as these were used in the synthesis of compounds [A5] and [A6] using Ethyl Maolnate and Methyl Benzoate as starting materials instead of compound [A2]. The biological activity of compounds [A5], [A6], [B3], [B4], [C3] and [C4] were studied against four types of bacteria, (two of them were gram negative (Escherichia Coli and Klepsiala pneomonia), the others were gram positive (Staphylococcus Aureus and Enterococcus Faecalis). The fungus Candida Albicans was used in the antifungal study.The results showed that most of these compounds have a high biological activity as antibacterial and antifungal agent against these types of microorganisms in comparison with the standard antibiotics and antifungal (Ceftriaxone, Amoxicillin and Fluconazole) as references.

دراسة ازالة بعض المركبات الفينولية والحوامض العضوية من محاليلها المائية على سطح البوليمر ثلاثي ايثانول امين كليسيرايل ماليت == REMOVABLE STUDY OF SOME PHENOLS AND ACIDS COMPOUNDS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY (TRIETHANOLAMINE - GLYCERYLMALEATE) POLYMER SURFACE

Author name: محمد حسين علي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Triethanolamine - glycerylmaleate polymer was prepared, and identified by FTIR spectroscopy then swelling tests were performed for this polymer in different solvents.The adsorption processes of the some phenols and acids compounds : ph, na, nal, B, AB and DAB in aqueous solutions on the surface of this polymer were investigated by the use of UV - visible spectrophotometer and also studied at different : temperatures, ionic strength, and pH.The results revealed that the adsorption for compound at temperature of 25 °C took : S - mode for all compounds according to Giles classification.1 - At temperature of 25 C the adsorbate amount arrange to the following order : ph < nal < na < B < AB < DAB2 - The adsorption for ph, na, nal, and B take the following order for ionic strength 0.1M NaCl > 0.0M NaCl >0.2M NaCl But for AB, and DAB take 0.0M NaCl > 0.1M NaCl >0.2M NaCl3 - Generally it was noticed that adsorption quantities is proportionally correlated with the pH studies.4 - The ΔH values for all adsorbate compounds were negative, while ΔS values were negative for all compounds except for ph and B.5 - In comparison with zeolite (5A) the prepared polymer posse’s higher ability to adsorb than zeolite especially for AB and DAB compounds.

تحضير ودراسة خواص مركبات بلورية سائلة كاطوار ثابـتـة في كروماتوغرافيا الغاز == Preparation and Characterization Of Liquid Crystalline Compounds as Stationary Phases in Gas Chromatography

Author name: مارتن جورج شليمون
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تتضمن الاطروحة تحضير المركبات البلورية السائلة 4،4/ - بس - (4 - بروبوكسي بنزيليدين امينو)باي فنيل (2b) ، و2،5 - بس - [4 - (4/ بروبوكسي بنزيليدين امينو)فنيل] 1،3،4 اوكسادايازول (1f). تم تشخيص المركبات المحضرة، نوعيا باستخدام الطرائق الطيفية والمتمثلة بطيف الاشعة تحت الحمراء FTIR ، طيف الرنين النووي المغناطيسي1HNMR ، وباستخدام تحليل العناصر لكل من الكاربون، الهيدروجين والنيتروجين. كذلك تم دراسة الخواص البلورية السائلة للمركبات المحضرة باستخدام مسعر المسح التفاضلي ومجهر الضوء المستقطب المزود بمنصة تسخين، ولقد لوحظ ان هذه المركبات لها مدى ميزومورفي واسع مما يعطيها اهمية في استخدامها كاطوار ثابته في كروماتوغرافيا الغاز.لقد تم استخدم المركبين 2b و1f كاطوار ثابته بتحميلها على الساند الصلب كروموسورب وبنسب تحميل مختلفة (1%، 3%، 20%). تم تعبئة الاطوار الثابته في اعمده فولاذية، واستخدمت في فصل الهيدروكاربونات الاروماتية ( النفثالين، اسينافثين، اسينافثيلين، فينانثرين،انثراسين، والبايرين)، الكحولات (ميثانول، ايثانول، 2 - بروبانول، و1 - بروبانول)، وكذلك الايزومرات (اورثو، ميتا، بارا - زايلين). تم دراسة الخواص الكروماتوغرافيه للاعمدة المحضرة في درجات حرارة مختلفة، حيث استخدمت المديات (140 - 320) درجه مئوية للمركب 2b و(170 - 280) درجه مئوية للمركب 1f. تم اختبار ظروف الفصل للاعمده وذلك من خلال حساب عدد الصفائح المؤثرة في العامود ومعامل الفصل، ولقد لوحظ حدوث ظاهرة الطبخ الحراري بالنسبة للطور الثابت 2b مما سبب انخفاض في درجة الانتقال الحراري من الطور الصلب الى النيماتي، لذلك تم فصل الكحولات عند درجة الحرارة 180 درجه مئوية خلال العامود 20% 2b، وعند درجة الحرارة 240 درجه مئوية تم فصل الهيدروكاربونات الاروماتية في العامودين 1% و3% 2b. اما بالنسبة الى العامود 1f فقد تم الحصول على افضل فصل للهيدروكاربونات الاروماتية عند درجة الحرارة 220 درجه مئوية. كذلك تم حساب حجم الاحتجاز النوعي لكل من المواد المراد فصلها وفي كلا العامودين، وذلك لدراسة الخصائص الديناميكية الحرارية لهذه المواد في المركبات البلورية السائلة المحضرة كاطوار ثابته. لقد تم رسم اللوغاريتم الطبيعي لهذه الدالة مع مقلوب درجة الحرارة، وذلك لحساب الانثالبي (ΔH) والانتروبي (ΔS) لهذه المواد. تم ايضا حساب طاقة كبس الحرة (ΔG)، وقد لوحظ ان جميع القيم كانت سالبة مما يدل على ان عملية اذابة المحاليل في المركبات البلورية السائلة المستخدمة كاطوار ثابتة تحدث بصورة تلقائية.في هذه الدراسة تم حساب معامل الفعالية للمحاليل المراد فصلها وتحت ظروف التخفيف المتناهي، وكانت هذه القيم اصغر من واحد، مما يدل على ان هذه المحاليل تنحرف سلبيا عن سلوك المحاليل التي تعتبر كمحاليل مثالية. | This work involves the preparation of two liquid crystalline compounds, 4,4´ - bis - (4 - propoxybenzylidene amino)biphenyl (2b), and 2,5 - bis - [4 - (4´ - propoxybenzylideneamino)phenyl]1,3,4 - oxadiazole (1f). The prepared compounds were characterized qualitatively by using FTIR, 1HNMR, and elemental analysis (EA). The liquid crystalline properties of the synthesized compounds were verified using hot - stage polarizing microscope and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The prepared liquid crystal compounds have a wide mesophase range that gives useful properties to these compounds as stationary phases in Gas Chromatography (GC). Compounds (2b) and (1f) were prepared to be used as stationary phases by loading them separately on chromosorb W/HP 100 - 120 mesh size, as solid support with different loading ratios (1%, 3%, and 20%). The prepared stationary phases were packed through the stainless steal columns, and tested for separation of poly aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs (naphthalene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and pyrene), alcohols (methanol, ethanol, 2 - propanol, and 1 - propanol), and positional isomers (o, m, and p - xylene).A chromatographic study of the interaction and elution characteristics of the studied analytes through the prepared columns was carried out at different column temperatures of, 140 - 320 ºC for 4,4´ - bis - (4 - propoxybenzylideneamino)biphenyl (2b) and 170 - 280 ºC for 2,5 - bis - [4 - (4´ - propoxybenzylideneamino) phenyl]1,3,4 - oxadiazole (1f). The best chromatographic conditions, efficiency, and selectivity of the columns for separation of PAHs, alcohols, and positional isomers were characterized by measuring the effective plate number of column (Neff.), resolution (Rs), and separation factor (α). It was found that the supercooling phenomenon has occurred with 2b column, which made a decrease in solid - nematic transition temperature. The best separation of alcohols was obtained at 180 ºC through 20% 2b column. PAHs could be separated through 3% and 1% 2b column at 240 ºC. The best chromatographic performance for separation of PAHs using 1f column was achieved at 220 ºC. This was related to the fact that the higher order of this liquid crystal occurred at these temperatures, which made the analytes interact more with the stationary phase. Specific retention volumes (Vg°) were calculated to study the thermodynamic behaviors of the analytes (solutes) on the liquid crystal stationary phases LCSPs (solution). From the plots of ln Vg° (mL.g - 1) versus 1/T (K - 1), the enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) of the solutions were measured. Gibbs free energy (ΔG) of the separated analytes at different temperatures was calculated. These values showed that the dissolution of the analytes on LCSPs were spontaneous. The study also included measurements of the activity coefficients at infinite dilution (γ∞). These values were < 1, which indicates a negative deviation of the solutions from ideality.

تحضير قطب سائل مستند على اساس معقد دواء الاميلورايد في صفيحة غشاء البولي فاينايل كلورايد == Preparation of liquid electrode based on Amiloride drug complex in PVC matrix membrane

Author name: مها عبد اللطيف يحيى
Supervisor name: خالدة حميد محمد السعيدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Amiloride hydrochloride ion - selective electrodes were constructed in polymeric membrane by using PVC and based on the use of active ion - pair (Amiloride - phosphotungstate) and the other ion pair (Amiloride - tetraphenylborate) with the following plasticizers : Di - butyl phthalate (DBPH), Di - octylphthalate (DOP) and Tri - butyl phosphate (TBP). The properties of these electrodes were studied, including : slope, correlation coefficient, concentration range, detection limit and life time.These electrodes (A, B and C) based on the ion pair (Amiloride - phosphotungstate) and (D, E and F) based on the ion pair (Amiloride - tetraphenylborate) and the plasticizers used DBPH, DOP and TBP respectively they gave approximately the same linear concentration range from (1x10 - 5 to 1x10 - 2) M. The slopes are (54.198, 52.759, 50.91, 49.007, 48.508 and 48.501) mV/decade, and the limit of detection (6×10 - 7, 1.5×10 - 6, 7×10 - 6 , 1.75×10 - 5, 7×10 - 6 and 1.5×10 - 5)M, with the response time (10, 30,10, 12, 10 and 35) Sec. and the lifetime were about (45, 35, 30, 21, 15 and 10) days respectively. The working pH range found to be (1.9 - 7.8) for the concentration of Amiloride solution 1×10 - 3 M by using electrode A (Amilo - PT+DBPH). Also the interferences were studied via selectivity against monovalent, divalent, trivalent ions and interference of the other type of diuretic drugs Hydrochlorothiazide. The separated solution method and fixed interfering mixed method were used to determine the selectivity coefficient Kpot A,B.Electrode A (Amilo - PT+DBPH) was used to determine Amiloride in the pharmaceutical samples of Amiloride Maduratic tablets and Saluretic tablets. The analytical methods results showed to be simple, rapid and with a good accuracy by comparing it with UV - spectrophotometric method using F - test.

المتغيرات الكيموحيوية المرافقة للحصى الكلوية من نوع الاوكزالات واليوريت == Biochemical Variations associated with Oxalate and Urate kidney stones

Author name: لینا نوزاد امین
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Clinical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The current study has been done to detect the physiological and environmental factors that influence the kidney stones formation (calcium oxalate stones and uric acid stones).Biochemical tests in sera and 24 hrs. urine include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium, citrate, oxalate, urea, creatinine, glucose, cholesterol, pH and total urine volume were measured in evaluation of nephrolithasis.Samples of (67) patients (45 males and 22 females) were taken and random samples of (20) people were taken and considered as control group.The purpose of it was to determine the important of some variables that influence inhibitory activity in urine.Result for patients of calcium oxalate stone showed that there were a significant difference in 24 hrs. urine calcium, magnesium, citrate, sodium, potassium, PH and urine volume. And results for patients of uric acid stone showed that there were a significant difference in 24 hrs. urine magnesium, uric acid, citrate, sodium, potassium, PH and urine volume.Results for serum calcium oxalate stone patients showed that there were a significant difference in calcium, magnesium and uric acid. And results for patients of uric acid stones showed that there were a significant difference in uric acid.Results also showed that males were more affected than females with a ratio of (2.1 : 1) and the age group (31 - 45) and (46 - 60) were the most affected. The study of risk factors of nephrolithiasis showed the presence of correlation between the disease and several factors. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Family history of stones was frequently reported in patients with a ratio reached to (65.67%).The ratio of patients how consume high animal protein (red meat) was much more than other patients and reached to (55.22%) and the majority of them were males in (35.82%) percent. One of the other factors that influence the incidences of nephrolithasis is ccupation, therefore males with hard work showed a ratio reached to (52.23%).

تحضير ودراسة معقدات البلاديوم (II) والنحاس (II) مع مزيج من الليكندات == SYNTHESIS AND STUDY OF MIXED LIGAND COMLEXES OF PALLADIUM (II) AND COPPER (II)

Author name: همسة ثامر صادق عبود الرفقاني
Supervisor name: اياد حمزة جاسم
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم من خلال هذه الرسالة استعراض موجز لكيمياء البلاديوم والنحاس ,مع التاكيد على حالة الاكسدة(2+)لكل منهما , كذلك الخواص الفريدة والصيغ التركيبية لهما , ذلك الى جانب استعراض اسس وصيغ النواحي التاصرية والتركيب والاشكال الفراغية عند تكوين المعقدات.تم مناقشة الكيمياء التركيبية والتاصرية المتعلقة باستخدام(Dithiooxamide) كاليكاند في تحضير المعقدات الفلزية وعلاقة ذلك بالمشاكل والاسئلة التي تتولد من العمل الحالي . جرى وصف طرق تحضير معقد البلاديوم الثنائي مع (dithiarine) بنسبة1 : 1 (فلز : ليكاند) ولمعقد النحاس الثنائي مع (dithiarine) بنسبة 2 : 1 (فلز : ليكاند) اضافة لوصف طرق تحضير معقداتهما المحتوية على مزيج من ليكندين بمفاعلة المعقدات والناتجة مع اليكندات الهجينة dithiooxamide, 2,2/ - dipyridyl, AsPh3, PPh3 , NPh3. تم الوصف باستخدام طرق تحليل الاشعة تحت الحمراء والاشعة فوق البنفسجية - المرئية الطيفية وقياسات الحساسية المغناطيسية والتوصيلية الكهربائية وتحليل الفلز (باستخدام تقنية الامتصاص الذري) لتشخيص المعقدات المحضرة وتم مناقشة التركيب على اساسها والمقارنة مع نتائج الدراسات الاخرى ظهر ان معقدات البلاديوم الثنائي ذات شكل مربع مستوي بينما كانت معقدات النحاس الثنائي ذات شكل ثماني السطوح المشوه. | The chemistry of Palladuim and Copper is briefly reviewed, with emphasis on their +2 oxidation state, unique properties and structures of their complexes, beside the basic aspects of bonding, structure and geometrical aspected of metal complexation. The structure and bonding chemistry relevant to the use of dithiooxamide in metal complex synthysis is discussed and related to the questions posed in this work. The preparation of 1 : 1 for Palladuim (II) and 1 : 2 for Copper (II) to dithiarine complexes is described , as well as the preparation of mixed ligand complexes by further reaction with NPh3 , PPh3, AsPh3, 2,2/ - dipyridyl and dithiooxamide. The use of FTIR, UV - Vis spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility and conductivity measurements and metal analysis for the prepared complexes are described and their structure implications are discussed and compared with results from other studies. The Pd (II) complexes are sequar planar geometry, but Cu (II) complexes show to have octahedral geometry.

