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تصنيف الاداء الموجه وغير الموجه لصور الاقمار الاصطناعية == Supervised and Unsupervised Classification Performance Satellite Images

Author name: حسن سالم عبد المجيد
Supervisor name: ليث عبد العزيز العاني
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Physics Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: One of the main purposes of remote sensing satellite images is to interpret the observed data and classify features. Satellite image classification plays a major role in the extraction and interpretation of valuable information from massive satellite images.The primary purpose of this research is to classify multi - spectral Thematic Mapper satellite images using supervised classification. Unsupervised (RGB color model) and supervised classification (maximum likelihood method) is adopted to achieve the classification purpose. The classification accuracy depends upon the selection accuracy of the training area.PCA Transform is adopted and applied on the original bands to create the principal component images. The first three principle component image contains most the information in all the original bands. For this purpose the first three principle component images are chosen as RGB images to create a colored image.This colored image has been employed for determining and selecting the training areas which are very important for supervised classification after applying histogram equalization enhancement method on the colored image to make the selection of the training area more clarity and accuracy. After that the selection of the training areas is ready as an input for the supervised classification.Our results showed that the image with higher variance value doesn't represent a prerequisite in image clarity. The variance with mean value may reflect the quality of the image. The variance and means look like the torque in physics. So that we can see that the image with low variance and mean value near the middle of the dynamic range value has more quality than the image with high variance and mean value near the edge of the minimum or maximum value. Improve the selection of the training area (region of interest) visually plays an essential role in increasing the accuracy of supervised classification and this reflects on the calculation of the area for each class in the scene. In the present work, the overall accuracy increased from 68.5% to 98.9%after adopting the histogram equalization technique as an enhancement technique in improving the selecting the training area visually.Although a high classification accuracy with principal component image, but still the classification process with original bands is better because its values represent the real spectral reflectance. The result of classification accuracy with the original bands is enhanced from 68.5% to 97.08% and became very comparable with the result of classification accuracy with the principal component images 98.86% when the selection of the training area (region of interest) has been improved visually.In this thesis, the ENVI (Environment for Visualizin Images) software version 4.5 has been used to achieve the aim of this study.

تعديل سطوح التيتانيوم وسبيكة التيتانيوم باستخدام المواد الاحيائية السيراميكية بواسطة الرشرشة بالترددات الراديوية == Surface Modification of Titanium and Titanium Alloy Using Ceramic Biomaterials by RF Sputtering

Author name: دنيا عبد الصاحب هاشم حمدي
Supervisor name: ثامر عبد الجبار جمعة | ثائر لطيف مزعل
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Atomic Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Physics Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The current in this thesis research deals with the plasma sputtering which was used to deposit single and triple layers ceramics on (cpTi) and ( Ti - 6Al - 4V) alloy. Also ,in this work the in vitro electrochemical tests , formation of HAp by biomimetic process on the coated layers by the immersion in Simulated Body Fluid(SBF) at PH equal to 7.4 and room temperature was done . The single layer TiO2and HAp , multi - layer consist of TiO2 and Al2O3 were deposited on cpTi and Ti - 6Al - 4Valloy, followed by the deposition of third layer of HAp. The deposition conditions in the RF sputtering system such as vacuum pressure, substrate temperature, power, gas type, gas flow and deposition time were fixed for the sputtering system where as the distance between the target and the substrate was varied (9 and 7 cm). Structural analysis was carried out , on the deposited layers(single and triple) using X - ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Furrier Transformation Infra - Red (FTIR), Raman Spectroscopy and X - ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Elemental analysis for HAp deposited in the single and triple layer was done using Energy Dispersive X - ray Spectroscopy (EDS).To investigate the biocompatibility of coatings the formed layers, were immersed in (SBF) for one month. After one month the samples were taken and anlyezed using the same structural analysis techniques used before immersion. Electrochemical investigation was carried out on the deposited layers used Open Circuit Potential (OCP),Linear Sweep Voltage(LSV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy(EIS) in SBF. The XRD structural results show that the formation of HAp which was dominated on the phase formation on the surface of the single and triple layers. Also another Calcium - Phosphorus compound phases are found such as Tri Calcium Phosphate(TCP), Octa Calcium Phosphate(OCP) and Calcium Phosphate(CP) along with small fractionIIof the Titanium phase belong the substrate .For TiO2 single layer, XRD pat reins shows the formation of the rutile TiO2which covered the substrate surface.Elemental analysis by using EDS for the single and triple layer deposited in cpTi and Ti - 6Al - 4Valloy shows the energy transitions belong to the dominated elements, Ca and P, which contained in the HAp layer that already showed by XRD. Surface analysis by XPS for immersed samples in SBF for one month show the bonding type and the compound that formed. The XPS results confirmed the SEM observation, the FTIR and Raman results. It was found from the XPS analysis that most of the compound covers the surface are belongs to the Ca - P companies to the carboxyl groups (C - O, C - H) and this was confirmed by the XRD investigation which show the domination of (HAp) in the highest intensity (211) reflection at 2θᵒ of 31.7 for the single and triple layer coating. The XRD results also show the disappearance of the other CaP compounds after one month of immersion in SBF like TCP and CP .The increase in the HAp concentration after immersion indicates the occurrence of the biomimetic process that increases the precipitation of Ca+ and P - from the SBF and the two roots combined together to form CaP compound that increases the HAp concentration. The electrochemical parameters predicted from corrosion test show the improvement in the corrosion resistance of both cpTi and Ti - 6Al - 4Valloy after coated by shifting the OCP toward the nobel direction which was the same behaviour for the corrosion potential Ecorr, and decreases in the corrosion current Icorr and the corrosion rate CR comparing to the uncoated specimens. The (EIS) measurements conformed the improvement in the corrosion parameters result of from OCP and LSV by the very low capacitance for the coated specimens compared to that for the uncoated one which means that the single layer and triple layer protect the surface by increasing the equivalent circuit impedance block

تحضير النشاط الاشعاعي وتقيم مخاطره الاشعاعية لبيئة مصفى الدورة والمناطق المحيطة به

Author name: جعفر جليل سلطان الطائي
Supervisor name: ندى فاضل توفيق
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Nuclear and Environmental Physics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Physics Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The objectives of the present study were to measure the level of the radioactivity Al - Dora refinery and surrounding area. The study includes : The first. the radon gas concentration in soil samples from Al - Dora refinery and dust samples from surrounding area by using "sealed can technique" and CR - 39 track detector to registration alpha tracks emitted from radon gas in (soil and dust) samples. The second. Detect of the radionuclides and measure the specific activities in soil and water samples using gamma ray spectroscopy system with HPGe detector. The measured soil, water and dust samples were taken from (40) samples, 27 soil samples (surface, 15 and 30cm depth), 8 water samples and 5 dust samples. The detecting of naturally occurring radionuclides (226Ra belong to 238U series, 228Ac belong to 232Th series and one natural radionuclide 40K) in the (soil and water). And estimate the radium equivalent (Raeq), absorbed dose rate in air (ADRA), hazard index (Hex, Hin) and annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE) in soil samples of Al - Dora refinery and surrounding area.The radon concentration in surface soil samples ranged from (290.709 to 394.534 Bq/m3 with an average 365.925 Bq/m3). The radon concentration in soil at the depth 15 cm was ranged from (294.862 to 346.775 with an average 324.164 Bq/m3) and at the depth 30 cm was ranged from (228.633 to 288.414with an average 254.947 Bq/m3). The surface exhalation rate in surface soil samples ranged were ranged from (0.601, to 0.816 with average 0.757Bq·m−2.h−1), in soil samples at the depth 15 cm ranged from (0.61 to 0.717 with average 0.671 Bq·m−2·h−1) and in soil samples at the depth 30 cm ranged from (0.47 to 0.597 with average 0.527 Bq·m−2·h−1). The mass exhalation rate in surface soil samples were ranged from (0.469 to 0.639 with average 0.59 Bq·kg−1·h−1), in soil samples from depth 15 cm ranged from (0.457 to 0.559 with average 0.523 Bq·kg−1·h−1) and in soil samples at the depth 30 cm ranged from (0.368 to 0.465 with average 0.411 Bq·kg−1·h−1).The specific activities for radionuclides (226Ra, ٢28Ac) in surface soil samples were ranged (from 11.725, 15.41 to 59.08, 36.17 Bq/kg respectively) with an average (33.621 and 22.375 Bq/kg respectively) and the specific activity of 40K radionuclide ranged (from 328 to 424.9 with average ٣٦٣.٤٥ Bq/kg). At 15 cm depth ranged (from 18.047, 14.613 to 39.71, 21.673 Bq/kg respectively) with an average (30.527 and 19.66Bq/kg respectively), the specific activity of 40K radionuclide ranged (from 201.3 to 391.3 with average٣٢٦.٧٣ Bq/kg). At 30 cm depth ranged from 17.94, 12.89, to 45.766, 23 Bq/kg respectively) with an average (30.393 and 18.124 Bq/kg respectively), the specific activity of 40K radionuclide ranged (from 231.4 to 351.3 with average ٣١٠.٩٤Bq/kg).For water samples ranged (from 1.60, 1.025 to 8.805, 13.52Bq/kg respectively) with an average (5.031 and 2.925 Bq/kg respectively), the specific activity of 40K radionuclide ranged (from 11.462 to 18.58 with average ١٥.٧٧٨Bq/L).The average values of Raeq, Hin, Hex, ADRA, and the annual effective indoor and outdoor doses in soil and water samples were, in surface (93.70 Bq/kg, 0.309, 0.226, 39.755 nGy/h, 0.198 mSv/y, 0.049 mSv/y), in 15cm depth (83.582 Bq/kg, 0.34, 0.2٥2, 44.34 nGy/h, 0.227 mSv/y, 0.055 mSv/y), in 30 cm depth (80.253 Bq/kg, 0.299, 0.217, 38.051 nGy/h, 0.189 mSv/y, 0.047 mSv/y), and in water (10.428 Bq/kg, 0.042, 0.028, 4.788 nGy/h, 0.024 mSv/y, 0.006 mSv/y).

تحضير مادة طلاء من فررايت الليثيوم - النيكل بالتعويض المتكافئ == Preparation of Painting Material from Li - Ni Ferrite with Isovalent Substitution

