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جامـعة الـدول العـربية وقضايا امارات الخليـج العـربي (1945 - 1965) == League Of Arab States And Issues Of Arab Gulf Emirates (1945 - 1965)

Author name: رافد عبد الرضا عيلان الخفاجي
Supervisor name: كاظم باقر علي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This thesis aims at studying the role that the Arab League can do on the level of the Arab Gulf Emirates affairs from its emergence at 1945 till the abstraction of its projections to cooperate with Arab Gulf Emirates by the British occupation at 1965 and get the good and bad results that the Arab League and the Arab Gulf Emirates have achieved together according to the role of the League at the Arabian Emirates. It is necessary to shed the light on the stages that lead to the emergence of the Arab League and what its charter contains of subjects, aims, credits and what it has fulfilled from achievements on the political, economic, cultural and sociological level in order to compare all these achievements with what the Arab League achieves to the Arab Gulf Emirates, which has an important strategic and economy according to the British and the other western countries occupation. Since the Arab League has the ability to achieve more and more of the achievements on the Arabian level from its firm starting point, it has never regarded the Arab Gulf Emirates except after the and of 1952, when it has the opportunity to share some sort of cooperation with the Arab League, according to what the League part specifies the cooperation with other countries that did not be long to the Arab League, thus the Arab Gulf Emirates start to share and send their ambassadors ( Kuwait, Bahrain and Qutar ) to attend some of cultural, sociological and economical works of the Arab League … except some affairs that are related to politics and defense. Quickly, the League enlarges the level of its works in the Arab Gulf Emirates to have the job of defense the Arab area and protect it from the repeated Iranian claims. Also to have the ability to solve the disagreements that occurred in the area exemplified in the Iraqi - Kuwaiti crisis for which the league has a main role especially after the United Nations failure in finding a solution, so the Arab League adopted the issue and sent some Arabic armies to be on the boundaries between the Iraqi - Kuwait till the solution of this problem at 1963. In spite of that the Oman coast Emirates ( which is a part of the Arab Gulf Emirates ) stayed out of any contribution and cooperation with the Arab League till 1963. When mission Arab League visited the area in order to prevent any cooperation with Zion ( Israel ), the representatives concentrated on this point to make the members pay attention to an another problems in its report, such as foreign emigration to the Arab Gulf Emirates and the necessity to give support for the needed Emirates. The Council of the Arab League agreed to send mission of fact - finding and recommend the members to give fast supports to the area according to this specialists were sent to decide make a developed projects carried through five years. The British take the part of protecting their interests - counter after noticing the Arab seriously in giving supports, and they decide to put contrary projects to margins the Arab projects claiming that the Arab rulers agreement and the projects of giving supports of the Arab League within the British projects to develop the agreed Emirates.As a result of,in consequence of the Arab League on having a role in the Arab Gulf Emirates issues and it is its right to get ride of the British occupation on the area, so the British government increases its opposition to the projects of support. So, British sent Thomson in the time in which the general secretary started to visit the Oman coast Emirates through which he is able to take the agreement of the coast rulers to start the League projects at their Emirates, so Thomson threatened the rulers to punish them unless they cancel the agreement. The Arab League moved quickly to make the British face the situation and sent some experts Arabs to pave the way in order to make the Arab League carry on its projects. But, British do something to prevent those experts from arriving the Oman coast Emirates and removed ALSharja ruler who was the most insistent ruler to cooperate with the Arab League than others, so the order rulers were obliged to cancel their agreement on the Arab League project. The Arab League answer was unable to have actual steps to face the Britain insistence which was supported by Saudi Arabia that considered the intervention of Egypt and the Arab League in the Arab Gulf Emirates affairs as a direct threaten for her. According to the different views of Arab on one hand and the Arab - Britain difference the project is postponed as a whole. At last, it can be said that the Arab League, though doubting its suspended, has achieved some of its aims through trying to intervene itself in the Arab Gulf Emirates affairs, the League has shown the people of area that there is someone to protect and support them as possible as it could and to show them that they are not a lone to face problem but there is an Arabic nation stood by to face the problem with them. The League proved for British the Arab Gulf people is not a lone and for way from others but it was eager to get rid of his being a lone and being part of the Arab homeland and work to be higher and higher side by side with the Arab countries, but what is sorry for is that the Arab League tried to cooperate with Arab Gulf Emirates have proved the depth of Arab to Arab disagreement and the absence of cooperation between the League members, if any member talks frankly with the other and give him grantee not to intrude him self in the affairs of the other the topic would not be cancelled, that is to say, if Iraq and Egypt have talked frankly with Saudi Arabia about their secret aims and give the grantee not to intervene in its affairs the topic would not be cancelled, on the country, the Arab Gulf Emirates and the Arab League will get a lot of benefits, they would oblige British to regard the Arab Gulf Emirates when deciding any thing
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العلاقات الامريكية - الفلبينية في عهد الرئيس فردناند ماركوس 1965 - 1986 == The American - Philippine Relationships During The Time Of Ferdinand Marcos 1965 - 1986

Author name: سعدون جلوب حسين
Supervisor name: حميد احمد حمدان التميمي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Far East and Pacific Ocean have been recently regarded as a turning point in the history of foreign relationships. These regions were the hottest ones after the second world war which was followed by the cold war. These regions also have opened a new page in the history of global conflicts related to the silent ( Cold war ) between the United States of American and the Soviet Union.At the beginning of the 1960s of the twentieth century , the world witnessed a real divergence in the foreign relationships. It is evident that the Far East and the Pacific Ocean played a very important role after the visit of president Richard Nixon to Beijing and Moscow in 1972. The period was called "Accord Period" which was followed be a reconciliation between those two poles.The period also witnessed many important global events that affected the relationship between America and the Soviet Union. Among those events were the American military intrusion in Vietnam war ( 1960 - 1973 ) , the Israeli - Arabian War ( 1967 ) , the oil crisis when the oil was used in wars as weapons in some Arabian countries. The Russian intrusion in Afghanistan ( 1979 ) and the end of Shah Iran's rule in 1979 also affected the relationships between the two powerful countries : America and the Soviet Union. The Arabian literary showed great interest in The Far East. Many academic studies have been done in this regard particularly about Japan , China , Vietnam and the Philippine.The thesis is divided into : An introduction , four chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter presents an introduction to the American - Philippine relationships before Marcos's reign. That period witnessed a transitional time in which the Philippine had five presidential periods till the beginning of Marcos's coming to the rule in 1965. The chapter also sheds some lights on the independence of Philippine and it's political transition. It also refers to the re - construction of the Philippine after the second world war.The second chapter focuses on the American - Philippine political relationships during Marcos's time between the years 1965 to 1986. The chapter gives some details about Marcos's biography , his educational heritage and his participation in the second world war.The third chapter is devoted to the to the military American - Philippine relationships during the time of Marcos. It also presents information about the American desire to make the Philippine as an American military base. The Philippine become part of America's military agreements and that gave America the chance to achieve its goals. Among those agreements were the military ones. They include America's desire to help the Philippine. The fourth chapter puts focus on the economic relationship between America and The Philippine since the time of the independence of the Philippine , in 1946 to Marcos time. This chapter also deals with the economic reconstruction of the Philippine and the changes that affected the trade of sugar in the American markets. It shows the reason of the downfall of economy in Philippine.
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ازمة الرهائن في ايران 1979 - 1981 == The Hostage Crisis In Iran 1979 - 1981