تحضير وتشخيص بعض المركبات الحلقية غير متجانسة مشتقة من بعض الامينات غير المتجانسة وتقييم الفعالية البايولوجية لبعض هذه المركبات == Synthesis and Characterization of New Heterocyclic Compounds Derived from Some Heterocyclic Amines and Evaluating of Biological Activity of Some Compounds

Author name: احمد ثامر سالم
Supervisor name: ابتسام خليفة جاسم | سوسن حارث شوكت
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تحضير مركبات الثايوروليدينون, اميديزوليدينون واوكسازبين دايون من تفاعل قواعد شف مع كل من حامض الثايو خليك , الكلايسين وحامض الماليك اللامائي على التوالي2 - تحضير 1 - فنيل - 3 - هتر - 2 - يل يوريا وتايويوريا من تفاعل الهترو امين مع فنيل ايزوسيانات وفنيل ايزو ثايو سيانات على التوالي3 - تحضير1,3 - اوكسازوليدين - 4 - ون (7) و3 - فنيل - 2,3 - داي هيدرو ثايازول - 2 - يل هترو امين(8) و1,3 - اوكسازوليدين - 4 - اون من تفاعل مشتقات اليوريا والثايو يوريا (5.6) مع اثل كلورواسيتات وبارا فنيل يناسيل برومايد على التوالي.4 - تحضير 2 - كلورو هترو - 2 - يل اسيت امايد(10) من تفاعل الامين مع كلورو اسيتايل كلورايد.5 - تحضير اوكسازول - 2,5 - ثنائي الامين (11) ثايازول - 2,5 - ثنائي الامين (12) وثايوسمسكاربازايد (13) واست ازايد من(14) من تفاعل المركب (10) مع اليوريا والثايويوريا والثايوسمسكاربازايد والصوديوم ازايد على التوالي .6 - تحضير كارباما داثايونات (15) هترو - 2 - امينو استيلين (16) ومشتقات الفورم امايد (17) من تفاعل الامين مع كل من CS2 وبوبارجيل برومايد وحامض الفورميك على التوالي.7 - تحضير هيدرازينو فورم امايد من تفعل المركب (17 ) مع الفيل هيدرازين8 - تحضير ثنائي الثايولين من تفاعل الكارباماثايونات مع البارا فنيل فيناسيل برومايد.9 - تم تشخيص هذه المركبات بواسطة اطياف الاشعة تحت الحمراء والنين النووي المغناطيسي10 - تم تقييم الفعالية البايولوجية لبعض هذه المركبات المحضرة | 1 - preparation of thiazolidene - 4 - none (2) , imidazolidine - 4 - ones (3) , and oxazepine - 4,7 - diones (4) from schiff bases (1) by reaction with 2 - mercaptoacetic acid ,glycine and malic anhydride respectively .2 - preparation of 1 - phenyl - 3 - hetero - 2 - yl urea and thiourea from reaction of hetero amines with phenylisocyanate and phenylisothiocyanate respectively .3 - preparation of 1,3 - oxazolidine - 4 - one (7) ,3 - phenyl - 2,3 - dihydrothiazol - 2 - yl hetero amines (8) and 1,3 - oxazolidine - 4 - one (9) from the reaction of urea or thiourea derivatives (5,6) with ethylchloroacetate ,p - phenylphenacyl bromide respectively.4 - Preparation of 2 - chloro N - (hetero - 2 - yl)acetamide (10) from reaction of heterocyclic amines with α - chloroacetyl chloride .5 - Preparation of oxazole - 2,5 - diamines(11) Thiazole - 2,5 - diamine (12) , thiosemicarbazide (13) ,and acetazide derivatives (14) from the reaction of compound (10) with urea ,thiourea ,thiosemicarbazide and sodium azide respectively.6 - Preparation of carbamadithionate (15) ,hetero - 2 - aminoacetylene derivatives , and formide derivatives from the reaction of hetero amines with CS2 ,propargyl bromide and formic acid respectively .7 - Preparation of hydrazinoformamide (18) from reaction of heteroformamide (17) with phenyl hydrazine .8 - Preparation of dithiolene (19) by the reaction of carbamadithionate (15) with p - phenyl phenacyl bromide .9 - All prepared compounds are elucidated by some spectroscopic methods (FTIR,H NMR ,C13 NMR).10 - The biological activity of some prepared compounds are evaluated All reactions are shown in the following schemes

تحضير مشتقات ترايازول? ثايادايازين ? بايرازول? اوكسازولين? اوكسادايازول? اوكسازول? وثايزول ودراسة الفعالية البايولوجية لبعضها == Synthesis of Triazole, Thiadiazine, Pyrazole, Oxazoline, Oxadiazole, Oxazole, and Thiazole Derivatives and study The Biological activity for some of them

Author name: رشا محمد فوزي عبد الرحمن
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يتضمن موضوع البحث في هذه الرسالة تحضير مركبات حلقية خماسية وسداسية غير متجانسة متنوعة ابتداء من باراهيدروكسي مثيل بنزوايت وازونيكوتينك اسيد هيدرازايد. وقد تم تقسيم هذا العمل الى سبعة اقسام : - القسـم الاول يتضمن هذا القسم تحضير مركبات حلقية غير متجانسة مندمجة الحلقة مشتقة من الغلق الحلقي لمجموعتي( - SH, - NH2) لمركبات 3 - ميركابتو - 4 - امينو - 5 - ( اريل ) - 4,2,1 - ترايازول باستعمال بارا - برومو فيناسيل برومايد . ان مشتقات الترايازول المستعملة في هذا القسم حضرت من تفاعل هايدرازيدات الحامض المذكورة انفا مع ثنائي كبريتيد الكاربون . وللحصول على هذه المشتقات اتبعت الخطوات الموضحة في المخطط النهائي . القسـم الثاني يتضمن هذا القسم تحضير مركبات بايرازول والبايرزولون المشتقة من تفاعل مجموعة ( - NH - NH2) للمواد الابتدائية المذكورة انفا مع( الاستيل اسيتون , الاسيتو اثيل اسيتيت) . وللحصول على هذه المشتقات اتبعت الخطوات الموضحة في المخطط النهائي . القسـم الثالث يتضمن هذا القسم تحضير مركبات اوكسازولين و4,2,1 - ترايازول معوضة النتروجين بوساطة التفاعل بين هايدرازيدات الحامض مع فنيل ايزو سيانيد حيث تتم عملية الغلق الحلقي للنواتج الحاصلة باستعمال بارا - برومو فيناسيل برومايد و2 - نورمالي من هيدروكسيد الصوديوم. وللحصول على هذه المشتقات اتبعت الخطوات الموضحة في المخطط النهائي . القسـم الرابع يتضمن هذا القسم تحضير مركبات 4,3,1 - اوكساديازول المشتقة من تفاعل مجموعة ( - NH - NH2) للمواد الابتدائية المذكورة انفا مع ثنائي كبريتيد الكاربون. وللحصول على هذه المشتقات اتبعت الخطوات الموضحة في المخطط النهائي . القسـم الخامس يتضمن هذا القسم تحضير مركبات قواعد شيف المشتقة من تفاعل مجموعة ( - NH - NH2) للمواد الابتدائية المذكورة انفا مع الديهايدات مختلفة. وللحصول على هذه المشتقات اتبعت الخطوات الموضحة في المخطط النهائي . القسـم السادس يتضمن هذا القسم تحضير مركبات اوكسازول وثايزول معوضة النتروجين بوساطة التفاعل بين باراهيدروكسي مثيل بنزوايت مع كل من اليوريا والثايويوريا حيث تتم عملية الغلق الحلقي للنواتج الحاصلة باستعمال بارا - برومو فيناسيل برومايد. وللحصول على هذه المشتقات اتبعت الخطوات الموضحة في المخطط النهائي . القسـم السابع يتضمن هذا القسم اختبار الفعالية البايولوجية لبعض المركبات المحضرة ضد نوعين من البكتيريا وقد دلت النتائج المستحصلة بان بعض المركبات اظهرت فعالية بايولوجية عالية كما هو عليه في الجدول (3 - 12) . | The scheme of this work involves synthesis of different five and six membered heterocyclic rings starting from isonicotinic acid hydrazide and p - hydroxy methylbenzoate .This work is divided into seven different parts and the reaction steps for part are summarized in the comprehensive scheme.First part : This part involved the synthesis of fused thiadiazine ring derived from the cyclization of ( - NH2 and - SH) of the 3 - mercapto - 4 - amino - 5 - aryl - 1,2,4 - triazole by treatment with p - bromophenacyl bromide. The triazole derivatives were synthesized by treating the previous acid hydrazides with carbon disulfide. Scheme.Second part : This part involves the synthesis of pyrazole and pyrazolone derivatives from the reaction of ( - NH - NH2) group of the starting materials with acetylaceton, ethylacetoactate. Scheme.Third part : This part involves the synthesis of ∆4 - oxazoline and triazole derivatives via the reaction of the acid hydrazides with phenyl isocyanates and cyclization of the resulted products with p - bromophenacyl bromide and with 2N NaOH. Scheme.Fourth part : This part involves the synthesis of oxadiazole derivatives from the reaction of ( - NH - NH2) group of the starting materials with carbon disulfide. Scheme.Five part : This part involved the synthesis of Schiff base derivatives from the reaction of ( - NH - NH2) group of the starting materials with different aldehydes. Scheme.Six part : This part involved the synthesis of oxazole and thiazole derivatives via the reaction of p - hydroxy methylbenzoate with urea and thiourea and cyclization of the resulted products with p - bromophenacyl bromide. Scheme.Seven part : This part deals with the study of antibacterial activities of some of the synthesized compounds and comparing these activities with that of the starting materials. These activities were determined in vitro using disc diffusion method against three pathogenic strains of bacteria (Escherichia Coli and staphylococcus aureus), the results revealed that some of these compounds showed measurable activity

دراسة ضوئية اشعاعية مع دراسة الحركيات لتفكك معقدات ثلاثي (الكيل زانثيتو) كروم (III) في مذيب ثنائي مثيل سلفوكسايد == Photochemical Radiation and Kinetics Studies of Tris (Alkylxanthato) Chromium (III) Complexes in DMSO Solvent

Author name: اخلاص عبد الخضر سلمان
Supervisor name: شهباز احمد مكي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم تحضير معقدات الكروم الثلاثي ثنائية السن والمشتقة من متصلات حاوية على الكبريت. وهذه المعقدات هي : 1 - ثلاثي (مثيل زانثيتو) كروم (III) Cr(mex)3 2 - ثلاثي (اثيل زانثيتو) كروم(III) Cr(etx)3 3 - ثلاثي (ايزوبروبيل زانثيتو) كروم(III) Cr(prx)34 - ثلاثي (بيوتيل زانثيتو) كروم(III) Cr(bux)3 5 - ثلاثي (هكسيل زانثيتو) كروم (III) Cr(hex)3 تم تشخيص هذه المعقدات من خلال مطيافية الاشعة تحت الحمراء (FTIR) والاشعة فوق البنفسجية والمرئية (UV.Vis) بالاضافة الى قياس بعض الخصائص الفيزيائية كدرجة الانصهار والحساسية المغناطيسية. تم دراسة النفكك الضوئي لهذه المعقدات في مذيب ثنائي مثيل سلفوكسايد بعد التشعيع بواسطة ضوء احادي ذات طول موجي 311±1 في درجة حرارة الغرفة . وجد ان ثابت التفكك الضوئي لهذه المعقدات تتبع ميكانيكية الدرجة الاولى لذلك فان هذه الثوابت تعتمد على تركيز المعقد فقط.تم قياس ثابت السرعة النوعية باستعمال النقصان في قراءة الامتصاصية عند ذلك الطول الموجي بعد تشعيع المعقدات المحضرة. وجد ان سرعة ثابت التفكك(Kd) يعتمد بوضوح على عدد مجاميع الالكيل في تلك المعقدات . لوحظ ان سرعة تفكك المعقدات تزداد كلما قلت مجاميع الالكيل في المعقدات مثال على ذلك فان Kd لمعقد ثلاثي (مثيل زانثيتو) كروم (III) يساوي (s - 1 - 510× 8.700 ) مقارنة بـ s - 1) - 510× 2.170 ( لمعقد ثلاثي (هكسيل زانثيتو) كروم (III). التغيير في قيمة الامتصاصية بعد تشعيع هذه المعقدات استعملت لدراسة ميكانيكية تفاعلات التفكك الضوئي . لقد اظهرت النتائج ان تشعيع هذه المعقدات هي الخطوة البطيئة الاولى .يتبع هذه الخطوة مباشرة كسر الاصرة Cr - S ( حيث يتجزا معقد الزانثيت الثلاثي) وتفاعلات الجذور الحرة السريعة . وبناءا عليه فقد تم حساب السرعة النسبية لتفكك هذه المعقدات. تم تعيين ناتج الكم لتفاعل التجزئة الضوئية للمعقدات الخمسة اعلاه وكانت تتراوح بين (7.76210 - 3 - 1.92510 - 3) . ومن خلال قيم ناتج الكم للمعقدات الخمسة اعلاه فان هذه القيم للمعقدات المذكورة اعلاه اخذت الترتيب التالي : (C6H13OCS2)3CrIII < (C4H9OCS2)3CrIII < (C3H7OCS2)3CrIII < (C2H5OCS2)3CrIII < (CH3OCS2)3CrIII | Chromium (III) complexes were prepared from sulphur containing ligands; Potassium alkyl xanthate, (PAX), these complexes were : 1 - Tris (methylxanthato) chromium (III) complex Cr(mex)3.2 - Tris (ethylxanthato) chromium (III) complex Cr(etx)3..3 - Tris (isopropylxanthato) chromium (III) complex Cr(prx)3.4 - Tris (butylxanthato) chromium (III) complex Cr(bux)3.5 - Tris (hexylxanthato) chromium (III) complex Cr(hex)3. The prepared complexes were characterized by FTIR and UV - Vis spectrophotometeric techniques; in addition some physical properties such, as melting point and magnetic susceptibility were measured.The photodecomposition reactions of the complexes under investigation in DMSO solvent were studied after irradiation by monochromatic light of l=311±1nm at room temperature. The photodecomposition constants for the above complexes were found to follow the first order reaction mechanism and consequently dependent only on the concentration of the complex. The specific rate constants (Kd) were measured employing the decrease in the absorbance readings at that wavelength after irradiation of the complexes. This study has also shown that the photodecomposition rate constants depend clearly on the number of alkyl group in the complexes. A large rate constant was observed as the number of alkyl group decrease. The Kd for Cr(mex)3 has a value of (8.700 × 10 - 5 s - 1 )compared to ( 2.170 × 10 - 5 s - 1) for Cr(hex)3 The variation in absorbance after irradiation of the complexes was employed to study the reaction kinetics for the photodecomposition reaction. The results showed that the first excitation step of the complexes were the slowest among other photodecomposition reactions. This followed immediately by the breakage of Cr - S bond of the tris(alkylxanthato)chromium(III) complexes and other fast radical reactions. Based on the above results, the relative photodecomposition reactivity ratio were calculated for all tris(alkylxanthato)chromium(III) complexes. The quantum yield of the photodecomposition reactions of the five complexes were also calculated and it was found to be in the range (1.925 × 10 - 3 - 7.762 × 10 - 3) from tris(hexylxanthato)chromium(III) complex to tris(metylxanthato)chromium(III) complex. The quantum yield values were ranked in the following order : (C6H13OCS2)3CrIII < (C4H9OCS2)3CrIII < (C3H7OCS2)3CrIII < (C2H5OCS2)3CrIII < (CH3OCS2)3CrIII

