Show: 25 50 75 100 Results

Search results: 25 out of 9,317

متطلبات تطبيق نظام التصنيع خفيف الحركة وتاثيره في الاداء الانتاجي : دراسة تطبيقية في شركة مصافي الجنوب في البصرة == Application Requirements Of Agile Manufacturing System And Its Effect In The Productive Performance An Empirical Study In South Refineries Company In Basra

Author name: حسن فاخر يعقوب علي الحلفي
Supervisor name: راضي عبد الله علي
General topic: Administration and Economics
Specific topic: Business Administration
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Administration And Economics - Department Of Business Administration
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

الملكية في الفكر الاقتصادي الاسلامي

Author name: جواد كاظم حميد محمد الملا
Supervisor name: اسعد جواد كاظم الانصاري
General topic: Administration and Economics
Specific topic: Economy
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Administration And Economics - Department Of Economics
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

الغاز الطبيعي في العراق للمدة 2000 - 2010 : دراسة تقويمية

Author name: امجد صباح عبد العالي الاسدي
Supervisor name: نبيل جعفر عبد الرضا المرسومي
General topic: Administration and Economics
Specific topic: Economy
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Administration And Economics - Department Of Economics
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

معايير المحاسبة الحكومية في الاسلام : محاولة لتصديق معايير المحاسبة الحكومية المعاصرة وفقا للنظام الاقتصادي الاسلامي == GOVERNMENTAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS IN ISLAM AN ATTEMPT TO AUTHENTICATION THE CONTEMPORARY GOVERNMENTAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS ACCORDING TO ISLAMIC ECONOMIC SYSTEM

Author name: امال عبد الحسين
General topic: Administration and Economics
Specific topic: Accounting
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Administration And Economics - Department Of Accounting
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

افاق التنمية الاقتصادية والاجتماعية في الجمهورية اليمنية في ظل العولمة للمدة 1990 - 2000 == Horizons of Economic & Social Development in the Republic of Yemen Under Globalization for the Period (1990 - 2000)

Author name: مهدي غالب حسن المقري
Supervisor name: جليل شيعان ضمد البيضاني
General topic: Administration and Economics
Specific topic: Economy
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Administration And Economics - Department Of Economics
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

اعتماد تحليل سلسلة القيمة مدخل لادارة الكلف الاستراتيجية : دراسة حالة في الشركة العامة لصناعة الاسمدة - المنطقة الجنوبية == Dependence Value Chain Analysis Approach to Strategic Costs Management A case study in The Public Company of Manufacturing Sertilizer/South Region

Author name: خولة شهاب نجم الموسوي
Supervisor name: عبد المهدي عباس محمد
General topic: Administration and Economics
Specific topic: Accounting
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Administration And Economics - Department Of Accounting
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تقويم فاعلية اجهزة التدقيق الداخلي في المستشفيات في ظل المعايير العامة للتدقيق الداخلي : دراسة استطلاعية في بعض المستشفيات الحكومية في محافظة البصرة == Evaluation performance of the internal Auditing Units Under the Public Internal Auditing Standards A study on a sample of Government hospital’s in Basrah city

Author name: بان توفيق نجم
Supervisor name: عبد المهدي عباس محمد
General topic: Administration and Economics
Specific topic: Accounting
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Administration And Economics - Department Of Accounting
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

بعض الاستجابات الفسلجية لتغير الملوحة في سمكة البلطي الازرقOreochromis aureus (Steindacher, 1864) == Some Physiological Responses of Blue Tilapia Oreochromis aureus (Steindacher,1864) to Salinity Changes

Author name: رافع عبد الكريم فارس
Supervisor name: سمية محمد احمد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) was used to investigate the effect of salinity on Osmoregulation and growth. One hundred ninety fish were collected from Al - Sweeb River / Qurna. Acclimation on laboratory conditions was done for 24 days. The abrupt salinity transfer experiment was done using the following salinities : 1.5, 5,10,15,20,25 and 30 g/l during 96 h. Survival rate was calculated and reached to 90% in salinity 20 g/l , while it decrease to 0% in salinity 25 g/l. LC50 was calculated and was 20.44 g/l. Gradual salinity increase was conducted and was shown that survival rate increased to 80% in salinity 30 g/l, while it was 0% in salinity 35 g/l. Growth experiment was conducted for 120 days using the following salinities : 1.5, 5,12g/l. the results showed that food intake decrease to 18%, 37%, 43% with increasing salinity to 5, 12 and 20 g/l (respectively) comparing with the control. The role of gut and muscles in water and ionic regulation, chloride cell aggregation in gills and operculum, oxygen consumption rate, energy usage was also studied during salinity acclimation.The results showed that water content decreased in the muscles to 80.1%, 79.58% during salinity increasing to 5 and 12g/l (respectively) comparing with the control. While the water content in the gut increased to 90.4% and 91.44% with increasing salinity to 5 and 12 g/l (respectively) comparing with the control (83.05%). Ionic content also affected with increasing salinity to 5 and 12 g/l , as Na+ concentration in the muscles increased to 30.33, 38.18 m Mol /kg tissue water (respectively) comparing with the control (19.14 m Mol/kg tissue water). While in the gut, Na+ increased to 34.02 and 42.26 m Mol/kg tissue water (respectively) comparing with the control (18.04 m Mol/kg tissue water). K+ concentration in the muscles also increased to 59.23 and 60.23 m Mol/kg tissue water when salinity increased to 5 and 12 g/l (respectively) comparing with the control (49.3 m Mol/kg tissue water). While in the gut ,K+ concentration increased to 68.61 m Mol/kg tissue water with increasing salinity to 5 g/l and decreased to 57.30 m Mol/kg tissue water in salinity 12 g/l ,comparing with the control.bWith increasing salinity, the percentage of chloride cells in the gill epithelia increased to 7.5% and 9.39% with increasing salinity to 5 and 12 g/l (respectively) comparing with the control (5.7%). In the Opercular epithelia the percentage of chloride cells also increased to 3.33% and 4.04% with increasing salinity to 5 and 12g/l (respectively) comparing with the control (3.07%).After 24 hours of salinity increasing to 5, 12 and 20 g/l, the rate and percentage of oxygen consumption increase to 267.71 mg/kg/h (17%), 306.38 mg/kg/h (34%) and 404.21 mg/kg/h (77%) (Respectively), comparing with the control (228.57 mg/kg/l). The increase in oxygen consumption rate was coincide with increasing in the rate and percentage of energy usage to 0.90 Kcal/kg/h (16%), 1.03 kcal/kg/h (33%) and 1.36 Kcal/kg/h (77%) with increasing salinity to 5, 12 and 20 g/l (respectively) comparing with the control (0.77 Kcal/kg/h).Food intake after four days of increasing salinity decreased to 2.27, 1.73 and 1.58 g/100 g fish when salinity increase to 5, 12 and 20 g/l, comparing with the control (2.76 g/ 100 g fish ).The results of the growth experiment after 120 days of transfer to higher salinities (5 and 12 g/l) showed that the growth rate was affected largely with salinity and temperature, as the weight of fish declined during the first 10 weeks when water temperature was ranged between 24 - 30o c , while significant increase in fish weight was recorded with increasing water temperature to above 30o c.The results of chemical compositions of the whole body at the end of the growth experiment showed a decrease in the fat and protein content with increasing salinity. This may be explained as the fish depend on body storage of protein and fat as

علاقة بعض الخصائص البيئية بطبيعة غذاء اسماك الشلك Leuciscus vorax والحمري Carasobarbus luteus والجري Silurus triostegus في النهايات السفلى لنهر الفرات == Relation of some ecological characteristics with food habits of three fish species (Leuciscus vorax; Carasobarbus luteus and Silurus triostegus (at lower reaches of Euphrates River