Author name: زينب صبري مهدي
Supervisor name: كاظم باقر علي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: It led the strategic and economic importance for Iran to pay big countries like the United States to direct its attention to the interests of almost constant in this region, and this is what led to the treatment of Iran's special treatment, especially during the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1941 - 1979) as it was aimed at creating a system to be a regional imperialist, based on her eastern shores of the Arabian Gulf in particular, and the Middle East in general.Came the American hostage crisis, which was the premier event in the strained political relations between the United States and Iran after the shah's fall at the hands of religious 1979 Foundation, was take over the Government of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, marking the beginning of a new phase of relations with the United States, marked by an escalation of tension that reached peak of attacking Iranian students the American embassy in Tehran in November 4, 1979, and seizing him and his employees as well as their documents, as this crisis lasted 444 days, and immediately after the storming of the students embassy were 52 Americans were held employees hostage to them, it has been the move came in response to allow the governmentAmerican Shah to enter for treatment of cancer, although the Iranian government warning of this act, as well as put an end to US influence in Iran; and strike a powerful United States and humiliating to push to end the rule of the Shah officially; and pre - empt any attempt to return to the rule of Iran, again, has the US government made it clear that allowing the entry of the Shah of treatment, required by humanitarian considerations. On 18 December, Ayatollah Khomeini declared that the hostages will be treated spies by the Iranian Islamic court in the event of non - delivery of the United States, the shah to Iran for trial, and this was an important condition for ending the crisis with its requirement as well as the confiscation of the Shah's assets in US banks for the benefit of Iran, and an apology America openly about the grave mistakes against Iran, has supported the Ayatollah Khomeini's students perform this when he said, "if they refuse extradition will take too much."As for the Shah he has left the United States in January to settle in Panama and then left in March 1980 to Egypt width of President Anwar Sadat, and in this period, the United States did not hesitate a moment ago hostage, seeking to secure their liberation in various peaceful means and sometimes forced at other times and I went in it to the extreme, as it sought to negotiate with the Iranian side, to secure the release of its nationals, tried to resort to peaceful settlements (political, diplomatic and judicial), as the United States has resorted after the hostage - taking to the Security Council, and engineered from a decision condemns the taking of hostages, and asks release, and instructed the Council Secretary - General of the United Nations, the formation of a fact - finding committee in Iran, but they are not successful in their work, the United States also resorted to the international Court of Justice, requesting the issuance of a provisional orders them to release the hostages, and the court complied with the US request, and issued its verdict on 15 / 12/1979, which it decided to Iran in violation of the Vienna Conventions on diplomatic relations 1961, relations consulate in 1963, and demanded that the court Iran to re embassy and US consulates buildings to the control of the United States, and immediate release of the hostages, but Iran does not heed the decision of the court in question, as failed attempts similar made America through the many parliamentary and personal missions of US, and when these attempts failed last resorted to coercive means through of the trade embargo and the freezing of assets of economic sanctions, as the United States decided to ban the import of Iranian oil, has also freeze the assets of Iran and property in US territory, in all the American banks; as Carter of trying to use force to rescue the hostages in April 24, 1980 aircraft tasked landed to carry out the rescue in the desert near Tehran, but the airline Marines toward Tehran ended in disaster in the desert of Tabas in eastern Iran, did not solve this crisis the death of the Shah in Egypt July 27, 1980, but lasted until the US political efforts went strongly to end the crisis
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العلاقات الروسية - الامريكية 1783 - 1867 == The Russian - American Relations 1783 - 1867

Author name: منتهى صبري مولى المنصوري
Supervisor name: مشعل مفرح ظاهر العونان
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The research tackles the "Russian - American relations from 1783 to 1867". The period is of historical importance for the two states which has never been dealt with by any Iraqi or Arab studies. The research is divided into an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter includes " The Roots of the Russian - American Relations Till 1801". It consists of three sections : the first examines the early Russian expansion : "The Roots of the Russian - American Relations Till 1775"; the second section studies "the Russian Position of the American War of Independence from 1775 to 1783 and its Effect on the Russian - American Relations"; and the last section deals with "the Establishment of the Russian - American Company in 1799 and its Role in strengthening the Russian Presence in the Western Coast of the Pacific Ocean and the Support of Orthodox Missionary" which identifies the relations between the two states through this company. The second chapter, entitled “The Russian - American Diplomatic Relations from 1803 to 1823”, studies the start of the diplomatic relations between the two states. The chapter is divided into two sections : the first one deals with “ The Russian - American Diplomatic Relations from 1803 to 1815”, whereas the focus of the second section is “ The American - British War of 1812 and its Influence on the Russian - American Relations”. The third chapter is devoted to study “The American Isolation Policy of 1823 to 1850 and its Effect on the Russian - American Relations”. Thefirst section studies “Monroe Doctrine and its Effect on the Russian - American Relations”. The second is entitled “ The Russian - American Treaty 1824 - 1834”, whereas the third section comes under the title “The Russian - American Negotiations 1834 - 1850 and the Renovation Attempt of the Treaty’s Fourth Item”.The fourth chapter deals with “Russian - American Approximation 1850 - 1867”. Its first section is entitled “ The Crimean War and its Effect on Russian - American Relations 1853 - 1856”, whereas the second section tackles the “Russian Position towards the United States of America during the American Civil War 1861 - 1865”. The last section comes under the title “ The Sale of Russian America in 1867 and its Influence on Russian - American Relations” which forms the end of the relations. The following are the ultimate conclusions of the research : 1. There was a wide Russian expansion towards Siberia since the era of Peter the biggest especially after the discovery of leather as the number of Russian explorers increased reaching finally to the northwest coast of the Pacific Ocean which became later a closed Russian trade area according to the first decree of Tsar Pawl in 1799 with the establishment of the Russian - American company which became later a center for Russian - American relations. 2. It has been noted from the Russian expansion policy that after including the northwest coast of the Pacific Ocean it starts to converge with the United States of America because of the Russian - British3. competition policy in those American areas. After the eastern Russian expansion towards Asian Siberia and the coming of Russian voyagers and explorers to the American northwest coast, Russia starts to weaken the British presence in these areas through the American independence war in 1774 after Russia taking the neutral policy. 4. The Russian - American company, which was established by Russian tradesmen with the support of Tsar Pawl the first in 1799, contributed in establishing the Russian presence in the northwest coast of the Pacific Ocean which became known later as Russian America. 5. The holy alliance was one of the reasons for announcing Monroe principle in 1823 which came in response to Tsar’s decree in 1821 about the northwest coast of the Pacific Ocean. The years following the issuance of Monroe principle witnessed tensions in the Russian - American Relations which ended with the treaty of 1824 to declare the rights of the two states concerning the north coast. 6. One of the most important conclusions is that the Crimean war ended the Russian presence in the northwest coast of the Pacific Ocean after selling Alaska to the United States because of the bankruptcy of the Russian - American company and the inability of Russia to protect its colonies. In addition the war ended the Russian - American competition in the Pacific Ocean
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الولايات المتحدة الامريكية ويوغسلافيا : دراسة في العلاقات السياسية 1948 - 1963 == United States Of America And Yugoslavia : A Study Of The Political Relations 1948 - 1963