تحضير بعض المركبات العضوية الحاوية على ذرات غير متجانسة ودراسة كفاءتها على تثبيط تاكل الحديد الصلب في الاوساط الحامضية == Preparation of some Organic Compounds contain Hetero - atoms as Corrosion Inhibiters for Mild Steel in Acidic Media

Author name: بان امين عبد الجبار
Supervisor name: مهدي صالح شهاب
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: هذا العمل يتضمن تحضير بعض المركبات العضوية الحاوية على ذرات غير متجانسة ابتداء من المركب 2 - بنزلدين هايدرازين كاربون ثايو امايد]1 [و انتهاء بالمركب 5 - (2 - كلورو اثيل ثايو) - N - (1 - فنيل اثيليدين ) - 1, 4,3 - ثاياديازول - 2 - امين [21] كما موضح في ما يلي : - المجموعة الاولى من هذه المركبات العضوية تم تحضيرها بخطوة واحدة من خلال تفاعل التكثيف بين مجموعة الكاربونيل للالديهايدات او الكيتون ومجموعة الامين للثايوسيمي كاربازايد حتى تنتج المركبات التالية : ]1[ - 2 - بنزلدين هايدرازين كاربوثايوامايد.]2[ - 2 - (4 - نايتروبنزلدين) هايدرازين كاربوثايوامايد.]3[ - 2 - (4 - (داي مثيل امينو) بنزلدين ) هايدرازين كاربوثايوامايد.]4[ - 2 - (3 - نايتروبنزلدين) هايدرازين كاربوثايوامايد.]5[ - 2 - (1 - فنيل اثيليدين) هايدرازين كاربوثايوامايد. - المجموعة الثانية من هذه المركبات العضوية تم تحضيرها من خلال تفاعل 5 - امينو - 2 - ثايول - 1, 3, 4 - ثاياديازول بخطوتين : i) تفاعل تكثيف بين مجموعة الكاربونيل للالديهايدات او الكيتون ومجموعة الامين .ii) تفاعل الكلة بين (بنزيل كلورايد او 1, 2 - داي كلورو ايثان ) ومجموعة الثايول لتكوين المركبات التالية : ]12[ - N - بنزلدين - 5 - (بنزيل ثايو ) - 1 , 3 , 4 - ثاياديازول - 2 - امين. ]13[ - 5 - (بنزيل ثايو ) - - 4) - Nنايترو بنزلدين ) - 1, 3, 4 - ثاياديازول - 2 - امين.]14 - [5 - (بنزيل ثايو ) - ) - 4) - Nداي مثيل امينو) بنزلدين ) - 1, 3, 4 - ثاياديازول - 2 - امين.]15[ - 5 - (بنزيل ثايو ) - - 3) - Nنايترو بنزلدين ) - 1, 3, 4 - ثاياديازول - 2 - امين.]16[ - 5 - (بنزيل ثايو ) - N - (1 - فنيل اثيليدين) - 1 , 3 , 4 - ثاياديازول - 2 - امين.]17[ N - - بنزلدين - 5 - (2 - كلورواثيل ثايو ) - 1 , 3 , 4 - ثاياديازول - 2 - امين.]18[ - 5 - (2 - كلورو اثيل ثايو) - N - (4 - نايترو بنزلدين)1, 3 , 4 - ثاياديازول - 2 - امين.]19[ - 5 - (2 - كلورو اثيل ثايو) ) - 4) - Nداي مثيل امينو)بنزلدين) - 1 , 3 , 4 - ثاياديازول - 2 - امين.]20[ - 5 - (2 - كلورو اثيل ثايو) - N - (3 - نايترو بنزلدين) - 1 , 3 , 4 - ثاياديازول - 2 - امين.]21[ - 5 - (2 - كلورواثيل ثايو ) - N - (1 - فنيل اثيليدين) - 1 , 3 , 4 - ثاياديازول - 2 - امين.2 - تشخيص المركبات اعلاه من خلال قياس درجات الانصهار ، طيف الاشعة فوق الحمراء وتقنية الاشعة المرئية والغير مرئية.3 - المركبات العضوية اعلاه الحاوية على ذرات غير متجانسة تم استخدامها كمثبطات لتاكل الحديد الصلب في محلول حامض الكبريتيك بتركيز 1 مولاري وبدرجة حرارة 30 مئوية . الخسارة بالوزن تعتبر طريقة تقييم لاختبار كفاءة التثبيط للمركبات اعلاه .4 - الحسابات النظرية تم حسابها لغرض البحث عن العلاقة بين التركيب الجزيئي وكفاءة التثبيط من خلال استعمال حسابات ميكانيك الكم التجريبية PM3 ضمن برنامج .HYPERCHEM | This work involves preparation of some organic compounds contain hetero - that starting from (E) - 2 - benzylidene hydrazine carbothioamide to (E) - 5 - (2 - chloro ethyl thio) - N - (1 - phenyl ethylidene) - D2872 : E2874 - thiadiazol - 2 - amine J2873 are summarized below : - First set of organic compounds was prepared in one step by a condensation reaction between the carbonyl group of aldehydes or ketones and the amino group of Thiosemicarbazide derivatives to produce the compounds : [1] - (E) - 2 - benzylidene hydrazine carbothioamide.[2] - (E) - 2 - (4 - nitro benzylidene) hydrazine carbothioamide. [3] - (E) - 2 - (4 - (dimethyl amino) benzylidene) hydrazine carbothioamide.[4] - (E) - 2 - (3 - nitro benzylidene) hydrazine carbothioamide.[5] - (z) - 2 - (1 - phenyl ethylidene) hydrazine carbothioamide. - Second set of organic compounds was prepared by reaction of 5 - amino - 2 - thiol - 1,3,4 - thadiazole in two steps : i) a condensation reaction between the carbonyl group of aldehydes or ketone and the amino group; ii) an alkylation reaction between (benzyl chloride or 1,2 - dichloro ethane) and thiol group to yield the following compounds : [12] - (E) - N - benzylidene - 5 - (benzyl thio) - 1,3,4 - thiadiazol - 2 - amine.[13] - (E) - 5 - (benzylthio) - N - (4 - nitro benzylidene) - 1,3,4 - thiadiazol - 2 - amine.[14] - (E) - 5 - (benzylthio) - N - (4 - (dimethyl amino) benzylidene) - 1,3,4 - thiadiazol - 2 - amine.[15] - (E) - 5 - (benzylthio) - N - (3 - nitro benzylidene) - 1,3,4 - thiadiazol - 2 - amine.[16] - (E) - 5 - (benzylthio) - N - (1 - phenyl ethylidene) - 1,3,4 - thiadiazol - 2 - amine.[17] - (E) - N - benzylidene - 5 - (2 - chloro ethylthio) - 1,3,4 - thiadiazol - 2 - amine. [18] - (E) - 5 - (2 - chloro ethylthio) - N - (4 - nitro benzylidene) - 1,3,4 - thiadiazol - 2 - amine.[19] - (E) - 5 - (2 - chloro ethylthio) - N - (4 - (dimethyl amino) benzylidene) - 1,3,4 - thiadiazol - 2 - amine. [20] - (E) - 5 - (2 - chloro ethylthio) - N - (3 - nitro benzylidene) - 1,3,4 - thiadiazol - 2 - amine.[21] - (E) - 5 - (2 - chloro ethylthio) - N - (1 - phenyl ethylidene) - 1,3,4 - thiadiazol - 2 - amine.2 - The prepared compounds were identified by melting points, F.T.I.R, UV - visible and 1H - NMR spectroscopy and the result obtained are compatible the structures assigned to these compounds.3 - The above organic compounds which contain hetero - atoms were used as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in 1M H2SO4 at 30oC. Weight loss regards as evaluation method to test the inhibition efficiency of the above compounds. Tables (3 - 5) and (3 - 6) indicates that the protection efficiency E (%) increases with increasing the concentration of suggested inhibitors with the maximum inhibition efficiencies were achieved at 10 - 3 M. 4 - Theoretical calculations to investigate the relationship between molecular structure and inhibition efficiency by using semi - empirical molecular quantum calculations within the PM3 method as implemented in HyperChem package.The preparation steps of the compounds [1 - 21] can be represented as shown in the following scheme :

دراسة طيفية لتقدير الكروم والفناديوم وتطبيقاته == Spectrophotometric Study for the determination of Chromium, Vanadium and its application

Author name: اسيل صلاح منصور
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الرسالة ثلاثة فصول رئيسة : - تناول الفصل الاول مسحا"عاما" للادبيات وشملت مقدمة عن الكروم والفناديوم (اكتشافة, تكافؤاتة، وجوده والتاثيرات السمية) كما تضمن تقدير ايوني الكروم والفناديوم بمختلف التقنيات وتم التركيز على تقدير ايوني الكروم والفناديوم بالطريقة الطيفية في مختلف الانموذجات الاحيائية والصناعية ومياه الشرب كما تم تحديد الهدف من البحث. اما الفصل الثاني فقد تضمن المواد الكيمياوية والاجهزة المستخدمة وطرق التحضير المختلفة لاجراء البحث. وقد تضمن الفصل الثالث اربعة اجزاء اساسية، الجزء A : يتضمن هذا الجزء دراسة طيفية متكاملة لمعقدات الكروم والفناديوم [Cr(VI, III) - DPC, Cr(VI) - bipy, V(IV) - SH, V(V) - 8 - HQ] وتحديد maxλ، وتضمن ايضا" دراسة الظروف الفضلى لتكوين المعقد من حيث( مفاضلة تراكيز الكاشف الانتقائي وتاثير pH المحلول على تكوين المعقد ومفاضلة تراكيز البفر)، وكذالك دراسة كافة المتغيرات الفيزيائية وتاثيرها على ثبوتية المعقد (الزمن ، الحرارة ، الضوء) ودراسة طبيعة المعقد بطريقة التغاير المستمر. الجزء : Bتضمن هذا الجزء تحضير منحنيات المعايرة للمعقدات المحضرة واجراء المعالجات الاحصائية الحديثة للبيانات التحليلية الناتجة، فقد تم استخدام معادلات مختلفه لاحتساب الخط المستقيم ونسبة الخطا ومعامل الارتباط كذلك الميل ونقطة التقاطع كما تم احتساب حد الكشف الناتج من القياسات العملية والمحسوبة باسلوب احصائي على وفق المعادلات الاحصائية ( حد الكشف النظري ). الجزء C : تضمن هذا الجزء فقرتين، اذ اشتملت الفقره الاولى دراسة تاثير تداخل الايونات الموجبة والسالبة في الكروم السداسي والفناديوم الرباعي وقد تم تفسير ميكانيكية التفاعلات هذه من ناحية الداينمية الحرارية من خلال حسابات ΔG, E1/2 Keq. , للتفاعلات قيد الدراسة من خلال E1/2 للتفاعلات وقد امكن ربط الكثير من النتائج العملية بالتفسير النظري المعتمد على قيم E1/2 للمعادلات المستنبطة خلال هذا البحث، اما الفقرة الثانيه فتشمل دراسة امكانية ازالة هذه المتداخلات الايونية باستخدام اعمدة التبادل الايوني الجزء D : تضمن هذا الجزء تطبيق الطريقة المستخدمة لتقدير الكروم في الانموذجات الحيه (الدم ،الادرار ) وتقدير الفناديوم في النباتات والاطعمه (الفطر، السيريلاك، والفراولة) واستخدام افضل الظروف لاجراء التقدير. | This thesis falls into three main chapters. Chapter I deals with a general survey of literature which discusses an introduction for chromium and vanadium (discovery, valances, uses, availability and toxic effects); also it includes the different techniques used for there determination. Focus was made on the determination of chromium and vanadium ions using spectrophotometric method in various different biological, industrial, drinking and sewage water samples. Chapter I also describes the aim of the research work conducted. Chapter II describes the preparation of chemicals and sample pretreatment. It also includes all the equipments used.Chapter III is divided into four parts (A, B, C and D)Part A : describes an integrated spectral study of complexes [(Cr (VI, III) - DPC), (Cr(VI) - bipy), (VO - SH), (V(V) - 8 - HQ)], it includes a study of the optimum conditions for the complex formation including the (determination of ligand concentration, effect of pH, determination of buffer concentration), also it includes a study of all the physical variables affecting the complex formation (time, temperature, light effect), and study of the nature of complexes following the continuous variation method.Part B : This part includes the preparation of calibration curves of the complexes and treatment data resulted by modern statistical analytical methods which involve different equation formulae for calculating linear regression equation, relative error, correlation coefficient, slop, intercept, and the theoretical limit of detection was also calculated. Part C : This part comprises two paragraphs : the first one includes a study of the effect of selected interfering positive and negative ions on the separation and determination processes. This effect is to explain thermodynamically by determining E1/2, Keq. and ΔG values. The second paragraph includes a study of separating the interfering ions from chromium and vanadium ions using ion exchange columns. Part D : Describes the application of the method to determine chromium in the biological samples (blood and urine) and determine vanadium in plants and foods (mushrooms, strawberry and cereals) using the optimum conditions for determination.

تحضير وتشخيص ودراسة الخواص الكهربائية لبعض لكاندات قواعد شف الاروماتية وبوليمراتها التناسقية مع النحاس والنيكل والكوبلت == Synthesis, Characterization and Study of the Electrical Properties of Some Aromatic Schiff - base Ligands and Their Cu, Ni and Co Coordination Polymers

Author name: عادل مصطفى كامل
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Industrial Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم تحضير اربعة ليكندات رباعية السن بواسطة تفاعل السالسالديهايد مع امينات ثنائية اروماتية مختلفة في وسط حامضي (تفاعل قواعد شف). تم توظيف تقنيات F.T.IR وطيف الرنين النووي المغناطيسي 1H - NMR وMaldi - Mass لتشخيص الليكندات (L1) (١,٤ - بس - (ن - اورثو - هيدروكسي بنزايلدين)فنلين داي امين,(L2) ٤,٤ - بس - (ن - اورثو - هيدروكسي بنزايلدين) باي فينيل امين, بينما تم تشخيص الليكاند (L3) ) ٤,٤ - بس( - اورثو - هيدروكسي بنزايلدين) مثلين داي انلين, باستخدام F.T.IR و1H - NMR فقط وتم استخدام قياسات مطيافية الكتلة لتشخيص الليكاند (L4) ٤,٤ - بس - (اورثو - هيدروكسي بنزايلدين) امينو داي فينيل ايثر فضلا عن استخدام تقنيتي F.T.IR و1H - NMR. تم تحضير مجموعة من البوليمرات التناسقية من خلال تفاعل الليكندات رباعية السن مع املاح النترات للايونات Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) . تم تشخيص البوليمرات التناسقية المحضرة باستخدام تقنيات F.T.IR وUV - Visible (مطيافية الاشعة فوق البنفسجية والمرئية) والحساسية المغناطيسية وقد اشارت النتائج الى ان البوليمرات المحضرة ذات شكل ثماني السطوح. بينت النتائج ان البوليمرات المحضرة تكون غير ذائبة في اغلب المذيبات العضوية القطبية وغير القطبية الامر الذي ادى الى صعوبة تعيين معدل اوزانها الجزيئية الا ان استقرارية البوليمرات وخصائصها الغير بلورية والتي اثبتت باستخدام تقنية حيود الاشعة السينية لكل من NiL1, CoL1, CuL1 كنماذج اشارت الى الطبيعة البوليمرية لهذه المركبات. تمت دراسة الخصائص الكهربائية المستمرة وقد بينت النتائج انه يمكن تحسين صفات اشباه الموصلات من خلال ادخال الايون الفلزي في السلاسل البوليمرية كما اظهرت التجارب ان بوليمرات النحاس كان لها التوصيلية الاعلى من بين جميع البوليمرات الاخرى. | Four tetradentate ligands were prepared by reacting salicylaldehyde with different aromatic diamines in acidic medium (Schiff - base reaction). F.T.IR, 1H - NMR and Maldi - MS techniques were employed to identify the L1 (1,4 - bis(N - o - hydroxybenzylidine)phenylene diamine)and L2 (4,4 - bis(o - hydroxybenzylidene)biphenyl - amine) molecules, while only F.T.IR and 1H - NMR spectra were used in the identification of L3 (4,4 - bis(o - hydroxybenzylidene)methylene - dianiline)molecules. Electron ionization mass spectrometry measurements were carried out to identify L4 (4,4 - bis(o - hydroxybenzylidene)aminodi - phenylether) molecules in addition to both F.T.IR and 1H - NMR techniques. A set of coordination polymers was prepared by reacting the tetradentate ligands with nitrate salts of Cu(II), Ni(II) and Co(II). The prepared coordination polymers were identified using F.T.IR, UV - Vis. spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The results indicated that all polymers were octahedral. The prepared polymers were also shown to be insoluble in most polar and non - polar organic solvents.However, the polymeric nature was concluded taking into account amorphousity and stability proved by x - ray diffraction studies for CuL1, NiL1 and CoL1 samples. The DC - electrical properties were studied; the results showed that the semi conductive properties were to be improved by inserting a metal ion into the polymeric chains. Also, Cu - polymers were shown to have the higher conductivities than the other type of polymers.