Author name: صادق هاني لفتة مخلص السراجي
Supervisor name: عماد خضير عباس | علي مطشر موسى
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Physics Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: حضر فيرايت الليثيوم - نيكل النانوي ذو التركيب Li0.5 - 0.5xNixFe2. - 0.5xO4 بطريقة الهايدروحرارية وبمجموعتين من كلوريدات المعادن وكبريتات الحديدوز وهيدروكسيد الصوديوم. كل مجموعة تتصمن تغيير x بالقبم 0.1 و0.3 وحتى 1.0. المجموعة واحد بدون Fe2+ والمجموعة اثنين مع اضافة Fe2+ . النسبة Fe3+/ Fe2+ ابقيت ثابتة بمقدار 1.7، درجة حرارة التحضير كانت 155oC والدالة الحامضية مساوية لقيمة 11. كل التراكيب حضرت باستثناء المركب عند x=0 بدون اضافة Fe2+ والتي لم يتمكن من تحضيرها بهذه الطريقة تحت الظروف التجريبية المستخدمة. اظهرت النماذج سيادة طور سبنل فيررات بعد x=0.3 للمجموعة واحد وطور نقي عند x=0.3 باستخدام Fe2+ . ثابت الشبيكة للمجموعة اثنين اقل مما للمجموعة واحد. الحجم البلوري يصل لادنى قيمة عند x=0.5 للمجموعة واحد وتقريبا اعظم ما يمكن للمجموعة اثنين عند x=0. قمم اطياف تحت الحمراء لرباعي السطوح تزاح نحو الترددات الاعلى مع زيادة تركيز Ni2+. اشكال الجسيمات كانت : قضبان (غالبا للهمتايت) بمعدل قطر 40nm، وكروية(اصلها مكعبات فيرايت نانوية) بحجم حوالي 20nm. حلقات M - H امتلكت شكل الحرف S مماثلة للتي للسوبربارامغناطيسية. عموما فالنماذج المحضرة تمتلك اقل قاهرية (coercivity)، واعلى تمغنط اشباع (saturation magnetization) من الادبيات المنشورة. كلا المجموعتين امتلكت اعلى تاثرية عند x=0.5. وقد فسرت هذه النتائج على اساس التركيب وتوزيع الايونات الموجبة والتفاعل بينها وحجم الجسيمات. الامتصاص الرنيني للاشعة المايكروية باستخدام اختبار FMR اظهر ان القيمة الاعظم للتاثرية الخيالية χ″ هي عند x=0.5 للمجموعة وقيم عليا عند x=0.7 وx=0.9، واكبر عرض خط حوالي 950G عند x=0.7 . المجموعة الثانية اظهرت اعظم امتصاص(χ″) وعرض خط عندx=0.9 . بعدها تم الخلط مع ايبوكسي النوفالاك بنسبة وزنية 39.7 %. اختبار دائرة القصر - لقياس الرنين المغناطيسي بانعدام المجال قد اظهرت امتصاص للاشعة المايكروية لترددات اكبر من 19GHz. تفسير ان نماذج المجموعة اثنين تمتلك امتصاص اكبر من المجموعة واحد اعتمد على الموصلية التنقلية hopping وعلى تغير المعلمات المغناطيسية ( MsوHc). طريقة خط النفاذ باستخدام VNA في الحزمة - X والحزمة - Ku اظهرت ان خسائر العودة او الانعكاسRL تكون اقل ما يمكن عند x=0.3 للمجموعة واحد في الحزمة - X بينما ذلك عند x=0.3 وx=0.5 للمجموعة اثنين. اضافة Fe2+ يقلل القيمة الدنيا بعامل اكبر من 1.5. خسائر الادراج IL في الحزمة - X تتراوح بين - 4.5dB الى - 7dB . ان RL وIL في الحزمة - Ku تمتلك سلوك متشابه ولكن قيمها اقل. ان RL تصبح اقل ما يمكن عند x=0.5 وبقيمة - 18dB بينما كانت حوالي - 12dB باضافة Fe2+ . ومعدل قيمة IL في حزمة - Ku هي - 6dB. يلخص تاثير السمك بتحسين قيم RL وIL ولكن مع ازاحة القمم الدنــيا الى تــردد اقـل. ســمك بـمقدار 2mm يمـتلك RL< - 27dB وIL< - 19dB. | Nano Li - Ni ferrite samples having the structure Li0.5 - 0.5xNixFe2. - 0.5xO4 were prepared by hydrothermal method in two sets from metal chlorides, ferrous sulfate and NaOH. Each set implicated varying x through 0, 0.1, 0.3 to 1.0. The samples were without and with adding Fe2+. The ratio of Fe3+/ Fe2+ was kept at 1.7. The preparation temperature was 155 °C and pH was equal to 11. All composition was prepared except that for x=0 without Fe2+ which cannot be prepared under used experimental conditions. Samples showed dominant spinel ferrite phase beyond x=0.3 for set one and pure phase at x=0.3 with Fe2+ addition. Lattice constant of set two is slightly lower than set one and both are slightly lower than theoretical values. The crystallite size gets minimum at x=0.5 for set one and roughly maximum at x=0 for set two. Fourier Transformation Infrared (FTIR) spectrums tetrahedral showed peak shift to higher frequency with increasing Ni2+ concentration. Particles shapes were : rods (often hematite) average diameter 40 nm, spherical (nanocube ferrite in origin) sizing around 20nm. Hysteresis Loops have S - shape like to superparamagnetic one. Generally the prepared samples have lower coercivety Hc, higher saturation magnetization Ms compared to these in literatures. Both sets give maximum susceptibility at x=0.5. These results are explained based on composition, cations distribution, cation interactions and particle size. Resonance microwave absorption by using Ferromagnetic Resonance (FMR) test showed that the maximum imaginary susceptibility χ″ is at x=0.5 for set one besides high values of 0.7 and 0.9, with largest linewidth of about 950 G at x=0.7. Set two showed max absorption (χ″) and linewidth at x=0.9. Powders were then mixed with Novalac epoxy by 39.7 %wt. Shortcut - FMR test with no field showed that high absorption to microwave field for frequencies larger than 19 GHz. The explanation of that set two samples have larger absorption than set one is based on hopping conductivity and magnetic parameters (Ms and Hc) variation. Transmission line method by using vector network analyzer in X - band and Ku - band showed that return (reflection) loss RL got minimum at x=0.3 in for set one in X - band whereas that happen at x=0.3 and x=0.5 for set two. Adding Fe2+ lowered the minimum by a factor of more than 1.5. The insertion losses IL in X - band ranging from - 4.5 to - 7 dB. RL and IL in Ku - band have same behavior but their values are lower. RL got minimum at x=0.5 with value of about near to - 18dB whereas it was around - 12dB by adding Fe2+. Average IL in Ku - band - 6dB. Thickness effect is abstracted by enhancing RL and IL but shifting the minimum of peaks to lower frequency. 2mm thick has RL< - 27dB and IL< - 19dB.

الحالات الكمية المتشاكهة المشوهة وبعض تطبيقاتها == q - Deformed Quantum Coherent States and Some of Their Applications

Author name: احمد شاكر محمود ياس
Supervisor name: محمد عبد الزهرة حبيب
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Physics Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The concept of q - deformation has found many important applications in a variety of fields in physics, such as quantum optics, atomic physics, solid state physics, nuclear physics and cosmology. This has motivated its extension to many well - established other concepts such as coherent states well - known in quantum optics. On the other hand, the interpretation of the physical meaning of the q - deformation remains an outstanding problem.The present work is an attempt to apply the concept of q - deformed coherent states to solve this interpretation problem. The q - deformed 1 - D quantum harmonic oscillator is used as a model for the application of the methodology of using q - deformed coherent states to solve this problem. This is achieved by first deriving the classical Liouville equation for the q - deformed 1 - D classical harmonic oscillator in the undeformed and deformed oscillator phase spaces. Then, this equation is solved by using the method of characteristics which gives the classical probability distribution function for this oscillator in phase space. The behavior of this function is then investigated by using a computer visualization method based on a computer program constructed in Mathematica® language.On the quantum level, the Heisenberg equation of motion for the density operator corresponding to this 1 - D quantum harmonic oscillator is expressed in the present work in terms of the standard quasiprobability distribution functions, again in the deformed and undeformed phase spaces. This helps to derive the quantum Liouville equations for this q - deformed oscillator in these phase spaces. The classical limits of these resulting Liouville equations are then approached by extending a standard procedure based on the non - deformed coherent states to the q - deformed case. In addition to the application of the standard q - deformed coherent states, a novel approach based on q - deformed coherent states due to Arik and Coon is also employed in this investigation.The results of detailed mathematical derivations in this process of approaching the classical limit reveal that this limit is statistical in nature. This is similar to the case of the ordinary undeformed oscillator which has been proved previously.They also reveal, together with the complementary computer visualizations, more information about the physical meaning of the q - deformation. This includes the observations that the q - deformed 1 - D oscillator can be interpreted as a nonlinear oscillator where the nonlinearity parameter depends on . Also, the behavior of the classical limits of the quantum Liouville equations for this oscillator is observed to show whorl shapes that can be contrasted with their classical analogs.This whorl shape behavior can be considered as a phenomenon connected with q - deformation in general; the anharmonic oscillator being a special case.Some connection with phase space having a non - commutative geometry, resulting from q - deformation, also finds evidence in some of the results presented in this thesis.

معالجة رقمية وتحليلية للاثار الناتجة من التشعيع بالمصدر النيوتروني 241Am - 9Be على بعض كواشف الاثار النووي للحالة الصلبة == Digital Processing and Analysis for the Tracks Produced From the Irradiation with Neutrons Source 241Am - 9Be on Some of Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors

Author name: مصطفى يوسف رجب
Supervisor name: حسين علي الجبوري
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Nuclear and Environmental Physics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Physics Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Image processing technique was used in a lot of studies and research and it concluded , including a number of mathematical relations . In this study , two programs were used , the first one; MATLAB program and second Image - J program . These programs were used to tracks analysis of α - particles on the nuclear track detectors type CR - 39 and CN - 85 . Where irradiated detectors by thermal neutrons from (241Am - 9Be) source with activity 12Ci and neutron flux 105 n.cm - 2.s - 1 . Which obtained on incident α - particles for detectors through 10B(n, α)7Li interaction after covered it with boric acid H3Bo3 pellets . The irradiation times - TD for both detectors were 4h , 8h , 16h and 24h .Through the analyze irradiated detectors of using MATLAB outputs for found the following relationships : a)The irradiation time - TD has behavior linear relationships with following nuclear track parameters, Total track number - NT, Maximum track number - MRD (with depended on track diameter - DT at range of radiation response region 2.5μm - 4μm and 2.5μm - 5μm for CR - 39 and CN - 85 detector respectively) and Maximum track number - MD (without depending on track diameter - DT). b) The irradiation time - TD has behavior exponential relationship with maximum track number - MRA (with depended on track area - AT ) at range of radiation response region 7μm2 - 24μm2 and 9μm2 - 35μm2 for both CR - 39 and CN - 85 detector respectively. c) The irradiation time - TD has behavior a logarithmic relationship with maximum track number - MA (without depending on track area - AT).While through the analyze of outputs Image - J program for irradiated detectors found the irradiation time - TD has behavior linear relationships with following nuclear track detector parameters : a) Total track number - NT. b) Maximum track number - MRA (with depended on track area - AT ) at range of radiation response region 12 μm2 - 24μm2 and 5 μm2 - 27μm2 for both CR - 39 and CN - 85 detector respectively. c) Maximum track number - MA (without depending on track area - AT)This study show that MATLAB program was more analytical and accuracy from Image - J program , through the logarithmic behavior for both detectors between irradiation time - TD with the maximum track number - MA (without depending on track area - AT). There is the possibility of future use image analysis of MATLAB program in the other nuclear track parameters analysis , including ; etched velocity - Vt, , track diameter - Dt , critical angle of nuclear track - θt , nuclear track depth - Dp .The image analyze technique for nuclear track detector which obtained from this study especially with regard to track diameter - TD can be take into account for classification of α - particle emitters , In addition to introduce this technique in preparation of nano - filters and nono - membrane in nanotechnology fields

تحضير ودراسة المركبات SnxBa4Ca2Cux+4Oy وYnBa5Cun+5Oy == Preparation and Characterization of the SnxBa4Ca2Cux+4Oy and YnBa5Cun+5Oy Compounds

Author name: رؤى فخري هادي
Supervisor name: عماد خضير الشكرجي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Physics Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The present study includes the preparation of SnxBa4Ca2Cux+4Oy and YnBa5Cun+5Oy compounds with (x = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) and (n=3, 5, 7) by solid state reaction (SSR) method. The study was to conclude the superconductor behavior of both compounds. The prepared samples were analyzed by Meissner effect primary, and the excess oxygen content was measured by using Iodomertric titration method. The samples characterized by XRD patterns with computer program that was used to determine the value of lattice constant, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy dispersive X - ray spectroscopy (EDS) to study the grain morphology and also resistivity measurement was performed by Van der Pauw method to conclude the nature of behavior.The resistivity measurement results of Sn - Ba - Ca - Cu - O system showed that the semiconducting behavior, increases with decreasing the temperature toward low temperature, the lowest and the highest normal resistivity were found at x=6 and at x=4, respectively. The system Y - Ba - Cu - O showed a superconductor behavior with high transition temperature, the Tc at n=3 of about (113.6 K), the sample prepared with n=5 has Tc=113 K, meanwhile the sample prepared with n=7 has Tc=105 K.The x - ray analyses for SnxBa4Ca2Cux+4Oy samples showed that the tetragonal structure, and the c - parameter increased by increasing the value of (x) until reach to maximum value at x=5 then return back decreasing at x=6 and 7. The x - ray diffraction analysis of the compound YnBa5Cun+5Oy has orthorhombic phase and when Y - atom concentration and the number of CuO2 layer increased tend to increase b and c - axis.The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) results showed that the appearance of nanostructure in Sn6Ba4Ca2Cu10O22 and Sn7Ba4Ca2Cu11O24 samples in the range (100 - 300 nm), whereas the other samples of Sn - familywas a microstructure. On the other hand, the Y - 358 had large grains randomly comparable with Y - 5 5 10, Y - 7 5 12 addition to absent the interfaces distances from Y - 358. The results of EDS showed that the agreement of the peaks appeared with the theoretical values.

تحضير وتوصيف المادة الكهروحرارية ZnxBi2 - xTe3 == Preparation and Characterization of ZnxBi2 - xTe3 Thermoelectric Material

Author name: منال عبد الواحد عبود
Supervisor name: عماد خضير عباس | علي مطشر موسى
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Physics Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: In this project we constructed a DC sputtering system for thepreparation of BiR2RTeR3R (Bismuth Telluride) thin films. BiR2RTeR3R and itsZnRxRBiR2 - xRTeR3R alloys which were prepared in this work by solid solutionas bulk samples and by D.C. sputter as thin film samples. Bothsamples are characterized by X - ray Diffraction Pattern (XRD) and byGrazing Incident Small Angle X - ray Scattering (GISAXS) for thinfilms that have small thickness less than 100 nm. Thin films sampleswere prepared under different deposition conditions (differentdeposition time, different pressure, different voltages and differentelectrodes distance). (XRD) and (GISAXS) results showed that theprepared BiR2RTeR3 Rwas polycrystalline and has high direction at (015)plane in 2????=27.37 ͦ while its alloys at (0015) in 2????=45.12 ͦ and theintensity of the peak increase by increasing Zn amount indicateincrease this plane density. For thin films the (XRD) results show thatthin film prepared under deposition conditions of (0.06 mbar, 900volt, 1 hour, 100 mA and 1cm electrodes spacing distance) areamorphous at thickness less than 200 nanometer and polycrystalline ifthe thickness increases more than 250 nm. A shift in planes presenceis due to the creation of (ZnTe) compound and increase in grain size.Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used to estimate the average grain size of thin film prepared, results showed different average grain sizes depending on the system type and system parameters, also depending on the target composition. DC sputtering system showed lesser average diameter and high roughness that indicates DC sputtering system is suitable for long time deposition high efficiency TE thin film. To investigate the structure of samples Scan Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) to evaluate the nano inclusion of solid solution.Thickness of some sample was examined by SEM technique where thicknesses of 23 nm, 46 nm and others are estimated. HRTEM Techniques are used to identify the shape of the low dimensions structure produced in the project. It is found that there are particles size with diameter rang about (66 - 107 nm) having uncontrolled shapes and size which were discovered in samples besides nano inclusions of Zn and ZnTe phase.Thermoelectric properties (Seebeck, power factor, conductivity and figure of merit) of all samples (bulk, thin films) were tested .The results show that the maximum Seebeck coefficient for Bi2Te3 as a bulk is (67.02 μV/K) at T=373 ͦ K while adding Zn enhance this value to (123.96 μV/K) at 363 for Zn0.1Bi1.9Te3 and (224.6 μV/K) for Zn0.2Bi1.8Te3 at 348 K and (189.6 μV/K) for Zn0.3Bi1.7Te3 at348 K. on other hand the thin films prepared have larger thermoelectric properties i.e. high seebeck coefficient, high power factor, high electrical conductivity and high figure of merit for all four alloys.