Author name: علاء رزاك فاضل
Supervisor name: ناظم رشم معتوق
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The American - Yugoslavian political relation ( 1948 - 1963 ) was regarded as one of the best relations in the world and that was noticeable in the political arena in Europe in particular and the world in general. Those who study the events that occurred during the cold war can realize the evident role the two Countries played in the world affairs and how that was reflected on nature of political relation between them. The fact that Yugoslavia was a Communist Country after the second world war influenced its own political relations with the United States of America which was , in its turn , leading the imperial thought because of the obvious differences in attitudes , interests and political and economic regimes in the two Countries. The study is divided into an introduction , four Chapter , conclusions and appendixes. Chapter one is devoted to describe the political relation between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes which constituted the nucleus of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia which was established in 1945. That relation continued till 1948 and witnessed times of rapprochement and alienation because of the ideological differences in the two countries. Chapter two studies the political relation between the two Countries after expulsion of Yugoslavia from the Cominform at the middle of 1948 till end of 1952 because Yugoslavia's departure from Moscow strengthened its relation with the United States of America. Chapter three deals with the American - Yugoslavian political relation during the first Eisenhower administration (1953 - 1957) when the events in the region highly affected those relations especially Balkan Pact , the problem of Trieste and resumption of Soviet - Yugoslav relations. Chapter four focuses on the relation from 1957 to 1963 which was a result of the attempt of the Yugoslavian government to follow the policy of neutrality which led to tension with the American government especially after Belgrade conference in 1961. That situation Continued till the end of 1963. The conclusion is about the findings the researcher arrived at. The most important conclusions that the study arrived at were : the relation between the two countries was characterized by rapprochement at one time and alienation at the other. The Soviet Union and the fact that Yugoslavia was a Communist state were decisive factors behind that. Also, the fact that America was the leader of the capitalist world due to its military and economic power did not affect tendencies and directions of the foreign policy of Yugoslavia and it Proved many times that it was not affected by the American aids to change its positions
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نشاط الولايات المتحدة الاميركية في ايران 1926 - 1941م == United States America Acitvity In Iran (1926 - 1941)

Author name: مؤيد عويد جبير الصالحي
Supervisor name: جاسم محمد هايس
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The American influence in Iran is of great importance through the diversity and multiplicity of ways and methods of the United States to prove its supreme interests, and that the missionaries US in Iran had been settled and established religious and educational institutions and worked through her missionary, educational, medical and during its long able to obtain religious institutions and learning and even building hospitals, so the United States has continued to prove and promote their interests through economic missions in order to strengthen the relations between them have been reinforced by the influence through economic mission Dr. Arthur Milsbo 1922 - 1927 Mission has formed a quantum leap in US relations and the Iranian Maatmr to increase US support in Iran and the entry of foreign companies to Iran, and especially those that worked in the field of construction of the railway project.The interests of the United States and increase its influence through attention to the cultural aspect and relics in Iran and try to get him to exercise diplomatic pressure on those other countries, and through the rush of representatives of American museums to Iran, especially after the orientations of the National Rdachah by highlighting the heritage of Iranian culture that date back before Islam, continuing the work of those museums, including the Chicago Museums and Museums Institute of Oriental Studies and Metropolitan Museums, the rescue of American influence through trade agreements between the two countries. Therefore, we find that the US diplomatic mission and its role in proving the US commercial interests with Iran in the import of Iranian carpets and certain agricultural materials and food - for - export dried United States motor vehicles and parts. In 1935 was an important event strained Iran's relations the US through the Iranian Jaafar Jalal diplomat to drive quickly in Maryland US, which led the diplomatic book on violating effect, but after know it was released was an apology from the governor of Maryland, and this incident marked the beginning of tension through the deployment of US newspapers and eating incident ridicule and attacks on diplomatic and that the Shah of Iran, and therefore After a series of meetings between officials of the two countries and make an apology to Iran for the incident. Iranian newspapers and appeared attacking the Nile against the United States, but US newspapers took publishes news and sarcastically. That incident and to make matters worse by an American newspapers published articles about the Shah of Iran has claimed that he does not represent a descendant of the kings of Iran and that he was working in a stable British consulate in Tehran and continued US newspapers to publish news about the Shah of Iran and cynically complete, the United States does not have the force of the American newspapers , has taken even French newspapers published articles about Reza Shah, this led to the Rdachah sever diplomatic ties between the two countries, and the withdrawal of staff of the Iranian embassy in Washington the other hand remained standing US charge d'affaires in Iran, as a result of tension that diplomatic relations was reflected in the crisis, the US Postal publications occurrence of which was sent to ambassadors and consuls of foreign countries and participants, the lack of distribution and blocked Iran these publications for a long time and on the track set up negotiations between the parties from the other side has Rdachah liquidation owners missionaries American of institutions and schools teaching hospitals that were widespread in Iran, and during the negotiations and for the return diplomatic relations and allow for mail that regards the American publications of magazines and newspapers, as well as it has crystallized international factors contributed to the occurrence of the Second World War, the geographical shape to Iran, and at the outbreak of the second scientific war and the announcement of Iran's strict neutrality Walter announced Shah policy, Iran has become a focus of attention of the warring states Given global developments of the war and Mashklt United States of sterile Iran's geographical importance in strengthening its influence and moves faster and is strongly supported by the strong economy and its industry leading companies as well leave the isolation policy Aldoulihh and enter the war alongside the Allies and the adoption of resolutions of the Congress and vote on a law that loan and leasing
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الاوضاع العامة في اليابان (1972 - 1989) : دراسة تاريخيه == The General Situation In Japan (1972 - 1989)