Author name: خلود عبد علي حسن المنسي
Supervisor name: صادق علي حسين | جبار خطار عبد الحسن
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: انجزت دراسة بيئية وحياتية على اساس شهري للمدة من كانون الاول 2013 الى تشرين الثاني 2014. وتهدف لدراسة العادات الغذائية لثلاثة انواع من الاسماك متواجدة في القاطع الجنوبي من نهر الفرات وهي الجري Silurus triostegusوالشلك Aspius (Leuciscus) vorax والحمري Barbus (Carassobarbus) luteus عند منطقة المدينة ضمن خط عرض"53 .41 ′57°30 شمال "18.81′°47 عرضا. لمعرفة مدى تاثير بعض العوامل البيئية اللاحياتية على هذه الخاصية الحياتية المهمة. واعتمدت ثلاث طرق لتحليل مكونات الغذاء المتناول من قبل الانواع الثلاثة وهي الطريقة الحجمية volumetric والطريقة العددية numerical وطريقة تكرار الوجودfrequency of occurrence. وكانت اعلى قيمة لدرجة حرارة الماء 33م˚ واوطئها 10.5م˚ اما قيم نفاذ الضوء فتباينت اذ كانت اعلى القيم 67 سم وادناها 15 سم. وكانت اعلى القيم للاس الهيدروجيني 8.6 وادناها 7.7. وتراوحت الملوحة بين1.4 و2.8 جزء بالالف. وحسب التوزيع التكراري للاطوال والاوزان للمصيد لانواع الدراسة الثلاث وحسبت نسب المساهمة الشهرية للانواع والاحجام. اذ اصطيد اصغر فرد لسمكة الجري بطول كلي 340 ملم ووزن كلي 238غم في شباط واب وتشرين الاول. واكبر فرد في تموز وكان طوله الكلي850 ملم ووزنه 3675غم. واستحصلت اصغر سمكة شلك في حزيران وكان طولها الكلي 110ملم ووزنها الكلي8 غم واكبر سمكة455 ملم اصطيدت في كانون الثاني وكان وزنها 1064غم. واستحصل اصغر فرد من سمكة الحمري في نيسان بطول 65 ملم ووزنه 5غم واصطيد اكبر فرد (280 ملم) في تموز ووزنه257غم. حسبت التغيرات الشهرية في نشاط التغذية وشدة التغذية لانواع الدراسة وكانت اعلاها خلال اشهر الربيع والصيف وادناها في اشهر الشتاء اذ كان اعلى نشاط في ( ايار) للجري والشلك اما للحمري فكان في نيسان وايار وحزيران. وكانت اعلى درجة لشدة التغذية في حزيران للجري والشلك اما للحمري فسجلت في تشرين الاول. وسجلت اعلى النسب للمعد الفارغة في اشهر الشتاء وادناها في الصيف والربيع. اذ وجد ان هناك علاقة طردية بين درجات حرارة الماء ودليل الامتلاء ونشاط التغذية للانواع الثلاثة. واظهرت النتائج استمرار الانواع في التغذي على مدار العام بالرغم من تدني كمياتها مع انخفاض درجات الحرارة. وحللت محتويات المعد باستخدام طرق التحليل الثلاث الحجمية والعددية وتكرار الوجود ولتجاوز مساوئ كل طريقة تحليل اعتمد دليل الاهمية النسبي للغذاء المتناول للانواع الثلاثة فكانت الاسماك هي الاعلى اهمية في غذاء الجري فتراوحت نسبها بين 97 - 100% تلتها القشريات والنباتات المائية. وجاءت الاسماك بالمقدمة كذلك في غذاء الشلك فتراوحت نسبها بين 74.9 - 99.6% تلتها القشريات والحشرات، اما النواعم فكانت ضئيلة الاهمية. وكانت النباتات هي الاكثر اهمية في غذاء الحمري (49.3 - 99%), جاءت بعدها القشريات والحشرات المائية ( 0 - 20.2%)، تلتها النواعم (0 - 16.3%), والاسماك (0 - 10.1%)، والطحالب (0 - 5.7%). واظهرت النتائج ان سمكة الجري مفترسة تتغذى بشكل رئيس على الاسماك والقشريات. اما الشلك كان لحمي التغذية لكنه اكثر تنوع في المحتويات الغذائية اذ احتوت القناة الهضمية على الاسماك والقشريات والنواعم والحشرات المائية. واستنتجت الدراسة ان اسماك الحمري قارته اعتمدت في غذائها على ست مكونات غذائية وجاءت النباتات المائية بالمقدمة تلتها باقي المكونات من طحالب وحشرات مائية وقشريات ونواعم واسماك لكنها تميل بالاساس الى الغذاء النباتي اكثر من ذو المصدر الحيواني. وتناولت الدراسة اختلاف طبيعة التغذية في الاحجام المختلفة من انواع الدراسة وانتخب حجمين للجري اكثر من 450 ملم ودون 450 ملم وحجمين للشلك والحمري اكثر من 200 ملم ودون 200 ملم. اظهرت النتائج تباين طفيف بين المكونات الغذائية للاحجام المختلفة لانواع الاسماك الثلاث خلال اشهر الدراسة. وبينت الدراسة وجود تداخل غذائي بين نوعي الاسماك لحمية التغذية (الجري والشلك) اذ بلغ (0.88). وكان التداخل الغذائي ضعيف ومتماثل بين اسماك الجري والحمري(0.2) واسماك الشلك والحمري( 0.2). | An ecolo - biological study was accomplished on a monthly basis for the period from December 2013 to November 2014. It aims to study the food habits of three fish species coexisting in the southern sector of the Euphrates River, namely the cat fish (jerry) Siluru striostegus, cyprind fishes (shilling) Aspius vorax and (himri) Barbus luteus within an area at Mudayna district situated between the latitude of " 53 . 41 '57 ° 30 North " and 18.81' ° 47 south . The study aimed to find out the extent of the impact of some abiotic environmental factors on this vital biological aspect . Three analytical methods was adopted to analyze food components ingested by the three investigated species, i.e. volumetric, numerical and frequency of occurrence methods.The highest value of water temperature was 33˚ C and the lowest ( 10.5 c˚ ). Light penetration varied among periods as the highest of 67 cm and a minimum of 15 cm . The highest pH value was 8.6 and the lowest 7.7 . Salinity ranged between 1.4 and 2.8 ppt . Lengths and weights frequency distributions of the catch of the three investigated species were also their calculated and monthly contribution of species and sizes were calculated. The youngest individual of jerry was of 340 mm total length (T.L) and a total weight (T.W) of 238g collected in February, August and October.The largest encountered in July with total length of 850 mm and a weight of 3675 g.The smallest shillig specimens was obtained in June of 110 mm T.L and of 8 g T.W. and the biggest of 455 mmT.L collected in January and was weighing 1064 g . The youngest member of himri ( 65 mm, 5 g) encountered in April, while the largest ( 280 mm, 257 g) collected in July . monthly changes in feeding activity and feeding intensity of the studied species were calculated, the highest recorded during the spring and summer months and the lowest in the winter. The highest activity, however, was in May for jerry and shillig, whereas for himri was in April, May and June . The highest degree of food intensity for jerry was in June and in October for shillig and himri.The highest percentages of empty stomachs was recorded in the winter months and the lowest in summer and spring. It was found that there is a correlation between water temperatures (jerry : r=0.301, shilling : r=0.111, himri : r=0.397) and fullness index and feeding activity of the three species. Results showed the continuation of the species in feeding throughout the year in spite of the decline in the food quantity with low temperatures. Stomachs contents were investigated by using the three methods of analyses. volumetric, numerical and the frequency of occurrence in order to overcome the disadvantages of each method. Index of relative importance was adopted to calculate the relative importance of each food item of the three species. Fish were of the highest importance food item in the diet of jerry which ranged between (97 - 100%) and followed by crustaceans and aquatic plants. Fishes also came first in shilling diet ranged between 74.9 - 99.6% followed by crustaceans and insects, while mollusca was insignificant in the diet.Aquatic plants were of the most importance in himri diet (49.3 - 99%) followed by crustaceans and aquatic insects (18 - 20 %) mollusca (0 - 16.3%) fish (0 - 10.1%) and algae (0 - 5.7%) . Results showed that jerry was a predator feeding mainly on fish and crustaceans. whereas shillig was carnivore but it's diet was more diverse as its alimentary canal contained fish, crustaceans, aquatic insects mollusca. The study also concluded that himri was omnivore as relied on six food components where aquatic plants came first, followed by the rest of the categories, namely algae, aquatic insects, crustaceans, fish and molluscs, but they tend mainly to consume vegetation more than diet of animal source.The study also examined the difference in food habits nature of various sizes of the studied species.Two sizes were elected for jerry i.e. of more than 450 mm and less than 450 mm. Two sizes of shillig and himri were also chosen, namely more than 200 mm and below 200 mm . Results showed a slight discrepancy infood items among the different sizes of the investigated species of fish. The study showed diet overlap between the two carnivore species ( jerry and shillig ) , amounting to ( 0.88 ) . Diet overlap was low and symmetric between jerry and himri (0.2 ) on one hand and shillig and himri (0.2 )on the other

تشخيص ومكافحة الادغال النامية في حقول الحنطة . (L (Triticum aestivumوتاثير ذلك في صفات النمو والحاصل والبروتين == Identification and control of weeds grown in wheat fields (Triticum asetivum L.) and their effect on growth , yield and protein

Author name: خضير قاسم خضير الحداد
Supervisor name: علي فرهود ناصر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted at a private field in AL - qurna site about (65) Km north of Basrah city during winter season of 2013 - 2014 in clay loam soil to study the effect of weed control methods grown in wheat fields on growth , yield characters and protein. by use three herbicides (Chevalier ,Topic and Lintur) and use two wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) (IPA - 99 and Abu - Graib). The experiment included 12 treatment came from the combination between treatments weed control and wheat cultivars .A Split - plot was used in randomized complete block design with three replicates. the main plots included wheat cultivars , while Sub - plots included treatments control.Results of the study showed that the use of Chevalier herbicide led to a significant reduction of the Broad leaves weeds reached (9.81gm m2) compared to the untreated which gave highest ratio (61.69 gm m2), and gave best inhibition ratio of weeds Broad reached (83.96%), it also excelled in giving the highest ratio for each of the number of tillers (613.67 mˉ2) , number of spikes (551.30 mˉ2) , weight of 1000 seeds ( 33.42 gm ), seed yield ( 5.70 ton hˉ¹ ) and biological yield (15.81 ton hˉ¹ ). While )Topic+Lintur( treatment herbicide was superior in plant height (89.88 cm ) , flag leaf area ( 32.98 cm2 ), spike length ( 11.57 cm ), number of seeds per spike(60.33) , harvesting index (36.06) , protein content (14.13%) and protein yield (797.98 kgm hˉ¹). and led to reduction of the dry weight of Narrow leaves weeds reached (1.77 gm m2 ) compared to the untreated which gave highest ratio (12.11 gm m2) and gave best inhibition ratio of weeds Narrow reached (84.48%).Results showed a variance among cultivars in it's characteristics .As the Abu - Graib cultivar was superior in weeds competition and gave less dry weight of weeds Narrow leaves which were (4.02 gm2), gave less dry weight of weeds Broad leaves which were (22.87 gm2 ). and gave best ratio of plant height (90.57cm ), number of tillers (622.78 mˉ2), number of spikes (572.80 mˉ2) , weight of 1000 seeds ( 32.67 gm ), seed yield ( 5.56 ton hˉ¹) , biological yield (15.33 ton hˉ¹), harvesting index(36.18 %) and protein yield (721.78 kgm hˉ¹). Either IPA - 99 cultivar was superior in gave best ratio of flage leaf area (32.46 cm 2), spike length ( 11.44 cm ), number of seeds per spike (60.73) and protein content ( 13.55% ).AbstractBThere were an interaction between treatments control and wheat cultivars in all characteristics except the spike length , number of seeds per spike , protein content and protein yield . Results of the study showed that the use of the spray (Topic +Lintur) herbicides with Abu - Graib cultivar give the highest ratio of seed yield (6.10 ton hˉ¹) and protein yield (829.66 kgm hˉ¹)

تاثير مسافة الزراعة والمعاملة بالمحفز الحيوي Bio Health والسماد العضوي Vit.Org في نمو وحاصلي البذور والزيت الطيار لنبات الينسون Pimpinella anisum L. ودور مستخلصاته في تثبيط بعض ممرضات تعفن الجذور == Effect of plant spacing , Spraying with BioHealth and Vit.Org in Growth, Seeds yield and volatile Oil of Pimpinella anisum l. and the inhibitory role of its extracts against the growth of some root rot pathogens

Author name: حيدر جواد كاظم الجنابي
Supervisor name: عصام حسين علي الدوغجي | ونر نعمة مهدي الجابري
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تاثير الشعير المنبت وبذور الكتان والالمازة كاغذية وظيفية في حفظ اقراص اللحم المفروم المخزن بالتبريد والتجميد == Effect of germinated barley ,Flaxseed and jerusalum artichoke as Functional foods in Keeping minced meat storage Cooling and Freezing

Author name: حوراء حامد شاكر علي الطفيلي
Supervisor name: اميرة كاظم ناصر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The aim of present study was to add some functional foods included germinated barley , flax seed and Jerusalum artichoke to minced meat . two experiments were done , the first used 5,10 and 15 % concentrations of plants to the meat and preserved under 4 c° . chemical tests were measured which included free fatty acid percent , peroxide number and cholesterol , the physical teste was cooking lost percent . Microbial tests included total loacterial number , psychiophless Drganoleptic teste included colour , falvor , tenderness , guciness and total acceptance . The best concentoate from first lexperimant was chosen to intiate the second experiment . storing temperature of - 18° c was used for three months . chemical tests included free fatty acid % , peroxide number , thiobarbutaric TBA, cholesterol , total thyrosin ,non - protein thyrosin and protein thyrosin , total dissolved nitrogen , non - protein nitrogen and protein nitrogen . physical tests included total free liquid , cooking loss % and hydrogenic number . Organdeptic test included color , flavor , tenderness , juinceness and total acceptance . The results can be summarized as follow : Summary ]b[1 - Significant (p<0.05) decrease in free fatty acid % of meat treated with studied plants of the nineth day of germinated barley and tenth dayof flaxseed and Jerusalum artichoke the 7th day from preservation because highest contamination2 - Significant (p<0.05) decrease in peroxide number of meat samples treated with all plants in comparison with contor Which recorded 3.76 melimequavtent/Kg fat on the 7th day of preservation and was discarded because of contamination , oxidation and hydrolysis . peroxidenumber of other treatments were 2.38, 2.36 and 2.33 meq/kg of germinated barley ,flaxseed and Jerusalum artichoke respectively on 6th3 - Adding plants to the meat resulted in significant decreae in total bacteria number and psychiophless in comparison with contant which was discarded on the 7th day while treated groups shoused standard characteristics till the 9th day of preservation germinated barley and the 10th day,flaxseed and Jerusalum artichoke4 - An increase (p<0.05) in hydrogegnic number was observed for all treatments except control group.5 - There was significant (p<0.05) decrease in free liquid of all treatments in comparism with control free liquid of and control was 28.31 ml when stored at frozen temperatureSummary ]c[6 - There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in cooking loss of treated groups as storage period increases in comparison with control7 - There was significant (p<0.05) increase in total nitrogen% of treated groups in comparison with control group.8 - All treated groups showed significant (p<0.05) total value of Tyrosine/Trptophan , non - protein T/T and protein T/T in comparison with control group.9 - A significant (p<0.05) decrease in meat cholesterol concentration of groups treated with different plants in comparison with control when meat cooling and freezing.10 - Results have showed that samples treated with flaxseed and Jerusalum artichoke reveated better organoleptic traits ( color, flavor , tenderness , guciencss and total acceptance in comparison with control group