دراسة عليه ونظريه لفعالية بعض العقاقير كمثبطات لتاكل الالمنيوم معدن وبعض سبائكه في المحلول المحلي == Experimental and Computational Studies of Some Drugs as Corrosion Inhibitors for Aluminium and Some Its Alloys in Saline solution

Author name: سمر ثامر حميد
Supervisor name: شذى فاضل نارين السعيدي | تغريد علي سلمان
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: This thesis involves the investigation of the corrosion behaviour of pure aluminium as well as of two of aluminium - base alloys (5052Al and 2024Al) in sodium chloride solution over a temperature range (283 - 323 K) with and without ampicillin (AMP.), cephalexin (CEX.) and amoxicillin (AMOX.) as inhibitors.The results of electrochemical experimental study revealed that : 1. The current density increases with increasing temperature in the range of (283 - 323) K.2. The inhibition efficiency increases with increasing the concentration of inhibitors (AMP., CEX., and AMOX.), this means that these inhibitors act as an adsorption inhibitors on the surface for the corrosion of pure Al, 5052 Al, and 2024 Al in 3.5% NaCl.3. The inhibition efficiency of AMP., CEX., and AMOX. decreases with increasing temperature from 283 to 323 K. 4. According to the corrosion potential, AMP., CEX., and AMOX. act as mixed type inhibitors since corrosion potential does not change approximately in NaCl solution.5. The thermodynamic parameters of corrosion ΔH, ΔG, and ΔS have been calculated at different inhibitors concentrations and temperatures. The values of ΔG and ΔH indicate the spontaneous and exothermic corrosion processes respectivelly.6. The general behaviour for the kinetic studies depend on the Arrhenius equation. Kinetic data show that the adsorption of AMP., CEX., and AMOX. on the surface of in 3.5% NaCl is physisorption type.7. The negative values of thermodynamic functions of adsorption, ΔGads and ΔHads obtained from Langmuir isotherm, indicate the spontaneous and exothermic adsorption processes respectively.This thesis also includes theoretical calculation of ampicillin, cephalexin and amoxicillin molecules using the density functional theory (DFT) (B3LYP) with 6 - 31G basis set, which indicate that AMOX. is best inhibitor.The comparison of theoretical and experimental data exhibit good relation.The surface study by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) has been accomplished and the images show a smoother surface for pure aluminium sample in the presence (7.5×10 - 4 M) of ampicillin due to the formation of a protective barrier film through adsorption process.

تحضير اقطاب بوليمرية جديدة للسلفاميثوكسازول واستخدامها في تحديد بعض الادوية == Preparation of new polymeric electrodes for sulfamethoxazole and their use in determining some drugs

Author name: سراء عبد العزيز ابراهيم
Supervisor name: خالدة حميد محمد السعيدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: In this study two types of ion - selective electrodes (ISEs) were prepared based on PVC matrix membrane.First, four ion - selective electrodes for sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) which based on sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) and tungestophosphoric acid (TPA) ion - paircomplexas the electro - active materials were prepared. Second, six ion - selective electrodes for sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) whichbased on sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) and sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB) ion - paircomplex as the electro - active materials were also prepared.In both types of ISEs, some of the selectedplasticizers were used such as; Di - octyl phthalate (DOPh), Tri - butyl phthalate (TBPH), Tri - butyl phosphate (TBP),Nitrobenzene (NB), Acetophenone (AP) and o - Nitrophenyloctylether (o - NPhOE) in PVC matrix.The electrodes parameters, linear range of concentration,Nernestian slope, limit of detection, response time, life time, working pHrang and selectivity were evaluated. Also the statistical treatments wereapplied for the results that include : relative standard deviation (RSD),relative error (Re.), and confidence limit for concentration. The results showed : The first type ISEs were : SMZ - TPA+DOPH (E1),SMZ - TPA+TBP (E2),SMZ - TPB+AP (E3) andSMZ - TPA+NB (E4), give the linear Range from (1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 2, 1×10 - 7 - 1×10 - 2, 1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 2 and 1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 2 M), and the slopes are (52.008, 58.381, 56.909 and 50.309 mV/decade)respectively, with detection limits are (9×10 - 6, 9×10 - 8, 6×10 - 6 and 7×10 - 6M), response time of 10 - 3 M (30, 28, 36 and 25 second) and the lifetimewere about (29, 27, 20 and 9 days) respectively.The second type, were : SMZ - NaTPB+TBPH (L1), SMZ - NaTPB +NB (L2), SMZ - NaTPB +TBP (L3), SMZ - NaTPB +AP (L4),SMZ - NaTPB +DOPH (L5) and SMZ - NaTPB +o - NPhOE (L6) give the linear range from (1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 2, 1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 2, 1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 2, 1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 2, 1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 2 and 1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 2M), the slopes are (53.609, 49.608, 56.810, 55.709, 50.808 and 51.808 mV/decade)respectively, with detection limits of (9×10 - 6, 8.5×10 - 6, 8×10 - 6,8.9×10 - 6, 7.5×10 - 6 and 7×10 - 6M), response time of 10 - 3 M (16, 14, 24, 19, 16 and 20 second) and the lifetime were about (12, 6, 24, 17, 26 and 7 days) respectively.The best electrode from first kind is (E2) and from the second kind is (L3), both were used to determine the sulfamethoxazole in pure samples. The working pH for (E2) electrode was ranged from (1.6 - 6.8) and the working pH for (L3) electrode was ranged from (1.7 - 6.9). The interferences measurements in the presence of (Na+, K+, Cu+2, Mn+2, Fe+3, Al+3, trimethoprim, starch, sucrose and gelatin ) were studied for both electrodes using the separated method and mixed method for selectivity coefficient determination.The ISE (E2) gave a good electrochemical characterizationamong the others and it has been used successfully for the determination ofsulfamethoxazole in the Pharmaceutical Samplesusing different potentiometricmethods.Also UV - spectrophotometric method was used which include the normal spectra,forsulfamethoxazole solutions (0.990x10 - 4, 0.996x10 - 4,0.999x10 - 4, 1.004x10 - 4, 1.005x10 - 4)M in wavelengthequal 259.00 nm. The analytical methods results showed to be simple, rapid and with a good accuracy by comparing between normalspectra and direct method of Ion selective electrode by using F - test.The results shown, that the sulfamethoxazole canbe determined by using Ion selective electrode method because the value of the (F) experimental less than the value of the (F) theoretical at 95% confidence limit. Since F - calculated less than F - table, we concluded that there is no difference in precision between two methods.

الفصل الكروموتوكرافي لبعض الاحماض الامينية بواسطة طريقة كروموتوكرافيا السائل العالية الاداء باستعمال طور ثابت جديد == Chromatographic Separation of Some Amino Acids by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method Using A New Stationary Phase

Author name: علي عباس رسول
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: New stationary phase for high performance liquid chromatographyhas been prepared by the reaction of Neutral red solution with Weaklyacidic cation exchanger resin . The stability of the new attachedfunctional group on the resin was studied against different solvents suchas benzene, ethanol, acetonitrile, acetone, methanol, chloroform, andpetroleum ether as well as NaOH and HCl solutions. The new preparedresin was found stable and no depletion of the Neutral red moiety fromthe resin was noticed with the above materials .The FTIR analysis hasconfigured the attachment of Neutral red on the resin as well as thephysical appearance of the new resins.The new stationary phase has been packed into stainless steel column. The pKa value for new resins has been calculated. The pKa for Weakly acidic - Neutral red resins were 7.15. The chromatographic performance of the packed column was characterized. The number of plate numbers N, height equivalent of a theoretical plates H, capacity factors Ḱ, selectivity factors α, and peaks asymmetry, and Resolution RRsR were measured by analyzing different analytes on the new columns using different mobile phase compositions and flow rates.These parameters were measured from analysis of some amino acids such as Histidine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, and Tyrosine. The analysis of amino acids using Weakly acidic - Neutral red column has performed using %10 acetonitrile in buffer phosphate as mobile phase.The average value of plate numbers N was (316.59) . The plate heights H was averaged (0.085) cm , capacity factors Ḱ were ranged from (1.8 - 2.86). Separation factors α were ranged from (0.21 - 1.17), and peak asymmetry value were range from (0.99 - 1.09). Resolution RRsR were ranged from (0.93 - 3.77).IIThe analysis of amino acids using a new stationary phase has performed using buffer phosphate as mobile phase . The average value of plate numbers N was (234.79) , plate heights H was (0.107)cm , capacity factors Ḱ were ranged from (1.13 - 4.73) , separation factors α were ranged from (0.23 - 1.22) , peak asymmetry value were range from (1.10 - 1.18) and resolution were (0.93).R.S.D were ranged from(0.04 - 1)% , recovery were ranged from (93.8 - 97.12)% , The relative errors were ranged from ( - 2.88 - - 6.2) % .Calibration curves for all analyzed compound were linear from their detection limits to at least 50 ppm with correlation coefficient ranged from(0.9991 - 0.9996).The detection limits were ranged from(0.05 - 0.25) ppm at signal to noise ratio of three or more.

هرمونات الغدة الدرقية والكورتيزول والبرولاكتين ومؤشر كتلة الجسم لدى مرضى السكري من النوع الثاني == The Profile of Thyroid Hormones, Cortisol, Prolactin and Body Mass Index in Patients with Diabetes Type 2

Author name: محمد صفاء شوكت النجار
Supervisor name: سلمان علي احمد
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Diabetes is a group of disorders that produce elevated levels of blood glucose. The two main forms of diabetes are type 1and type 2. The cause of diabetes was associated with some endocrine hormones and obesity. This study was focused on diabetes type 2 and its effects on thyroid hormones (TSH, T3, T4), prolactin and cortisol and with body mass index. To achieve this aim 68 diabetic patients type 2 with ages of 35 - 70 years and 34 healthy people with ages of 35 - 70 years (control group) were enrolled. These hormones (TSH, T3, T4, PRL and Cortisol) were estimated by an enzyme immunoassay method with final fluorescent detection (MiniVidas).The results demonstrated significant increase of T4 (p<0.05), Cortisol (p<0.05) levels, and significant decrease of TSH (p<0.05) levels. A non significant increase was shown in prolactin (p>0.05) levels, and non significant decrease in T3 (p>0.05) levels.Obesity is the most important modifiable risk factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, however, racial factors seem to be important in the relationship between body mass index and glucose in patients with diabetes type 2.The linear regression analysis revealed significant negative correlation (r= - 0.310, p<0.01) in cortisol levels with BMI, and significant positive correlation in fasting serum glucose (r=0.293, p<0.05) and TSH (r=0.275, p<0.05) levels with BMI in patients with diabetes type.The linear regression analysis revealed significant negative correlation (r= - 0.249, p<0.05) in cortisol levels with fasting serum glucose, and positive correlation in TSH (r=0.258, p<0.05) levels with fasting serum glucose in patients with diabetes type 2.The linear regression analysis revealed significant negative correlation (r= - 0.469, p<0.05) in T4 levels with Cortisol levels in patients with diabetes type 2.

عمود فصل جديد لتقنية الكروماتوكرافيا السائلة عالي الاداء (HPLC) == New column for high performance Liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Author name: احمد مرزة حمزة
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: New stationary phases for high performance liquid chromatography has been prepared by the reaction of Bromophenol blue salt solution with Amberlite CG - 400 (ClP P) resin . The stability of the new attached functional group on the resin was studied against different solvents such as benzene, ethanol, acetonitrile, acetone, methanol, chloroform, and petroleum ether as well as NaOH and HCl solutions. The new prepared resin was found stable and no depletion of the Bromophenol blue moity from the resin was noticed with the above materials .The FTIR analysis has configured the attachment of Bromophenol on the resin as well as the physical appearance of the new resins.The new stationary phase has been packed into stainless steel column.The resin capacity of newly prepared resin has calculated. The resin capacity for the Amberlite - bromophenol blue salt was found to average 5.27 meq./g which is more than the Amberlite resin, 3.95 meq./g.The chromatographic performance of the packed column was characterized. The number of plate numbers N, height equivalent of a theoretical plates H, capacity factors Ḱ, selectivity factors α, and peaks asymmetry, and Resolution RRsR were measured by analyzing different analytes on the new columns using different mobile phase compositions and flow rates.These parameters were measured from analysis of some amino acids such as Histidine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophane, and Tyrosine. The analysis of amino acids using Amberlite - Bromophenol blue column has performed using %10 acetonitrile in water as mobile phase.The average value of plate numbers N was192.085. The plate heights H was averaged 0.089 cm , capacity factors Ḱ were ranged from 1.8 - 2.42. Separation factors α were ranged from 0.86 - 1.3 , and peak asymmetry value were range from 1.02 - 1.98 . Resolution Rs were ranged from 0.92 - 4.15 . R.S.D were ranged from(0.06 - 0.10)% , recovery were ranged from (95.84 - 96.88)% , The relative errors were ranged from ( - 3.12 - - 4.64) % . Calibration curves for all analyzed compound were linear from their detection limits to at least 50 ppm with correlation coefficient ranged from 0.9989 - 0.9996. The detection limits were ranged from 0.05 - 0.25 ppm at signal to noise ratio of three or more.