Author name: سحر عباس عبد الحسن النجار
Supervisor name: فوزي خلف شويل
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Japan is one of the major industrialized nations that have contributed to the development of many developing countries, the economy and comes with an introduction of donor countries in the world this study was to shed light on the nature of the internal political system and the impact of this system on the general situation in Japan, which include economic and social situation and came thesis under conditions title public in Japan (1972 - 1989) and the thesis consisted of five chapters. each chapter contains three sections, preceded by an introduction and a conclusion. Because the study focused on the subject of the political process in Japan in terms of holding elections and forming a government by the winning party and winning the majority of votes, in the elections that take place every four years, according to the text of the Constitution of Japan in 1947. General political study addressed in Japan (1945 - 1972) and was keen researcher to give historical information brief on the political situation and economic and social in Japan before 1972 in order to create the reader does not accommodate subsequent study classes, and discussed the thesis subject of political forces in Japan after the surrender of Japan in 1945 Japan and they happen for the first time in the political datable under foreign occupation, and also touched on the most important political forces in Japan for the period (1945 - 1955) where he threw light on the most important political forces which have contributed to the leadership of the political system in Japan at the time and was able to rebuild Japan the new post - World war II, through cooperation with the occupation authorities, led by the United States. In 1955, the Liberal Democratic Party came to power and the study focused on discussing the political achievements of the party, which was in the forefront of recovery in Okinawa 1972. the third the One of the main topics discussed by the thesis is the oil crisis and its impact on the political situation and economic and social (1972 - 1978), where she studied the general political situation in Japan under the government of Tanaka Kakuei (1972 - 1974) and talked about the internal politics of Prime Minister Tanaka it was to clarify the impact of this policy on the internal situation and the position of the opposition political parties against the government's policy, and touch on the most important measures taken by the government following the first oil crisis, especially in the field of foreign policy in an attempt to get out of the crisis with minimal losses, so it has taken a series of political steps bold in the field of foreign policy, which was discussed in the second topic, which came under the foreign policy of Prime Minister Tanaka and its impact on the internal political and economic situation in Japan, address, and reviewed the researcher results of this policy and its role in achieving political gains and economic in favor of Japan, the study examined the political situation under the government of Miki Takeo (1974 - 1978) and the most important internal political developments that resulted from the first political scandal taking place in Japan after World war II, where he is accused former Prime Minister Tanaka, and shed light on the implications of this issue at the local and global levels. In addition to the above - mentioned study deals with the Liberal Democratic Party, LDP reforms and their impact on the internal political situation in Japan (1976 - 1980) and internal policy pursued by Prime Minister Fukuda and the position of the opposition political parties to the government as well as to talk about the most important political achievements and economic, which has during the period of his government, and foreign policy pursued by the government with the neighboring countries, particularly China. They also discussed Japan's economic growth and its impact on the internal political situation in Japan (1980 - 1985). It was reviewing the issue of Japan's trade surplus and the impact of this surplus in foreign relations as well as its impact on the internal political situation and how the Government of Japan has dealt with caution in order not to strain relations with the countries at that time were also internal political explanation during the government of Suzuki Znko (1980 - 1982) and touched study the subject of political parties opposed to the ruling party and the main political orientations in addition to the issue of the fiscal deficit in the state budget with said the most important economic measures taken by the government for the fiscal deficit to address that focused on the study reviewed the most important political achievements and economic and social Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone, who is the most prominent prime ministers of Japan and the his role in the modernization of INA - scale Japan and make it the country's number one. And dropped the study highlights the general situation in Japan (1985 - 1989), where she spoke about the internal political situation in Japan (1985 - 1989) and reviewed the most important political events that took place on the internal politics of Japan, particularly the issue of political corruption dubbed naming hiring scandal which shook the pillars of the liberal Democratic party, LDP government, also discussed the issue of the new consumption tax imposed by the Government Nakasone to address the fiscal deficit in the state budget, as well as discuss the sex scandal raised about Prime Minister Uno and how they have contributed to these events in the loss of the liberal Democratic party, LDP election and was the beginning the end of the loss of the majority, dominated by which to judge since 1955.
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السياسة الامريكية تجاه لاوس (1964 - 1975) == American Policy Towards Laos 1964 - 1975

Author name: فريال صبري علي العيداني
Supervisor name: ابراهيم فنجان صدام الامارة
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اصبحت لاوس نقطة محورية في التوترات الدولية منذ بروز الحرب الباردة بين المعسكرين الشرقي والغربي واتساع النشاط الشيوعي في الهند الصينية، وهو ما دعا الولايات المتحدة بالعمل على وقف انتشار الشيوعية، التي بدات بالتنامي في لاوس منذ الاستقلال الذي منح للبلاد عام
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الاوضاع الاجتماعية والاقتصادية في لواء العمارة (1958 - 1963) : دراسة تاريخية == The Social And Economy Conditions In Amarah Province (1958 - 1963)

Author name: ذو الفقار فرحان حسين صالح
Supervisor name: عمار محمد كاظم فرج
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The province witnessed wide changes included social and economic conditions after the revolution July14, 1958 , which has worked to end the manifestations of underdevelopment and confirmed the application objectives of the revolution in terms of construction and development , and conduct qualitative changes through what happened to remember the achievements immortalized in history over the years , Although most of the academic studies and research started on the brigade did not deal with that time period, where it was an important turning at the level of the history of Major points. And the researcher most important achievements and historical events that came in the revolution of July 14, 1958 was divided into an introduction and preface, three chapters and a conclusion Highlights include the findings of the study. Researcher occur in the boot on the social and economic conditions in the period before the revolution confined between 1953 - 1958 in terms of the rural community and its components from the Senate and the feudal procurator , peasants and city community and migration from the countryside to the city, Eating for health and education situation and the obstacles they faced in spite of the effort made by the Board of ages , but he did not suffice. The economic situation has been confined to talk about the other side of the agricultural wealth , the industrial side represents a factor of milling plants and bricks and milk. The focus in the first chapter on the social conditions during the research period 1958 - 1963 province community in the city and countryside and religious composition , and the most important changes that have occurred after July 14 , and the most prominent of the laws and their impact on society in terms of the development of education and health institutions.And singled out the second chapter on the economic developments in the province 1958 - 1963 represented the agrarian reform law and what is the nature lands of province formations agrarian reform law and the application of the reform law by seizing land , pumps and the creation of peasant associations and constraints interface agrarian reform as problems seizure and distribution, and the impact of reform on the farmer law process and the most important irrigation projects that have worked on completion , and the migration of peasants to the cities and productivity developments.And ensure that the third quarter industrial situation and what are the industrial sectors that have spread them food industries and divided into private sector milling plants and sugar mills and plants in the dairy sector and the coefficient of sweets and plants for soft drinks Alekhala private sector and the coefficient of curry , and construction industries the brick industry and industry slab and plaster craft and private sector industries , which contains a collection of ancient primitive industries that rely on the skill of the workforce and industry the pipes and floor mats and weaknesses boats , And appeared in that period of Amara Industry Corporation in terms of establishment and the most important economic effects that resulted in its establishment as a laboratory bricks and commercial activity for internal and external trade , markets and smuggling trade and the chamber of commerce and transportation routes , river and land transportation.It turns out that the researcher historical period between the year 1958 - 1963 was marked advancement in the social and economic situation in the province of Amara, as a result of the big efforts provided and represented by the following results : 1 - Revolutionary government , particularly concentrated in Iraq in general and in the province of Amara on the conditions of the countryside and the suffering of underdevelopment and neglect at all levels , and the only way is to re - work in the organization and interest in peasant life in terms of the distribution of agricultural land and to provide the necessary farming inputs and work to end the control of the Senate Squires who became dominated by large areas of farmland , which is where the farmer lived the worst days of his life and the resulting continuous migration to the cities.2 - Revolutionary government sought through the issuance of the interim constitution , which included a set of laws aimed at Equality between the debtor 's sons and the countryside which eliminates tribal claims , as amended, which was roosting on the issuance of the poorer classes in the countryside, and the issuance of Agrarian Reform Law No. 30 of 1958 , which is the turning point of the community law countryside by identifying agricultural areas and distributed to farmers , but this law has encountered great difficulties in the province because of limited resources and pressures Squires resulted in the deterioration of agricultural production and increasing migration of peasants to the cities.3 - The province entered a new phase after the revolution of July 14, 1958 was characterized by freedom of expression and the establishment of political parties and mass of organizations supporting role Authority attempt to ensure the success of the goals of the revolution especially with Provisions of laws that achieve the principle of justice between workers and owners of crafts , but it faced the ambitions of political parties and conflict Remote competition the objectives and principles of the revolution , which called for them because the conditions of the community began to go wrong.4 - Social structure of the community in various religions was and still reflect the extent of cohesion and unity among the members of the society have prevailed more in support of the revolution July 14 through their participation in the holidays , events and organizations to join the Republic.5 - The reality of education improvement in the province after the July 14 and the evolution of a lot because of the efforts made by the Provincial region represented Executor Abdul Hadi Saleh, who is widely credited with the completion of most of the projects in the province , especially the development of the educational sector , and make it compatible with the new phase characterized by changes on all social and economic levels.
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قضية التبت ومواقف الدول الكبرى والاقليمية منها (1949 - 1959) == The Issue Of Tibet And The Attitudes Of The Great And Regional Powers (1959 - 1949)