تصنيع وتوصيف مفتاح بلازما الومضة الكاذبة ذو القدرة العالية == Construction and Characterization of Pseudospark High Power Plasma Switch

Author name: بسمة حسين حمد الشمري
Supervisor name: احمد كمال احمد | كمال حسين لطيف
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Physics Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

محاكاة عامل تراكم الجرعة لاشعة كاما متضمنا تاثير اشعة الفناء للالمنيوم، والحديد والرصاص == Simulation of Dose Buildup Factor of Gamma Ray Including Annihilation Radiation for Aluminum, Iron and Lead

Author name: مروة صباح مهدي
Supervisor name: لؤي ادور جورج | ليث عبد العزيز العاني
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Physics Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: A computer program based on Monte Carlo method had been designed and written in visual basic computer language and utilized for simulating the classic problem of gamma ray beam incident on finite plane slabs of absorbing materials. The source geometry adopted in this program is plane normal source.Dose buildup factor of gamma photons in the absence and presence pair production effect have been calculated in the energy range (4 - 10) MeV for aluminum, iron, and lead up to 5 mean free path thickness.Some of physical parameters has been studied and the simulation results indicates the following remarks : • Gamma ray buildup factor increases with the increase of the thickness for the three shielding materials, this increase in dose buildup factor is due to the increase of scattering with the small angles and with the increase of the thickness of the material.• Dose buildup factor for low atomic number material (Al, Z=13) is higher than that for medium (Fe, Z=26) and heavy (Pb, Z=82) material for the same photon energy (10MeV). A rapid decrease of the buildup factor values with the increase of Z is seen. This dependence is in a good agreement with the fact that the proportion of the cross section for Compton effect decreases with increasing atomic number, therefore the Compton effect plays a more significant role in lighter materials which have lower atomic number (Z).• Dose buildup factor is inversely proportional with the increase of energy within the studied enrgy range (4 - 10)MeV. This behavior can be explained that the cross section for Compton scattering within the studied energy range is decreased with increase ofenergy and this means that the probability of scattering is decreased and it is finally reflected on the buildup calculation, since the scattering plays an important role in determination of buildup factor.The rate of increase in the value of dose buildup factor in lead (Z = 82) higher than iron (Z = 26), and the last is more than that for aluminium (Z = 13). This is due to the effect of pair production interaction which is directly proportional with the square of atomic number.Dose buildup factor in the presence of pair production is higher than dose buildup factor in the absence of pair production effect. The deviation between the values of dose buildup factor in the presence and absence pair production is increased when the energy is increased within the studied energy; this mainly due to the increase of cross section for pair production values within the studied energy range.

دراسة الخصائص النووية التركبية والانتقالات الكهرومغناطيسية لانوية Kr ، Xe ، Nd ، Ge الزوجية - الزوجية باستخدام نموذج البوزونات المتفاعلة == Study of Nuclear Structure Properties and Electromagnetic Transitions for even - even Kr , Xe , Nd , Ge Nuclei in the Framework of Interacting Boson Model

Author name: عبد القادر سعد عبد القادر
Supervisor name: سعد ناجي عبود
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Nuclear and Environmental Physics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Physics Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: لقد تم في هذا البحث دراسة التركيب النووي والانتقالات الكهرومغناطيسية لبعض النظائر (الزوجية - الزوجية ) Nd , Xe , Kr وGe باستخدام النموذج الجماعي ( نموذج البوزونات المتفاعلة الثاني IBM - 2 ) . تم الحصول على نتائج لمستويات الطاقة، والانتقالات الكهربائية B(E2) , الانتقالات المغناطيسية B(M1) , ونسبة الخلط (E2/M1) ، وعزم رباعي القطب الكهربائي ، وعزم ثنائي القطب المغناطيسي ، والانتقالات احادية القطب . ولقد تم مقارنة النتائج مع القيم العملية المتوفرة وقد وجد انها متقاربة ومقبولة . ان نظائر ال Kr (Z=36 ) تقع في المنطقة الانتقالية القريبة من التحديد الاهتزازي. ولقد تم حساب مستويات الطاقة B(E2) ، B(M1) ، (E2/M1) وX(E0/E2) لبعض الانتقالات المختارة باستخدام نموذج البوزونات المتفاعلة الثاني (IBM - 2) وان جميع النتائج قد قورنت مع القيم العملية. لقد كان لمعاملات ماجيرونا اثرا كبيرا في حساب مستويات الطاقة , , , التي حددت انها تمتلك صفات تناظر مختلطة . لقد تم مقارنة نتائج نظائر Xe التي تم الحصول عليها من نموذج IBM - 2 مع التوقعات النظرية لتماثل النقطة الحرجةE(5) . وتبين ان 128Xe هو ليس نظير يقع ضمن E(5) كما اقترح مسبقا . لذا فان نسبة الطاقة لنظير ال Xe128 ( ) تقع بين E(5) وحدود - softγ . وبذلك فحسب هذه النسبة فان 128Xe يجب ان يقع بين E(5) وO(6). غالبا ما يكون اختبار 130Xe مناسب لنظائر Xe ، والذي يظهر خصائص E(5) بافضل حالته. كذلك فان مستويات الطاقة تعزز وجود هذا النظير ضمن E(5) . اما بالنسبة لنظائر 132Xe و134Xe فانها تظهر صفات مشابهة للمحدد الاهتزازي SU(5) . ان مستويات التناظر المختلطة قد تم التعريف عليها من نظائر Xe وهذا قد مكننا من تعقب تحرير فونون واحد لحالة في سلسلة النظائر ( الزوجية - الزوجية ) للزنون من الاهتزازات القريبة من N=82 الى نواة - softγ باتجاه منتصف القشرة . لقد درسنا الخصائص النووية لنظائرNd (A=144 - 154) في IBM - 2 وتم الحصول على نتائج جيدة مقارنة بالقيم العملية . 144 - 150Nd يقع في المنطقة الانتقالية ( الاهتزازي - الدوراني ) SU(5)→SU(3) .بينما نظائر 152 - 154Nd فانها تقع ضمن التحديد الدوراني (SU(3)) . ان X(5) سوف ياخذ مكان او حيز عندما يستمر بحركته بين تناظر U(5) الى تناظر ال SU(3) ويظهر ذلك بصورة واضحة ما بين مستويات الطاقة وقوى الانتقال رباعي القطب E2 . لقد وجد حديثا ان سلسلة نظائر Nd تشير الى الانتقالات الطورية كما ان نظير Nd150 يعرضا الخواص المتوقعة ل X(5) . على العموم فان هناك عدة دراسات مفصلة بحاجة للحصول على تلك المؤشرات . وبالنهاية نستنتج بان بعض نظائر Nd تكتشف خواص X(5) . ان , هي حالات تناظر مختلطة لنظائر Nd ان نموذج البوزونات المتفاعلة IBM - 2 كان ناجحا بوصفه للخواص التجميعية للنواة . وفي هذا البحث قد تم الاهتمام بالتطبيقات النظامية والمتضمنة اشكال البوزونات المختلطة.ان النظائر الجرمانيوم ( الزوجية - الزوجية ) لها اهتمام خاص بسبب وجودها ضمن مجموعتين من الحزم ذات الخواص المعقدة للنواة الخفيفة . ان نموذج البوزونات المتفاعلة IBM - 2 مع التركيبات المختلطة يجهز توصيف جيد لكلا الحالات المبينة بالمستوى الارضي وللبروتونات الموجودة بالمستوى المتهيج عبر غلاف القشرة Z =28 المغلق . لقد تم دراسة نظائر الجرمانيوم وتبين انه يتدرج مابين وسط قشرة البروتون والقشرة المزدوجة القريبة من المغلقة عند ال 82Ge . ولقد وجد ان نظائر الجرمانيوم عند التشكيل Nπ=2 تاخذ الشكل الاهتزازي وعند التشكيل Nπ= 4 تاخذ الشكل الدوراني ( ويزداد التشوه) . وفي هذا العمل استخدمت طرق حديثة جدا لتعيين الشحنات الفعلية (effective charge) للبوزونات وذلك باستخدام القيم العملية للانتقال رباعي القطب (0_1^+ 2_1^+ B(E2; وكذلك استخدمت طرق جديدة لحساب المعاملات الجيرو مغناطيسية للبوزونات gυ ، gπ وذلك بمعايرتها الى القيم العملية لـ B(M1) وδ (E2/M1) . | Nuclear structure Properties and electromagnetic transitions of some even - even Kr, Xe, Nd and Ge isotopes have been studied in this work, by using the collective Interacting Boson Model - 2 (IBM - 2). The Interacting Boson Model (IBM - 2) has been very successful in describing the collective properties of nuclei. This work concerns a systematic applications of the model, involving configuration mixing of bosons.There have been extensive IBM studies of low - lying positive parity bands, which are based on the ground state and the quadrupole degree of freedom. The results for energy levels, B(E2), B(M1), mixing ratios , quadrupole and magnetic dipole moments and monopole transitions, were compared with some previous experimental and theoretical values. It was found that an acceptable degree of agreement between the predictions of the IBM - 2 and the experiment can be achieved. The Kr isotope (Z = 36) lies in the transitional region closer to the vibrational range of nuclei. Energy , levels B(E2), B(M1) and the mixing ratios δ(E2/M1) and X(E0/E2) for selected transitions in this isotope were calculated in the framework of the interacting boson model (IBM - 2). All results were compared with experimental data. Some experimental X(E0/E2) ratios were calculated from available experimental data. Majorana parameters were found to have a great effect on the calculated energy levels of the , , and states which indicates they have mixed symmetry properties. The results of IBM - 2 for Xe isotopes were compared with the theoretical predictions assuming a critical point symmetry E(5) which leads to conclude that 128Xe is not an E(5) isotope as previously suggested. In this case of the 128Xe the observable is intermediate between the value for E(5) and gamma soft limit . The ratio suggests that 128Xe should lie between E(5) and O(6). Similar test using 130Xe as a most likely candidate amongst the Xe isotopes, conclusively demonstrate a how well E(5) is realized in the best case. The energy ratio confirmed that this isotope an E(5) critical point symmetry. The 132Xe and 134Xe show vibrational - like character (SU(5) limit). Mixed symmetry states are also studied. It is found that some of the mixed symmetry states with moderate high spins change very fast with respect to the Majorana interaction. Under certain conditions, they become the yrast state or yrare state. These states are difficult to decay and become very stable. This study suggests that a possible new mode of isomers may exist due to the special nature in their proton and neutron degrees of freedom for these isotopes. The mixed - symmetry states or at least a fragment of it have been identified in Xe isotopes. This enables us to trace the evolution of the one - phonon states in the even - even xenon isotopic chain from the vibrators near N = 82 to the γ - soft nuclei towards mid - shell. We have studied the nuclear properties of Neodymium isotopes with (A =144 - 154) in IBM - 2. A good agreement results with the experimental data. 144 - 150Nd lie in the transitional region (virational - rotational limit SU(5)→SU(3)). For the 152 - 154Nd isotopes the energy ratio are well described by the rotational limit SU(3). The X(5) symmetry would take place when moving continuously from the pure U(5) symmetry to the SU(3) symmetry and it implies a definite relations among the level energies and among the E2 transition strengths. It was recently shown that a signature of phase transition is observed in the chain of Nd isotopes, 150Nd display the predicted features of the X(5) symmetry and mark therefore the critical point. However, more detailed studies and experiments are needed to get ideas about this signature. At the end, we have concluded that some of Nd isotopes display X(5) symmetry features. The and are mixed symmetry states in Nd isotopes. The even - even isotopes of germanium are of special interest because of the coexistence of two sets of bands, of very different character, in the lighter nuclei. The IBM - 2 with configuration mixing provides a good description, both of states built on the normal ground state and of those associated with a proton pair excitation across the Z =28 closed - shell gap. Ge isotopes are studied, ranging from the middle of the neutron shell to very near the doubly closed shell at 82Ge. Same Hamiltonian is used for all the nuclei studied, with parameters which are constant or smoothly varying

تخمين معاملات زيوغ العدسه المغناطيسية باستخدام الحل التحليلي لمعاده المسار القريب من المحور == Magnetic Lens Aberration Coefficients Estimation by Using the Analytical Solution for the Paraxial Ray Equation