استخدام بعض المرشحات في خفض الملوحة والبورون في مياه شط العرب وابار جنوب البصرة لاستعمالها في ري نبات الطماطة Lycoperscion esculentum Mill == Using of Some Filters in Dercreasing Water Salinity and Boron Toxicity of Satt Al - Arab River and Basrah Southern Wells and Reuse of Tomato Plant (Lycoperscion esculentum Mill) Irrigation

Author name: حنان عبد الوهاب سعيد الحكيم
Supervisor name: هيفاء جاسم حسين التميمي | نجلة جبر محمد الاميري
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Thirteen water sample of Shatt Al - Arab river and its tributaries were collected starting with Madania at (north of Basrah ending with Al - Fao south of Basrah) according to the following areas (Medania , Gurna , Sharesh, Deyar/ near paper plan, Hartha (near thermal electric station), Garmat Ali (Basrah university), Tenoma/Sahehia , near teaching hospital, Abul - Khaseeb /Hamdan, Abul - Khaseebl Abu - Floose, Sebha, Al - Dora, and Al - Fao. Fifteen well's water sample were collected from Al - Zubair , Al - Berjesia and Safwan during Dec.2014. Chemical and physical properties of water samples were conducted (ECiw), soluble ions (calcium, mangnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulphate, carbonate, bicarbonate, boron, and nitrate), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total hardness. After water sample properties determination, they were classified to three classes according to electrical conductivity (1 - 4, 4 - 8, and 8 - 12) dSm - 1 , and three classes of boron concentrations (< 0.7, 0.7 - 3.0, and > 3.0) mg L - 1 . For the purpore of study of studies filter efficiency, two type of filter were used, mineral filter (sand, charcoal, porcelin, and cement klint dust) and organic filters (rice hust ash, barley straw, sawdust, plam leaf, and poultry rnanure). Two experiments were conducted, one of them laboratory experiment in soil science and water resources laboratories /College of Agriculture /University of Basrah) other was biological experiment in wooden canopy to achieve the objectives of the study.Nine type of mineral and organic types of filters were selected for studying their efficiencies in decreasing water salinity and boron toxicity of Shatt Al - Arab river and Wells, after passing water through them. Chemical and physical properties of water were determined after passing water through filters and water quality was calculated. A number ofBcriteria and international standards were used for evaluation water quality after and before passing through filters.For studying the efficiency of water treatment by the most efficient filters according to laboratory experiment results were rice husk ash, cement klint dust, sand, and control treatment. Biological experiment was conducted by using plastic pots with capacity of20 kg soil according to factorial experiment with three replicates for each treatment with 24 empirical units (2×3×3) (soil * No. of filters * replicates) besides control treatment and six classes of water to be 144 empirical units. Two soils were used one of them from Agricultural field of Agricultural Research Station, and the other from Garmat Ali field during agricultural season 2014 - 2015. Mineral fertilizers were used with rates, 320 Kg N ha - 1as urea (46 % N) with two doses, phosohate fertilizer was applied at rate 90 kg P ha - 1 as concentrated supper phosphate (20.21 % P), potassium at rate of 120 kg K ha - 1 as potassium sulfate (43 % K) one dose at planting. Peatmose fertilizer was applied at rate 2% for all treatment mixing with soils. For getting erough water for irrigation, plastic coloumns wereduplicated in their dimentions for studied filters. Shatt Al - Arab and wells water were passed through most efficient filter besides sand filter separately with equal quantities. Water was collected after one minute to conform the properties of laboratory experiment.Tomato plants (Lycopersiconesculintium M.)were planted on 22/9/2014 and irrigated with water treated with filters besides control treatment at field capacity (20 % for Berjesia Research Station soil) and (30 % for Garmat Ali soil). Leaching requirement was calculated for each treatment. After 176 days, plants were harvested with space 2 cm from soil surface avoiding contamination. Tomato plants were fractionated into three parts, roots, shoots, and fruits. Dry matter of roots and shoot wasBCcalculated. Boron concentrion of (roots, shoots and fruits) was determined. Fruits yied of tomato was calculated. Electrical conductivity and available boron of residual soils in pots were determined after tomato plants growth Period.Results obtained could be summarized as : 1. Adoption of rice husk ash and cemenentklint dust in treatment of Shatt Al - Arab and wells water because of their high efficiency in decreasing boron concentration and water salinity and reuse for tomato plant irrigation and Plants irrigated with water treated with rice husk ash were surpassed over other plants in dry matter and yield, and gave lowest boron concentration in tomato plant tissues for all parts roots, shoots, and fruits. Same treatment gave the lowest concentration residual boron in soil and lowest value of soil salinity as compared with water treated with cementklint dust filter and sand filter besides control treatment.2. loamy sand soil was surpassed over clay loam soil in dry matter and yield of tomato and lowest concentration of boron in their tissues, while clay loam soil was surpassed over loam sand soil in residual boron concentration and soil salinity.3. Results indicated that there were significant differences between type of filters and soil texture in dry matter, yild , boron concentration in roots , shoots, and fruits of tomato plants. Residual boron concentration and soil salinity.4. Results indicated that there was no boron contamination in both studied soils treated with water of Shatt Al - Arab and wells treated with two filters (rice husk ash and cementklint dust)

تاثير بعض معاملات السيطرة الطبيعية قبل الحصاد وبعده في تحسين الصفات النوعية والقابلية الخزنية لثمار نخيل التمر Phoenix dactylifera L. صنفي البرحي والبريم == EFFECT some pre and post - harvest natural control treatments on improving the qualitative characteristics and storage ability of date palm fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L. ) cvs. Barhi and Bream

Author name: حمزة عباس حمزة عباس
Supervisor name: عباس مهدي جاسم | ضياء احمد طعين
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Research were divided into two experiments, field and storage , field experiment was conducted in private orchard at Abu - Alkhasib south of Basrah . Date palm fruits( Phoenix dactylifera L.) cvs. Barhi and Bream were used during the growing seasons 2014 and 2015. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of spraying chitosan at the concentrations of 0% , 1% , 2% on yield and some physical , chemical and physiological characteristics of fruits. The experiment included 9 trees for both cvs. Complete Randomized Block Design was used with three replicates . The results were analyzed by the analysis of variance of factorial experiment and mean values were compared using the Revised Least Significant Difference Test at 0.05 probability level. The results of study showed significant effect of spraying chitosan at the concentrations of 2% on the most of the studied parameters (fresh weight , size of fruit , yield , water content, total acidity ,tannin and pectin) in addition to delay the ripening and respiration rate of fruits for both cvs. Untreated fruits retain the highest percentage of total soluble solids , total sugars , reducing sugars and total protein. Invertase and cellulase activities decreased in fruits treated with chitosan as compared with untreated fruits which recorded the highest activity of invertase and cellulase for both cvs.Storage experiment was conducted in Al - Moussawi dates factory situated at Abu - Al - Khaseb District , Basrah Governorate to study the effect of some pre and post harvest natural control treatments in improving the qualitative characteristics and storage ability of date palm fruits cvs. Barhi and Bream. Fruits that treated with chitosan at the concentrations of (0, 1, 2) % were harvested in the early morning and carried to Al - Moussawi dates factory. Then every one of the three parts divided into five groups ,the first was treated with ultraviolet light (UV) at the concentration of 1KGY for periods of (0, 5, 10) minutes ,while the second group were treated with (1 - MCP) at the concentration of ( 0,0.5,1) ppm for 24 hour at 0 ºc .third was treated with ozone (O3) at the concentration of 5 ppm for the periods of (0, 0.5, 1) hour ,while the fourth group were soaked in chitosan at the concentrations of ( 0,1,2) % , the fifth were without treatment .Fruits were packed in plastic bags.Both of the two parts were stored at two storage temperatures (room temperature 25±2ºc and freezing temperature - 10±2ºc for three weeks and six months respectively . Storage characteristics were studied before andBduring storage and at the end of storage period . the results can be summarized as follow : 1 - spraying chitosan at the concentrations of 2% in the field reduced the percentage of deteriorated fruit , ripening process, TSS , total and reducing sugars and increased the percentage of water content, sucrose and total acidity in addition to elongation the desirable color of fruits and keeping good flavor and taste for Barhi and Bream fruits until the end of storage period at - 10±2ºc and 25±2ºc for the both of growing seasons 2014 and 2015 .2 - Treating with ultraviolet light (UV) for 5 minutes reduced percentage of decay for Barhi ,whereas fuel west percentage of Bream fruits decay was in fruits treated wish ozone for 1hour for both growing seasons .3 - Treating with (1 - MCP) at the concentration of (1) ppm reduced the progress of ripening and total sugars and increased water content, sucrose and total acidity in addition to elongation the desirable color of fruits and keeping good flavor and taste for Barhi and Bream fruits up to the end of storage period at - 10±2ºc for the both of growing seasons .4 - The percentage of decay of fruits , ripening progress, loss in weight , TSS , total and reducing sugars increased whereas the percentage of water contents, sucrose and acidity decreased with increment of storage period for both cultivars and seasons at 25±2ºc and - 10±2ºc.5 - The interaction between field treatments and storage treatments had significant effect on percentage of fruits decay. Fruits sprayed with chitosan at the concentrations of 2% in the field and treated with ultraviolet light (UV) for the periods of 10 minutes had the lowest percentage of fruits decay for both growing seasons .6 - The interaction between spraying chitosan and storage period significantly effected on studied parameters . Fruits sprayed with 2% chitosan in the field were superior in keeping water content and delaying ripening process but they had the lowest TSS , total and reducing sugar at the end of storage period at 25±2ºc and - 10±2ºc compared with untreated fruit for both cultivars and seasons .7 - The interaction between storage treatments and storage period significantly effected on studied parameters. Fruits treated with (1 - MCP) at the concentration of (1) ppm were the best in keeping water content and delaying ripening process but they had the lowest TSS , total and reducing sugar at the end of storage period at 25±2ºc and - 10±2ºc compared with untreated fruit for both cultivars and seasons .C8 - The interaction among field treatments, storage treatments and storage period had significant effect on percentage of fruits decay. Fruits sprayed with chitosan at the concentrations of 2% in the field and treated with ultraviolet light (UV) for the periods of 10 minutes had the lowest percentage of fruits decay , at the end of storage period at - 10±2ºc for both cultivars and seasons .9 - Gel electrophoresis for protein showed that in Barhi and Bream fruits treated with pre and post harvest natural control treatments and stored at - 10±2ºc , the process of gene expression has occurred , since there was a number of bands , which differed both in number as well in their position on the gel , depending on treatments and cultivar . There was very clear differences between treatments in the number , position and the timing of the appearance of the protein bands for both cvs. during which Bream fruits treated with chitosan recorded the highest number of bands ( seven bands).