Author name: منتصر حسن دهيرب
Supervisor name: فرقد عباس قاسم المياحي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The Issue of Tibet is one of the most important Issues, which Occupied the Formal and Informal world Opinion during the Fifth decade of last Century, Tibet Issue is Regarded as an Important Issue because it Started with the beginning of the Cold war between the two Camps of the Communist and Capitalist after World War II, and the Success of the in control of the General Rule in 1949 Chinese Communist Party in taking Power in 1949 after its Success to move Kuomintang Party away to Taiwan. The Researcher Chose the Year 1949 as a Start for the Thesis title because on that Year the Communist Party has Controlling on Power in China, and his Leaders Started calling for the unification of China and entering Regions and one of them was Tibet to Chinese State Authorities. The end of the Thesis was in the Year 1959, which was the Year Tibet Revolution happened in Tibet Revolution was against Chinese existence. The Revolution ended by Escape of the Dalai Lama outside Tibet and asking for Asylum in India. Moreover Tibet Leadership has Succeeded in showing their Issue to the United National Assembly and getting an International Decision to Condemn china. The Thesis is divided into an Introduction and four Chapters and a conclusion. The introduction included general explanation for the Thesis and its way of building. The Titled of the first Chapter was (General Situation in Tibet 1900 - 1949). And it included three Sections. The First Section Referred to the Geographic, Economic and Social Importance in addition to the beginning of the Political establishment of Tibet. the second section that indicated to political developments in Tibet during period of the British Occupation in 1904 and Chinese Occupation in 1910, while the third section has included political developments during period of independence (1912 - 1949), the Second Section had title (Chinese claim with returning Tibet and attitudes of regional and great States 1949 - 1951). it consist of three Section , first Section indicates to Chinese threats with re - annexation of Tibet and of great and regional States. The Second Section that expresses to shuttle fighters for TibetanDelegation in an attempt to avoided their country the risk of Chinese occupation for Eastern Tibet areas (Chamdo) and force Tibetan Government to inter in bilateral negotiation with china. It also dealt with attitudes of regional and great states of the occupation. Third Section had title (internal political developments in Tibet and attitudes of great and regional States of them )1951 - 1958 that consists of two sections first section indicated to bilateral relations between local government of Tibet and Chinese government this Section dealt with refusal of local government for Chinese administrative procedures in AL Tibet and opposition against Chinese existence on both formal and popular levels the second section dealt with first Tibetan revolution against Chinese Authorities have implemented in two provinces Kham and Amdo. It also dealt with Military and logistics Aids that USA Intelligence (CIA) have Provided to Tibetan Resistance. The four section had title (political developments in Tibet and international and regional attitude of them (10 of march 1959 - November 1959) consists of two sections : first section dealt with second Tibetan revolution in 1959 that has reported direct reasons to starting revolution and procedures that popular Chinese government has taken to its suppression the second section indicated to regional and international attitude of Tibetan revolution the conclusion has included the most important results that have reached the thesis
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علاقات ايران مع الكيان الصهيوني 1949 - 1969

Author name: فرات عبد الحسن كاظم
Supervisor name: فوزي خلف شويل
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Iran is a state lies at the east of the Arab homeland with long international sides. Where as the Zionist is a conquered state fixed in the hemi of the Arab homeland, which is represented by Palestine with force by the west. Beside , this state is being the more dangerous threatening the Arab countries and a wall upon this it's "east - west unity.From this point , the real dangerous relationship of Iran and the Zionist state appears , especially and after it's passing for an accurate lines which increase the Arab - Zionist conflict. The period ( 1949 - 1969 ) was chosen from the Iran - Zionist entity relationship subject for it sensivity with Palestine issue and the other sides of Arab - Zionist conflict.The study began in the year ( 1949) because this year represented the temp ls of the Zionists entity gain ,Iran government confession and this is ascertained during few months. i.e. a real relation between the tow states took place during lees than one year, exactly in 1950. From that time, an important stage of relation history began. The study is ended in the year 1969 because it represents an agitated stage of the history of that relation , after it becomes more confirmly , and reaches the participated alliance in so many other aspects. The stag that follows this period has it own special characteristics thatrequires an independent study , in which the united states appears as it get great benefits and so many entrances into the middle east after England announcement in 1968 to draw bake from the Arab gulf in 1971.The study consists of an introduction, prologue, three chapters, and the The prologue deals with the history roots of Jew's in Iran, and their bests and activities to penetrate in it's life aspects. The way that paned for Zionist institution to play a vital role in helping Zionists in 1948.The first chapter 'deals with the, Zionist entity to tempts get Iran admission in the period ( 1949 - 1953). So these tempest began in 1949 Le. a year after the' help of Zionist entity. The Zionists get this confession in 1950, on the basic of the event. We deal also with the reactions, and effects, in and out, and the illustration of the end of these relations in the period (1951 - 1953).The second chapter deals with relations of Iran and the Zionist entity since the coming of shah Mohammed Radha Bahlwi , and after the fall of Musaddiq government where Zionist activity appears and works with it ally on surrounding Arab - unity by the surrounded states like Iran , Turkey and Ethiopia, especially and after the rising of the Arab voice by Egypt - Syria unity , the held of united - Arab Republic , and the brooking out of 14 - July revolution in Iraq. The third chapter contains the development of relation between Iran and Zionist entity in the period (1960 - 1969) and the sides oflran announcement confession of Zionist entity in the year 1960, Beside the study of the development of that relations in many aspects. And Iran attitude towards June - 5 - 1967 war, and its effects on the relation of the two stales as well as Iran policy towards Zionists when British announces its intention to draw back with it forces from Arab - Gulf land in 1968. So this is really done with the coming of 1970. Finally, the Zionist's attitude by burning Al - Masjid Al - Aqsa and it re~ections on the relations of the to states.The end contains the most important conclusions which this study reaches.The most important conclusion are - Iran is the second Islamic - state after Turkey confesses Zionists entity on the base of the events of the year 1950. It is considered the first state in the Middle East makes various relations with the Zionists entity. - Iran is the vital source of oil for Zionists entity, hence they penetrated into the Iranian military - force and make closed relation with the major leader of pahlwi - system So, those leaders make so many visits to the Zionists entity. The Zionists were mediators in American equipments sale - processes for Iran , and they gate a lot of money from these processes. This money increased the Economical ability of there illegal state. Shah system proved that it is a good ally for Zionists entity as well as , It helps the Zionists entity with their aggression against Arab - unity by giving them oil and don't permit Arab's to use the oil as a weapon in the battle. The most closed relations between 'Shah system and the Zionist entity come after June war.
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العلاقات الاسرائيلية الرومانية 1948 - 1973 : دراسة تاريخية == Fhe Israeli - Rumanian Relations Since 1948 To1971 A Historical Study