Author name: رشا يوسف حمد
Supervisor name: عدي علي حسين | خالد عباس يحيى
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Physics Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت دراسة نظريه باستخدام الصيغه التحليلية لمعادله المسار شبه المحوري للالكترون وذلك لتحديد افضل الخواص البصريه للعدسة المغناطيسية. تم دراسهة معاملات الزيوغ كمعاملات الزيوغ الكروية, اللونيه, التشويه القطري واللولبي. اعتمد في هذا البحث انموذج الشكل الناقوسي لكلاسر لتمثيل توزيع المجال المحوري للعدسة المغناطيسية. وقد اخذ بنظر الاعتبار حالتين للزخم الابتدائي في الحسابات بوجوده او عدم وجوده في الحالتين. ان الوصول الى امثل النتائج قد انجز من خلال تغير بعض المعاملات المؤثرة مثل نصف العرض عند نصف الحد الاقصى(a= 2.01, 2.02, 2.03 and 2.04 mm), والحد الاعلى لكثافة الفيض المغناطيسي (Bm= 0.001, 0.002, 0.003 and 0.004 Tesla) وزاوية انبعاث الالكترون (0.2, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 rad= θ).من خلال النتائج تبين ان افضل قيم a تساوي 2.04 mm في حاله وجود او عدم وجود الزخم الابتدائي في الحسابات. وقد وجد ايضا ان كل من قيم الزيغ الكروي, اللوني والتشويه اللولبي يقل بزيادة a, بينما اقل قيم للزيغ الكروي والتشويه القطري في الحاله الاولى عندBm يساوي 0.004 Tesla.ووجد ايضا ان افضل الزوايا للالكترون (θ = 0.2 rad) وهي تتناسب طرديا مع معاملات الزيغ اللوني والتشويه اللولبي.ومن جهة اخرى تبين ان الزيغ الكروي والتشويه القطري له قيم سالبه وهذه المعاملات ممكن استخدامها كمصحح في المنظومات البصرية. | A theoretical investigation is carried out by using an analytical expression for paraxial trajectory of an electron in a magnetic lens to estimate the optimum properties of the magnetic lens. The aberration coefficients of the magnetic lens are studied, such as the spherical, chromatic, radial distortion and spiral distortion aberration coefficients. The Glaser's bell - shaped model is adopted to represent the axial field distribution of magnetic lens. The initial momentum of the electrons is taken into account, where the calculations are made for two cases : when the electrons have zero and non - zero initial momentum values . The optimization role is achieved by changes some of the effective parameters at the range of the half - width at half maximum (a = 2.01, 2.02, 2.03 and 2.04 mm), the maximum magnetic flux density (Bm = 0.001, 0.002, 0.003 and 0.004 Tesla) and the electron emission angle (θ = 0.2, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 rad). In the present results the optimum values for both cases of the initial momentum is found at the half - width at half maximum equal to 2.04 mm, and the values of the spherical, chromatic and spiral distortion aberration coefficients decreased as the half - width at half maximum (a) increased, while the minimum values of the spherical and radial distortion aberration coefficients are found at Bm = 0.004 Tesla in the first case. However the best angle is found at θ = 0.2 rad which is directly proportional which chromatic and spiral distortion aberration coefficients. On the other hand the calculations appeared that the negative values for both spherical and radial distortion aberration coefficients are estimated and these coefficients can be used as corrector in the optical systems.

محاكاة حاسوبية لجهاز صوتي بصري لنظام فوتوني == COMPUTER SIMULATION OF AN ACOUSTO - OPTICAL DEVICE FOR PHOTONIC SYSTEM

Author name: مروة كمال مصطفى
Supervisor name: اياد عبد العزيز العاني | احمد كمال احمد
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Physics Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Acousto - optics science deals with the interaction between sound and light waves. Acousto - optic waves are most important in transferring signals through the communication systems, since modulating signals takes a great advantages in the field of communication engineering, bio - medical, laser beam deflection and laser intensity modulation.The aim of this work is to simulate the fundamentals of an Acousto - Optic Modulator. The simulation procedure is based on theoretical and computational relationships describing acousto - optic properties for three selected materials which are “Glass, Germanium, and Tellurium - Oxide”. Two computer programs have been written using “MATLAB” software, the first used to verify the normalized intensity of the diffracted orders versus peak phase delay using partial differential equation, while the second program is used to study the normalized intensity of the electric field versus time wave propagation and electro - magnetic wave propagation in x, y and z directions, using Finite Difference Time Domain. The results for Glass and Tellurium - Oxide materials shows that the periodic exchange of the normalized intensity between the zero and first orders becomes smaller as the interaction length D increase, this indicate that the higher orders may appear very clear in these materials. The results for the Glass material show that the normalized intensity of the electric field increases with increasing electromagnetic wave propagation in x, y and z directions.

ضغط الصوت باستخدام الكسوريات == Fractal Audio Compression

Author name: وسام فوزي جاسم محمد
Supervisor name: لؤي ادور جورج | ليث عبد العزيز العاني
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Physics Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: لقد استحدثت طرق ضغط عديدة باستخدام تقنيات مختلفة الغرض منها تحقيق نسب ضغط عالية مع المحافظة على جودة الصوت المضغوط, مع الاخذ بنظر الاعتبار انجاز الضغط باقل وقت ممكن.طريقة الضغط الكسوري هي احدى هذه الطرق التي يرافقها ضياع بالبيانات وتعتبر من طرق الضغط الحديثة وتعتمد على عملية ايجاد مجاميع محددة وصغيرة من المعادلات الرياضية التي تصف الاشارة . بارسال معاملات هذه المعادلات الى محلل الشفرة يمكن اعادة تشكيل الاشارة الاصلية.بايجاز ضغط الصوت الكسوري يعتمد على مبدا نظام التكرار المجزئPIFS) ). ضغط الصوت الكسوري يستغل ال(Affine redundancy) والتي تتواجد في الصوت, هذه ال (redundancy) ترتبط بالتشابه الذاتي للصوت.بكلمة اخرى ضغط الصوت الكسوري يقوم بايجادالا نماط المتشابهة والتي تتواجد بقياسات مختلفة(different scales) واماكن مختلفة(different places) في الصوت, وبعد ذللك يقوم بحذف اكثر ما يمكن من ال(redundancy).هذا البحث يهدف الى محاولة التحقق من امكانية تطبيق الضغط الكسوري في عملية ضغط الصوت. النظام المعتمد يتكون من مرحلتين : المرحلة الاولى مرحلة التشفير(Encoding Unit) والثانية مرحلة فك التشفير ) .(Decoding Unitفي مرحلة التشفير يجزا الصوت الاصلي الى نوعين من الكتل, كتل تدعى كتل المجال المقابل ((Range Pool وهي كتل غير متداخلة, وكتل تدعى كتل المجال (Domain Pool) والتي من الممكن ان تكون متداخلة. ومن ثم يتم تقطيع الصوت باستخدام طريقة التقطيع المتساوي للكتل الى كتل متساوية الحجم. بعد ذلك يتم ايجاد افضل كتل في المجال لكل كتلة في المجال المقابل وذلك بتطبيق احد انواع التحويلات وتدعى((Affine Transformation .تنتهي مرحلة التشفير بخزن تفاصيل (معاملات )هذه التحويلات لكل كتلة من كتل المجال المقابل .ان عملية ايجاد الكتل المتشابهة تتطلب عمليات حسابية معقدة تستغرق وقت طويل وهذا ما يؤخذ على طريقة الضغط الكسوري كنقطة ضعف.ان البرامجيات التي تم بناؤها لهذا الغرض تم اختبارها باستخدام خمسة نماذج لبيانات صوتية. لقد تم تنفيذ النظام المعتمد باستخدام فيجوال بيسك6.0 كلغة برمجة, تم استخدام معدل الخطا التربيعي((MSE ونسبة الاشارة الى التشويش((PSNR كمعاملات حساب دقة النتائج المستخلصة من التقنية الكلية في النظام المعتمد.و كانت بعض النتائج المستخلصة من البحث هي بالنسبة للعينة الاولى في حالة حجم الكتلة تساوي (60 ) فان نسبة الضغط (15.51 : 1), اما العينة الثانية في حالة حجم الكتلة تساوي (40) فان نسبة الضغط (11.51 : 1), وفي حالة حجم كتلة صغيرة كما في العينة الثالثة والتي تساوي (20) فان قيمة ال(PSNR) جيدة وتساوي (35.76 dB), وكذالك للعينة الاولى في حالة حجم الكتلة تساوي (10) فان قيمة ال(PSNR) تساوي (45.63 dB). | Fractal audio compression is based on the concept of a partitioned iterated function system (PIFS). Fractal audio compression exploits the affine redundancy that is commonly present in audio; this redundancy is related to the similarity of an audio with itself. In other words, fractal audio compression finds similar patterns that exist in different scales and different places in audio, and then eliminates as much redundancy as possible. In this work the possibility of implementing fractal audio compression is investigated. The implemented system consists of two major units; the first is the Encoding unit and the second is the Decoding unit. Encoding is done by partitioning the range pool (which is the original audio) into non - overlapping blocks, called range blocks, and partitioning the domain pool (which is the result of the original audio after down sampling) into overlapped blocks with the same size of range blocks called domain blocks. A fixed size - partitioning scheme is used to partition the domain pool and the range pool. After generating the range and domain pools, for every range block, the best - matching domain block in the domain pool is searched for by performing a set of affine transformations on them. Thus the encoding is completed by saving the optimal affine parameters for every range block. The Decoding process can be done by repeatedly applying the affine transformation on an initially blank audio and its subsequent reconstructed audio, until it completely reconstruct an approximate wave to the original audio. The time required to compress an audio file is affected by the size of each block being extracted from the proceed audio file; this means smaller block size implies longer time required to compress the corresponding audio file.The implemented system was tested using five wave samples of data. The proposed work was implemented by using Visual Basic (6.0) as a programming language, the fidelity measure MSE and PSNR were used to check the results of the whole implemented technique. The best results obtained from the implemented system were for the test (sample - 1) in case were block size equal to (60) the compression ratio is (15.51 : 1), also for test (sample - 2) were block size equal to (40) the compression ratio is (11.03 : 1), and for small block size as in test (sample - 3) were the block size is (20) the value of the PSNR is good that its equal to (35.76 dB), also for test sample - 1 when the block size is (10) the PSNR value (45.63 dB).

معالجة رياضية لدراسة تغير التركيب المسامي مع ظروف التشكيل للمواد المسامية == Mathematical Manipulation to Study the Changes of Porous Structure with the Formation Conditions of Porous Materials

Author name: سديم عباس فاضل القصاب
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Physics Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم تطوير نموذج مجسم يصف عملية االتكثيف خلال عملية الحرق الزجاجي (التزجيج) لمادة تحتوي على محتويات صلبة. هذا النموذج تم تطويرة من نموذج سابق للباحث Scherer والذي وضع نموذج يصف عملية التكثيف خلال عملية الحرق لمادة لا تحتوي على محتويات صلبة.النموذج المطور استخدم لمحاكاة معدل التكثيف خلال عملية الحرق لمواد سيراميكية غير متجانسة تتكون من خليط من بعض الاطيان العراقية والتي تم تحضيرها من بحث سابق. النموذج المطور تم استخدامة لدراسة تاثير عدة عوامل على عملية التكثيف خلال عملية الحرق وهي درجة حرارة الحرق، زمن الحرق والنسبة بين حجم المواد الصلبة الى حجم السائل الزجاجي، كما استخدم النموذج المطور في تقدير قيم اللزوجة الفعالة للسائل الزجاجي المتكون خلال عملية الحرق. كذلك تم تطبيق نموذجان اخران للمواد غير المتجانسة هما نموذج الكرة المركبة ونموذج المكون الذاتي وجرى استخدامهما لدراسة تاثير درجة حرارة الحرق وزمن الحرق على عملية االتكثيف لغرض مقارنة النتائج من هذين النموذجين مع نتائج النموذج المطور. كذلك تم استخدام النموذج المطور لدراسة تاثيرتوزيع حجوم المسامات على عملية التكثيف وذلك بفرض توزيع كاوس لحجوم المسامات واعادة صياغة المعادلات للموديل المطور لجعلها تعتمد على الانحراف المعياري لتوزيع حجوم المسامات. العوامل الفيزيائية مثل اللزوجة تم حسابها من خلال عملية المطابقة (fitting ( للنتائج العملية لعملية الحرق للنماذج. تم تصميم برامج حاسوبية بلغة ( (FORTRAN 90لدراسة تاثير درجة حرارة الحرق على عملية االتكثيف باستخدام النموذج المطور، نموذج الكرة المركبة ونموذج المكون الذاتي. هذة البرامج تم تحويرها فيما بعد لمحاكاة عملية االتكثيف كدالة لزمن الحرق. كذلك برنامج اخر تم تصميمة لدراسة تاثيرتوزيع حجوم المسامات على عملية التكثيف خلال عملية الحرق باستخدام النموذج المطور. النتائج من برنامج الموديل المطور تحقق افضل مقاربة للنتائج العملية تليها النتائج من برنامج موديل الكرة المركبة. النتائج من برنامج تاثيردرجة حرارة الحرق تشير عموما" الى زيادة معدل االتكثيف مع زيادة درجة حرارة الحرق، رغم ذلك، عندما تكون نسبة المواد الصلبة عالية نسبيا" فاءن اللزوجة تزداد عند الدرجات الحرارية العالية (حوالي 1400سo ) يعزى ذلك الى عملية نمو بلوري محتملة، وعلية يؤدي ذلك الى نقصان معدل االتكثيف. النتائج من برنامج تاثير زمن الحرق تشيرالى ان النموذج المطوريتنبا بزيادة شبة لوغارتمية للكثافة النسبية مع الزمن، بينما يتنبا النموذجان الاخران ( نموذج الكرة المركبة ونموذج المكون الذاتي) بزيادة اسية للكثافة النسبية مع الزمن. النتائج من البحوث السابقة تتفق مع توقع النموذج المطور. النتائج من برنامج تاثيرتوزيع حجوم المسامات على عملية التكثيف تدل على ان هذا العامل لة تاثير قوي عندما يكون التوزيع عريضا" فقط على المراحل النهائية لعملية التكثيف لان المسامات الكبيرة غلقها بطىء نسبيا". | A mathematical model describing the densification process during viscous sintering process of a material contains solid inclusions is developed (modified) from a Scherer model which describes the rate of densification during sintering for a free solid inclusions material. The modified model is used to simulate the rate of densification during sintering process for ceramic heterogeneous materials consist from mixtures of some Iraqi clays that had been prepared in a previous work. In addition the modified model is used to study the effect of several factors on densification during sintering process and used in predicting the effective viscosity of the viscous phase that formed during sintering. The factors are the sintering temperature, sintering time, and the ratio of solid inclusions volume to viscous phase volume.Another two heterogeneous models which are the composite sphere and the self consistent models are also applied and used to study the effect of sintering temperature and sintering time on densification during sintering for comparison with the present developed model.The modified model is also used to study the effect of pore size distribution on densification process by assuming a Gaussian distribution for the pore sizes and reformulating the equations of the modified model to make them depend on the standard deviation of pore size distribution.The physical parameters like viscosity are computed from the fitting process of the practical data of the samples.Computer programs in FORTRAN 90 language are designed to study the effect of sintering temperature on densification process using the developed model, the composite sphere and the self consistent models. These programs are modified to simulate the densification process versus time duration of the sintering process. Another program is designed to study the effect of pore size distribution on sintering process using the developed model. The results from the developed (modified) Scherer model are better fit the practical data, then the composite sphere model. The results from the program of the effect of sintering temperature indicates in general that the rate of densification is increased with increasing sintering temperature, this is due to the decrease in the viscosity with temperature increasing. However, when the ratio of the solid inclusions is high the viscosity is increased at relatively high sintering temperatures (about 1400oC) this increase in viscosity may be due to induced crystallization processes, accordingly the rate of densification is decreased at these circumstances.The results from the program of the effect of sintering time indicate that the modified model predicts that the increase in density is semi logarithmic with time, while the other two models predict an exponential increase with time. The results from the program of the effect of pore size distribution indicate that this parameter has a strong effect if the distribution is broad only in the last stages of densification because the largest pores are relatively slow to close