استعمال قشور بيض المائدة في ازالة بعض الصبغات والايونات المعدنية من محاليلها المائية وامكانية تطبيقها في بعض الانظمة الغذائية والصناعية == Usage egg shells of table’s egg in removing some dues and metal ions from it,s aqueaus solutions and possibility application in some food and industrial systems

Author name: حسنين نجم عبود السوداني
Supervisor name: علي حسين عبد الكريم العامري | خديجة صادق جعفر الحسيني
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In the current study was used eggshell chicken eggs components (internal membranes only, eggshell without membranes and non - activated eggshell with internal membranes and activated eggshell with membranes by concentrated sulfuric acid) as natural adsorbent vital materials to removed organic dyes such as methylene blue, methyl orange dye and metal ions such as lead, copper, cadmium and zinc from their water solutions, and then used as clearifing materials to removed turbidity from apple juice considering and removed metal ions from municipal waters, The results of chemical composition for eggshell showed that increased on percentage of moisture, protein and fat for internal membranes reaching to (3.100, 58.85 and 1.834) % respectively comparison with eggshell without membranes which reaching to )1.813, 0.984 and 0.301) % respectively and on eggshell with internal membranes were (2.198,4.810 and 0.513) % respectively, while there was increased on percentage of ash on eggshell without membranes and eggshell with internal membranes reaching to (96.451 and 94.780)% respectively comparison with internal membranes was 26.200 %, metal ions in ash estimated, It also the percentage of calcium, potassium, magnesium , iron, copper, zinc and manganese in internal membranes reaching to (23.30, 7.20, 8.42, 3.00, Nil, 1.14 and 0.14) % respectively, for the eggshell without membranes (29.80, 8.80, 8.65, 0.11, 1.77, 0.40 and 0.01) % respectively, and for the eggshell with internal membranes (28.70, 6.90, 8.64, 1.86, Nil, 0.04 and 0.58) % respectively.Study of infrared (FTIR) for components was observed absorption bands that related to many active groups such as group (OH - ) and a (NH)it were ( 3423.66,32987.28 and 3423.65) cm - 1 centralized on internal eggshell with internal membranes and (C - H) , (C - H, C = O) , (CH2, CH3) and (C - C, C - O) which were (2983.88, 2879.72, 1799.58, 1643.35 and 1797.66) cm - 1 respectively centralized on eggshell without membranes and eggshell with active internal membranes.Also when examination using diffraction X - ray technique, results indicated the finding a number of peaks vary in intensity and location, but being in similar sharp peaks and this shows the possession of eggshells microcrystalline structure. conducted aAAbstractstudy using Microscope electronic scanning, results showed the eggshells components do have a porous surface as well as her crystalline that making it an effective and well suited material to linked with a material to be removed.Factors affecting on the adsorption of dyes and ions were studied, Ability of internal membranes, eggshell without membranes and non - activated eggshell internal membranes to remove of methylene blue dye was Studied. the results showed that the best conditions for the adsorption was to be the initial concentration of the dye was (10) ppm for the non - activated eggshell with the membrane and (5) ppm for internal membranes and eggshell without membranes in size (50)ml ,the degree of heat (20) C and (pH = 8) for the eggshell without membranes and non - activated eggshell with membrane and (pH=6) for the membranes only, also the time to contact (60) min for each of the membranes only and non - activated eggshell with membrane and (45) min for eggshell without membranes, also showed a positive relationship between the percentage of the speed of adsorption of the dye with the increased weight of adsorbent material and reached the highest percentage when using the internal membranes, eggshell without membranes and eggshell with internal membranes (94.240, 97.680 and 97.170) % respectively, when the weight (1.25) g.Ability of eggshell with internal membranes activated by concentrated sulfuric acid (1 : 1) to removed methyl orange dye was studied, the results showed that the best conditions for the process of adsorption was to be the time of the contact (20) min, temperature (30) C, primary and concentration (25) ppm in size (50) ml and the weight of adsorbent material (0.5) g, The percentage of removal decreases with increasing pH and the highest percentage for the removal was reaching to 50.30 % when (pH = 2) and the lowest percentage of removing was 37.50 % when (pH = 8).Removal of divalent ions (Cu+2,Cd+2,Pb+2,Zn+2) by eggshells components and the best component used as material for removing (Pb+ 2, Cu+ 2) ions was eggshell without membranes. But the best component to removed (Zn+ 2,Cd+ 2) ions was the inner membrane, and that the best conditions for adsorption was to have weight of adsorbent material (1) g and the degree of temperature (60) C for copper and cadmium and (80) C for lead and zincBAbstractand the initial concentration of the dye was (20, 40, 100 and 100) ppm for zinc, lead, copper and cadmium respectively, and the contact time (60) min for (Cd+ 2,Pb+ 2) and (40) min for (Cu+2 , Zn+ 2) also (pH = 4) for lead and (pH = 8) for (zinc, copper and cadmium), it was observed that the increased in contact time helps to increased the speed of the removal process ions, as found the time to reach equilibrium for lead and cadmium was when (60) min and percentage of removing them (99.38, 81.86) % respectively, and for copper and zinc was reached to (99.76, 99.24) % respectively, at the time (40 ) min and solution volume (50) ml. When study of the isotherms adsorption. The study showed that the adsorption to methyl orange dye by eggshells with non - activated internal membranes was submitted to Gliese,s classification because the isotherms take shape (S) as well as submitted to the equation Langmuir apparently at (pH = 7) within the range of concentrations of the dye (10 - 30) ppm and the degree of temperature (30) C and time of (30) min and the weight (1) g. For the methylene blue dye ,the adsorption by internal membranes powder was submitted to the form (L) of Gliese,s classification, but adsorbed it by using eggshell without membranes and non - activated eggshell with the membrane was submitted to the shape (S) as well as the adsorption submitted to equation Langmuir apparently at (pH = 8) for powders of eggshells without membranes and the non - activated eggshell with membrane and at (pH = 6) for internal membranes when contact time was (30) min, degree of heat (35) C , weight (0.5) g and the size (50) ml within the range of concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20) ppm.The results showed that the adsorption of ions was submitted to equation Langmuir because it's had shape (S) at (pH=8) for (Cu+2, Zn+2) ions and at (pH=4) for (Pb+2) ion. And the size of molecules of powder of adsorption material was (500) μm and speed of mixing was (200) rpm except( Cd+2) apparently .A study was conducted to identify their ability to bleaching natural apple juice using peels components, and founded that the best material was non - activated eggshell with internal membranes, the natural apple juice was treated with weight of (0.25) g, as that the turbidity dropped from 2.625 % to 1.101 %, and total soluble solids decreased from 13 % to 10.1 % , andCAbstractpH raised from (pH = 3.9) to (pH = 4.6) .Also sensory evaluation of the juice as results showed superiority of the juice plant material clarification and receiving a degree (8.768) compared to juice untreated who got the degree evaluate (6.37). This demonstrates the efficiency of bleaching material in improving the qualities of natural juice.Also study was conducted to determine the efficiency of the components in the removal of ions from municipal water, and it founded that the best component was eggshell without inner membrane, and the percentage of removal of 100 % of the lead an cooper for tow weighit (0.5 and 1) g respectively and for eggshell with the inner membrane weighit (2) g for tow ions, but for zinc the highest removal percentage up (95~ 97) % for all eggshell component, and better weight was (0.5) g ,the best time to contact (40) min and best degree of heat (80) C, this shows the efficiency of the eggshell with the internal membranes to removal of ions from polluted waters.D

تاثير اضافة الزيوت النباتية كمصادر للاحماض الدهنية (الاوميغا) الى العليقة في الاداء الانتاجي والفسلجي لفروج اللحم

Author name: حسن هادي حسين سبع
Supervisor name: جعفر محمد جاسم عبد الله عبد المنعم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted at poultry farm , Animal Resources Department, College of Agriculture , University of Basra from 14/11/2014 to 18/12/2014 to investigate the effect of adding vegetable oils as sources of essential fatty acids (FA) omega in diet on productive and physiological performance of broiler chickens. A total of 270 unsexed chicks of Ross 308 strain aged one day were used in this study from private hatchery which located on the Al - Zubair city road .The rate of weight was 40gram/chick. Chicks distributedrandomly to nine treatments with three replicates per treatment and by 10 chicks embryos for each replicates based on complete random design (CRD) and the treatments were as follows : (T1) basal diet without any addition (control). (T2 and T3) adding 1and 2% flaxseed oil as source of FA omega/3. (T4 and T5) adding 1and 2% sunflower oil as source of FA omega/6. (T6 and T7) adding 1and 2% olive oil as source of FA omega/9. (T8 and T9) adding 1and 2% mix oils as sources of FA omega 3,6 and 9.The results pointed : - 1 - There was significant increase (P<0.05) in the final live body weight and daily weight gain in all treatments provided with vegetable oils compared to the control .2 - There was significant decrease (P<0.05)in the amount of feed consumed in groups of broiler feeding on 1 and 2% vegetable oils .3 - There was significant improvement (P<0.05) in the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in treatments which contain vegetable oils in their diets.4 - There were significant improvement (P<0.05) in digestibility of protein, fat and dry matter in treatments added 1 and 2 % vegetable oils.5 - No significant difference in mortality percent age between groups, whil e there wasn't any case of death in T4 ,T6 ,T7 , and T8 . 6 - There were significant increase (P<0.05) in production coefficient and performance index and significant improvement (P<0.05) in the economical cost in all groups treated with vegetable oils.7 - There were significant increase (P<0.05) in protein coefficient percent and in amount of abdominal fat and it’s percentage to the body weight in all treatments contain vegetable oils in their diets.8 - No significant effects in addition vegetable oils on dressing percentage and relative rate of breast, wings and neck , while there were significant increase (P<0.05) in relative rate of back comparison with control and significant difference (P<0.05) in relative weight of thigh between all groups.9 - No significant influenced of adding vegetable oils on relative rate ofpancreas. while there were significant difference (P<0.05) on relative rate of heart , liver and gizzard between all treatments.10 - There was significant increase (P<0.05)in number of red blood cells (RBC) for all groups provided with vegetable oils and significant improvement (P<0.05) in WBC , PCV and Hb in T3 , T4,T5, T6 and T9. 11 - No significant influenced of using vegetable oils on albumin, globulin and glucose , but significant decrease (P<0.05) were revealed in concentration of cholesterol and tri glycerid to all groups provided with vegetable oils and significant difference (P<0.05) in value of total protein , high and low density cholesterol and uric acid between all groups.12 - No significant effects on immunological traits ( fabricia gland weight, it's index and spleen) between all groups of broiler .13 - No significant difference in sense traits(color, tenderness, flavor and juiciness) of cuts of breast and thigh between all groups, but there was significant improvement (P<0.05) in trait of overall acceptability to cuts of thigh in T9, T8, T6, T5 and T4 .14 - The level of linoleic acid, linolenic acid and PUFA were increased significantly (P<0.05) in fatty acids composition of abdominal fat and significant reduce (P<0.05) in (SFA) in treatments of the study compared to control.15 - There were significant increase (P<0.05) in level of linolenic acid (C18 : 3) in T2 and T3 which provided with 1 and 2% flaxseed oil and in percent of (MUFA) in T6 (1% olive oil) and there was significant difference(P<0.05) in level of FA composition of blood serum between all treatments.