Author name: عماد مكلف عسل عبد البدران
Supervisor name: فوزي خلف شويل
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The researcher has chosen the ·~Israeli - Rumanian r ations Since 1948 to 1973" to be the topic of his thesis b cause it is an outstanding period in the history of relations between the two sides. Moreover, Rumania had diverged from her communist allies in her view towards the Arabian - Israeli conflict which was embodied in the wars of 1948, 1956,1967, and 1973. Rumania, also, established wide relations with Israel, Son1ething which no other communist state did. The thesis falls into an introduction, four chapters, and a conclusion. Chapter one deals with the circumstances of Rumanian Jews Since the Seventeenth century up to the establishment of Israel in 1948. It tackles their economic, political, and social circumstances since 1882 thereafter, then it focuses on the reasons behind their migration to Palestine up to 1948.Chapter two is devoted to follow the Rumanian Jews migration to Palestine till the fourth Arabian - Israeli war in 1973 and the consequences of this war, it investigates he reasons obstacles and influence at the migration on the elations between Israel and Rumania with the beginning f the n1assive n1igration during the years 1948 to 1951. he chapter, then, follows up the developn1ent and tumbling of the migration up to 1960. After that it studies t e reason behind its decrease up to 1973. The third chapter concerns itself with the political I raeli - Rumanian relations in (1948 to 1973). It 1 vestigates the reason of their improvement since 1948 up t the third Arabian - Israeli war in 1967. Then, it sheds ht on the Rumanian attitude changed up to 1969 when e bassies between the two sides were exchanged it £ cuses on the new Rumanian tendencres in (1970 to1 73), i.e. the first years of the reign of Anwar Al - Sadat, th Egyptian president, and the role and influence of these te dencies on the Rumanian - Arab relations. It also in estigates the Rumanian attitude towards the Israeli - A bian conflict in the United Nations Organization. The fourth and last chapter studies the economic Isr eli - Rumanian relations since 1948 to 1973, i.e. sinc e emergence of Israel up to the signature of the most 1portant economic agreement between the two sides in pril 1967. Then, it gaves on to follow these relations up the October war in 1973.On of the most outstanding finindings that the research mes up with is the difference between the Rumanian ws and the lJ.S.S.R and its communist allies towards Israel - Arabian conflict, and Israel's success to win mania to its side. The Ru1nanian policy was that ofb rgain between the conflicting parties, which aimed at g tting more interests from interests from the two sides in a ition to playing an eminent diplomatic role which gave (Rumania) an influence in the conflict dimensions
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موقف الجمهورية الفرنسية الرابعة من القضية الفلسطينية 1945 - 1958 : دراسة تحليلية == The Attitude Of The French Fourth Republic Towards Palestinian Problem 1945 - 1958

Author name: عماد مكلف عسل عبد البدران
Supervisor name: فائق حاكم عيسى الغانم
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The fourth chapter handles the culture sides as, in particular , The administration , The governance regimes , the economic development and the country including the traditions and customs.
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العلاقات الهندية - السوفيتية 1964 - 1971 == Indo - Soviet Relations 1964 - 1971

Author name: حسام احمد شوقي
Supervisor name: خولة طالب لفتة الحميداوي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The Indian - Soviet relations during 1964 - 1971 dielnt go on asingle frequency , but influenced by the duration of the study anumber of internal , regional and international factors which hav had an impact on the nature of relations if the relations between the two countries after the Lal Bahadur Shastri judgment continued evolving relations which were at the time of Jawahar Lal Nehru evolution which up to amaximum gradesin September 1964 , when the soviet union gives the deal that aircraft ( MiG 21 ) so that India be the first illegitimate country gives these aircraft by the soviet union that relations soon collided alter the political leader ship in the soviet union October 1964 with the arrival Bretiv to the post of first secretary of the communist parties and Alex Kosygin to the post of primeminister and the dedaration of the new leadership to take the new policy in south Asia and to try timprove relations with Pakistan after the tension that with essed dvring the reign of khro show this policy , which Anzmt evident in the second Kashmir war in 1965 and the pursuit of the soviet union convergence between the two parties and resolve the issue through a meeting sponsored by the soviet and the success of this thin is the success of the new policy that is followed by the soviets in the region. The Study also found the impact of internal events of India on the nature of relations between the two countries and reflected positively or negatively where Ibdia witnessed during the study period afood crisis decimated Ibdia making Indihira Gandhi request economic assistance from the united states thatit reflected on there lations with the soviet union , especially with the after soviet rapprochement with pakitan to withess in 1967 and 1968 strained relations between the two parties ont seen therug hout many ears ago that the tension reached its maximumgrades in July 1968 when the soviet union was awarded ar arms deals Pakistan , which raised poputar discontent and navigation with in India and the voices of rapproch ement with the united states the us response to the soviet rappro chemsnt with Pakistan. This tension quickly goes away in 1969 arrival of soviet relations with china to the stayes of crisis and exploit the united states of America and adopted anew policy china trend known as the ( opening - up policy ) by Pakistan president yahya khan whenhe feared both India and the soviet union from triple - column appearance ( united states - china - Pakistan ) which led to arappro chement between India and the soviet union this convergerce desire soviets that is reflected on the described bilateral treaty between the two countries , but Indira Gandhi refused to do sobecause of its adherence to the policy the Non - Aligned followsd by India after independence , but then Irealized Indhira Gandhi that the lack of tinkering with the treadty will lead to breach the military balance in favor of Pakistan , especially since the situation in East Pakistan was waring caution - pakis tans new this year 1971 withessed ahistoric event India signed abolateral treaty with the soviet union was the first its kind to be held by India with major coutries after independence
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دور الولايات المتحدة الامريكية السياسي في الشؤون الداخلية لليونان 1943 - 1949 == The Political Role Of United States Of America In Interior Affairs Of Greece (1943 - 1949)