دراسة تاثير المحاليل الالكتروليتيه على خواص العزليه الكهربائية للبورسلين المشكل من مواد محليه == A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION ON THE PROPERTIES OF ELECTRICAL INSULATOR PORCELAIN FORMED USING LOCAL MATERIAL

Author name: عتاب فاضل حسين
Supervisor name: فاضل عبد رسن | ازهار جواد داوود
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Physics Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يهدف البحث الى دراسه تاثير المحلول الالكتروليتي ونسب تركيزه على الخواص الكهربائية والفيزيائية لجسم البورسليني الذي تم تحضيره باستخدام مواد محليه عراقيه. تم تشكيل الجسم بور سليني من كاؤلين دويخله،رمل زجاج ارضمه، فلدسبار وبنسب وزنيه (45 %, 30% , 25%) على التوالي. ولقد اجريت معامله كيميائية لكل من الكاؤلين والسليكا بهدف تنقيتها من الشوائب التي يمكن ان تذوب بحامض الهيدروكلوريك حيث تمت دراسة التغيرات الحاصلة من خلال تحاليل . IR قسمت الدراسة الى سبعه مجاميع محضره من هذه المواد طبقا لنسب المضافة من المحلول الالكتروليتي المحضر من (NaCO3+NaSiO3) وبنسبه (2 : 1) ان نسب اضافات المحلول الالكتروليتي هي 0.7%,1%) ,0.5% 0.2% , 0.1%) حيث ثبت نوع ونسبه الماده المعدنه في تشكيل الجسم البورسليني وهي او كسيد الزنكZnO وبنسبه (.(2% تم تشكيل مكبوسات من هذه الخلطات وبعد التجفيف تم حرقها لدرجات حرارة مختلفة1350oC) (1250, 1300 اجريت القياسات العزليه الكهربائية (ثابت العزل ومعامل الفقدان العزلي) وكذلك التوصليه الحرارية وقابليه الانضغاط. ان النتائج المتحققة لنماذج المحروقه بدرجه 1350oC ا بد ت نمط من ثبوت قيم العزليه الكهربائيه عند حدود معينه من تراكيز المحلول الالكتروليتي المضاف لمكونات الجسم البورسليني ضمن مدى((0.2 - 0.1% , في حين هنالك تغير في قيم التوصليه الحراريه ضمن مدى (0.2 - 0.5%) من تركيز المحلول الالكتروليتي. وان قابليه الانضغاط تكون عاليه عند حدود (0.5%) من تركيز المحلول الالكتروليتي لنفس المكونات،وبالتالي يتطلب اعتماد مفاضلة في الخواص وحدودها لاختيار افضل تركيز المحلول الالكتروليتي بما يوفر توافق نتائج الخواص العملية مع الخواص الصناعية القياسية المتحققة على منتجات محضره من مواد بلدان اخرى ومعتمدة لديهم ، لقد تم اعتبار ان افضل تركيز يتوافق مع الخواص العزليه الكهربائية وكذلك التوصليه الحرارية والميكانيكية هو (0.2%) كما اشاره اليه النتائج. | This study was carried out to prepare a porcelain samples, which can be used as an electrical insulator. The raw materials used for the preparation are kaolin Duakhla, Arudhma Sand glass and Potash feldspar with weight percentage (45%, 30%, 25%) respectively. A chemical treatment was performed on kaolin Duakhla, Arudhma Sand glass to remove all the impurities. The effect of the washing by HCl acid (chemical treatment) was examined by IR Tech. The study divided into seven groups. Relating to the concentration of electrolyte solution which is consisting of (NaCO3 & NaSiO3) as a ratio (2 : 1), and for fixed percentage of mineralizer (2%ZnO). The concentrations of electrolyte which were added to these groups are (1%, 0.7%, 0.5%, 0.2%, and 0.1%). Samples of each group have been prepared, and then each sample was pressed, then after that these samples are dried and sintered for different temperatures (1250, 1300, 1350 oC). Dielectric measurement (Dielectric Constant& Dielectric loss index) were carried out for these pressed samples, also Physical properties “Thermal conductivity” and mechanical properties “Compression strength” were measured for these samples. The results of these measurements for samples sintered at 1350oC are found to have a stable change at the range (0.1 - 0.2%) of concentration of electrolyte solution. While there is a change in the results of thermal conductivity in the concentration range (0.2 - 0.5%) of electrolyte solution. And the values of compression strength is found to be high at 0.5% concentration of electrolyte solution. Therefore we should select the best concentration of electrolyte solution, to get the optimum properties which would agree with practical results and the standard properties for the attentive in other countries of the world. Then, can regarde the (0.2%) concentration of electrolyte solution is the optimum value that can be used in the industry of the electrical insulators

دراسة النشاط الاشعاعي الطبيعي للمخلفات النفطية == A study of the natural radioactivity of thepetroleum waste

Author name: عصام محمد رشيد درويش
Supervisor name: ندى فاضل توفيق | كريم خلف محمد
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Physics Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The aim of this study is to detect the radioactivity of radionuclides and measure the specific activities and the uranium concentration in (30) samples of crude oil and oil waste were brought from three oil locations Dora refinery, Bijie refinery, and north field of al - Rumaila. The measurements in this study were done by using two techniques : 1 - Gamma rays spectroscopy system was used to measure the specific activity for radionuclides. This system is consist of high purity of germanium detector (HPGe) with personal computer as multi channel analyzer (MCA) that computerized to plot the radioactive spectrum and compute the specific activities of the radionuclides. There are seven radionuclides are detected : (Bi - 214, Ra - 226, TI - 208, Bi - 212, Pb - 212, K - 40, and Cs - 137), these radionuclides included; two radionuclides (Bi - 214,Ra - 226) belong to the U - 238 series, three radionuclides (TI - 208, Bi - 212, Pb - 212) belong to Th - 232series, one natural radionuclide (K - 40), and one artificial radionuclide (Cs - 137).For Dora refinery samples, the averages of specific activities of (Bi - 214, Ra - 226) were (7.79, 16.08) Bq/kg respectively, the averages of specific activities of (TI - 208, Bi - 212, Pb - 212) were (7.95,4.05,5.75) Bq/kg , the average of specific activities of (Cs - 137) was (0.64) Bq/kg , the average of specific activities of (K - 40) was (99.3) Bq/kg. For Bijie refinery samples, the average of specific activities of (Bi - 214)was (0.39) Bq/kg, the averages specific activities of (Bi - 212, Pb - 212)were (0.02,0.01) Bq/kg, the average of specific activities of (K - 40) was(2.28) Bq/kg , and three radionuclides (Ra - 226, TI - 208, and Cs - 137) werenot appeared in Bijie samples.2 - solid state nuclear track detectors technique (SSNTDs), the uraniumconcentration determined by using CR - 39 track detector and fissionfragment track technique, the nuclear reaction used as source of uraniumfission fragment is U - 235 (n - f) obtained by the bombardment of U - 235with thermal neutrons emitted from (Am - Be) neutron source with flux(5000 n/cm2.s) for seven days, the concentration were calculated bycomparison with the standard samples.The uranium concentration in Dora refinery samples were rangedbetween (0.95 - 3.34) ppm with average (2.03) ppm for solid samples and(1.25) ppm for liquid samples.The uranium concentration in Bijie refinery samples were ranged from(0.42 - 1.46) ppm with average (0.55) ppm in the solid samples and (1.24) ppm in the liquid samples.The uranium concentration in the north field of al - Rumaila samples were ranged between (1.78 - 6.35) ppm with average (3.37) ppm.From above results, we concluded that the maximum of uranium concentration was found in the north field of al - Rumaila in Basrah governorate, these results are agreement with the permissible limit from IAEA. The maximum of external equivalent dose rate from NORM in oil waste was found in the north field of al - Rumaila was (0.30) mSv/y less than the permissible limit from IAEA which is (1) mSv/y for the public.

حسابات عن الخواص البصريه لعدسه رباعيه الاقطاب كهروسكونيه ثلاثيه == COMPUTATIONS ON THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF A TRIPLET ELECTROSTATIC QUADRUPOLE LENS

Author name: اسراء لطيف محمد العميري
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Physics Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: استعانه بطريقة المصفوفات الانتقاليه والحاسوب الشخصي فقد اجري بحث حاسوبي عن خواص نموذج مستطيلي يمثل المجال المحوري لعدسه ثلاثية كهروسكونيه رباعية الاقطاب، ان مسار حزمة الجسيمات المشحونه الماره خلال المجالات المستطيلية قد تم ايجاده بحل معادلة مسار الحركه بالاحداثيات الكارتيزيه اذ كتب برنامج حاسوبي لهذا الغرض. لقد حسبت الخواص البصريه للعدسة الثلاثية الكهروسكونيه بالاستعانه بمسار الحزمه على امتداد محور العدسه. وكتبت برامج حاسوبيه بفورتران ٧٧ لايجاد مختلف الخواص البصريه. وتم تركيز الحسابات على ايجاد الابعاد البؤرية ومعاملات الزيوغ الكروية في كلا المستويين الافقي والعمودي للمسار على امتداد المحور البصري. وقد اظهرت النتائج ان اختيار المعلمات الهندسية والتشغيلية يعتمد على وظيفة العدسه الثلاثية الكهروسكونية الرباعية الاقطاب في منظومة بصريه الكترونيه او ايونيه معينة.

دراسة الخواص الحراريه للاغشيه الرقيقه الذكيه نوع نيكل - تيتانيوم == Study of Thermal Properties of NiTi Thin Film Shape Memory Alloy

Author name: هديل ثامر خضير
Supervisor name: عماد خضير الشكرجي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Physics Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: سبائك ذاكرة الشكل (SMA) shape memory alloyاو ما يسمى بالمواد الذكيه هي نوع من السبائك المعدنيه التي تعاني تحولات طور من الاوستنايت الى المارتنسايت عند تعرضها الى حراره او اجهاد كافي للتحول ولها القدره على الرجوع الى نفس حالة الشبيكه قبل التحول عند زوال المؤثر .لقد تم التركيز في هذه الدراسه على الخواص الحراريه كمحاوله لفهم التصرف الذي يحدث في الغشاء الرقيق والذي يتمثل بكسر شريحة الفلم عند تسليط قيمه معينه من الفولطيه والتيار وعند قيمه معينه من حرارة الاساس . وقد اخترنا دراسة غشاء NiTi لان له دور مهم في التطبيقات الطبيه والصناعيه .لقد تم حساب التوصيل الحراري والسعه الحراريه لغشاء NiTi نظـريا وكذلك تم حساب التوصيل الحراري والسعه الحراريه للزجاج المستخدم كاساس للغشاء عمليا وبعدها تمت مقارنة نتاءج هذه الحسابات للغشاء والزجاج وتفسير سبب الكسر في شريحة الغشاء والذي تبين انه يحدث في الزجاج نتيجة للفرق الكبير في الخواص الحراريه بين الغشاء والزجاج وهذا بسبب عدم تحمل الزجاج للطاقه الحراريه العاليه الناتجه خلال عملية تحول الطور بين الاوستنايت والمارتنسايت في الغشاء الرقيق والتي تسلط على الشريحة الزجاجيه للغشاء. | Shape memory alloys (SMA) or intelligent material, which are also called smart material, are a group of metallic alloys that undergo phase transformation from Austenite to Martensite when heated or subjected to appropriate stresses. After cooling or removing the stress, they have the ability to remember their previous structure and return to it.The concern of this study is on the thermal properties of NiTi thin film and its substrate as an attempt to understand the behavior occurring in the thin film slide represented by breaking it at certain values of voltage, current and substrate temperature (Ts). We have selected NiTi alloy because of its important medical and industrial applications. Thermal conductivity and heat capacity of NiTi thin film have been calculated theoretically and the thermal conductivity and heat capacity of glass substrate are measured experimentally. The cause of breaking in the thin film slide is the result of large difference in the thermal properties represented by thermal conductivity and heat capacity between the NiTi thin film and glass substrate. This is because the glass can not bear the high amount of heating energy resulting during the phase transformation process between Austenite and Martensite which exerts on the thin film slide

دراسة التحولات الطورية والنقاط الحرجة في منطقة العناصر الارضية النادرة ضمن اطار نموذج البوزونات المتفاعلة IBM - 1 == STUDY OF PHASE TRANSITIONS AND CRITICAL POINTS IN THE REARE EARTH REGION IN THE FRAMEWORK OF INTERACTING BOSOM MODEL (IBM - 1

Author name: فؤاد عطية مجيد العجيلي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Physics Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: A systematic study of isotope chains in the rare - earth region is presented. For the chains 144, , , and 150, energy levels, E2 transition rates, and two - neutron separation energies (SNd15460−Sm16014662−Gd16214864−Dy16666−2n) are described by using the most general (up to two - body terms) IBM - 1 Hamiltonian. For each isotope chain a general fit is performed in such a way that all parameters but one are kept fixed to describe the whole chain.In this region, nuclei evolve from spherical to deformed shapes and a method based on catastrophe theory, in combination with a coherent state analysis to generate the IBM - 1 energy surfaces, is used to identify critical phase transition points.The approach used to fix the Hamiltonian parameters leads to a very good global agreement with the recent available experimental data corresponding to excitation energies, B(E2)’s and S2n values. In particular, an excellent agreement with the measured S2n values is obtained, which is considered a key observable to locate phase transitional regions. The analysis presented here is consistent with previous CQF studies in the same region. As a result we find that 148Nd and 150Sm are the best candidates to be critical, but we should remark that 150Nd and 152Sm are not far away from it.