علاقة الهرمونات الجنسية بصورة الدهون المصلية والاجهاد التاكسدي في عقم الرجال

Author name: ذو الفقار غانم محمد المحنه
Supervisor name: سلمان علي احمد
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

دراسة نظرية لبعض معقدات المغنيز (III) الحاوي على ذرتي النيتروجين والاوكسجين == Theoretical Studies for some Manganese (III) Complexes Containing Oxygen and Nitrogen Atoms

Author name: احمد عبد الستار علي
Supervisor name: مثنى عبد الجبار شنشل | ایاد حمزة جاسم
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are small, highly reactive, oxygen containing molecules that are naturally generated in small amounts during the body’s metabolic reactions and can react with and damage complex cellular molecules such as fats, proteins, and DNA. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) represents an essential defense system against oxygen - derived free radicals, specifically superoxide (O2• - ). Superoxide can initiate a series of free radical reactions that yields other oxygen radicals, which together are thought to actas inflammatory mediators and induce cellular damage. The presence of natural superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) is to perform as defense systems against the cells damage which caused by superoxide compounds. These various enzymes allow to founding a widely area of treatment of many diseases.In our thesis, a series of ten Schiff - bases manganese (III) complexes which is previously prepared have been designed and build as SOD and CAT mimetics. The complexes along with the known Mn - Salen [(C1 : a known drug used as standard against superoxide anion (O2 - ) (SOD - mimetic activity) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (CAT - mimetic activity)], have been characterized using the Gaussian 03 program (2003). The results show the following : 1. The manganese (III) ion in these complexes is surrounded by two nitrogen atoms of the Schiff - base, and two oxygen atoms and metal ion above the basal plane toward the anion (Cl - ).2. The behavior of building complexes is different in the oxidationreduction reactions.3. Some complexes which have mixed ligands (heteroligands), show to have better activities than that of the same ligands (homoligands).4. Some complexes get high mimetic enzyme activity in one reaction (SOD - mimetic or CAT - mimetic activities), but low mimetic enzyme activity in the other reactions.5. The activities of both C2 and C7 complexes are higher than that of C1 complex in both reaction types (SOD - mimetic and CAT - mimetic activities).6. The activities of (C4, C9, C10) complexes are higher mimetic enzyme than that of C1 complex as superoxide dismutase. 7. The activities of (C3, C5, C6, C8, C11) complexes are higher mimetic enzyme than that of C1 complex as Catalase.8. The calculation of geometrical shapes of building complexes were achieved by calculate the bond frequencies and force constant, the results indicate that all the building complexes have square pyramidal shape.

تحضير بعض قواعد شف كمثبطات لانزيم اليوريز ودراسة تاثيرها على بكتيريا المتقلبات Proteus M == Preparation of some Schiff bases as Urease inhibitors and study their effect on Proteus mirabilis bacteria

Author name: احمد حسين علي التميمي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The current study involves preparation number of cysteine derivatives by the reaction of cysteine with different aromatic aldehydes forming the following Schiff bases : "2 - (4 - bromobenzylideneamino) - 3 - mercaptopropanoic acid, 2 - (4 - hydroxybenzylideneamino) - 3 - mercaptopropanoic acid, 2 - (4 - (dimethylamino)benzylideneamino) - 3 - mercaptopropanoic acid and 2 - (4 - chlorobenzylideneamino) - 3 - mercaptopropanoic acid".The new prepared derivatives were identified by using spectroscopy (FTIR) and measuring their melting points.The biological activities against Proteus mirabilis were estimated using well - diffusion method around the plate then the antibacterial activities were estimated.The effects of the prepared compounds on urease activity were studied. The results showed good effect in urease inhibition. All the prepared compounds showed competitive inhibition since the value Vmax was the same and Km increased.Finaly, Vmax, Ki, Km and i % values of the enzyme was calculated using line weaver Bruk equation.It is noticed from enzymatic and biological studies that Schiff bases compounds are strong inhibitors of the urease enzyme where the(2 - (4 - (dimethylamino)benzylideneamino) - - 3mercaptopropanoic acid ) inhibition force was (Ki=0.0043 M) which is the highest inhibition force comparing with the other prepared compounds.The percentage of inhibition (%i) was equal to (96.77%).

مقارنة التشخيص والتحاليل الحياتية لانزيم الفوسفاتيز القاعدي في الاكياس المائية المتكونة من جنس Echinococcus Granulosus ومصل دم الانسان

Author name: مريم فضيل ناصر
Supervisor name: سلمان علي احمد
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Hydatidosis, a zoonitic parasitic disease, is one of the most important economic and health problem in Iraq and many other countries in the Middle East. It is caused by Echinococcus Multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus, the larval stage of which is localized in the liver, lungs and other visceral organs of intermediate hosts such as sheep, goats and cattle.Human are considered to be an accidental intermediate host, either by eating improperly disinfected vegetables or by close contact with dogs. The mature form lives in the ileum of candies as its definitive hosts, where it leads to an asymptomatic infection .Serology or immunodiagnostic tests are the most useful techniques for the detection of hydatid cysts in human patients.Objectives : One of the reasons why Echinococcus granulosus cysts are described as a public health problem is the lack of effective chemotherapy.Reviewing the literature bears in mind the possibility of an effectual and successful chemotherapeutic treatment in the early stages of cyst development, as indicated by many reported studies. Thus, the major problem in the management of Hydatid disease seems to be related to the lack of an efficient routine diagnostic test capable of identifying asymptomatic patients at early stages of the disease. Consequently, the need for a consistent diagnostic test, applicable for mass screening in hyperendemic regions, has become mandatory.Much attention has been focused on the multilocularis species which represent the major type affecting western countries. These cumulative efforts have recently evolved a commercially available and reliable immunodiagnostic test for the specific diagnosis of Alveolar ehinococcus. Unfortunately, the test fails to identify most of the patients suffering from cystic echinococcosis, caused by the closely related echinococcus granulosus.Hence, this will detract from the valuablity of the test in districts, where echinococcus granulosus is well known as the main endemic type, including Iraq, and necessitating the requirement for further studies with regard to echinococcus granulosus.The present study was conducted to estimate the kinetic parameters and biochemical characteristics of alkaline phosphatase in fertile and sterile cyst membranes from patients with hepatic cystic echinococcosis. The raised alkaline phosphatase serums of patients suffering cholestasis caused by gallstones were used as a representative alternate to Human liver - type alkaline phosphatase. Comparisons were aimed to reveal whether these two cyst membranes enzymes are different from each other and from the Human liver - type alkaline phosphatase.Subject and methods : In this study two samples were used, the cyst and human serum.Hydatid cysts were obtained from six hepatic cystic echinococcosis patients attending The Red Crescent Private Hospital, Baghdad, for surgical intervention from January 2007 through August 2008. Based on ultrasonographic examination, only two were identified as fertile, three were sterile and one patient with calcified cyst.Fasting venous blood samples were acquired from patients with professional diagnosis of gallstones, attending the above hospital for surgical treatment. Serum was separated, 5&#39; - nucleotidase activity was measured to confirm that the raised alkaline phosphatase activity is mainly due to liver isoenzymeCollected serum samples were pooled and divided into aliquots, stored at - 2 C until further analysis.The present study was measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity in serum and cyst homogenate according to the method of kind and king.Kinetic studies will involve the affinity of these enzymes to their substrate, as well as the effect of other factors including hydrogen ion concentration (pH) and temperature. Heat inactivation and the effect of specific inhibitor, namely L - phenylalanine, are also to be examined on the activity of the three alkaline phosphatase enzymes.Results : 1.Different alkaline phosphatase activity were observed in fertile cysts while there was no alkaline phosphatase activity in hydatid cyst homogenated from sterile cysts and still not able to be detected even when larger volume of the hydatid cyst homogenated sample were used for the estimation and can be explained that by the presence or the absence of fresh protoscoleces in fertile or sterile hydatid cyst, respectively. Because of this statement it can be differentiate between the sterile & fertile cyst.By the results of the biochemical characterization of alkaline phosphatase, there were different Km values, optimum pH and optimum temperature for each hydatid cyst homogenated & human - liver type.The heat - sensitive specifically showed that the echinococcus granulosus alkaline phosphatase was more heat resistance than echinococcus multilocularis & liver - type enzyme.The respond of different human alkaline phosphatse isoenzymes to L - phenylalanine have been shown to varied from low sensitive (liver and bone) to highly sensitive (placental and intestinal). Thus, the wide range of IC50 observed herein, can be ascribed to the presence of isoenzymes other than liver type in the serum samples enrolled in this study. No inhibitory effect was observed on alkaline phosphatase from hydatid cyst homogenate.Conclusion : Considering present findings along with the following discussion, the following conclusions might be derived : Echinococcus granulosus Alkaline Phosphatase serve as a marker of cyst viability.The different characteristic of alkaline phosphatase from hydatid cyst membrane revealed that echinococcus granulosus Alkaline phosphatase is distinct from human isoenzymes more specifically from liver alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme.

دراسة امتزاز وامتصاص بعض الملوثات العضوية على ثنائي اوكسيد التتانيوم == Sorption study of Some Organic Pollutants on Titanium Dioxide

Author name: قيس محمد عبد الحسين
Supervisor name: خلود عبد صالح السعدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Physical Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The subject of this thesis involves studying the possibility removed of four organic compound by TiO2. These organic compounds (considered as pollutants) which are; Birlliant blue (dye), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) and Lambdacyholothrin as (pesticides). The thermal and photo - stability were studied and the results showed that all pollutants are stable in temperature range about (288 - 318) K, and stable against UV - linght in the wave length range (290 - 320) nm.Titanium dioxide successed in removing; 95 - 54% of dye, 6.2% of PVA, 13.19% of LAS and failed in removeing pesticides.UV - Vis absorption spectrophotometric technique was used to follow the pollutants concentration before and after adsorption process and after different periods of time, since the sorption isotherms were obtained by obeying Langmiur and Freundlich adsorption isotherms, with R2 (1 - 0.9993) for dye, R2 (0.9992 - 0.9574) for PVA, R2 (0.9503 - 0.9813) for LAS.The dye adsorption isotherms take S - shapes which related to a strong interaction between dye and TiO2 with thermodynamic values DH = +(5.962 - 26.57)J, DG = - (966 - 999)J, DS = +(3.45 - 9.1906)J.The thermodynamic parameters were studied by using the sorption process of the three pollutants on TiO2 of different temperatures ranging (293 - 318)K, and from the sorption isotherms the values of DH, DG, and DS for PVA DH = - (133.4 - 212.83)J, DG = +(78 - 157.4)J, DS = - (500)J, LAS DH = +(53.14 - 66.14)J, DG = - (1.21 - 1.38)kJ, DS = +(4 - 14)J. The sorption process of dye and LAS a positive DH values, negative DG values and positive DS values, which indicates the spontaneous absorption process, which for the negative DH values, positive DG values and negative DS values are due to the non spontaneous adsorption process for PVA. The kinetic study of pollutants sorption on TiO2 was studied depending on three kinetic equations : 1 - Lagergren equation : it was used to obtain the order of the sorption process, and the results showed a good obey with R2 = (0.9477 - 0.9995) for dye, R2 = (0.956 - 0.9942) for PVA, R2=(0.9948) for LAS, to this equation, which indicates that the sorption processfollowed a pseudo - 1st order kinetics, and from the linear Lagergren equation for the pollutants sorption the rate constants of sorption were calculated at different temperatures, and the activation energy for the sorption process was also calculated which reached 39.011 kJ.mol - 1 for sorption of dye.2 - Morris - Weber model : was employed and it gave a good match with the straight linear equation with R2 = (0.98 - 0.994) for dye, R2=(0.9892) for PVA, R2 = (0.9989) for LAS. This relation indicates that the diffusion process was so obvious, and it involvesthe transport of pollutant from the bulk solution into the TiO2 surface, which is considered the rate - limiting step. 3 - Reichenberg model : was employed and it gave a good linear relationship between Bt and time with acceptable correlation coefficient R2 = (0.9891) for dye, R2 = (0.9306) for PVA, R2 = (0.9776) for LAS.This relation indicates that the rate limiting mechanism is the absorption and the sorption process involving three steps : absorption, adsorption and desorption).

تحري الخواص الحرارية لبعض السوائل الايونية الحاوية على اليوريا والاستمايد == Investigation of Thermal Properties for some Ionic Liquids containing Urea and Acetamide

Author name: هدى سلام عبد
Supervisor name: هادي محمد علي عبود
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Characterization of some room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) as candidates for thermal storage media and heat transfer fluids in thermal applications were investigated. Five ionic liquids prepared from ammonium alum [NH4Al(SO4)2.12H2O] pronounced S, as inorganic salt with urea [NH2CONH2] pronounced U, or acetamide [CH3CONH2] pronounced A, as organic compounds, and aluminum nitrate [Al(NO3)3.9H2O] pronounced N with urea or acetamide compounds in different mole ratios were investigated alone and with addition of some improving materials to study their synergetic effect using thermo - gravimetric analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetery (DSC), X - ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and conductivity measurements. Thermo - physical properties such as enthalpy ΔH, heat capacity Cp and thermal energy storage capacity were determined. It was found that hydrated aluminum nitrate : acetamide (1 : 22 mole ratio, AN2IL) alone and hydrated ammonium aluminum sulfate : urea (1 : 5 mole ratio, USIL) alone or with addition of some materials characterized with high density, chemical stability, heat capacity, thermal energy storage capacity and wide temperature range. The results indicated that ionic liquids alone or with addition of some materials could be considered as a promising candidate for liquid thermal storage media and heat transfer fluids.Studying the synergetic effect by addition of some alkali metal hydroxide (NaOH) with hydrated aluminum nitrate : urea (1 : 1.2 mole ratio, UNIL) and KOH with hydrated ammonium aluminum sulfate : urea (1 : 5 mole ratio, USIL) ionic liquids increased thermal energy storage capacity of these ionic liquids, while the addition of NaOH to hydrated aluminum nitrate : acetamide (1 : 22mole ratio, AN2IL) gave less thermal stability and storage capacity of ionic liquid.Also addition of alkaline earth metal oxide MgO, CaO to hydrated ammonium aluminum sulfate : urea (1 : 5 mole ratio, USIL) and BaO to hydrated aluminum nitrate : urea (1 : 1.2 mole ratio, UNIL) decreased thermal stability, heat capacity and thermal energy storage capacity than ionic liquid alone.Moreover, addition of transition metal oxide (VOSO4.5H2O, CuO and ZnO) to hydrated ammonium aluminum sulfate : urea (1 : 5 mole ratio, USIL) increased thermal stability and storage capacity of hydrated ammonium aluminum sulfate : urea (1 : 5 mole ratio, USIL), while the addition of NiO to hydrated ammonium aluminum sulfate : urea (1 : 5 mole ratio, USIL) only improve thermal stability of ionic liquid

التثبيت الضوئي لمتعدد كلوريد الفانيل باستخدام معقدات مخلبية == Photostabilization of poly(vinyl chloride) by chelate complexes

Author name: علي نجاح حسن
Supervisor name: عماد عبد الحسين يوسف السراج
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Five metal complexes of Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Ni(II) and Sn(II) with {4 - (Benzylidene - amino) - 5 - pyridin - 4 - yl - 4H - [1,2,4]triazole - 3 - thiol}, of Schiff base ligand (L), were prepared in alcoholic medium.The ligand (L) and its metal complexes were characterized qualitatively by using : FTIR, UV - visible spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility, conductivity measurements and 1H NMR only for ligand. The ligand acted as bidentate which coordinated to the metal ions through sulphur and nitrogen of Azomethine group.According to the spectral data of the complexes a tetrahedral geometry was suggested for these complexes, except Cu(II) complex which exhibited octahedral geometry distorted to square planar structure.The metal complexes were used to enhance the photostabilization of PVC contains a concentration of ML2 0.5 % by weight. The photostabilization of PVC films were studied at room temperature under irradiation of light with λ=313 nmand an intensity of 7.75 X 10 - 7 einstein dm - 3 sec - 1.The photostabilization activity of these compounds was determined bymonitoring the carbonyl (ICO), polyene (Ipo) and hydroxyl (IOH) indices and weightloss method with irradiation time. It was found that the (ICO), (Ipo) and (IOH)indices values increased with irradiation time and this increase found to depends on the type of additives.The surface morphology for these films was studied during irradiation time.The changes in viscosity average molecular weight of PVC with irradiation time were also tracked (using THF as a solvent). The quantum yield of the chain scission (Φcs) of these complexes in PVC films was also evaluated.The following trend was obtained for the photostabilization effect on PVC films in presence of additives as shown below : CuL2 , CdL2 , ZnL2 , SnL2 , NiL2 Increasing the photostability According to the obtained experimental results, mechanisms were suggested, depending on the structure of the complexes.