تصميم وتصنيع وتقيم اداء جهاز لازالة الكولسترول والدهون من اللحوم المفرومة == Designing , Manufacturing and Performance evalution a Device for removal cholesterol and fats from the minced meats

Author name: حسن هادي مهدي الربيعي
Supervisor name: اسعد رحمان سعيد الحلفي | منير عبود جاسم الطائي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A device to remove cholesterol and fats from minced meat by using supercritical CO2 has been designed and manufactured . This device removes cholesterol and part of the fat from the meat and operates by static and dynamic methods . This device consists of a pump run by compressed air that increases CO2 pressure to supercritical pressure , and from a CO2 cylinder size 20 kg . It also consists of three units : the first unit separates cholesterol and fat from the meat , the second unit separates cholesterol and part of the fat from supercritical CO2 , and the third unit absorbs cholesterol only by using Calcium carbonate . Other Components of the device are the cooling unit, heating unit, pressure and temperature gauges and control valves distributed among the parts of the device , in addition to the safety valve .The parameter of the device performance such as pressure, temperature, time, density, viscosity, solubility, compression coefficient and diffusion coefficient were measured , and cholesterol percentages in fresh minced meat were calculated before and after supercritical CO2 treatment in both the static and dynamic methods . Moreover, the chemical , micrological , and sensory characteristics and the storage period of samples which undergo the pressure, temperature, and time conditions have been measured as well is studying the economical quality of the manufactured device .The results have shown the following : 1. The maximum time to get the supercritical pressure for CO2 75,85,and 95 bar by using a pressure increasing pump was 35,40,55 minutes respectively.2. The density of supercritical CO2 increased by increasing the pressure, and decreased with high temperatures . The highest value was 667.525 kg\ m3 at 95 bar pressure and a temperature of 35 Celsius.3. The viscosity of supercritical CO2 increased by increasing the pressure and decreased with high temperatures . The highest value get 52.71×10 - 6 Pa. sec. at 95 bar pressure and a temperature of 35 Celsius.b4. The compression coefficient of supercritical CO2 increased at high temperature and decreased by increasing pressure. The highest value was 0.6607 at 75bar pressure and a temperature of 55 Celsius .5. A new equation has been suggested to calculate the solubility of cholesterol in the supercritical CO2 where the time factor has been considered. This solubility reached 0.17803505 and 0.14450794 g. L - 1 by using the static and dynamic methods respectively at 95 bar pressure , a temperature of 35 Celsius, and 80 minute hold time .6. The diffusion coefficient of cholesterol in supercritical CO2 increased at high temperature and decreased by increasing pressure . The highest value were 3.12107 × 10 - 9 and 9.36322 ×10 - 9 m2. sec - 1 by using the static and dynamic methods respectively at 95 bar pressure , a temperature of 35 Celsius, and 80 minute hold time .7. The highest loss ratio of fat and cholesterol by using supercritical CO2 were 92.72 and 61.96 % for fat and 87.10 and 70.69% for cholesterol respectively by using the static and dynamic methods at 95 bar pressure , a temperature of 35 Celsius, and 80 minute hold time .8. The percentages of moisture, protein, fat , ash , and carbohydrate in fresh meat samples untreated with supercritical CO2 were 74.43, 19.1, 4.48, 1.21,0.78 % respectively, while in fresh meat samples which have been treated with supercritical CO2 have reached 72.50, 22.68, 1.56, 2.4,0.86 % and 71.67, 24.41, 0.4, 2.6 , 0.92 % by using dynamic and static methods respectively . The cholesterol loss ratios of samples treated with supercritical CO2 were 72.28 and 89% by using the dynamic and static methods respectively at 95 bar pressure , a temperature of 35 Celsius, and 80 minute hold time.9. The values of peroxide of a meat chilled samples untreated with supercritical CO2 have increased from 6.22 Mlamkavi \ kg of fat in fresh meat to 9.45 Mlamkavi \ kg of fat after 12 days of freezing period storage. The values of peroxide of frozen meat samples treated with supercritical CO2 , on the other hand ,have slightly increased from 3.46 Mlamkavi \ kg of fat (before storage) to 4.1 Mlamkavi \ kg of fat (after storage) and from 0.76 Mlamkavi \ kg of fat (before storage) to 1.1 Mlamkavi \ kg of fat (after storage) using the dynamic and static methods respectively at the same period of storage and the same temperature.10. The microbiological tests result of meat treated with supercritical CO2 have shown that there were no colonies can be counted in the total countof bacteria, coliform bacteria, gold aurous, and yeasts and molds. The detection has shown a negative value about the existence of Salmonella.11. The results sensory evaluation of barker made by meat that is treated with supercritical CO2 have shown that the dynamic method samples are may accepted among experienced arbitrators followed by the static method samples at 95 bar pressure , a temperature of 35 Celsius, and 80 minute hold time .12. the maximum production value of the manufactured device was 10kg/day of cholesterol - free meat and the part of fat ,and that it is economical

التوصيف الجزيئي والتعبير الجيني لجين بروتينات الصدمة (الحرارية 00 hsp70) في السائل المنوي لثيران الهولشتاين العراقية والكباش العرابية == Molecular Characterization and Gene Expression of Heat Shock Protein 70 (hsp70) Gene in the Semen of Iraqi Holstein Bulls and Arabi Rams

Author name: حسن نعمة حبيب السنيسل
Supervisor name: عماد فلاح حسن | بسام ياسين خضير
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Livestock
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted at the Animal Farm of College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, (longitude 47.7433690, latitude 30.5627250 north of Basrah), and the fields of Artificial Insemination Center in Abu Ghraib, the General Company for Livestock Services (longitude 44.1922070, latitude 33.3095550 northwest of Baghdad), during the winter season for the months November, December 2015 and January 2016, and the summer season for the months April, May and June, 2016. To achieve all the study requirements, the laboratories work at the Laboratory physiology, Molecular Genetics Laboratory, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah; the Central Research Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Basrah; the Criminal Laboratory Department of Investigation, Criminal Evidence Directorate, Basrah Governorate Police; as well as laboratories of the Abu Ghraib, Artificial Insemination Center; in addition to the First BASE Laboratories, Laboratory in Selangor Malaysia, were used. The study included two experiments : The first experiment : This experiment was designed to detect the genetic polymorphism of hsp70 gene in the semen of Bulls, their relationship to certain physical and chemical semen characteristics, the level of gene expression in the season winter and summer, and the evaluation of the bulls by finding the breeding value of certain traits in the fresh and frozen semen of the Iraqi Holstein Bulls, back to the Artificial Insemination Center / Abu Ghraib / Baghdad, 30 bulls were used in this experiment.Second Experience : This experiment was designed to detect the genetic polymorphism of hsp70 genes in the semen of Rams, their relationship with some physical and chemical semen characteristics, the level of gene expression in the season winter and summer, and the evaluation of the rams by finding the breeding value of some traits in the fresh and frozen semen of local Arabi rams, back to the Agricultural Research Station / College of Agriculture / University of Basrah, 20 Rams were used in this experiment.Results of the study : I. The first experiment : 1) After DNA extracted, the quantity and purity of the DNA were determined by the Nano drop device, the purity ratio was 1.8. A Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) carried out, the amplification product was approximately 1926bp. Nucleotide Sequence analysis was done to detect polymorphism and compared with the genotypes of the hsp70 gene in the Gene Bank. There are three Genotypes of hsp70 gene were obtained in bulls : : The Genotype A, this genotype is the closest to heat shock protein hsp70 gene in the Holstein bulls in Gene Bank. This polymorphism was exposed to be genetic mutations at position No. 6, the Nucleotide (C < G), No. 174 (C < G), No. 282 (A< G) and position No. 1339 (T < C). All mutations are silent that did not encodingto any new amino acid, (16 Bulls).B : The Genotype B, the nucleotides were substituted at different positions, position No.114 (G < A), No. 174 (C < G), No. 282 (A < G), No. 1339 (T < C),No.1451 (C < A), No.1590 (A < G), No. 1695 (C < T) and position No. 1719 (G<T), these genetic mutations are all silent except the mutation at the position No.1451 is a missense mutation, encoding for new amino acid, (6 Bulls).C : The Genotype C , the nucleotides were substituted at different positions, position No. 114 (G < A), No. 174 (C < G), No. 282 (A < G) No.1339 (T < C),No. 1590 (A <G), No. 1695 (C <T) and position No. 1719 (G <T), all mutationsare silent, ( 8 bulls).2) The results of the Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA) of hsp70 gene in the bulls showed that the convergence ratio of A, B and C were 99.73%, 99.51% and 99.56%, respectively, with the same gene in the Holstein bulls recorded in Gene Bank. The MSA results also showed that the B genotype gave the lowest ratio to the studied genotypes, followed by the C genotype and the A genotype, which showed the highest approximation with the genotypes studied in the Gene Bank for the Holstein bulls, sheep, goats, pigs and humans.3) Genotype B, has shown significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the C genotype and A genotype in all physical semen characteristics studied, it gave the highest rate of mass and individual motility, the highest percentage of live sperm and thelowest rate of abnormalities, both in fresh and frozen semen in a period of onemonth and two months freezing and in both seasons of the study.4) Genotype B showed Significantly higher (P < 0.05) towards the C and A genotypes in all chemical semen characteristics studied, It gave the highest percentage of the Acrosome integrities and gave the lowest level of concentration of enzymes ALT, AST and ALP in the frozen semen and freezing periods in a month and two months and in both seasons of the study.5 ) After RNA extraction, synthesise of cDNA and carry out Quantitative Realtime PCR (qRT - PCR) analysis, genotype B showed Significantly higher (P < 0.05) than genotype C and A in the level of gene expression of heat shock protein hsp70 gene in the summer season.) The bulls belong to genotype B were superior in the valuation on the basis of the breeding value of motility, live sperm and the abnormalities in the fresh and frozen semen for a month and two months followed by the C than A.II. Second Experience : 1) After DNA extracted, the quantity and purity of the DNA were determined by the Nano drop device, the purity ratio was 1.8. A PCR carried out and the amplification product was in approximately 1926bp, bands were visualized by gel electrophoresis. Nucleotide sequence analysis was done to detect polymorphism compared to that of the hsp70 gene in the Gene Bank. There are two genotypes ofhsp70 gene were obtained in rams : A : The A genotype, showed no match with other nucleotides sequence of other group neither heat shock protein hsp70 gene in Gene Bank, the nucleotide in position 1308, the nucleotide T was substituted by C (T < C), a silent genetic mutation that did not encoding a new amino acid, (10 rams).B : The B genotype, in comparison with the A genotype , the Nucleotide C was substituted with G (C <G), a missense genetic mutation that resulted from change the amino acid encoding at the site 514, a genetic mutation not previously recorded in rams except in inese sheep. In addition, nucleotide G was substituted by nucleotide A (G < A) in the position 1524, a silent genetic mutation (10 rams).2) The results of the (MSA) of hsp70 gene in the rams showed that the ratio of Aand B genotypes were 99.89% and 99.84% respectively with the same gene inrams in the Gene Bank. The MSA of the genotype B gave the lowest ratio to thesame gene in sheep, Holstein bulls, goat, pig and human3) The genotype B Significantly higher (P <0.05) than the genotype A in allPhysical semen characteristics studied, it showed the highest rate of mass andindividual motility and the highest percentage of live sperm and the lowest rate ofabnormalities, in fresh and frozen semen in a period of a month and two monthsfreezing and in both seasons of the study.4) The genotype B Significantly higher (P <0.05) than the genotype A inall chemical semen characteristics, it showed the highest percentage of theAcrosome integrities, and showed the lowest level of concentration of enzymesALT, AST and ALP in the frozen semen and freezing periods of month and twomonths and in both seasons of the study.