حسابات الامثليه لمنظومة حرف الحزمة الالكترونية == A COMPUTATIONAL OPTIMIZATION OF AN ELECTRON BEAM DEFLECTING SYSTEM

Author name: عدي علي حسين العبيدي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Physics Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم استخدام التقريبين التحليلي والتركيبي لطريقة الامثلية في الدراسة الحالية لايجاد التصميم الامثل للحارفات المغناطيسية والكهروسكونية التي تعطي اقل زيغ كروي ولوني. استخدم التقريب التركيبي في حسابات الحارفة المغناطيسية وتم استخدام ملف الانحراف ذو النير الراكب (saddle yoke deflection coil) مصدرا للمجال المغناطيسي، عدة نماذج لتوزيع المجال المحوري استخدمت في الحسابات وكذلك تم استخدام انموذج جديد تم اقتراحه في الدراسة الحالية. فكرة العدسة الشيئية المتحركة اعتمدت في حسابات مجال الانحراف، زيوغ الانحراف خفظت لكل انموذج لتوزيع المجال بتغيير شكل ملف الانحراف، حيث غير الطول والزاوية. باستخدام امثل توزيع للمجال المحوري لكل حالة تم ايجاد تصميم قطع القطب التي تعطي توزيعات المجال هذه باستخدام طريقة اعادة البناء.في حسابات الحارفة الكهروسكونية، كل من التقريبين التحليلي والتركيبي استخدما لايجاد التصميم الامثل الذي يعطي اقل زيغ. تم اولا، استخدام التقريب التحليلي لدراسة بعض تصاميم الحارفات الكهروسكونية والتي تتكون من صفيحتين متوازيتين؛ الوصول للامثلية تم بتغيير الشكل الهندسي للحارفة عن طريق تغيير ابعاد الصفائح المتوازية. ثانيا، التقريب التركيبي استخدم لايجاد اقل قيم للزيغ باستخدام توزيع جديد اقترح في الدراسة الحالية للحارفات الكهروسكونية تحت البحث. شكل الحارفة تم ايجاده باستخدام طريقة اعادة البناء.اخيرا، الحارفات المغناطيسية والكهروسكونية جمعـت وركبت لتعطي عامود كامل لانظمة الانحراف ورسمت مقاطع مستعرضة لمسارات الحزم.

الحلول العددية للمعادلات التفاضلية باستخدام طريقة التفاضلات التربيعية المعتمدة على دوال السبلاي G == Numerical Solutions of Differential Equations Via G - Spline Based Differential Quadrature Method

Author name: مصطفى اكرم سعيد
Supervisor name: اسامة حميد محمد | فاضل صبحي فاضل
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Numerical Analysis
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: This thesis have two main objectives, namely : 1 - The first objective is to study the mathematical background of the differential quadrature method and its application to solve boundary value problems of the fourth order ordinary differential equations.2 - The second objective is first about function approximation by G - spline interpolation method. Secondly the numerical solution of two applications relating the vibration of a uniform beam problem which are represented by a boundary value problem of the fourth order ordinary differential equation and the vibration of a square thin plate given by a boundary value problem of the forth order partial differential equation, by using G - spline based differential quadrature method have been obtained

حول الحلول العددية لبعض المعادلات التفاضلية الاعتيادية الصدفية == On Numerical Solutions of Some Stochastic Ordinary Differential Equations

Author name: عادل سفيان حسين
Supervisor name: راضي علي زبون الساعدي
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Numerical Analysis
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Department Of Mathematics
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: الهدف الرئيس لهذه الرسالة هو دراسة بعض الطرق العددية لحل المعادلات التفاضلية الصدفية (Stochastic Differential Equations) حلا عدديا. لقد تم عرض المفاهيم الاساسية لفهم ودراسة الطرق العددية المقترحة.بسبب صعوبة ايجاد الحلول التحليلية لكثير من المعادلات التفاضلية الصدفية، تم استخدام طريقتي اويلر ميرما وميلستين العدديتين. ولقد تم تنفيذ بعض المحاكات العددية لعدد من الامثلة الاختيارية. وقدمت الملاحظات الاستنتاجية الضرورية لذلك.لقد تم كذلك دراسة وتقديم الخطا المطلق، خطا التقارب القوي، خطا التقارب الضعيف بالاضافة الى الاستقرارية الخطية لطريقتي اويلر ميرما وميلستين مدعمة باختبارات عددية.عرضت مع المناقشة المقارنة لانواع مختلفة من التقاربات والخطا العددية للطريقتين (اويلر - ميرما وميلستين) ولبعض الامثلة الاختيارية واخيرا لقد قدمت ونوقشت بعض الاستنتاجات والمقارنات لانواع معينة من الدراسة. مع عرض البرامج الحاسوبية مبرمجة ضمن لغة Matlab Software مع الشروحات الكافية لفهما. | The aim of this thesis is studying some numerical methods for solving Stochastic Differential Equation. The mathematical preliminary required to understand these numerical methods is proposed. Since many stochastic differential equations do not have explicit solution, Euler - Maruyama and Milstein numerical methods are used. The numerical simulation for different selected examples are implemented. The necessary concluding remarks are provided. The absolute error, the strong convergence error, the weak convergence error and the linear stability for Euler - Maruyama and Milstein's schemes are discussed and supported by numerical test problems. The comparison different type of convergence and error between Euler - Maruyama and Milstein's for some test problems are presented. Some conclusions and comparison in some sense have been presented with discussions. The programs coded in Matlab software are also given with useful discussion

توليد المتغيرات العشوائية لتخمين معلات توزيع لوجستك باستخدام محاكاة منت كارلو == Generating Random Variates for Estimating the Parameters of Logistic Distribution by Monte Carlo Simulation

Author name: زهراء امروي علي حيدر الحجار
Supervisor name: اكرم محمد العبود
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Statistics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Department Of Mathematics
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: In this work, we consider the Logistic distribution of two parameters for its importance in statistics. Mathematical and statistical properties of Logistic distribution are considered, moments and higher moments are illustrated to the distribution parameters, namely, moments methods, maximum likelihood method, modified moments method, least squares method are discussed theoretically and assessed practically by utilizing two procedures of Monte Carlo simulation for generating random variates from the Logistic distribution. Properties of the estimators, such as Bias, variance, skewness, kurtosis and mean square error measurement are tabulated.

طريقة التربيعات الصغرى لايجاد المساحات الماصة لدوال المستوي التربيعية == Least Square Method for Finding Absorbing Areas of Planar Quadratic Maps

Author name: مهند نافع جعفر
Supervisor name: زينب عبد النبي سلمان
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Dynamic Systems
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Department Of Mathematics
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • المساحات الماصة
  • منحنيات الحرجة
  • معادلات التربيعية.
First pages:
Abstract: First objective : introduce the mathematical background of the main notions and proposition on the theory of the dynamical system. Specifically we shall foucus our study on planar nonivertiable continuously differentiable maps T : 22. Definitionof critical curves and some different types of noninvertible maps related to their critical curves and some properties of critical curves are presented.Second objective : we have studied some properties of such kind of maps in particular absorbing areas, invariant areas of such maps. Also, we give proposed algorithm to approximate the equations of the critical curves LCi which cause find an approximated absorbing and invariant areas such as least square method. Third objective : give some illustrative examples that use the proposed algorithm to find an approximated absorbing.

مسالة تصميم نظام سيطرة دينامي غير خطي وتطبيقات للمسائل الفوضـــوية == NONLINEAR DYNAMIC CONTROL SYSTEMS DESIGN PROBLEM AND APPLICATIONS TO CHAOS

Author name: زينب رياض شاكر عبد العظيم الياسري
Supervisor name: راضي علي زبون الساعدي
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Applied Mathematics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Department Of Mathematics
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • Non - linear control system
  • Chaotic dynamic system
  • Numerical solution of dynamic system
First pages:
Abstract: لقد برزت المعادلات التفاضلية غير الخطية في دراسة انظمة السيطرة غير الخطية وانظمة الفوضى الديناميه وغيرها بشكل فعال ومهم.تعتبر دراسة السلوك الفوضوي من المواضيع المهمة والاساسية في نظرية الانظمة الديناميه وتصميمها. لقد تم في هذه الرسالة تطوير وعرض مشروع عمل جديد لبعض انظمة السيطرة غير الخطية وتصميمها, مستندين على قاعده رياضيه مدعومة بالبراهين الضرورية اللازمة ومرفق معها الخوارزميات العددية الضرورية.لقد تم كذلك عرض بامانه قدر الاستطاعة بعض الاستنتاجات والملاحظات المهمه والضرورية.وكذلك تم عرض بعض التطبيقات المهمه والمرتبطة بالسلوك الفوضوي لبعض الانظمة غير الخطية مثل نظام لورنز Lorenz system) ( غير الخطي الفوضوي , نظام جويس) Chua's system (غير الخطي الفوضوي ودراستهما ومحاولة السيطرة على سلوكهما من خلال تصميم مسيطر خطي او غير خطي ومحاولة عرض نتائج المحاكات العددية المعتمدة على الخوارزميات المسنده على القاعدة الرياضية وعرضها بشكل جداول ومخططات ورسوم. | Non - linear differential equations appear prominently in the study of dynamical control systems, chaotic dynamical systems etc. Chaotic behavior study is very important in the nonlinear dynamical system theory and design.In this thesis, a new scheme and procedure for nonlinear dynamical control system design are proposed and developed. The proposed scheme is based on some suggested theorems. The proofs of the presented Theorems as well as their computational algorithm have been developed and presented. The concluding and necessary remarks have also been discussed. Some real life applications of chaotic dynamic system like nonlinear chaotic Lorenz system and nonlinear chaotic Chua's system have been considered and their non - linear controller have also been designed and developed to overcome the problem of undesirable chaos in these systems.The numerical solutions of chaotic Lorenz and Chua’s system before and after controlling their behaviors are simulated and shown in graphs and tables

القيود الصريحة للمتراجحات التكاملية التفاضلية اللاخطية == Integro - Differential Inequalities

Author name: اسماء خلدون عبد اللطيف
Supervisor name: احلام جميل خليل
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Integral Equations
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Department Of Mathematics
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • المتراجحات التكاملية
  • المتراجحات التفاضلية
  • الماراجحات التكاملية التفاضلية
First pages:
Abstract: The main purpose of this work can be classified into four objectives. These are summarized as follows : The first objective, is to classify the one - dimensional integral inequalities.The second objective, is to find explicit bounds for the unknown function that appeared in special types of the one - dimensional Volterra linear and non - linear integral inequalities.The third objective, is to classify the ordinary integro - differential inequalities.The fourth objective, is to give explicit bounds for the unknown function that appeared in special types of the ordinary Volterra first order and second order linear and non - linear integro - differential inequalities.

حول قابلية السيطرة الاحتمالية لانظمة سيطرة غير خطية ماغيرة العشوائية == On Controllability Probabilities of Stochastic non - linear Control Systems

Author name: محمد عاشور شنيور داود
Supervisor name: راضي علي زبون الساعدي
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Department Of Mathematics
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The main aim of this thesis is focused on studying some non - linear uncertain stochastic dynamical system.The necessary background for stochastic process, stochastic integral for Brownian motion and fractional Brownian motion, stochastic dynamical system driven by Brownian motion and fractional Brownian motion are studied and discussed supported by useful comments and examples.Some class of non - linear stochastic ordinary control system driven by Brownian motion as well as fractional Brownian motion have been considered and discussed. ItoˆA necessary theorem of solvability and controllability of some class of non - linear dynamical control system driven by Brownian motion are discussed and proved using Banach fixed point theorem and supported by useful concluding remark and illustration.ItoˆA theorem of solvability and controllability of some class of non - linear dynamical system driven by fractional Brownian motion are also stated and proved supported by illustration.