الاكسدة الضوئية التحفيزية للفينول الاحمر على دقائق ثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم النانوبلوري == Photocatalytic Oxidation of Phenol Red on Nanocrystalline TiO2 Particles

Author name: احمـــد عبد الله حسين
Supervisor name: هـــلال شهاب وهاب
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: انجزت هذه الدراسة البحثية للتفكك الضوئي للصبغة العضوية الفينول الاحمر كنموذج للملوثات الفينولية وذلك باستخدام ثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم النانوي المحضر مختبريا وفي وسط مائي.استخدمت تقنيات تشخيصية عديدة مثل المجهر الالكتروني الماسح وحيود الاشعة السينية ومطياف الانتشار الانعكاسي والمجهر الالكتروني التنافذي وطيف رامان لدراسة شكل السطح والحجم الحبيبي والمساحة السطحية وطاقة الفجوة لثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم النانوي المحضر. وجد ان متوسط حجم الحبيبة هو 9, 9.95, 11 نانو باستخدام مجهر الالكتروني الماسح, مطياف الانتشار الانعكاسي وحيود الاشعة السينية على التوالي.وتم كذلك احتساب المساحة السطحية وحجم المسامات باستخدام منظومةBET حيث كانت النتائج للمساحة السطحية 48 م2\غم وحجم المسامات 3.7 نانو مما يؤكد كون ثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم النانوي ذات مسامات صغيرة. ((mesoporos.تمت دراسة تاثير العديد من المتغيرات التجريبية على عملية التفكك الضوئي مثل كمية ثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم النانوي, حامضية المحلول, التركيز الابتدائي للفينول الاحمر, شدة مصدر التشعيع, الحجم الحبيبي لثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم النانوي واضافة المؤكسدات.ثبتت الظروف التجريبية المثلى لعملية التفكك الضوئي لصبغة الفينول الاحمر عند الدالة الحامضية 4.5 والتركيز الابتدائي للفينول الاحمر مساويا الى 10.3 ملغم\لتر وكمية المحفز ثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم مساويا الى 500 ملغم\لتر, حيث تم الحصول على ثابت سرعة التفاعل بقيمة 0.01052 لكل دقيقة وعمر نصف العملية 1.098 ساعة عند الظروف المثلى.اوضحت دراسة حركية التفكك الضوئي للفينول الاحمر بان العملية من الدرجة الاولى. اضافة على ذلك تم احتساب الناتج الكمي لعملية التفكك الضوئي حيث تساوي 0.1.اظهرت النتائج بان عملية الاكسدة الضوئية للفينول الاحمر بواسطة ثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم النانوي تفضل كيمياء الهيدروكسيل لانه عند اضافة بيروكسيد الهايدروجين حفزت عملية التفكك وتحسنت وتاكيدا على هذا الكلام عند اضافة ايزو بروبانول ثبطت عملية تفكك الفينول الاحمر لانه يعتبر من اهم المثبطات لجذر الهيدروكسيل. وتم كذلك احتساب الدوال الثرموديناميكية الاساسية لعملية التفكك الضوئي للفينول الاحمر مثل طاقة التنشيط وطاقة جبس والانثالبي والانتروبي. | In the current research study, the photocatalytic (photodecolorization) degradation of the phenolic model ecotoxicant, phenol red dye has been investigated using laboratory synthesized anatase TiO2 nanoparticles in aqueous solution. The prepared nano TiO2 powder has been characterized using several advanced instruments including, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X - Ray Spectroscopy (EDXS), X - Ray Diffraction (XRD), Diffused Reflectance UV - VIS spectrometry (DUR - UV - VIS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Brunauer - Emmett - Teller (BET) theory and Raman Spectrometry. Average particle size of 9, 9.95 and 11 nm was found using TEM, XRD and SEM, respectively. The surface area and pore size were also measured employing BET nitrogen adsorption apparatus which resulted in surface area of 48 m2/g and a pore size of 3.7 nm, which indicates the mesoporosity of the prepared nano anatase TiO2 particles. The impacts of several operational parameters for the photodegradation process were explored encompassing, TiO2 loading, solution pH, initial phenol red concentration, UV light source intensity, photocatalyst particle size and added oxidants. Under optimum experimental conditions, 4.5 solution pH, 500 mg/l TiO2 loading and 2.9 x 10 - 5 mol /l (10.3 mg/l) phenol red, the value of the apparent rate constant, kapp , obtained has been 0.01052 min - 1 (17.53x 10 - 5 sec - 1) and the half life of the process, accordingly is equal to 1.098 hours.The kinetic of phenol red photobleaching has also been studied and it was found that it follows the pseudo first order pattern regardless of reaction conditions. Furthermore, the apparent quantum yield for the photodecolorization process was also determined and found to be approximately 0.1.Results reveal that the photooxidation process of phenol red follows hydroxyl type chemistry in which the addition of hydrogen peroxide has contributed massively in the promotion of the process rate and yield, and further, suppressed to a great extent by addition of isopropanol as .OH radical scavenger.The main process activation thermodynamic parameters namely, Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy were also deduced following the computation of photolysis activation energy employing the well known Arrhenius relation.

تحري قنص غاز ثاني اوكسيد الكربون بواسطة السوائل الايونية عند درجة حرارة الغرفة == INVESTIGATION OF CO2 GAS CAPTURING BY ROOM TEMPERATURE IONIC LIQUIDS

Author name: ايفون اكرم عبد الجبار
Supervisor name: هادي محمد علي عبود
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Some ionic liquids were investigated for abilities to capture CO2 alone or with added some catalysts at room temperature under atmospheric pressure to increase the capacity of ionic liquids to capture carbon dioxide gas some catalysts were found effective such asHydrated aluminum nitrate/urea ionic liquid with added CaO and NaOH , monoethanolamine and ammonium chloride were added to hydrated ammonium aluminum sulphate/urea ionic liquid did not show in FTIR sign of either physical or chemical absorption of CO2 . The addition of NaOHaq to hydrated ammonium aluminum sulphate/urea ionic liquid showed a new vibration absorption at 1666 cm - 1 and changing the frequencies in the amine group vibrational bands above 3000 cm - 1 . While the distilled water when added to the ionic liquid hydrated ammonium aluminum sulphate/urea showed a broaden effect on the high vibrational bands above 2500 cm - 1 and the carbonyl group vibrational band at 1662 cm - 1 was not effected .Calcium oxide was added to hydrated ammonium aluminum sulphate/urea showed a new splitting vibration absorption bands at 1666 cm - 1 ,1618 cm - 1 .Aluminum chloride - urea ionic liquid very effective to capture carbon dioxide gas without add any catalysts showed a chemical absorption of CO2 1655 cm - 1 while aluminum chloride - acetamide showed weaker or no ability to capture CO2 .

تحضير مركبات عضوية اروماتية تحوي على ذرات غير متجانسة لغرض استخدامها كمثبطات للتاكل لمعدن الحديد في محلول حامضي == Preparation of Aromatic Organic Compounds containing Hetero - atoms as Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel in Acidic Solution

Author name: حنان حسين علي
Supervisor name: مهدي صالح شهاب
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

تحضير معقدات لاعضوية مشتقة من 4 - امين - 5 - بيريدايل 4,2,1 ترايزول - 3 - ثايول ودراسة الثباتية الضوئية - 4H - لها لبوليمر البولي ستايرين == Synthesis of inorganic complexes derived from 4 - amino - 5 - (pyridyl) - 4H 1,2,4 triazole - 3 - thiol and study their photochemical stability with polystyrene

Author name: رغد علي عبد الرسول حداد
Supervisor name: عماد عبد الحسين يوسف السراج
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Five transition metal complexes of Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Sn(II) with {4 - amino - 5 - (pyridyl) - 4H - 1,2,4 - triazole - 3 - thiol}, as a ligand (L) has been prepared in alcoholic medium. These complexes are : 1. Bis(4 - amino - 5 - (pyridyl) - 4H - 1,2,4 - triazole - 3 - thiol) Nickel(II), Ni(L)2 .2. Bis(4 - amino - 5 - (pyridyl) - 4H - 1,2,4 - triazole - 3 - thiol) Cupper(II), Cu(L)2 .3. Bis(4 - amino - 5 - (pyridyl) - 4H - 1,2,4 - triazole - 3 - thiol) Zinc(II), Zn(L)2 .4. Bis(4 - amino - 5 - (pyridyl) - 4H - 1,2,4 - triazole - 3 - thiol) Cadmium(II), Cd(L)2 .5. Bis(4 - amino - 5 - (pyridyl) - 4H - 1,2,4 - triazole - 3 - thiol) Tin(II), Sn(L)2 .The ligand (L) and its metal complexes were characterized quantitatively and qualitatively by using : FTIR, UV - visible spectroscopy, 1H and 13C NMR, magnetic susceptibility and conductivity measurements. This ligand act as bidentate that coordinated to the metal ions through sulphur and nitrogen of amine group. According to the spectral data of the complexes a tetrahedral geometry was suggested for these complexes except Cu(II) complexes which exhibit a square structure.In this work the prepared complexes of 4 - amino - 5 - (pyridyl) - 4H 1,2,4 triazole - 3 - thiol were used to enhance the photostabilization of Polystyrene (PS).Polystyrene has been mixed with these complexes in chloroform solvent which containing concentration of complex 0.5 % by weight, which produced by the casting method from chloroform solvent. The photostabilization of polystyrene films were studied at room temperature under irradiation of light λ=365 nm wave length with intensity 20.6*10 - 9 Ein Dm - 3 S - 1 .The photostabilization activity of these compounds was determined by monitoring the carbonyl (ICO) and hydroxyl (IOH) indexes, weight loss method with irradiation time. It was found that the (ICO) and (IOH) indexes values increased with irradiation time and this increase depend on the type of additives. The surface morphology for these films was studied during irradiation time. The changes in viscosity average molecular weight of PS with irradiation time were also tracked (using chloroform as a solvent). The quantum yield of the chain scission (Φcs) of these complexes in PS films was also evaluated.The following trend is obtained for the photostabilization effect on PS films in presence of additives as shown below : Sn(L)2 , Cd(L)2 , Ni(L)2 , Zn(L)2 , Cu(L)2 Increasing the photostability According to the experimental results obtained, mechanisms were suggested, depending on the structure of the complexes

تصنيع ودراسة اقطاب بوليمرية جديدة لتقدير الكلاريثرومايسين == Construction and study of new polymeric membrane electrodes for clarithromycin determination

Author name: حيدر قيس منشد
Supervisor name: خالدة حميد محمد السعيدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: This piece of research includes constructing and characterizing two kinds of ion - selective electrodes (ISEs) based on PVC matrix membrane.First, four ion - selective electrodes for clarithromycin (CLM) which based on clarithromycin - tetraphenylborate (CLM - TPB) ion - pair complex as the electro - active materials were prepared. Second, four ion - selective electrodes for clarithromycin which based on using clarithromycintetraiodomercurate (CLM - TIM) ion - pair complex as the electro - active materials were also prepared. In both kinds of ISEs, some of the selected plasticizers were employed such as; Di - octyl phthalate (DOP), Di - butyl phosphate (DBP), Acetophenone (AP) and Di - butyl phthalate (DBPH) in PVC matrix. This thesis has mainly been structured in three different chapters, each one containing the following information : Chapter one provides a short historical review with the analytical performance characteristics of ISEs are described. The applications of ISEs in pharmaceutical and clarithromycin analyses are well - arranged in tables and the general and specific objectives of thesis are reported. Chapter two corresponds to the experimental part. Reagents, instruments, procedures and detail protocols for the preparation of two kinds of ISEs used in this study are reported.Chapter three contains the experimental results and discussion that lead to the possibility of successful applications the constructed ISEs in pharmaceuticals preparation and clarithromycin measurements. It is reporting the construction of two kinds of larithromycin ISEs; The first kind ISEs were : CLM - TPB+DOP (E1), CLM - TPB+DBP (E2), CLM - TPB+AP (E3) and CLM - TPB+DBPH (E4), give the linear range from (1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 3, 1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 3, 5×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 3 and 1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 3 M), the slopes of (51.206, 53.930, 58.104 and 58.484 mV/decade) respectively, with detection limits of (8×10 - 6, 6×10 - 6, 2×10 - 5 and 9×10 - 6 M), response time of 10 - 3 M (30, 35, 41 and 46 second) and the lifetime were about (24, 30, 12 and 20 days) respectively. The second, were : CLM - TIM+DOP (E5), CLM - TIM+DBP (E6), CLM - TIM+AP (E7) and CLM - TIM+DBPH (E8), give the linear range from (1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 3, 5×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 3, 5×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 3 and 1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 3 M), the slopes of (48.445, 42.970, 52.692 and 49.442 mV/decade) respectively, with detection limits of (5×10 - 6, 5.5×10 - 5, 5×10 - 5 and 1.5×10 - 5 M), response time of 10 - 3 M (26, 32, 30 and 48 second) and the lifetime were about (28, 22, 16 and 25 days) respectively.The best electrode is (E4) used to determine the clarithromycin in pure and pharmaceuticals samples. The working pH for (E4) electrode was ranged from (1.5 - 6.5), the selectivity coefficients (Kpot A,B) of ISEs for the CLM have been studied in the presence of interference ions (Na+, K+, Mn+2, Cu+2, Fe+3, Al+3, sucrose and gelatin) by using separated solution and fixed interfering methods and the results was ranged from (4.28×10 - 2 - 8.82×10 - 5), which revealed that there was no effect of the interferences on the determination of CLM in tablets by using the constructed ISE.Therefore the ISE (E4) gave a good electrochemical characterization among the others and it has been used successfully for the determination of clarithromycin in the Claricide tablets using different potentiometric methods.

دراسة طيفية لبعض املاح العناصر الانتقالية في السائل الايوني == SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION FOR SOME TRANSITION METAL SALTS IN IONIC LIQUID

Author name: مروة حميد فاضل
Supervisor name: هادي محمد علي عبود
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Aluminum chloride - urea ionic liquid was investigated by Lewis acid - base titration with chloride ions for its active species concentration with the aide of electronic spectroscopy. A coordination bonds between aluminum cationic species of the ionic liquid and the aromatic ring of toluene or benzene was assumed to be responsible for new bands formed in visible and ultraviolet regions.Upon Lewis acid - base titration these bands was found to disappear and the concentration of the acidic species therefore was elucidated to be around 75 mole % of the initial aluminum chloride used to prepare a 1.5 mole aluminum chloride to 1 mole urea ionic liquid. The product of this reaction was assumed to be between mole acidic species to mole chloride ion according to the mole fraction elucidated graph.The behavior of some transition metal compounds (chlorides and sulfates) of (Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II)) coordination in the ionic liquid was also investigated in this ionic liquid by electronic spectroscopy. Cobalt chloride showed a different behavior than the distorted octahedral geometry of copper chloride as it reacted with the anionic species to precipitate as form of a tetrahedral complex containing urea, aluminum and chloride ions.The behavior of nickel sulfate in the ionic liquid also showed an acid - base reaction with the acidic species of ionic liquid as the bands at 334 nm and 474 nm decreased with increasing the salt concentration. The coordination of Ni(II) cation was found to be an octahedral geometry with stronger ligand field effect. Similar strong ligand field was also observed with copper sulfate which showed four bands resulted from separating metal d - orbitals more obviously than the tetragonal John - Teller effect found with copper chloride in same ionic liquid.