تحضير اغشية قابلة للاكل من قشور الروبيان وتوصيفها واستعمالها في اطالة حفظ الجبن الابيض الطري العراقي == Preparation of Edible Film from Shrimp shell and it Characterization and use it in extending Iraqi Soft Cheese shelf life

Author name: حسن كاظم علي الكناني
Supervisor name: علي خضير جابر الركابي | علاء جبار عبد ال منهل
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Prepared types of Chitosan designated as (A,B,C,D) that prepared from chitin the extracted from shrimp shells Penaeus semisulcatus by treatment chemical different. Different this types the physiochemical characteristics, using in Preparation edible film form simple and Composite with whey proteins. Properties edible film physical and chemical barrier and were studied, there use it in extending Iraqi Soft Cheese shelf life .The results showed studying contain chemical of shrimp shells high parentage moisture and protein and ash 65.77% and 34.25% and 37.48% respectively while parentage chitin 20.11% and fat 8.16%.Analyze composition chemical the chitin of parentage moisture 5.8% and protein 3.2% and ash 3.3% and fat 2%.Give chitosan A high the yield 15.01% while decrease for types other B,C,D 14.23,13.3,11.18% respectively. Composition chemical the types of chitosan A,B,C,D , high parentage moisture and ash and fat for chitosan A comparing types other(11.6%,1.75%,0.95%) respectively and were types B(9.28%,1.15%,0.76%) and C(7.55%,0.78%,0.54%) and D(6.13%,0.43%,0.36).Showed of chitosan D high parentage Degree of Deacetylation 85.16% while (62.51,75.82,80.12)% for chitosan B,C,D respectively. Molecular weight decrease for chitosan D 897 kDa and increase for types chitosan other was high for chitosan A 1753 kDa. It was observed that a relationship is existed between physiochemical and functional characteristics for each type of chitosan.The nitrogen content , solubility, water and fat binding capacity increased with higher rate of Deacetylation Offset by a decrease in molecular weight and viscosity. Showed chitosan D high rate nitrogen 7.22% and solubility 95.16% some shown high value for water binding capacity 700% was lower for chitosan A 581% some give chitosan D high for fat binding capacity compared by types other was higher with ricinus oil 665% andgive rate different with almond oil and flower sun oil and Olive oil(621,551,526)% respectively. Decrease viscosity for chitosan D 62.84 centipoise while was (78.99,88.45,98.73) centipoises for chitosan A,B,C respectively. Showed of chitosan activity inhibitory for bacteria gram negative higher positive was rate inhibitory for bacteria E.coli وsp.Pseudomonas و%100 and %88 and %100 and %100 at concentrations 1250 and 2500 um/m respectively while rate inhibitory for bacteria gram positive Staphylococcus aureus وcereus Bacillus وBacillus subtilis %95.51 and %100 and %79.21 and %78.7 and %91.54 and %9.53 at concentrations 1250 and 2500 um/m respectively. Show the results cycle chitosan in inhibitory growth mulds of increase rate inhibitory with increase concentration was at concentration 2500 um/m 67.71% and 51.89% for muld Penicillium .sp and Aspergillus niger respectively. Shown higher activity antioxidation at concentration10 um/m from chitosan 72.85% compared for activity antioxidation industrial 78.89%. Preparation films simple from chitosan type B,C,D while eliminating treatment A characterized with self - standing, transparent, tasteless and odorless, clear, homogenous, bendable, glossy and flexible. Increase film thickness chitosan B compared by chitosan D,C 0.044,0.046, 0.048 mm respectively at concentration 1% and glycerol by rate 30%. Shown higher value for tensile strength for chitosan B reach 46.55 Mega Pascal lower was for chiosan D reach 34.19 Mega Pascal and decrease tensile strength with increase concentration the glycerol. Give chitosan D higher percentage elongation at break 22.44% lower was for chitosan B reach in 18.71% increase percentage elongation at break with increase concentration the glycerol .Range rate Solubility of simple chitosan film in water between higher Solubility for treatment D 17.24% and lower for treatment B 10.51% and increase Solubility with increase concentration the glycerol. Range Water vapour permeability between 10..32 - 13.59 gm· mm/m2 h .k Pascal. Composite films It is easy to be removed from the mold. Thefilm were fine texture and the transparent of the films was lowered and it has taken the color of whey protein. increasing tensile strength composite films with whey protein with increased whey protein concentration from 0.5 - 1% with reached 22.34 - 26.73 Mega Pascal while the decrease percentage elongation of composite films with increased whey protein concentration from 0.5 - 2% reach 21.45 - 15.31%. Range The percentage of water solubility was for composite films 21.15 - 36.37% and increase Water vapour permeability for Composite films with increased whey protein concentration from 14.71 - 26.65 gm.mm m²/ h. k Pascal . Shown results Coating of Soft cheese by films chitosan the simple(T3) and compound (T4) activity in percentage lost moisture decreased during time storage14 day on heat 5 - 7C excellent treatment (T3) in treatment (T4) percentage lost moisture decreased 36.50% and 32.03% respectively . Increase rate protein in Soft cheese and all treatments during storage 19.83 and 19.69 and 19.28 and 19.71% for treatments T1,T2,T3,T4 respectively. Decrease in PH during time storage 5.45,5.50,5.65,5.60 for treatments T1,T2,T3,T4 respectively. Get increase in rate in soluble nitrogen to total nitrogen for treatments T1,T2,T3,T4 reached 4.97,4.94,3.02,3.14% after weeks from storage. Decreased of peroxide value by cheese coated by films chitosan simple and coated compared cheeses uncoated. Total bacterial counts were generally higher in uncoated cheese in comparison with cheese samples coated with chitosan. Bacterial total numbers in treated samples of Soft cheese were decreased with an approximate average of 1 - 2 log CFU/g in comparison with uncoated Soft cheese. And decreased average of Psychrophilic , proteolytic ,lipolytic , coliform bacteria in coated cheese of all treatments in comparison with uncoated Soft cheese and too molds were decreased in average numbers coated cheese of all treatments in comparison with uncoated Soft cheese. .The results of examination revealed no Staphylococcus aureus growth of this group. The results showed the sensoryevolution of samples : coated and non - coated, the high value was observed in pieces cheeses coated , because it get the high evaluation sensory from where (color , outside appearance, body and texture, taste and flavor) degree from the judges as compared with non - coated pieces.

استجابة نبات الذرة الصفراءZea mays L. للتلقيح ببكتريا الازوتوباك Azotobacter chroococcum في التربة المعاملة بالمادة العضوية ومستويات من النتروجين == RESPONSE OF CORN (Zea mays L.) TO INOCULATION WITH (Azotobacter chroococcum )IN SOIL TREATED WITH ORGANIC MATTER AND NITROGEN

Author name: حسن علي طاهر الهلالي
Supervisor name: عبد الزهرة طه ظاهر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Soil Sciences And Water Resources
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Twelve isolates of Azotobacter as free nitrogen fixing bacteria were isolated from rhizosphere of different plants and soils in (Thi - Qar and Basrah province) ,two strains were brought from (Thi - Qar university - College of Sciences) and one strain was brought from Ministry of Agriculture ( imported from Italy), all strains were diagnosed by studying biochemical , microscopical and morphological characteristcs .strains (A1,A21and AB) gave maximam efficiency of nitrogen fixation then were used for inoculanting seeds of corn.Agricultural experiment was carried out during spring season 2014 in research station of College of Agriculture - Basrah University in loam soil using CRD design with three replicates to study response of corn for inoculation with Azotobacter intergraded with organic fertilizer (0, 30) ton hectar - 1 and nitrogen fertilizer levels(0,80,120and160) kg N hectar - 1of which represented of (0,50,75,100)% of recommended completed of nitrogen fertilizer(160)kg N hectar - 1.After tow months of growing ,plants were scythed .then dried and estimated : heigh plant, length of root , dry weigh for plant and root, (N,P,K) uptake in plant and root , number of Azotobacter, total residual nitrogen in soil polts.Results obtained from this study : - 1 - A1 locally isolate showed superiority over the rest used isolates in height plants , length root,dry weight of plant and root, (N) uptake in vegetative part in corn and soil total nitrogen residual percentage 18.3%,56.1%,13.6%,64.4%, 56.9% respectively compared with control.2 - Use treatment(A1N2M1) lead to increase height plants , length root,dry weight of plant and root, (N) uptake in vegetative part in corn, number of Azotobacter and soil total nitrogen residual 3 - A21 strain showed superiority over the rest used strains in phosphorus and potash uptake of vegetative part percentage 62.6% and 61.2% respectively.4 - Treatment(A21N2M1) excelled significantlly in phosphorus and potash uptake of vegetative and root of plant .5 - Inculation whith three isolates and adding organic matter (singular or mixed) lead to significant increase all characteristcs studied.