Author name: وائل جبار جودة النداوي
Supervisor name: رغد فيصل عبد الوهاب نفاوة
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Greece posed a major part of eastern Europe ,that it lies in the western southern side of Europe continent, and extends along within the Balkan Semi island from the Ionic sea till Aegean sea, as a result of that geography position so Greece has become represent a strategic position to be a target to colonial states, Greece is a pivot joint between east and west , therefore it has a pivot influence in the development of political events in the Balkan.The government of USA didn’t pay any attention to Greece before World War II, but during this was USA had sympathized with it, especially after the Italian invasion to Greece 1940, the USA government assisted Greece through the American Red Cross, but the victories of Greece on Italia didn’t last long, soon the Nazi forces had advanced to invade Greece on April 1941, this event impacted on changing the situation tremendously after the declare of president Franklin Rosfelt to take part in the war on Dec. 1941, the American concern with Greece get increased.After the Nazi invasion of Greece, the Greece government and the king family have fled abroad the country, many political forces have emerged on the ground represented by Greece resistance groups that confronted German invaders, after coalition forces with assistance of resistance had been able to defeat Nazi forces in 1944.As a result, all resistance forces refused the back of the Greece king until proceeding the referendum on the legality of the regime, at that time the president Rosefelt had confirmed on keeping the Greece king because he was a loyal alley for the coalition, the civil war had broken down between the resistance forces that resist the royal regime by the leadership of National liberation Front during 1944 and government forces, Farkiza agreement was resulted from that war on 12th February 1945.Commitment with Farkiza agreement had not been kept for long, so the government started accusing the resistance groups by breaching it, civil war had broken down again when the national liberation front had changed its name to (Dimocratic Greece Army) , on 15th Jan. 1945, on August 1946 Mr. Markos Vafiades was elected to be the leader of that army, the war launched again from the mountain areas in the north of Greece, the USA government had watched the political Greece scene and movement of that army through reports sent by embassy in Greece , as a result the USA president, Troman had declared his doctrine on 12th Feb. 1947, according to that doctrine, the USA government had assisted the Greece government politically and economically.The situation get worse when the British government had declared its withdrawal from Greece on 30th of 1947, the republic army groups had expanded in its dominance over vast lands of Greece, Greece government asked USA government to help it in this crisis, USA government confirmed on military side, it reformed the frame of headquarter of Greece forces and trained its troop, general James Fan Fleet had won to draw plans to defeat the guerrillas undertaken by communism forces, he got assistance by general Alexander Papagos, the main goal of that plan is surrounding the militias, cities and towns and not to go deep inside them in order not to cause a mass human massacres of Greece forces, this plan succeeded to defeat communist militias in Greece 1949.
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تجارة القطن في الولايات المتحدة الامريكية بين عامي 1783 - 1865 == Cotton Trade In The United State Between 1783 - 1865

Author name: محمد سلمان منور
Supervisor name: ياسين طه ياسين الهارون
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Had a history of the United States of America in the nineteenth century, important developments was the most prominent of the civil war between (1860 - 1865) between the southern states and the US federal government, and it was the most important reasons for having chronic disagreement between the parties on the issue of slavery, which resulted in the aggravation of this issue during the the nineteenth century to the occurrence of many developments that have made the two parties enter into frequent disputes between the two and the other.Cotton was the most prominent factors that caused the civil war, while it was slavery in America in the way of grants to recede and disappear in the final of the eighteenth century decade, emerged cotton crop tops the list of cash crops that the demand is very Kpalra in the late eighteenth century and throughout the nineteenth century. , so gave cotton Aabboudah in the United States a strong motivation for the continuation of more than half a century, particularly since cotton was Leno in the south of large farms, which require a great effort to be planted and cared for. Against the industrial and commercial progress of the North because of the lack of orientation to agriculture causes climatic and topographic , efforts were concentrated towards industrialization, especially textile manufacturing, while the south has focused its attention towards agriculture with the rise of cotton has become more adherent than ever with his economic power, and of the slave
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الحركة الطلابية في ايران 1941 - 1979م == The Student Movement In Iran1941 - 1979 A.C

Author name: ماجد مطر عباس
Supervisor name: ليلى ياسين حسين الامير
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The research is aimed at clarifying the role of university students in the elimination of the dictatorship in Iran, which represents the governing Pahlavi through layers of Iranian society assign the other, at all levels and levels. The inventory subject of the study 1941 - 1979 years, because it is an integrated point in time began the installation of the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to the throne in Iran in 1941, where she was the students' movement at the beginning of its growth, has evolved and escalated during the mentioned period, and turned into an independent militant movement contributed significantly to the fall of Shah's regime in 1979. As we can see that the historical study of the students' movement in Iran that would enrich the researcher with information to assess the political situation experienced by Iran in its contemporary history, and the role played by the student elites in raising awareness among the masses, and take advantage of that experience to address and enlighten public opinion in the restoration of rights and freedoms.And it necessitated the nature of the study divided into an introduction and preface, three chapters and a conclusion, with some supplements on the subject.The beginning of the research discusses the roots and the features of the students' movement formation, and the beginning of its growth during the reign of Reza Bahloa1926 - 1941, after the founding of the University of Tehran in 1934, as he returned back and studied the roots of the first and beginnings of the students' movement in Iran since the beginning of the nineteenth century coincided with the rule of the Qajar state, focusing on the cultural influence and political and education outside the country on the first groups of university students who went to study in Europe, especially in the mid - nineteenth century and who after their return floated modern beliefs in the field of education in Iran, by assigning them in higher education and educational institutions in universities and schools, and also worked on the deployment of reforms the political and social through the Constitutional Revolution of opened new doors to education within the country. It also showed how to Reza Shah Pahlavi, on the basis of modernization of education tried to eliminate religious and national elements and democracy, these things have been turned against the system so that some of those who have received their education abroad turned to parties such as the Tudeh Party and the National Front leaders. And discussed in the first chapter the role of the students' movement in Iran's internal politics 1941 - 1953, in developments in the political events since the entry of the Allied Powers to Iran during World War II, and topple the government of Reza Shah and left over from the results reflected in the deterioration of the situation on all levels, and the concomitant openness in the political atmosphere which was created by existing conditions, and what gave rise to the formation and the emergence of many political parties, and that students form a broad - based, including the Tudeh Party, who managed a short period of control, the atmosphere at the university at the time by being able to establish the first students' organization at Tehran University, as well as Iran rival party to the Tudeh Party in terms of student - Qaida capacity, also appeared for the first time in Iran, many organizations and student associations, including the Islamic Association Students at Tehran University, has become of those organizations a significant role, especially after the end of World War II in the leadership of the demonstrations and protests to advocate political issues that are in favor of the Iranian people, including the issue of the nationalization of the Iranian oil and supporting Mossadegh's government, especially after the establishment of the National Front and the formation of Tehran University student organization of the National Front for the students, as well as in the rest of the Iranian universities. While the second chapter discusses the students' movement and the worsening of the internal conflict in Aaran1953 - 1962, and significant changes that have occurred in the political, economic, social and cultural fields and even on Foreign Relations, after the fall of Mossadegh's government, and the responses of the students' action as a result of these conditions, where university students came out demonstrations in favor of the certified and the decision of nationalization and condemning the government of the coup, and the chapter also discusses the events of the sixth of December 1953, which was for the students of Tehran University a significant role in it, to immortalize Kyuma for the struggle of the Iranian students celebrated annually, and was a motive for comprehensive national renaissance where students objected on that day for the military interference in the affairs of the university and expressed their discontent about the shah's policies, to continue after the crackdown on the students to the end of 1956, and the establishment of the intelligence organ of the Shah's regime under SAVAK name, and devoted a large part of the work of this device to control university students, and work on the non - recurrence of the events that took place during the reign of Certified Government through repression and arrest the students, the chapter also discussed the policy of reform of the Shah and the position of the students assigned to them, as well as the incident of the twentieth of January 1962, and the resulting from the violation of the sanctity of the university by the security forces for the second time.Whereas Chapter III, entitled, the student movement and style armed struggle 1963 - 1979, discussed the study of the most important organizations and students' parties, which have had a significant role at the time in the armed struggle, especially students' organizations that have emerged in this area, including the mujahideen of Iranian people and Fedayeen Organization of the Iranian people, and the chapter dicussed the important political events, including the decision of Khomeini's exiled and its consequences that stepped up events which led to a wave of demonstrations, the most prominent was the fifth day of July 1963, which was known among the researchers uprising (the fifteenth of Khordad), to go beyond the students' opposition in earnest to armed resistance and seeking only overthrowing the regime.Whereas the conclusion covered the main results reached by the researcher for the events covered by the study
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موقف بريطانيا من الصراع العربي - الاسرائيلي (1967 - 1970) == The Attitude Of Britain Towards The Arab - Israeli Conflict (1967 - 1970)

