اسم المؤلف:
ناظم خليل حسن عبد المعموري
اسم المشرف:
علي عبد الواحد حسون الصائغ
المستخلص:
Metaxas dies in January 1941. In April the Germans invade, despite the combined defence of Greek, British, Australian and New Zealand units. When the Germans attempt to occupy Crete, civilians and Allied Forces offer fierce resistance. With the direct participation of Australian forces in the battle for Crete, Greece acquires special significance for Australia.The campaigns in Greece and Crete are short, sharp and destined to fail. However, they create an enduring bond between the two nations. Australians still remember the courage of Greek fighters. They also remember that after the fighting was over many risked reprisals to shelter Australian soldiers and help them escape.Thousands of Greeks die in direct combat, in concentration camps or of starvation during the years of Nazi occupation. Most Greek Jews are murdered, despite efforts by the Greek Orthodox Church and many Christian Greeks to shelter them. The economy is devastated. After German forces withdraw in 1944, the Greek government in exile returns to Athens. A bitter civil war breaks out between the communist ELAS guerilla army and government forces (comprising republicans, liberals, fascists, royalists and conservatives Greece is a republic from 1924 to 1936. With some popular support, the Greek monarchy is re - established in 1936 after many tumultuous events. The new prime minister, Ioannis Metaxas, has a grand vision for a third great Greek civilisation. He introduces economic, educational and industrial reforms, including the 8 - hour working day, debt - relief for farmers, the teaching of demotic (folk) Greek in schools, and the social security system. He makes significant diplomatic progress with neighbouring countries, bringing stability to the economy.However, his mission of creating a Hellenic culture of ‘pure’ Christian Orthodox Greeks leads to political parties being banned, communists arrested, strikes prohibited and the introduction of censorship.Metaxas is remembered for his defence of Greece at the commencement of WWII with the staunch reply of Ohi! (No!) to Mussolini’s demands. When Italy invades Greece from the Albanian border in October 1940, the Greek army’s counter - offensive forces the Italians to retreat, the Allied forces’ first victory in WWII World War II began the war in 1939, Greece declared its neutrality. On October 28, 1940 AD, Italy attacked Greece, Vdhrha Greeks into Albania. With the help of the Italian Army Germany Greece defeated in the April 6, 1941 m, Vaanl Germans and their allies Greece, and destroyed its economy. The Greeks created the underground resistance movements, was the best in the Europe.Germans began withdrawing from Greece in 1944, where he entered the British troops in October. The civil war broke out in Athens in December, and lasted until 1945. World War II ended in May 1945, Greece was a founding member of the United Nations.Elections were held in March 1946, and formed the government ownership, George II returned to the throne in September. At the end of 1946, a communist rebellion against the government occurred, the cause of the outbreak of the civil war that lasted until 1949. The rebels were defeated because of the large economic and military aid received by Greece from the United States of America. King George died in 1947 and was succeeded on the throne by his brother Paul first. In the same year Greece regained Dodicans Islands after the conclusion of a peace treaty with Italy.From 1951 to 1960, in the aftermath of the civil war, Greece is economically dependent on US aid. Almost 12% of the population emigrates to Australia, Canada and Germany.Until 1964, Greece is ruled by conservative parties, the divisions between communists and anti - communists profoundly affecting every aspect of political and civil life. The government’s anti - communist direction, which includes US support, shifts in 1964 with the election of the Centre Union Party and George Papandreou as president.This period is short lived. The government falls in July 1965. A succession of coalition governments formed by conservatives and rebel liberals follows. The instability creates the opportunity for the Greek military to step in. Seizing power in 1967, they hand control to the right - wing colonels, under the leadership of George Papadopoulos It was in the fifties political stability and economic growth, and Greece joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1952. In 1953 allowed the United States to establish military bases in Greece.Crisis between Greece and Turkey have occurred because of the island of Cyprus, where he called the Greek Cypriots to join Greece, and organized a revolutionary movement backed by the Greek government. And faced the opposition of Britain and Turkey. It was agreed between Greece, Turkey and Britain on granting Cyprus independence in 1960.In 1952 a law was passed giving women the right to vote, and political office in Greece. In the fifties of the twentieth century, during the reign of Carmnlis, a major development in the Greek economy has happened because of aid from the United States. Carmnlis resigned in 1963. King Paul died a year and was succeeded on the throne of his son Constantine II, then signed a confrontation between Constantine and Papandreou on political king's authority and control over the army, and the isolation of Constantine Papandreou in 1965, which weakened the government. In order to reach stability in the government, parliament was dissolved in April 14, 1967 AD, did not hold elections, despite the May 28 date to determine her.On April 21, 1967 of the army laid siege to the king's palace, and the offices of the government, and leaders, and the radio station. And formed a committee composed of three military authoritarian government. The Committee consisted of Colonel George Papadopoulos commander, Brigadier General Stylians Patakos, and Colonel Nkoulos Macrizaus. The Commission has restricts freedoms, and to prevent any political activity, and conducted mass arrests, and imposed strict censorship on newspapers, and canceled hundreds of private organizations that are not supported.Constantine and remained the property without authority, try to December 13, 1967 m isolate the military commission, but failed, he fled with his family to Italy. Trustee Committee appointed to the throne of King Place, Papadopoulos and declared himself prime minister and minister of defense. To get the support of the people, the release of prisoners, except for 200 prisoners, mostly communists, and reduced the censorship of the press, and canceled the debt of farmers to the banks. In 1968 he announced the new constitution gave greater authority to the prime minister, and suspended freedom of the press and parliamentary elections, and a lot of individual rights.Restore democracy. Failed coup carried out by officers from the army in May 1973, King Constantine and accused the government of orchestrating the coup. In June 1973, Papadopoulos announced the end of the monarchy and the beginning of the Republic, and became president of Greece in August, and began to attend the parliamentary elections. On November 25 the military coup group, the government Fazelt appointed team Fedun Jazaks president.Renewed conflict between Turkey and Greece over Cyprus in 1974, it was agreed to a truce; to prevent the expansion of the war between the two countries, The impact of this on the government, and led to the collapse, summoned commanders Constantine Carmnlis, to become prime minister in the July 24, 1974 AD.In November, the first elections were held for ten years, and won the New Democratic Party, led by Carmnlis. In December, the people voted to make the country a republic and a new constitution for the country in 1975.