الخواص الثرموديناميكية والحجمية لبعض الفيتامينات الذائبة - مائيا في حامض الهيدروكلوريك المخفف وكذللك في المحاليل المائيه لملح كلوريد الصوديوم عند درجات) 51.392 و51.392 و1.392 . و1.392 . (كلفن == Thermodynamic and Volumetric Properties of Some Water - Soluble Vitamins in Dilute HCl and in Aqueous NaCl Solutions at (293.15, 298.15, 303.15, and 308.15) K

Author name: خطاب عدنان عبد
Supervisor name: تغريد علي سلمان
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Densities , ρ, and viscosity, η, have been measured for ascorbic acid, thiamin HCl, nicotinic acid and pyridoxine HCl have been measured in water and in aqueous sodium chloride solutions at (293.15, 298.15, 303.15 and 308.15) K. The apparent molar volumes were determined from the measured density data. These volumes were extrapolated to zero using suitable empirical or theoretical equations to determine the corresponding infinite dilution values.Ionization of the vitamins under studied were suppressed using sufficiently acidic solutions. Apparent molar volume at infinite dilution for all vitamins, were found to be increase with increasing temperature in acidic solution and the presence of co - solute NaCl. On the other hand, increasing the concentration of co - solute NaCl leads to decrease the apparent molar volumes. These results were interpreted in terms of complex vitaminswater - co - solute NaCl interactions.Apparent molar volumes of transfer at infinite dilution for vitamins from water solutions to NaCl solution at various temperatures in the range (293.15 - 308.15) K were calculated. The resulting data have been utilized to the effect of overlapping of the hydration co - spheres on net volume of vitamins. The viscosity data have been analyzed using Jones - Dole equation, and the derived parameters, Jones - Dole coefficient, B, and Falkenhagen coefficient, A, were interpreted in terms of solute - solvent and solute - solute interactions respectively, for ascorbic acid, thiamin HCl, nicotinic acid and pyridoxine HCl. The variation of B coefficient with temperature, (dB/dT), have been also calculated for vitamin solutions, and the obtained data was interpreted on the basis of the structure - making and structure - breaking behavior.Free energy of activation of viscous flow per mole of solvent, Δμ1°, and solute, Δμ2°, were obtained by application of the transition - state theory to the B coefficient data and the corresponding activation enthalpy, ΔH0, and entropy of activation, ΔS0, of viscous flow were also determined for vitamins.

مثبتات ضوئية جديدة لبولي كلوريد الفانيل باسخدام بعض ايونات العناصر لمعقدات2 - 6 - ميثوكسي نفثالين - 2 - وايل بروبانويت

Author name: حسام اكريم سلمان
Supervisor name: عماد عبد الحسين يوسف السراج | جواد كاظم شنين
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The preparation of Bis[2 - (6 - methoxynaphthalen - 2 - yl)propanoate] chelate complexes with nickel(II), copper(II), zinc(II), cadmium(II) and tin(II) were described in this thesis.Infrared, ultraviolet - visible, spectrophotometric techniques, magnetic susceptibility, atomic absorption, conductivity measurements and melting point were used to characterize the free ligand and the above chelate complexes. All these complexes were found to act as stabilizer in PVC films.The light of wavelength (313 nm) with intensity of (1.052×10 - 8 ein.dm - 3.S - 1) was used for irradiation of polymer films at room temperature. The rate of photodegradation and photostabilization of PVC film (thickness 30 m) were monitored by measuring the carbonyl, polyene, hydroxyl and chlorine indices (Ico, Ipo, IoH and Icl) values as a function of irradiation time and ultraviolet - visible spectrophotometry using 0.5% wt/wt concentration of stabilizer.It was found that the carbonyl index (Ico), polyene index (Ipo) and hydroxyl index (IoH) values increased with irradiation time, while the chlorine index (ICl) values decreased with irradiation time, and this increase depend on the type of additives (free ligand and complexes).The following trend was obtained for the photostabilization effect of PVC film in presence of these additives : Cd(L)2 > Zn(L)2 > Sn(L)2 > Ni(L)2 > Cu(L)2.According to the experimental results obtained several mechanisms were suggested depending on the structure of the additives. Among these mechanisms, HCl scavenging, UV absorption, peroxide decomposer and radical scavenger for photostabilizer additives.The mode of chain scission was also investigated by measuring the variation of average viscosity molecular weight with irradiation time for PVC films with and without additives. It was found that the values of the variation of average viscosity molecular weight decreased with increasing irradiation time

تحليل الطيف الالكتروني لمركبات ايونات بعض العناصر الانتقالية في سائل ايوني جديد

Author name: زينة نذير رجب
Supervisor name: هادي محمد علي عبود
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The behavior of some transition metal cations [Cr (III), Fe (III), Fe (II), Co (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II)] were investigated in ammonium alum - urea ionic liquid. The study was followed by UV - Visible electronic spectroscopy to establish their coordination geometry in the liquid and estimate the ionic species attached to the transition metal cations.The reactivity of the metal cations were found to vary from one to another. Chromium (III) cation was found, (as expected) to be in octahedral geometry with ionic liquid species and was inert toward the addition of ligands. Similarly iron (III) did not show a tendency to react with added ligands, yet charge transfer was prevailed. However, interesting iron (II) showed high spin octahedral coordination with thiocyanate ion but a low spin octahedral complex with nitrite ion.Cobalt (II) showed an interesting behavior in alum - urea ionic liquid, as it coordinated in an octahedral geometry with its ionic species. A gradual geometrical changes were appeared as a major change in their spectra most probably forming a mixture of two species tetrahedral with some original octahedral complex when its solution was studied with increasing thiocyanate ion concentration up to 35 thiocyanate : 1 cobalt mole ratio.The solubility limit of nitrite in ionic liquid ceased the concentration ratio of nitrite : cobalt to be 5 : 1.Nickel (II) also showed an octahedral geometry behavior in ionic liquid species. It reacts with added ligands particularly when theconcentration of thiocyanate ion : Ni (II) increased up to 30 to 1 mole ratio, the color changed from pale green to olive - green solution.Cupper (II) cation showed a clear blue solution and its spectra are assigned to be octahedral geometry, while the added nitrite did not show color change but less absorbance was recorded. However, thiocyanate ion seems to react with cupper (II) ionic liquid solution producing suspended green solution with much less absorbance than with ionic liquid.Interestingly, the water molecules present in the original ammonium alum was not found to coordinate with metal cations as their spectra was found to differ when compared with those obtained in aqueous solution.

تصنيع اقطاب انتقائية جديدة لتقدير كل من الكلور امفينيكول صوديوم ساكسينيت والحديد الثلاثي وتطبيقاتها في المستحضرات الصيدلانية == Construction of new Ion Selective electrodes for Determination Chloramphenicol sodium succinate and Iron(III) and their applications in pharmaceutical samples

Author name: وئام رعد عزيز
Supervisor name: خالدة حميد محمد السعيدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Two kinds of electrodes were prepared in this study based on PVCmatrix. Four ion selective electrodes for Chloramphenicol sodiumsuccinate which based on chloramphenicol palmitate (CPP) and sodiumtetraphenylborate (TPB) as additive, Another Four ion selectiveelectrodes for Iron(III) based on Chloramphenicol sodium succinate - Iron(III) [CPSS - Fe(III)] ion - pair complex as the electro - active material,.Many plasticizers used :  Di - butyl phthalate (DBPH) Di - butyl phosphate (DBP) Di - octyl phthalate (DOP) Tri - butyl phosphate (TBP)The electrodes parameters were include, linear concentration range,Nernestian slope, limit of detection, response time, life time, working pHrang and selectivity were evaluated. Also the statistical treatments wereapplied for the results that include : relative standard deviation (RSD),relative error (RE), error and confidence limit for concentration. The resultsshowed : 1 - ISES for Chloramphenicol sodium succinate : CPP+TPB+DBPH (membrane A1), CPP+TPB+DBP(membrane A2),CPP+TPB+DOP (membrane A3), CPP+TPB+TBP (membrane A4), givesthe slopes (53.98, 51.45, 49.66 and 48.98 mV/decade), linear range from(1x10 - 4 - 1x10 - 1, 5x10 - 4 - 1x10 - 1, 1x10 - 4 - 1x10 - 1, 5x10 - 4 - 1x10 - 1), withdetection limit (5x10 - 5M, 2x10 - 5 M, 3x10 - 5 M and 1x10 - 5 M), responsetime of 10 - 3M (15, 18, 20 and 35 second) and the lifetime were about (50,15, 23 and 21 day ). The working pH ranges were ranged from (2 - 7.5).The electrode A1 (CPP+TPB+DBPH) has been used to determineVIChloramphenicol sodium succinate in the pharmaceutical samples of(Chloramphenicol sodium succinate injection).2 - ISES for Iron(III) : CPSS - Fe(III)+DBP (membrane B1), CPSS - Fe(III)+DBPH (membraneB2), CPSS - Fe(III)+DOP (membrane B3) and CPSS - Fe(III)+TBP(membrane B4), gives the slopes (19.79, 26.60, 16.01 and 13.82), linearrange from (1x10 - 5 - 1x10 - 2 M, 1x10 - 5 - 1x10 - 2 M, 1x10 - 6 - 1x10 - 2 M and1x10 - 5 - 1x10 - 2 M), with detection limit (9×10 - 6 M, 7×10 - 5 M, 2×10 - 6 Mand 9×10 - 5 M), response time of 10 - 3 M (10, 35, 15, 35 and 30 second),lifetime were about (37, 41, 23 and 16 days). The working pH rangeswere ranged from (2 - 6) by using electrode (CPSS - Fe(III)+DBP), andthis electrode has been used to determine Iron(III) in the pharmaceuticalsamples of (Feroglobin Capsules).The selectivity coefficients (KpotA,B) of ISES have been studied for thefollowing interference ions (Na+, K+, Mn+2, Cu+2, Zn+2, Fe+3, Al+3,Chloramphenicol palmitate, folic acid , Sucrose and Gelatin) by usingseparate solution method and fixed interfering mixed method.The UV - spectrophotometric method which includes : - The derivative spectra, the first - derivative (1D) spectra for Chloramphenicol sodium succinate solutions (2 - 64 mg/L) in wavelength equal 258 nm with (r2=0.99925). The analytical methods results showed to be simple, rapid and with a good accuracy by comparing between FirstDerivative (1D) and direct method of Ion selective electrode by using Ftest.The results shown, that the Chloramphenicol sodium succinate can be determined by using Ion selective electrode method because the value of the (F) experimental less than the value of the (F) theoretical at 95% confidence limit. Since Fcalculated‹ Ftable, we oncluded that there is nosignificant difference in precision between two methods

دراسة الذوبان والكيمياء التناسقية لاكاسيد بعض العناصر الانتقاليه للمنصهر الايوني المحضر لمزيج كلوريد الكولين / حامض التارتاريك == Solubility and coordination study of some transition metal oxides in new choline chloride/ tartaric acid ionic liquid

Author name: فرح انور حسن
Supervisor name: هادي محمد علي عبود
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: في هذا البحث تم تحضير نوع جديد من الاملاح المنصهرة في درجة حرارة الغرفة , عن طريق مزج احد املاح جذر الامونيوم الرباعي وهو كلوريد الكولين مع احد المواد لها القابلية على تكوين اواصر هيدروجينية وهو الحامض الكاربوكسيلي الثنائي الكاربوكسيل وهو حامض التارتارك, تم تحضير عده محاليل بنسب مولية مختلفة. ومن المخطط الطوري للمحلول تم الحصول على محلول بدرجه انصهار 5 درجه مئوية.ومن مواصفات هذا الملح المنصهر المحضر هي : له صفات توصيلية , له كثافة عالية , وقيمه الاس الهيدروجيني له واطئه. وايضا في هذا البحث استخدمه الملح المنصهر المحضر كمذيب لا مائي لدراسة قابليه ذوبان بعض اكاسيد العناصر الانتقاليه من السلسلة الاولى وتشمل : [Co3O4, CrO3, NiO, CuO, ZnO]حيث وجد ان لها القابليه على الذوبان في هذا الملح المنصهر المحضر, وتم قياس التركيز ( الاذابة ) عن طريق استخدام جهاز الامتصاص الذري وذالك بدرجه حرارة الغرفه صعودا الى المائة درجة مئوية.اضافة الى ذلك تم حساب الحرارة الكامنة للانصهار لكل واحد من اكاسيد العناصر وتم توضيح تاثير اوربيتال d على قيمة الحرارة الكامنة للانصهار. تم تشخيص المحاليل السابق ذكرها عن طريق جهاز الاشعة الفوق البنفسجية - المرئية (UV. Vis.) لغرض معرفه المعقدات المتكونة ومعرفة التغير في الصيغة التركيبية للاوكسيد . وتم اخذ بنظر الاعتبار تاثير زيادة الحرارة الى درجه حرارة مائه درجه مئوية , حيث ان زيادة درجه الحرارة ليس له تاثير على الصيغه التركيبية الا انه له تاثير على زيادة الاهتزاز الالكتروني. تم حساب معامل راكاح (Racah) ,مقاييس المجال الليكندي , مقدار طاقه الانفصال (Δo) وحساب الامتصاصية المولاريه لكل طيف في جميع درجات الحرارة. | Choline chloride / tartaric acid room temperature ionic liquid was prepared and the obtained phase diagrams of the mixture showed eutectic point at 5 oC. The ionic liquid showed a conductive properties, high density and low PH values. Secondly, the dissolution of Co3O4, CrO3, NiO, CuO, and ZnO. Were studied and found soluble in choline chloride / tartaric acid ionic liquid as their solubilities were determined by measuring the dissolved metal by atomic absorption from room temperature up to 100 oC. The lattice energies of the metal oxides were deduced and the effects of the d - orbital electrons on the lattice energy were compared. In addition to their solubilities the above solution of metal oxides were investigates by ultraviolet visible spectroscopy. The spectra were measured and assigned to the expected coordination in the choline chloride/ tartaric acid ionic liquids, the effect of increasing temperature of the solution up to 100 oC were also studied and showed similar coordination but higher vibration with increasing temperature. Racah factor for there complexes (B) were determined together with field factor, crystal field splitting energy (Δo), nephelauxetic factors and molar absoptivities for each spectra at the variable temperatures.