حلول المعادلات التفاضلية متغيرة العشوائية الخطية التباطؤية الاعتيادية == Solution of Stochastic Linear Ordinary Delay Differential Equations

Author name: حسنى احمد جاسم
Supervisor name: فاضل صبحي فاضل
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Differential Equations
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Department Of Mathematics
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • معادلات تفاضلية متغيرة العشوائية
  • السيرورة العشوائية
  • معادلات تفاضلية تباطؤية
  • طريقة اويلر
First pages:
Abstract: لهذه الاطروحة ثلاثة اهداف رئيسية. الهدف الاول هو اعطاء دراسة شاملة لموضوع التفاضل والتكامل متغير العشوائية، حيث تتضمن الدراسة التعاريف الاساسية والمفاهيم الاساسية المتعلقة بهذا الموضوع متضمنة برهان بعض النتائج، ومن بين هذه النتائج برهان متباينة هولدر للتوقع، نظرية ومبرهنة وجود ووحدانية حلول المعدلات التفاضلية متغيرة العشوائية وطريقة اويلر العددية لحل المعادلات التفاضلية متغيرة العشوائية. الهدف الثاني هو لدراسة الطرق التحليلية والعددية لحل المعادلات التفاضلية متغيرة العشوائية. بينما كان الهدف الثالث هو تطوير طرق الحل المتبعة للمعادلات التفاضلية متغيرة العشوائية وذلك لحل المعادلات التفاضلية متغيرة العشوائية التباطؤية. | This thesis have three main objectives. The first objective is to give a study of stochastic calculus, including the basic definitions and fundamental concepts related to this topic including the proof of some results, and among such results is the proof of Hölder's inequality of expectation, the existence and uniqueness theorem of stochastic differential equations and the Euler's method for solving stochastic differential equations. The second objective is to study the analytical and numerical methods for solving stochastic differential equations. The third objective is to modify the methods of solution to solve delay stochastic differential equations

الصياغة التغايرية لبعض الانظمة التفاضلية ذات التباطؤ المتغير == Variational Formulations of Some Variable Delay Differential Systems

Author name: سارة علاء الدين عبد القادر
Supervisor name: فاضل صبحي فاضل
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Applied Mathematics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Department Of Mathematics
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • الصياغة التغايرية
  • المعادلات التفاضلية التباطؤية الاعتيادية
  • المعادلات التفاضلية التباطؤية الجزئية
  • طريقة رتز المباشرة
First pages:
Abstract: The main theme of this work is to introduce the general form and fundamental concepts in ordinary and partial delay - differential equations with variable delays and then to find the variational formulation of delay - differential equations with variable delays in both cases, ordinary and partial and to provide the rules of minimizing the obtained functional in the subject of calculus of variation. Finally, to minimize the variational formulation using the direct - Ritz method and finding the approximate solution of delay - differential quations with variable delays.

قابلية الاستقرارية لنظام سيطرة غير خطي متغير العشوائية مع الزمن بوساطة مسيطر استرجاعي لمخرجات النظام == Stabilization of Nonlinear Stochastic Control System via Output - Feedback Control

Author name: ايناس عاجل جاسم محمد الركابي
Supervisor name: راضي علي زبون الساعدي
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Stochastic differential equations are one of the most useful areas of the theory of stochastic processes and its applications in mathematics.Some nonlinear (Itô) 1 dynamic stochastic control system driven by Brownian motion 2 based on dynamic observer have been considered.Output feedback (observer - based) robust and optimal control law which guarantees global (local) asymptotic stable in probability for the nonlinear stochastic dynamic system are discuss and developed. The necessary theorems regarding the globalty asymptotic stable in the probability of the equilibrium point at the origin of the closed loop stochastic system have been developed and proved. The Lyapunov function approach of stochastic dynamic system has been adapted to justify our proofs.The inverse optimal stabilization in probability with suitable performance index has also discussed and developed. The necessary mathematical requirements have also been provided. Concluding remarks, future work, computational algorithm based on the theoretical results and illustrations have been presented.

طرق متسلسلة تشيبتشيف لحل بعض المسائل الخطية == Chebyshev Series Methods for Solving Some Linear Problems

Author name: نور نبيل محمود القيسي
Supervisor name: احلام جميل خليل
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Applied Mathematics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The main purpose of this work may be divided into the following aspects : 1.Study the Chebyshev polynomials of the first and second kinds defined on the intervals [0,1] and [ - 1,1] and modify some of their properties.2.Use two methods to solve the linear ordinary differential equations with nonconstant coefficients, namely, Chebyshev - matrix method and Chebyshev series method.3.Devote Chebyshev series method to solve system of linear Fredholm integral equations and integro - differential equations

قابلية الاستقرارية في نظام سيطرة غير خطي متغير العشوائية باستعمال الامثلية المعكوسة == Stochastic Nonlinear Control Stablizability Based on Invers Optimality

Author name: نورا علي عزيز
Supervisor name: راضي علي زبون الساعدي
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The main aim of this work is focused on studying the global asymptotic stability in the probability for some class of closed - loop control system of Itotype in the presence of system uncertainty.Some nonlinear continuous - time Ito - dynamic stochastic system deriven by unbounded stochastic noise input have been considered, where the equilibrium point of the stochastic system is preserved even in the presence of noise .The global asymptotic stability in probability has been developed by using stabilization controller and Lyapunov stochastic approach.The stochastic Lyapunov function is computed to guarantee the global asymptotic stability in probability. Some resulte of estimation of exponential stability is also discussed.The necessary theorem for finding the controller design and stability Lyapunov stochastic function have been stated and proved which are supported by some concluding remarks and illustrations.

حول امثلية انظمة السيطرة المتابعة التصادفية اللاخطية == On Optimality of Stochastic Non - Linear Tracking Control System

Author name: مریم یاقو یوسف رمو
Supervisor name: راضي علي زبون الساعدي
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The tracking problem for differential stochastic equations in the presentof stochastic uncertainty of white noise, and control input have beenconsidered.In this work, our consideration have been focused on the case whereboth original dynamic state stochastic system and the desired stochasticdynamic system, are driven by white noise stochastic process.The main aim of this work is to make the behavior of the originaldynamic system following the behavior of the desired one for arbitrarycontroller, using tracking control system approach.The tracking and stabilizing controller that guarantee the optimumtracking error system between the original system and the desired one havebeen derived and developed.The necessary theorems for optimum tracking have been stated andproved supported with some concluding remarks. The controller can also beendivided into robust one and optimal one.The optimum controller can be obtained as a solution of some lineardeterministic differential Riccati equation, while the robust one can be obtained so that some controllability properties are ensured.The Riccati equation associated with linear stochastic optimal controller and tracking one, have also been desired and discussed.Finally some illustration ranking for time varying system and for law order differential system to larger one, have been illustrated, with details and corresponding Riccati equation for justification of the present work.

دوال السبلاين G - لتقريب حلول المعادلات التفاضلية الاعتيادية باستخدام طرائق متعددة الخطوات == G - Spline Interpolation for Approximating the Solution of the Ordinary Differential Equations Using Linear Multistep Methods

Author name: زهراء جواد كاظم السوداني
Supervisor name: فاضل صبحي فاضل
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The main objectives of this thesis, is oriented toward function approximation using special type of spline functions, which is called the “G - spline “including the details of the subject.The second objective consider the 1st order ordinary differential equations of the form : . ]b,a[x),y,x(F)x(y∈=′y(a)=. 0yWhere the study concern the approximate solution of the above differential equation using linear multistep methods based on G - spline interpolation and then a generalization to this approach have been extended to solve Boundary value problems of the second order ordinary differential equations.

خوارزميات محورة لحل مسائل البرمجة الخطية

Author name: ياسمين معين محمد الاسدي
Supervisor name: علاء الدين نوري احمد
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: In this work, we studied the Path - FollowingAlgorithm, which is one of the family algorithms, calledInterior - Point Algorithms.We are discussed two modifications, the firstone concerned with the path solution, while the secondone is concerned with the feasibility solution. Thesetwo modifications are combined in a new manner, toconstruct a hybrid method. The same test problem hadbeen run for all the algorithms, as well as, number oftested problems had been implemented for comparison.From this comparision we have shown that ourmodifications give better results in the number of iterationsand the accuracy of the results.

نظريات وجود الحلول لمسائل القيم الحدودية للمعادلات التفاضلية الاعتيادية الدفعية == Existence Theorems of the Solutions for the Boundary Value Problems of the Impulsive Ordinary Differential Equations

Author name: نور شوقي كامل محمد
Supervisor name: احلام جميل خليل
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The main theme of this work can be divided into three categories, which can be summarized as follows : First, we give some definitions of impulsive differential equations with or without delays with some illustrative examples and some real life applications.Second, we give the explicit forms of the solutions of the boundary value problems (periodic and nonperiodic) which consist of the first order linear ordinary differential equations with non - constant coefficients together with finite impulsive conditions and boundary condition (periodic and nonperiodic).Third, we transform the boundary value problems (periodic and nonperiodic) which consists of the first order nonlinear ordinary differential equations together with finite impulsive conditions and boundary condition (periodic and nonperiodic) into equivalent integral equations. Also the existence of the solutions for the above periodic boundary value problemsare discussed.

طريقة توسيع تيلر لحل المعادلات التكاملية والتكاملية التفاضلية اللاخطية == Taylor Expansion Method for Solving the Non - Linear Integral and Integro - Differential Equations

Author name: هدى عبـد الرزاق محمـد الجنابي
Supervisor name: احلام جميل خليل
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Integral Equations
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The main purpose of this work is to study Volterra - Fredholm integral and integro - differential equations.This study include the classification of Volterra - Fredholm integral and integro - differential equations.Also, some theorems for the existence and uniqueness of the solution for linear Volterra - Freadholm integral and integro - differential equations are presented.Moreover, Taylor expansion method for solving special types of nonlinear Volterra - Freadholm integral and integro - differential equations with some illustrate examples are discussed.

حول كمال الفضاءات المترية الضبابية == About the Completeness of Fuzzy Metric Spaces

Author name: اماني التفات كاظم
Supervisor name: فاضل صبحي فاضل
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: لهذه الاطروحة هدفين رئيسيين، وهما : الهدف الاول هو لدراسة المجموعات الضبابية (Fuzzy Sets) بالاضافة الى بعض الخواص الجبرية لهذه المجموعات وبعض النتائج النظرية المهمة.الهدف الثاني هو لدراسة الفضاءات المترية - D (D - Metric Spaces) والفضاءات المترية الضبابية - M (M - Fuzzy Metric Spaces) واعطاء بعضا من النتائج المهمة في هذين الفضائين. كما ويتضمن هدف الاطروحة دراسة كمال الفضاءات المترية الضبابية (Completeness of Fuzzy Metric Spaces) باستخدام الدوال المترية الضبابية - M. | The objective of this work may be oriented toward two objectives.The first objective is to study fuzzy set theory, as well as some of its basic algebraic properties and theoretical results. The second objective is to study D - metric spaces and M - fuzzy metric spaces, and some of their properties. Also, this objective includes the study of complete fuzzy metric spaces using M - fuzzy distance function. In addition, some additional results are presented and proved in this work.

حلول المعادلات التفاضلية الكسرية الحدودية == Solutions of Fractional Boundary Value Problems

Author name: سيماء عبد الستار محمد الفياض
Supervisor name: فاضل صبحي فاضل
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: في هذه الرسالة، قمنا بتقديم اسلوب مطور لحل المعادلات التفاضلية الحدودية ذات الرتب الكسرية (Fractional order boundary value problems). حيث اعتمدنا في هذا الاسلوب على تطبيق مؤثر رايسز - فيلر(Riesz - Feller operator) والحصول على الصيغة المطورة لمعادلة الفروقات المنتهية المناظرة للمعادلة التفاضلية الحدودية الكسرية.كما وان من اهداف هذا العمل هو دراسة مبرهنة وجود ووحدانية حلول المعادلات التفاضلية الحدودية الكسرية، وتقديم برهان لهتين المبرهنتين بالاعتماد على مبرهنة شاودر للنقطة الصامدة (Schauder fixed point theorem) للمؤثر التكاملي الكسري (Fractional integral operator). | In this thesis, we introduce a modified approach for solving fractional order boundary value problems. This approach is given by applying the Riesz - Feller operator to obtain a modified finite difference equation, which is symmetric to the equation of fractional boundary value problems.Also, the main objective of this work is to study the existence and uniqueness theorem of solutions of the fractional boundary value problems, and to present their proof depending on Schauder fixed point theorem for fractional order integral operator

حول تحويلات لابلاس المتعددة الابعاد == On the Multi - Dimensional Laplace Transforms

Author name: وسن عجيل حمود
Supervisor name: احلام جميل خليل
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: الهدف من هذا العمل هو دراسة تحويلات لابلاس المتعددة الابعاد مع تطبيقاتها. هذه الدراسة شملت المحاور التالية : - 1 - تبني تحويلات لابلاس ذات البعد الواحد للدوال التي تعتمد على متغير مستقل واحد فقط مع بعض الخواص المهمة. اضافة الى ذلك بعض التطبيقات الرياضياتية لتحويلات لابلاس ذات البعد الواحد قدمت .2 - توسيع دراسة تحويلات لابلاس ذات البعد الواحد الى تحويلات لابلاس المتعددة الابعاد. اضافة الى ذلك قمنا باعطاء بعض الخواص المهمة الموسعة لتحويلات لابلاس المتعددة الابعاد.3 - استعمال تحويلات لابلاس المتعددة الابعاد لحل انواع خاصة من المعادلات التفاضلية الجزئية, المعادلات التكاملية المتعددة الابعاد والمعادلات التكاملية - التفاضلية المتعددة الابعاد. | The aim of this work is to study the multi - dimensional Laplace transforms and their applications. This study includes the following aspects : - 1 - Devote the one - dimensional Laplace transforms for functions of only one independent variable with some of their important properties. Also some mathematical applications for the one - dimensional Laplace transforms are presented.2 - Extend the study of the one - dimensional Laplace transforms to the multi - dimensional Laplace transforms. Also some generalized important properties of the multi - dimensional Laplace transforms are obtaind.3 - Use the multi - dimensional Laplace transforms to solve special types of the partial differential equations, the multi - dimensional integral equations and the multi - dimensional integro - differential equations

تكاملات مونت كارلو وتقنيات تخفيض التباين للتكاملات المتعدد الابعاد

Author name: اكرم عباس جاسم الصباغ
Supervisor name: اكرم محمد العبود
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: In this work, we consider two Monte Carlo methods for evaluating the ndimensional integrals for bounded integrand. Statistical properties of these methods are illustrated and unified. The supported number of trials to estimate the integrals, confidence interval and the efficiency for each method were derived theoretically and assessed practically. Variance Reduction for Monte Carlo methods is discussed theoretically and explained by algorithms where four techniques are considers, namely, the Importance Sampling, the Correlated Sampling, the Partition of the region, and the Biased Estimator.The computer programs are illustrated in appendices by the run is made by using MathCAD 2001i.