تاثير بعض مضادات الاكسدة ومدة الخزن في الصفات النوعية والقابلية الخزنية لثمار الموز Musa spp. == Effect of Antioxidants and Duration of Storage on Quality Characteristics and Storage Ability of Banana Fruits Musa spp

Author name: حسن عبد الامير علي المايح
Supervisor name: عباس مهدي جاسم | ايمان عبد العالي السريح
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Studies were conducted at the private cold storage for ripening and maturation of Banana in Al - Basrah province to study the effect of two Antioxidant types (Citric acid and Ascorbic acid) and stages of maturing on fruits on organoleptic , quality and improvement storage ability of banana fruits (Musa spp.) var. Rosa at different storage periods.The study included two separate experiments to study the effect of different concentrations of antioxidants on Banana fruits during maturing and ripening stages , the fruits treated by three concentrations of Ascorbic and Citric acids in addition to the control treatment at different storage periods. A factorial experiments by using Completely Randomized Design (C.R.D.) with three replicates (21 fruit/replicate) and the comparison was done using least significant difference at 5% level for analyses the results of maturing study. Results can be summarized as follows : - First Experiment : 1 - The 300 ppm concentration of Ascorbic and Citric acids treatments and duration storage 7 days and their interaction significantly improved the taste and color of peels.2 - The 100 ppm concentration of Ascorbic and Citric acids and duration storage 14 days caused highest loss of weight. While the control treatment for 7 days gave highest average of weight loss.3 - The treatment of 100 ppm concentration of Ascorbic acid and duration storage 14 days were superior in T.S.S. While the interaction treatment of 300 ppm ascorbic acid and 14 days were significant in same characteristic.4 - The two treatments 300 ppm concentration of citric and ascorbic acids delayed color development of fruit peel and gave highest erage of total a and b Chlorophylls and carotene. As for duration storage 14 days was significantly decrease to amount of total , a andb Chlorophylls but the duration storage 7 days was significantly increased fruits peels from carotene. While (300 ppm from citric acid for 7 days) gave highest average of total chlorophyll and treatment (100 ppm from citric acid for 7 days) significantly increasedchlorophyll b. While the treatment (300 ppm from ascorbic acid for 14 days) was significantly increase to carotene.5 - The 300 ppm concentration of ascorbic and citric acid treatments and storage duration 7 days were superior in total reducing , non reduced sugars , and carbohydrates. While, it was significantly decrease in the percentage of starch. As for interaction treatmentsbetween (200 and 300 ppm from ascorbic acid for 14 days) gave superiority in percentage of total sugars , reduced and total carbohydrates and decreased percentage of starch. While non reduced sugars at the control treatment and storage duration 7 daysgave significantly superiority in it. Second Experiment : 1 - The 300 ppm concentration of ascorbic acid with storage duration 14 days and their interaction gave superiority in organoleptic characteristics.2 - The 300 ppm concentration from ascorbic and citric acids were significantly decrease in average of weight loss. As for storage duration period of 21 days caused highest of weight loss. The control treatment with 21 days gave significant superiority in weight loss.3 - The 300 ppm concentration of ascorbic and citric acids with storage duration 21 days and their interaction gave highest percentage of T.S.S.4 - The 300 ppm concentration of ascorbic acid gave highest average of total chlorophyll and carotene while the 100 ppm concentration of ascorbic acid gave highest average for chlorophyll a and b. While storage duration 7 days gave significantly superiority in total chlorophyll and chlorophyll b. As for storage duration 21 days gave significantly superiority in chlorophyll a and carotene. As for interaction treatment (300 ppm from citric acid for 7 days) gavehighest average for total chlorophyll. While control treatment for 7 days gave significantly superiority in for chlorophyll a and b , and the treatment (300 ppm from ascorbic acid for 21 days) gave significantly superiority in content of fruits from carotene.5 - The 200 and 300 ppm concentrations from ascorbic and citric acids with storage duration 21 days and interaction its caused superiority in percentage of total sugars and reduced and decreased percentage of starch and non reducing sugars. The treatment (100 ppm of ascorbic acid for 7 days) gave significant increase in percentage of total carbohydrates.

ستراتيجية تكاثر نوعين من الاسماك الغضروفية في المياه البحرية العراقية == Reproductive strategy of two cartilaginous species from Iraqi marine water

Author name: جنان حسن جاسم اللامي
Supervisor name: ساجد سعد حسن النور | امجد كاظم رسن
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Investigation of the reproductive strategies of Arabian carpetshark Chiloscyllium arabicum (Gubanov, 1980) and Arabian whipray Himantura randalli (Last, Manjaji - Matsumoto et Moor, 2012) were conducted in Iraqi marine water from January, 2014 to December, 2014. A total of 365 Arabian carpetshark (200 female and 165 male) with total length ranged from 141 - 750 mm and 321 Arabian whipray (176 female and 145 male) with disk width ranged from 70 - 429 mm were cached. Trawling nets of Bahith Ship (owned by Marine Science Center) or other fishing boats were used to cached these fishes.Sex ratios of these fishes were investigated during study period. The cycle of gonad maturation was followed - up throughout the period of investigation by defining stages based on colour, shape and size of gonads. Fecundity was estimated and spawning period detected depending on gonado somatic index (GSI), hepato somatic index (HIS), histological study and sonar inspection.The length frequency distribution of Arabian carpetshark was dominated by group of 300 - 399 mm that appeared in all months except October. Smallest fish (142 mm, 20 g) was during October and biggest fish (750 mm, 1668.5 g) during June. The length - weight relationship was represented by the following equations : Male W= 0.000007 ×L 2.88Female W= 0.000005 × L 2.93 Both Sex W= 0.000006 × L 2.91Values of HSI was differ depending on the maturing conditions of males and females, where highest value (11.906) of HSI for females was recorded at October and lowest value (6.908) was recorded at June, while highest value (12.5) of HSI for males recorded at January and lowest value (9.14) recorded at March. There were negative correlation between oil ratioof liver and maturing condition of females, while in males this relation was not clear.Distinguishing of sex was carried out according to presence or absence of claspers. Smallest matured female was 421 ml in total length and 785.23 g in weight, while smallest matured male was 401 in total length and 693.14 in weight. Females were dominant on males during all months except February, August and November with equal sex ratio during March, while overall sex ratio was 1 : 1.26 toward females.The cycle of gonad maturation was divided into three stages : immature, maturing and mature for males and females. Linear relationship was found between total length (TL) and clasper length (x) and it was represented by following equation : TL=211.3479 + 0.013883 x X, with significant (P<0.05) correlation (r= 0.899) between them.The GSI values were different during study period, where highest values (8.84 and 7.93) for females recorded during April and May respectively and lowest value (0.73) during June, while highest value (6.74) for males recorded during March and lowest value (0.66) during May. Monthly differences in GSI especially for females refers that spawning period extended from May to June. This result supported by the results of frequency occurrence of germ cells. Results appeared that ovary of Arabian carpetshark contain 44 - 52 eggs with diameters between 22 - 48 mm. Depending on histological inspection of gonads, spermatocytes cells for males are divided into eight maturing stages, while spermatocytes cells for females into four maturing stages.Disk width (DW) frequency showed fife groups for Arabian whipray with dominant of 300 - 399 mm group that appeared in all months except October, while group of 200 - 299 mm was appeared in all months. Group of0 - 99 mm appeared in July and August, so it was concluded that reproduction occurred in July. Smallest fish (70 mm, 20 g) was cached during July and biggest fish (490 mm, 3834 g) was cached during June. Relationships between disk width and weight were as follow : Male W= 0.00031 x DW2.59 Female W= 0.0031 x DW2.31 Both Sex W= 0.0006 x W2.4HSI differed according to maturing conditions of males and females, where highest value (11.85) for females recorded during January and lowest value (6.04) recorded during June, while highest value (11.66) for males recorded during November and lowest value (7.48) recorded at March. There were negative correlations between gonad weight and liver weight of females and also between oil ratio of liver and maturing condition of females.Smallest matured female was 115 ml in disk width and 1936 g in weight, while smallest matured male was 355 in disk width and 1249 g in weight. Sex ratio was differ from the ratio of 1 : 1 during different months and at reproduction period the ratio of females was 64.5% and of males 35.5%, while the ratio was 50% for each sex after reproduction period at August. Females were dominant on males during all months except September and December and overall sex ratio was 1 : 1.26 toward females.Maturing cycle were divided into three stages : immature, maturing and mature for males and females. For males the dividing depending on morphological characteristics (length, size and colour) of claspers. Linear relationship was found between disk width and clasper length (x) and it was represented by following equation : DW=92.4133 +0.2233 x X .GSI showed differences throughout study period for both sexes. The highest value (8.63) for females recorded during June and lowest value (0.81) during July, while highest value (7.59) for males recorded duringJanuary and lowest value (0.97) during March. It was concluded, according to GSI especially for females, that birthing occurred between June and July.Number of eggs in the Arabian whipray ovary was ranged between 10 - 35 eggs and diameters between 5 - 28 mm, while the uterus contain 2 - 5 embryos that surrounded by strong covers and there wasn’t any placenta intelligence between embryos and female, so this fish considered as Ovoviviparous. Depending on histological inspections of gonads, spermatocytes were divided into seven maturing stages, while oocytes into four maturing stages.

تاثير محسنات التربة والتناوب في ميه الري مختلفة الملوحة في بعض خصائص التربة وانتاجية محصول الذرة الصفراء Zea mays L. باستعمال منظومة الري بالتنقيط == Effect of Soil Conditioners and Alternative Irrigation Water with Different Salinity on Some Soil Properties and Productivity of Corn Zea mays L. By Using Drip System

Author name: جمعة عبد الزهرة نافع الحلفي
Supervisor name: داخل راضي نديوي | صلاح مهدي سلطان
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study is conducted in the field of the college of agriculture / Basrah university site / Karmat Ali during spring season of 2015 where the soil texture of the field is clay and classified as a fine mixed , calcareous , hyberthermic , typic , torrifluvent .The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of irrigation water treatment and their interaction with soil conditioners application by using drip irrigation system on some physical and chemical properties of the soil and water use efficiency and its impact on some growth parameters and productivity of maize crop ( fital varity, Holland origin,(Zea mays L.).Two factors are used : four different irrigation waters and two types of soil conditioners . Irrigation water treatments included four ones : high saline water (7.5 - 8.0 dS m - 1) , mixing water ( 4.5 - 5 dS m - 1) , alternative water ( irrigation with high saline water followed by low saline one ) during the period of growth season and low saline water( 3.5 - 4.0 dSm - 1 ) . Irrigation process is applied according to evaporation pan ( class A) measurements with addition to 20% of water as leaching requirements . As to the second factor , it consists of two conditioners : compost and polymer where the first one is at two levels 1% , 2% and the second one is at two levels 0.01% , 0.02% in addition to control treatment .The experiment treatments are distributed into three replicates by using factorial experiment conducted in a randomized complete block design ( RCBD ). The planting is achieved in 20/03/2015 . At the end of the experiment are collected soil samples from the experiment location for studying some physical and chemical properties of studied soil for the depth 0 - 10 cm , 10 - 20 cm , 20 - 30 cm and a distance 0,15,30 cm from the emitter . During the experiment are used piezometers connected to the water supply pipe of each experimental unit together with water gauges for measuring water discharge in each irrigation period . And the results are as follows : 1.The results showed a significant decrease in the values of bulk density soil resistance for penetration whereas there is an increase in mean weight diameter by using low saline irrigation water , alternative waterBhigh saline irrigation water followed by low saline irrigation one ) , and mixing water in contract with high saline irrigation water. While concerning the impact of soil conditioners on the soil properties above , where the use of the compost at two levels 1% , 2% and polymer at 0.01% , 0.02% lead to significant decrease the values of bulk densityand soil resistance for penetration but there is an increase in mean weight diameter value .2. The results showed that there is an increase in the values of saturated hydraulic conductivity , accumulative infiltration , infiltration average and basic infiltration average by application compost and polymer in the studied levels , whereas usage high saline irrigation water leads to a reduction in these values above. But application alternative , mixing , and low saline irrigation water lead to an increase in all soil properties as mentioned above respectively as contrast with usage high saline irrigation water.3. The results revealed that a higher weight moisture content was close to the emitters and is decreased far away from emitters horizontally and vertically for all treatments . On the other hand , the moisture content increases by application compost at 1% , 2% and polymer at 0.01% . 0.02% where was as an average 29.83% , 31.43% , 28.76% , 29.22% respectively .Through this context , moisture content decreases significantly by application low saline irrigation water and increases significantly by the use of alternative , mixing , and high saline irrigation water where was as an average 27.48% , 28.76% , 30.06% , 31.04% respectively .4. The results showed that addition of the compost as a conditioner at 1% , 2% levels and the polymer at 0.01% , 0.02% ones leads to decrease in the values of soil salinity close to the emitters in contrast with control treatment where they were 6.49 , 5.86 , 7.13 , 6.80 dSm - 1 respectively. In addition , the results showed that there is a higher salt accumulation on usage high saline irrigation water where was7.84 dSm - 1 as contrast with mixing , alternative , and low saline irrigation water were they were 7.07 , 6.58 , 5.83 dSm - 1 respectively.5. The results revealed that there is a significant increase of the plant height of maize , fresh weight , dry weight , and the productivity by application compost and polymer with the increase of their levels . More growth parameters as mentioned above increased by usage mixing , alternative , andClow saline irrigation water as contrast with application of high saline irrigation water respectively .6.The results showed that there is a significant increase of water use efficiency values of the plant by application compost at two levels 1% , 2% and polymer at 0.01% , 0.02% where the values were 0.81, 0.88 , 0.71 , 0.75 Kg ha - 1 m - 3 respectively. However, water use efficiency values increased significantly by usage mixing , alternative and low saline water treatment where they were 0.74 , 0.80 , 0.85 Kg ha - 1 m - 3 respectively as contrast with high saline irrigation water treatment where it was 0.66 Kg ha - 1 m - 3 . In short the higher water use efficiency was on low saline irrigation water treatment, whereas the lower value was on application high saline irrigation water one .7.The results revealed that there is a possibility for the application of alternative irrigation ( by using high saline water followed by low saline water ) , taking into consideration the usage of compost 2% without any great effect on physical and chemical soil properties and plant growth with save 50% of low saline water .8.The results showed that there is a possibility for representing water infiltration results as an accumulative infiltration and infiltration average according to Philip's equation ,( 1957) with high significant limiting factor and determining the values of Philip's equation constants . In this context , the results showed that water infiltration increased with the rising of conditioner level and decreased with the low conditioner one .