تحضير وتشخيص الاملاح المنصهرة (السوائل الايونية) المستندة على مركبات السلفونيت == Preparation and Characterization of Molten salts (Ionic Liquids) Based on Sulfonate Compounds

Author name: عهد ديوان ساجت الفتلاوي
Supervisor name: هادي محمد علي عبود
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الرسالة دراسة تحضير وتشخيص املاح منصهرة (سوائل ايونية) تكون منصهرة في درجة حرارة الغرفة حيث تم تحضير كولين دودوسيل بنزين سلفونيت وفينل تراي ميثل امونيوم دودوسيل بنزين سلفونيت وكانت درجة الانصهار لكل منهما هي,118) oC ( 91.9 على التوالي .تم تحضير املاح منصهرة (سوائل ايونية) اخرى بواسطة خلط , صوديوم دودوسيل بنزين سلفونيت , بوتاسيوم دودوسيل بنزين سلفونيت, امونيوم دودوسيل بنزين سلفونيت , بنزويك اسد, ساليسالك اسد مع الكولين كلورايد وقد اظهرت عملية الخلط انخفاض كبير درجة الانصهار عن للمركبات الاصلية.الخليط المكون من( امونيوم دودوسيل بنزين سلفونيت\ الكولين كلورايد) ينصهرعند 15 oC , ايضا خليطي (بنزويك اسد\ الكولين كلورايد ( و) ساليسالك اسد\ الكولين كلورايد ( مع لهما درجة انصهار متشابهة مقدارها 60 oC , وهذة الدرجة تنطبق مع تعريف الاملاح المنصهرة (السوائل الايونية) التي تنصهر في درجة حرارة افل من oC 100, لذلك تعتبر املاح منصهرة في درجة حرارة الغرفة. اظهرت الخلطات المكونة من (صوديوم دودوسيل بنزين سلفونيت\ الكولين كلورايد) و(بوتاسيوم دودوسيل بنزين سلفونيت \ الكولين كلورايد) درجات انصهار اعلى من oC 100 . مجموعة اخرى من الاملاح المنصهرة (السوائل الايونية) التي تم تحضيرها بواسطة خلط نفس المركبات السابقة لكن مع اليوريا بدلامن الكولين كلورايد هذة الاملاح المنصهرة (السوائل الايونية) المكونة من مركبات السلفونيت لهما درجات انصهار اقل مما للاملاح المنصهرة المعتمدة على الكولين كلورايد التي تنصهر عند105 oC , oC 100 , 10 oC على التوالي. بينما في حالة )بنزويك اسد\ اليوريا ( و) ساليسالك اسد\ اليوريا ( تنصهر بدرجات اعلى وكانت, oC 75 , oC 77 على التوالي. الاملاح المنصهرة (السوائل الايونية) تتكون نتيجة التداخل الذي يحصل بين مكونات الخليط وتكون تاصرهيدروحيني او تكون معقد بين مكونات الخليط | The work presented in this thesis includes the preparation and characterization of choline dodecyl benzene sulfonate and phenyl trimethyl ammonium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, which were prepared and showed almost room temperature molten salts (ionic liquids) of 118 oC and 91.9 oC respectively, as shown in scheme (1) : Scheme (1) Other molten salts (ionic liquids) based on mixing sodium, potassium, ammonium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, benzoic acid and salicylic acid with choline chloride showed a larger melting point depression than from of initial components, as shown in scheme (2) and (3) : Scheme (2) (Ammonium dodecyl benzene sulfonate /choline chloride) mixture has a deep eutectic point of 15 oC, while the two mixtures (benzoic acid / choline chloride) and (salicylic acid / choline chloride) gave a similar eutectic point of 60 oC, which were correspond with the room temperature molten salt (ionic liquids) definition, which is melt below the 100 oC. However, (sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate /choline chloride) mixture and (potassium dodecyl benzene sulfonate /choline chloride) mixture afforded higher eutectic temperature than the room temperature molten salts.Another set of mixtures that based on mixing the same previous compounds, but with urea instead of choline chloride. These mixtures showed with (NaDBS,KDBS and NH4DBS) compounds lower eutectic points than with choline chloride of 105 oC, 100 oC, and 10 oC respectively. While with benzoic acid and salicylic acid afforded a little higher temperature of 75 oC and 77 oC respectively. Compositions of these mixtures attributed to the formation and interaction of hydrogen bonding or the formation of complex compounds of eutectic nature.

الفصل الكروموتوغرافي لبعض الايونات الموجبة وتقديرها بواسطة كاشف التوصيلية والتحليل الضوئي غير المباشر

Author name: لبنى عبد الحسين عبد الامير الشيخ
Supervisor name: شهباز احمد مكي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Cation exchange chromatography with both unsuppressed conductivity detection and indirect photometric detection (IPD) modes were used for the separation and detection of inorganic cations. Salt of weak base diphenylamine has been used as an eluent for several cations both with unsuppressed conductivity detection and IPD. 4 - aminodiphenylammonium chloride possess ion exchange capability, chromatographic selectivity and large molar absorptivity. 4 - aminodiphenylammonium chloride showed a good chromatographic performance toward the analysis of the cations (Lithium, Barium, Iron II and Iron III ) using conventional HPLC equipment with either conductivity or indirect UV detectors. The analysis of these cations using (1×10 - 7 M) 4 - aminodiphenylammonium chloride at pH 5.80 in 5% DMSO, with Dionex Ion Pac CS3 Column, and 1ml/min flow rate was achieved with unsuppressed column conductivity and IPD at 342.5 nm detection. Chromatogram of a separation mixtures containing four cations (Li+, Ba+2,Fe+2 and Fe+3) and other mixture have given well separated peaks using IPD technique. The capacity factor K for the analyzed cations were ranged from (1.70 - 2.44), peak symmetries was ranged from (1.11 - 1.41) and resolution with an average value of (1.310) was optained. The average RSD for tR was 0.435%. The average recovery was 93.1075 % and the average relative error percentage was 6.77 % with unsuppressed conductivity detection . However, using IPD, the peak symmetry was ranged from(1.30 - 1.54), and an average value of resolutin of 1.41 which indicate a good chromatographic performance. The RSD in tR averaged 0.351 %. The average value of recovery was 95.975 %. Calibration curve for all analyzed cations were linear from their detection limit to at least 10 ppm. The correlation coefficients for the linear calibration curve were ranged from (0.9991, 0.9998) with both detection techniques. The detection limit was ranged from (0.025, 0.1) ppm for unsuppressed conductivity detection compared to (0.02, 0.05) ppm for IPD

التثبيت الضوئي لمتعدد (كلوريد الفانيل) باستعمال معقدات ثئاني (2 - امينو خلات بنزوثايزول) == PHOTOSTABILIZATION OF POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) BY BIS(2 - AMINO ACETATE BENZOTHIAZOLE ) COMPLEXES

Author name: هدیل عادل عباس
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: In this work , Bis(2 - amino acetate benzothiazole) chelate complexes were prepared . These compounds are : 1 - Bis(2 - amino acetate benzothiazol) nickel(II).2 - Bis(2 - amino acetate benzothiazol) copper(II).3 - Bis(2 - amino acetate benzothiazol) zinc(II).4 - Bis(2 - amino acetate benzothiazol) cadmium(II). 5 - Bis(2 - amino acetate benzothiazol) tin(II).Infrared, ultraviolet - visible, spectrophotometric techniques, magneticsusceptibility, atomic absorption conductivity measurement and other physical properties were used to characterize the free ligand and the above chelate complexes.All these compounds were act as stabilizer in PVC films.The rate of photodegradation and photostabilization of PVC film (thickness 30mm) were monitored by measuring the carbonyl, polyene and hydroxyl indices (Ico, Ipo and IoH) values as afunction with irradiation time and ultraviolet - visible spectrophotometry using the concentrations of additive 0.5% wt/wt. The light of wavelength 313 nm with intensity (1.052*10 - 8 ein.dm - 3.S - 1) was used for irradiation of polymer films at room temperature.It was found that the carbonyl index (Ico) polyene index (Ipo) and hydroxyl index(IoH) values increased with irradiation time, and this increase depend on the type of additives (free ligand and complexes). The following trend was obtained for the photostabilization effect of PVCfilm in presence of these additives : Sn(H)2 > Cd(H)2 > Ni(H)2 > Zn(H)2 > Cu(H)2. According to the experimental results obtained several mechanisms were suggested depending on the structure of the additives. Therefore HCl scavenging, UV absorption, peroxide decomposer and radical scavenger for photostabilizer additiveswere suggested.

تحضيـروتشخيص مركبات مقلدة للانسولين == SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF INSULIN - MIMETIC COMPOUNDS

Author name: عمار جهاد صادق العبدلي
Supervisor name: اياد حمزة جاسم
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تهيئ الكيمياء اللاعضوية مجالا خصبا لتصميم وتحضير مركبات صيدلانية لمعالجة الامراض العسيرة المعالجة في الوقت الحالي.منذ فترة طويلة استخدمت الادوية الفلزية لعلاج واعادة وظيفة فسلجة الجسم الى حالتها الاولية.ان عنصري الفناديوم والكروم يقدمان حالة مدهشة من بين العناصر الانتقالية حيث لها سلطة وصفة كيموفيزيائية نكشف من خلالها صفة مهمة كمقلدات لعمل الانسولين. ولهذا تم دراستها جيدا في علاج مرض السكري للنوع الاول والثاني.ان تصميم الادوية الفلزية في بحثنا يقيم بالدرجة الاولى بالتشابه الفراغي للاعمال السابقة والتركيب المبسط وصفة التواجد البايولوجي والذوبانية والامتصاصية.تم تحضير اربعة مركبات مختلفة لتتاصر مع فلزات VO (II) وCr (III) الايونية لتكون ثمانية معقدات مختلفة تم اختيار ستة احماض امينية مختلفة لتتاصر مع فلزات VO (II) وCr (III) الايونية لتكون اثنا عشر معقد مختلف تم اختيار الماركبتو حامض الخليك وحامض المانديلك للتاصر مع فلزات VO (II) وCr (III) الايونية لتكوين اربع معقدات مختلفة.تم اختيار خمسة سكريات مختلفة لتتاصر مع فلزات VO (II) وCr (III) الايونية لتكون عشرة معقدات مختلفة.تم عزل وتشخيص عدد من المركبات المختلفة عن طريق دراسة صفاتها الكيموفيزيائية بواسطة تحليل المعادن وتحليل عناصر C.H.N.S، واطياف التردد والانتقالات الالكترونية، والصفات التوصيلية والمغناطيسية، بالاضافة الى دراسة اطياف الرنين المغناطيسي النووي للهيدروجين.تمت دراسة تكوين بعض المعقدات في المحلول باتباع طريقة النسبة المولارية mole ratio.ان نتائج الدراسات في الحالة الصلبة والسائلة اعطتنا نتائج متطابقة. | Biomedical inorganic chemistry offers the potential for the design novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of diseases, which are currently intractable. Therapeutic metalodrugs have since long been employed to restore human physiology. Vanadium and chromium presents an outstanding case of a transition elements, the omnipotent physicochemical properties of which have unearthed it’s potential use as a serious insulin mimtic agents, well suited in the treatment of the heterogeneous disease of diabetes mellitus types I and II.The design of such metallodrugs has been at the fore front of the research depending on analogy of the previous work, simple structure, bioavailability, solubility and absorption property.Four different analog ligands have been synthesized to coordinate with VO (II) and Cr (III) metal ions to produce eight different complexes.Six different amino acids have chosen to coordinate with VO (II) and Cr (III) metal ions to produce twelve different complexes.Marcapto acetic acid and mandelic acid are also chosen to coordinate with VO (II) and Cr (III) metal ions to produce four different complexes.Five different sugars have been chosen to coordinate with VO (II) and Cr (III) metal ions to produce ten different complexes.Several of the synthesized compounds were isolated and characterized by studying their physicochemical properties such as C.H.N.S and metal analysis, vibrational and electric spsectra, conductivity, magnetic properties, in addition to 1H.N.M.R spectral study for some complexes.The formation of some of the complexes were studied in solution following the mole ratio method. The results of both solid state and solution studies gave identical results.

تحضير وتشخيص مركبات خماسية وسداسية وسباعية الحلقة غير متجانسة == Synthesis and Identification of Five, Six and Seven membered ring of Heterocyclic derivativese

Author name: شذى سلمان حسن عباس
Supervisor name: ابتسام خليفة جاسم
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يتضمن موضوع البحث في هذه الرسالة تحضير مركبات حلقية غير متجانسة خماسية وسداسية وسباعية متنوعة ابتداء من ماليك اسد داي هايدرزايد والذي حضر باستعمال ثنائي اثيل ماليت المقابل بتفاعلها مع الهيدرازين المائي وقد تم تقسيم هذا العمل الى اربعة اقسام : القسم الاول : يتضمن هذا القسم تحضير مركبات الفثالازين - 3و8 - دايون, والبريدازين - 6,3 دايون اوكسادايازول, اوكسازولين, ترايازول, ثايادايازول والتي اشتقت من تفاعل مالونك اسد داي هايدرزايد (1) مع مواد عضوية مختلفة وخطوات التفاعل موضحة في المخطط رقم (1).القسم الثاني : يتضمن هذا القسم تحضير ثايو سيميكاربزايد, سيميكاربزايد, اوكسازولين وثايازوالدين والتي اشتقت من تفاعل مالونك اسد داي هايدرزايد (1) مع مواد عضوية مختلفة وخطوات التفاعل موضحة في المخطط رقم (3).القسم الثالث : يتضمن هذا القسم تحضير مركبين جديدين من قواعد شف مشتقة من تفاعل مالونك اسد داي هايدرزايد (1) مع الالديهايد الاروماتية, حيث تمت عملية الغلق الحلقي باستعمال الفثاليك انهدريد لتحضيراوكسازيبين وخطوات التفاعل موضحة في المخطط رقم (2). | This work involves synthesis of different five, six and seven membered heterocyclic rings starting from Malonic acid dihydrazide which was synthesized from the corresponding diethyl malonate on its reaction with hydrazine hydrate. This work is divided into four different parts : First part : This part involved the synthesis of oxadiazole[9], triazole[3,19,22], thiadiazole[11,18] , thiadiazine[4], , pyridazin - 3,6 - dione [5] ,phthalazin - 3,8 - dione[6] and pyrazole[7,8] from compounds [a], [1] with different organic materials as shown in Schemes (I).Second part : This part involved the synthesis of thiosemicarbazide[16], semicarbazide[20],Thiazolidine[17] and Oxazoline[21]derivatives from malonic acid dihydrazide [1], as shown in Scheme (III).Third part : This part involved the synthesis of two new Schiff bases[12,14]derived from malonic acid dihydrazide [1] with two aromatic aldehydes and cyclization by the treatment with phthalic anhydride resulted oxazepines [13, 15] as shown in Scheme (II).

الحماية الجنائية للعقار == The Criminal Protection For The Property

Author name: كاظم عزيز معيلي الانباري
Supervisor name: احمد كيلان عبد الله
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: 1 - The Iraqi criminal lawgiver insure the criminal protection for the property for the properties of persons and state, the lawgiver authorize the criminal protection for the properties to the law of punishments No. 111 for year 1969 (amended) according to its items (1,6,7), that its role put a texts of conviction and punishment on it whether this property for the persons such as lands , building , houses ,or for state such as lands , building , establishments, public properties ,special properties , and whether it were done by normal person , employee , or taxpayer of public service such as crimes of invasion of houses , attack on the property , confiscation it by force , damage it by destruction ,burn , flood , or by transfer or remove the border between the properties of the persons , or between the properties of persons and the state whether this property was be pure or charitable entail .This research deal with the crime that touch the security or independence of inside or outside of state such as crimes of external armed military raid or occupation on region of Republic of Iraq by one state or many foreign unfriendly states whether this occupation happen as full by fail regime and put it under the government of direct military occupation or entrance of armed military enemy in the land of Iraqi state region, or entrance in its part , or occupation for city , or village , and full control by direct military , or the neighbor country doing a crimes of transfer , remove, or change the region borders , marks , or official border support for Iraq .The criminal lawgiver for the crimes that were located on the properties of persons and state from the crimes that were seen by criminal judge of property location , and the local court of misdemeanors only specify for the lawsuits of properties if the crime as misdemeanors , but if the crime as felony this lawsuit was deal by court of felony according to the type of crime and danger of guilty .2 - Then the lawgiver authorized to the principles law of the criminal courts No.( 23)for year (1971) (amended) a responsibility of take the necessary criminal procedures to move the lawsuits of properties according to the items(1,2,3,9) starting from direct indictment and the judicial and primary investigation , transferring , pleading , and the decision until executing the decision that was issued for the guilty after this decision was granted the final degree without the objection when finish the legal period by executing the decided punishment by jailing the guilty for complete the decision of guilty .3 - Then the lawgiver authorized to the criminal judgment to take the pleading procedures by the public , facing , and oral method according to the judicial organization No.(160) for year (1969) (amended) item (1/first) to achieve the justice , and making authority of the justice accordance for the natural and moral persons as public and special at the item (3) , and making the pleading as public except the court diced to make this pleading as secret to save the public system and considerateness the public ethics or family sanctity , and spoken of decision as public at the item (5) , then making the decisions have issue and executing vicarious the people at the item (6) .
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