تخمين معلمات توزيع ويبل مع تطبيق باستخدام محاكاة مونت كارلو == Estimation of Parameters for Weibull Distribution with Application by Using Monte Carlo Simulation

Author name: سلام عادل احمد
Supervisor name: اكرم محمد العبود
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تطرقنا في هذه الرسالة الى توزيع ويبل ذو المعلمتين لاهميته في مجالات الاحصاء وتطبيقاته من حيث استعراض لخواص التوزيع الرياضية والاحصائية والعزوم والعزوم العليا. ثم تطرقنا الى التخمين وخواصه ومناقشة اربعة طرق لتخمين معالم التوزيع وهي : طريقة الترجيح الاعظم, طريقة العزوم, طريقة العزوم المعدلة وطريقة المربعات الصغرى. نوقشت هذه الطرق نظريا وطبقت عمليا باستخدام ستة اساليب من محاكاة مونت كارلو لتوليد المتغيرات العشوائية من توزيع ويبل. اوجدت كفاءة بعض هذه الاساليب نظريا وقورنت عمليا. تمت المقارنة بين الطرائق الاربعة التخمينية باستخدام مقياس معدل مربعات الخطا. | In this work, we consider the Weibull distribution of two parameters for its importance in statistics and its applications. Mathematical and statistical properties of Weibull distribution are considered, moments and higher moments are illustrated and unified. Four methods of estimation to the distribution parameters namely (Maximum likelihood Method, Moments Method, Modified Moments Method, Least Square Method) are discussed theoretically and assessed practically by utilizing six procedures of Monte - Carlo simulation for generating random variates from the distribution. Efficiency of some procedures are found theoretically and compared practically. Comparisons are made among four methods of estimation by considering the mean square error measurement.

حلول المعادلات التفاضلية الاعتيادية المتجانسة من الرتب الكسرية ذات المعاملات المتغيرة == Solutions of Ordinary Homogenous Fractional Order Differential Equations with Variable Coefficients

Author name: ضمياء سالم
Supervisor name: علاء الدين نوري احمد
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: في هذا العمل تم دراسة حلول المعادلات التفاضلية الاعتيادية المتجانسة من الرتب الكسرية (والتي قيمها مابين الصفر والواحد) ذات المعاملات المتغيرة.لقد تم استنباط وجود هذه الحلول من خلال عرض نظرية استخدم فيها طريقة Power Series للحالات الاعتيادية(ordinary point) والمفردة(singular point) من المعادلات التفاضلية الاعتيادية من الرتب الكسرية ذات المعاملات المتغيرة وقد تم عرض مثال لكل نوع | In this work the solutions of ordinary homogenous fractional order (with values between zero and one) differential equations with variable coefficients are investigated. Also the existence of the solution is by presenting theorems, using the method of Power Series for ordinary and singular type of fractional order differential equations with variable coefficients. Example has been presented for each case

اساليب النمذجة الخطية في ادارة شبكة المشاريع == Linear Programming Techniques for Network Project Management

Author name: ايلاف محمد عبد
Supervisor name: علاء الدين نوري احمد
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: In this work, Linear Programming Problems have been implemented to build four linear models for projects management. An Interior - Point Method has been implemented to solve such linear models, instead of using the usual techniques "Simplex Method", by implementing the "what's Best 9.0 " software, and obtaining the critical path in minimum completion time, minimum crashing cost and optimal total ( direct & indirect ) costs for a simple real project. Then we are verified the results obtained by implementing " Project 2000 " software to construct the project network and obtain the same critical path.Finally, the Programming Evaluation Review Technique (PERT) has been used, to find the probabilities of completing the project.

مسالة هيرميت بيركهوف ذات الرتب الكسريه وتطبيقاتها لدوال السبلاين - G == HB - Problem with Fractional and It's Application to G - Spline Function

Author name: حسام عدي عبد الرسول
Supervisor name: فاضل صبحي فاضل
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • التحليلات العددية
  • طرق النظرية التقريبة
  • الجبر الخطي
First pages:
Abstract: الهدف الرئيسي من هذه الرسالة ، هو اولا لدراسة التفاضل الكسري (Fractional Calculus) وطرق حساب المشتقات ذات الرتب الكسرية لبعض الــدوال وثانيا لدراســة دوال اندراج السبلاين - G وطريقة حساب هـذه الدوال باسـتخدام اسلوب جديـد وذلك لتكـوين مشكلـة هيرميت بيركهـوف (Heremite - Birkhoff problem) وذلك باستخدام مشتقات ذات رتب كســــــرية بدلا من مشتقات ذات رتب صحيحة | The objective of this thesis is to study first the theory of fractional calculus and some of well known methods for evaluating derivatives of fractional orders for certain functions.The second objective is to study the G - spline interpolation functions and its construction using a new approach in formulating the Heremite - Birkhoff problem using fractional derivatives instead of integer order derivatives

نظام تجفير معدل بالاعتماد على تطوير نظام الـ NTRU == Cryptosystem approach using modified NTRU

Author name: اياد حازم ابـراهيم
Supervisor name: عبد المنعم صالح رحمة ابو طبيخ | اكرم محمد العبود
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يعتبر نظام التشفير NTRU نظام تشفيرحديث قدم عام 1998 ويمتاز هذا المفتاح بسرعة عالية مقارنة بالانظمة المعروفة RSA , ECC .من اهم مزايا هذا النظام سرعته العالية في توليد المفاتيح مقارنة بانظمة التشفيرالاخرى. وتاتي امنية نظام الـ NTRU من تداخل النظام المختلط المتعدد الحدود مع المستقبل لمعامل النقصان للعددين النسبيين p and q .تم في هذه الاطروحة مقترح نظام الـ NTRU كمفتاح جديد قصير بشكل معقول تتولد رموزه بسهولة وسرعة عالية كما لا يحتاج الى متطلبات ذاكرة كبيرة وهذه المزايا جعلته قابل للاستخدام في انظمة الاتصالات المتنقلة وقنوات البث الاذاعي لقلة احتياجاته من مكونات واجهزة .يستعمل نظام الـ NTRU نظام مختلط يعتمد على الجبر المتعدد الحدود ومبدا المجاميع المعتمد على نظرية الاحتمالات .اضافت الاطروحة نظام محور لنظام الـ NTRU اعتمدت مصفوفات الاعداد كاساس واظهرت كونها اعلى سرعة وكفاءة من نظام التشفير الاعتيادي .كما اضافت هذه الاطروحة وصف اسلوب وبرنامج البصمة الرقمي باستخدام الـ NTRU مع تحسين في تشفير الوثائق موثقة بخوارزميات وامثلة .تم فحص وتحليل الاداء باستخدام حاسبة شخصية ذات المواصفات التالية ( السرعة 1.7 dual cores ، الذاكرة 512 MB ،نظام الويندوزXP - SP2 ،وباستعمال لغة (Visual Basic ) لتطوير البرامج | The NTRU [Number theory research unit] cryptosystem is a relatively new public key cryptographic algorithm that was first introduced in 1998, and that key runs are much faster than conventional public key algorithms such as RSA, ECC. The main advantage of this cryptosystem is its high speed generation keys, which is often the most important part of public key cryptography.The security of NTRU cryptosystem comes from the interaction of the polynomial mixing system with the independence of reduction modulo two relatively prime integers' p and q. This thesis introduces the concepts behind NTRU as a new public key cryptosystem. NTRU features are reasonably short, easily created keys, high speed, and low memory requirement. These features make it favourable in mobile communication systems, broadcast and satellite channels for its low cost hardware needs. NTRU encryption and decryption use a mixing system suggested by polynomial algebra combined with a clustering principle based on elementary probability theory. Also an approach variant of the NTRU public key cryptosystem called Matrix NTRU cryptosystem is proposed and has been shown to be much faster and have higher efficiency than the classical NTRU cryptosystem.The thesis describes the NTRU Signature Scheme with enhanced document encoding, signature, verification, with provision of documented algorithms and examples.The test and performance analysis performed using a PC with the following specification (processor 1.7 dual cores,memory 512 MB with windows XP - SP2 operating system), and all programs are developed in Visual Basic

حلول المعادلات التفاضلية الكسرية باستخدام دوال السبلاين - G == Solutions of Fractional Differential Equations Using G - Spline Interpolation Functions

Author name: محمد صالح مهدي
Supervisor name: فاضل صبحي فاضل
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: الهدف الرئيس لهذه الاطروحة هو دراسة الحلول العددية للمعادلات التفاضلية الاعتديادية الكسرية (ordinary fractional differential equations) باستخدام دوال السبلاين - G (G - spline functions) للاستكمال. طبق اسلوبين في الطرائق العددية، الاسلوب الاول هو باستخدام طرائق متعددة الخطوات الصريحة(explicit linear multistep methods) والتي يمكن استخدامها وبسهولة لحل المعادلات التفاضلية الخطية وغير الخطية بينما الاسلوب الثاني هو اسلوب محسن وهو استخدام طرائق متعددة الخطوات الضمنية (implicit linear multistep methods) لحل معادلات تفاضلية كسرية اعتيادية وغير خطية والتي من الصعب حلها بالطرق الاعتيادية. وقد تم ذلك باقتراح اسلوب جديد الا وهو باستخدام قاعدة السلسلة(the chain rule) للمشتقات الكسرية. | The main objective of this work is to study the numerical solution of fractional ordinary differential equations using G - spline interpolation functions. Two numerical approaches are used, the first approach utilize the explicit linear multistep methods which can be applied easily for linear and nonlinear problems while the second approach is a modified approach by using the implicit linear multistep methods for solving nonlinear fractional ordinary differential equations which has so many difficulties in their solution. This is done by suggesting a new criterion by using the chain rule derivatives of fractional order.

حلول المعادلات التفاضلية التباطؤية ذات الرتب الكسرية == Solutions of Fractional Order Delay Differential Equations

Author name: فجر عدنان عبد الخالق
Supervisor name: علاء الدين نوري احمد
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • Fractional differential equations
  • Delay differential equations
  • Numerical solution of differential equations
  • The existence and uniqueness theorem
First pages:
Abstract: في هذا العمل تمت دراسة المعادلات التفاضلية التباطؤية ذات الرتب الكسرية (FOBDDE’s) حيث تم اثبات نظرية الوجود والوحدانية لحل هذا النوع من المعادلات التفاضلية باستخدام طريقة التقريبات المتتابعة.وكذلك تم عرض اسلوب حل المعادلات التفاضلية التباطؤية ذات الرتب الكسرية (FOBDDE’s) تحليليا (Analytically) باستخدام تحويلات لابلاس (Laplace Transformation) وعدديا (Numerically)باستخدام طرائق متعددة الخطوات (linear multi - steps methods) وطرائق ذات الخطوة الواحدة (general - one step methods) وتمت مقارنة نتائج هذه الطرق مع قيم الحل المضبوطة (Exact solutions values). | The Fractional Order Bounded Delay Differential Equations (FOBDDE’s) has been studied in this work. The Existence and Uniqueness theorems of such type of differential equation have been proved, by using the successive approximation techniques. Also, the analytic solution of (FOBDDE’s) are presented, using Laplace Transformation, and the numerical solutions are discussed, using general one - step methods and linear multi - step methods. The comparison, among these methods and the exact solutions are presented.

الشروط الضرورية للامثلية لمسائل التغاير ذوات الرتب الكسرية المستمرة وغير المستمرة

Author name: علي خالد عطية
Supervisor name: علاء الدين نوري احمد | اكرم محمد العبود
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: In this thesis, some properties and basic definitions of fractional integral and derivatives of Riemann - Liouvill are presented , to construct the optimality conditions of mixed order unconstrained and constrained variational problems with continuous and discontinuous functional, on fixed and moving boundaries ,based on the classical product rule for Riemann - Liouvill , Several tested example are presented to demonstrate the implementation of the optimality necessary conditions.
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