تاثير خف الثمار والرش بسماد الجاتون والتداخل بينهما في بعض الصفات النوعية والانتاجية لنخيل التمر Phoenix dactylifera L. صنف الحلاوي == Effect thinning of the fruits and spray fertilizer gaton and overlap between them in some quality and productivity characteristics of date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. CV. Hillawi

Author name: جاسم محمد ضمد عبود البزوني
Supervisor name: ابتهاج حنظل التميمي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This Study was conducted in one of the orchards civil in Al - bradaah area in the province of Basra to the growing season 2014 on the date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. CV. Hillawi in order to study the effect of spraying fertilizer Gaton (seaweed extract) and concentrations (0, 2.5 0.5 ml) . L - 1 after inoculation and hold process sock both types manual Spikelet flowering (25% and 40%) of the number Spikelet flowering after inoculation and chemical thinning benzyl adenine (growth regulator) and concentrations (100 and 200) mg . L - 1 in addition to treatment comparison (no thinning), was carried out spraying the total vegetative and fruiting date palm of Gaton and benzyl adenine after inoculation two payments for the first five weeks and the second after ten weeks of the date of vaccination and the overlap between them in the physical and chemical characteristics and physiological and productivity of the date palm class Hillawi, which was Gaton factor with three levels and thinning five levels. Used Factorial Experiment According to Randomized Complete Block Design ( RCBD) with three replicates per treatment were compared according to the test averages less significant difference average (RLSD) at the level of probability (0.05). The results were as follows : - Results showed superiority of treatment overlap to spray in Gaton (5 ml . L - 1) and thinning benzyl adenine (200 mg . L - 1) significant superiority in fruit weight and gave the highest averages in terms of (7.55 and 7.05 and 6.450) g of the stages of Khalal and Ritab and Date on the relay and the weight of the seed reaching (1.380 and 1.290 and 1.280) g of the stages of Khalal and Ritab and Date on the relay and the weight of stromal layer where was (6.170 and 5.760 and 5.170) g of the stages of Khalal and Ritab and Date on the relay and also outperformed significantly in size and the length and diameter of the fruit and gave the highest averages reaching (7.60 cm 3 and 3.83 cm and 2.11 cm) on the relay to the stage of Khalal, (7.10 cm 3 and 3.86 cm and 2.00 cm) on the relay to the stage of Ritab, (6.56 cm 3 and 3.89 cm and 1.96 cm) on the relay to the stage of Date compared to transactions other under study. The results also showed superiority ofBtreatment overlap to spray in Gaton (5 ml . L - 1) and thinning manual (removal of 40% of the floral Spikelet) superior moral in chemical characteristics (T.S.S college faculty and sugars and shorthand) and gave the highest averages for the stages of Khalal and Ritab and Date of (51.08 and 63.52 and 56.01%) on the relay to the stage of Khalal, (62.51 and 72.12 and 65.12%) on the relay to the stage of Ritab, (72.51 and 84.47 and 79.81%) on the relay to the stage of Dates, as results showed a decrease in the chemical characteristics (sucrose and the element nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) for the same treatment of overlap (5 ml Gaton .L - 1 + 40% removal of Spikelet floral) and gave less averages reaching (7.51 and 0.72 and 0.69 and 0.095%) on the relay to the stage of Khalal, (7.00 and 0.54 and 0.51 and 0.072) % on the relay to the stage of Ritab, (4.66 and 0.39 and 0.39 and 0.060%) on the relay to the stage of Date. The results also indicated for the treatment of overlap to spray in Gaton (5 ml \ L) and manual thinning (removing 40% of the Spikelet floral) a decrease in physiological traits (breathing) rate of speed, where the average rate of respiration rate of speed (130.19 mg CO2 . Kgm - 1.saah) The average ratio maturity and moral superiority that showed the rate of (75.80%). The results showed there outweigh the moral to spray Gaton(5 ml . L - 1) and thinning benzyl adenine (200 mg . L - 1) in the qualities of productivity (average bunch weight of Yield the total for Palm), also outperformed the treatment of overlap to spray in Gaton (5 ml . L - 1) and thinning benzyl adenine (200 mg . L - 1) the rate of bunch weight and Yield the total gave the highest averages in terms of (13.33 and 66.67 kg) on the relay

تصميم وتصنيع جهاز لاستخلاص الزيوت العطرية بالطاقة الشمسية ودراسة خواصها النوعية والكمية == Designing and Manufacturing of Solar Apparatus for Essential oils Extraction and study it’s Quality and Quantity Properties

Author name: ثامر كاظم امويشل البهادلي
Supervisor name: اسعد رحمان سعيد الحلفي | عبد الهادي كريم احمد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Solar essential oil extraction apparatus has been designed and manufactured to extract aromatic oils. The device operates by solar energy and consists of two units. The first is steam production unit, which is a solar collector provided with pipes and covers an area of 1.566 square meters. The second is extraction unit, which is a stainless steel cylinder, the height of which is 0.320m and its diameter is 0.105m. In addition to these two units, the device is fitted with a glass steam condenser and a separation unit to separate the aromatic oil from the condensing water. The device also contains a balance tank.The solar collector is directed towards the south with an inclination of 30˚ and the testing data of the solar collector were gathered for the period from February to June 2014. Daily tests are conducted from 9 : 00am to 3 : 00pm. The solar radiation energy and temperature of the weather, absorbing plant and the incoming and outgoing steam of the extraction unit along with the temperature of the botanical parts are measured. Calculations are done for the practical and theoretical effeciency of the solar collector and for the proportions of the oil yield for every plant.The study uses some plants such as;clove buds, cinnamon barks, orange and lemon , eucalyptus leaves and cardamom seeds to extract their aromatic oils using this method, which is called Solar Distillation (SOD). In addition, another common extraction method is used, which is Hydrou Distillation (HD) to extract the aromatic oils from the plants under study for the purposes of comparison. The study included the evaluation of the chemical compounds of the aromatic oils using GC - MC technology; along with conducting chemical tests and check - ups for the physical properties and also included the evaluation of peroxideBvalue and the possibility to use these aromatic oils in some food systems. A feasibility study for the device is included too.The study shows an increase in solar radiation energy while the day hours go onward, and reaches its highest degree at midday then decreased. The average of solar radiation energy reached 902.66 W/m2 . This was recorded midday in June 2014. The results of the study reveal that the highest average for solar radiation energy is 1044 W/m2. However the lowest is 682 W/m2 and is recorded at 3 : 00pm in February 2014. The results showed an increase in the practical effeciency in summer months (April, May and June) more than in winter months (February and March). The highest average of the practical effeciency reaches 37.96% recorded at midday in June; whereas for the theoretical capacity is 44.78% recorded at midday in March. The results showed that the average of temperature of the absorbing plant has increased gradually till it reaches the highest degrees at midday then decreased till it reaches the lowest degrees at 3 : 00pm and the highest averages were recorded in June and reached 101.8C°. The highest and lowest averages of temperature of the steam produced from the solar collector were recorded in June and February and reached 96.84C° and 90.4C° at 12 : 00pm and 3 : 00pm respectively.The percentage of the extracted aromatic oils using Solar Distillation (SOD) method from the plants under study reaches 15.6, 3.6, 0.9, 1.0, 3.2, 4.4% however for those extracted using (HD) method, the percentage reaches 13.4, 3.3, 1.0, 1.1, 3.4, 4.1% respectively. Qualitative tests of the aromatic oils extracted using the above mentioned procedure show that they contain compounds of aldehyde, Ketone, terpines, steroides, phenolics, and was void of alkaloid, resins, saponines, flavones, glycosides, tannins, carbohydrates, peptides, and proteins. Peroxide value change for the aromatic oils was slight and reached 1mm equivalent during storage period which lasted for 60 days in aCtemperature 5 - 7c˚. It was observed from the analysis of aromatic oils extracted using SOD method in addition to GC - MS technology that the main compound of carnation, cinnamon, orange, lemon, eucalyptus and cardamom are; Eugonol, cinnamaldehyde, D - Limonene, D - Limonene, beta - cymene and equaliptol in the following proportions; 78.19, 64.8, 62.97, 47.50, 24.17, 41.74% respectively. The results showed that the highest and lowest specific gravity average at 25C˚, recorded using SOD method are 1.0410 and 0.8322 for carnation and orange; whereas the highest and lowest specific gravity average at 25c˚, recorded using HD method are 1.0470 and 0.8336 for carnation and orange oils also and respectively. The results also showed that the majority of the aromatic oils extracted using HD method have refractive index slightly higher than those extracted using SOD method. The highest refractive index is attained with carnation oil and reached 1.5322, while the lowest was with cardamom oil and reached 1.4614 under 20c. The Optical Rotation for orange oil is higher than other extracted oils and reached +98, +93 using SOD and HD; while the lowest is recorded with cinnamon oil and reached - 2, - 1 using the above mentioned methods respectively. All the extracted aromatic oils in both methods dissolve in ethanoic alcohol in different proportions. The degrees of dissolution for all of them are approximate with no much disparity between them. Aromatic oils entered the cake industry replacing vanilla. According to the results of the study no significant disparity related to the colour, substratum, or appearance is existed amongst cake types which contain aromatic oils and those void of them. However, there are some significant differences related to the taste and smell. As shown by the results, the cake that contain cardamom oil got the highest marks, followed by those containing lemon oil
1 ... 262 263 264 265 266 ... 373