Author name: سعد علي نعيم الاسدي
Supervisor name: عماد مكلف عسل البدران
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The second chapter researches India’s embracement of Islam during the Islamic Rashydi caliphate. and The ummawy caliphs in the complement of conquest of India and the early Abassid campaigns as well.
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موقف الولايات المتحدة الامريكية من الحرب الاهلية النيجيرية 1967 - 1970 == The Attitude Of The United States Of America Of The Nigerian Civil War ( 1967 - 1970 )

Author name: رغداء عباس كامل العتابي
Supervisor name: نوفل كاظم مهوس
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study concluded that the weathy knowledge produced by the Arab Muslim historians and writers were full mature since those authors made personal visits in these remote areas and they improved their descriptive writings. In spite the fact that India witnessed constant political instability , but the unsetteled affairs could not have affected the cultural promotion and progress. Moreover Indian civic legacy played so great role in the Arab Islamic culture that it produced civilization mixture share by both of Arab and Indian nations later on.
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المسالة البلغارية في الدولة العثمانية 1878 - 1914 == Bulgarian Issue In The Ottoman Empire 1878 - 1914

Author name: ساهرة حسين محمود الصامري
Supervisor name: حميد احمد حمدان التميمي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The issue of the fate of the Ottoman State and its properties, which is known in the political history as the Eastern Issue, occupies an outstanding place in the European diplomacy during the Eighteenth and the Nineteenth centuries. In short, the Eastern Issue includes all the problems associated with the domestic fall of the Ottoman State, the revolutions of the peoples ruled by the Ottomans, and finally the tangled and conflicting interests of the European Countries in the Ottoman Empire. These countries also interfere in the process of the Ottoman fall. This study aims at analyzing the events that took place in Balkan Peninsula, following the results of the Russian - Ottoman War during the years 1877 - 1878. That war gave rise to the birth of the Bulgaria Principality; and then the resolutions of Berlin Conference, held in the last year, enhanced the existence of this Principality which gained its full independence from the Ottoman State in 1908. Having known the international circumstances involving this issue is not easy, especially that concerning Bulgaria, for most of the historical sources which dealt with the issues of the Balkan Peninsula or the Eastern Issue introduced a general view about what had happened to all the Balkan Countries. These sources do not profoundly study the issue of Bulgaria; and this why the researcher has done her best to come out with a comprehensive study for this issue depending upon genuine recent sources including correspondences, presenting attitudes and suggestions.Scope of the study and analysis of sources This study is divided into an introduction, five chapters, a conclusion, a set of selected appendixes, and a list of sources and references. Chapter One : It is a summarized introductory chapter intended to be as an introduction defining Bulgaria in particular to enable the reader to have a general idea about the historical and social components that help understanding the national awareness and the religious influences on it, and then the development of the political events.This chapter also studies the historical extension of the relations of the Ottoman State with Bulgaria right from the beginning in 1393 till 1878, when the Bulgarian Principality was used after the Russian - Ottoman War (1877 - 1878). Chapter Two : This chapter handles the development of the events in the Balkan Peninsula in the years preceded Berlin Conference 1878 - 1878. Though the period was more than four years, it was full of new events. During that period, several revolutions broke out in the Balkan Countries such as Bosnia and Herzegovina Revolution 1875 - 1878, the Bulgarian Independence Revolution 1876 - 1878, the Serbia and Montenegro Revolution 1876 - 1878. In addition, the independence of Greece and Romania took place in 1877 - 1878. Therefore, this historical change is worthy of studying as it has got an effect on the following Bulgarian events. Chapter Three : It deals with the Eastern Issue and Berlin Conference in 1878; it also includes the five topics handling the Major Eastern Issue, the outbreak of the Russian - Ottoman War in 1877, holding of San Stefano and Berlin Treaties, and the important results brought forth. As the five topics form the starting point for the Bulgarian issue and its causes, this chapter is made up of more researching pages than the other chapters that the researcher is unable to avoid them. Chapter Four : It studies the attitude of the Ottoman State towards the developments of the Bulgarian issue from 1879 to 1908. When the Ottoman coup d'état occurred, a period of Russian endeavor, especially in the years 1879 - 1880 to complete the mission of building the Bulgarian Principality such the issuing of the institution and the election of the prince. However, the events in Bulgaria had an effect on the problem of the increase of the general Ottoman debt to the European Banks, especially in the years 1881 - 1884. The problem of this irremediable debt was one of the reasons that exhausted the overburdening of the Ottoman State; and what made things even worse was that during the following years 1885 - 1888 the Serbian - Bulgarian War broke out. The result of that war led to join Eastern Romello to Bulgaria. The progress of the circumstances in the Balkan countries had an effect on the Bulgarian issue, the most important of which were the Greek - Ottoman War 1896 - 1897, and the role of the European countries which were not neutral in their attitudes. The European countries had their own avarice as well as their religious bias accompanying the events supported by the popular support. Chapter Five : This chapter is the conclusion in which the researcher states the interior political changes in the Ottoman Empire and in the Balkan Peninsula during the years 1908 - 1914. During that period, there were important Ottoman and European attitudes towards the issue of the Bulgarian independence in 1908. It was an important year which witnessed great changes in the Ottoman State along the subsequent years, as mentioned above. Also, there were important events during the subsequent years such as the Bulgarian attitudes towards the Macedonian issue 1908 - 1912, and then Bulgaria signed a treaty with Serbia in the last year, as well as the former's attitude towards the war which broke out in the Balkan countries during 1912 - 1913. Finally, the researcher stated the treaty of Bucharest and the Ottoman fluctuating attitude towards Bulgaria 1913 - 1914. The Ottomans did not have any clear attitude for various reasons despite the general circumstances surrounding them.
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عبد القادر باش عيان الدور الاجتماعي والسياسي والثقافي في العراق 1894 - 1971 == Abdul Qadir Bash Aian Social, Political And Cultural Role In Iraq (1894 - 1971)

Author name: عبد القادر عبد الرحيم عطــوي الحسانــي
Supervisor name: انور جاسب شنته الطريف
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The personal study, and CV of the difficult things, that have the researchers, because the researcher must take all aspects of this character, both private and public.It has been seen walking through the research, said Abdul Qader bash elders determined from an old family with a religious place And social, cultural, prestigious Alli Basra scale, and even categorize the scope of Iraq in general.Great role not his secret bash elders has been featured, among the well - known visual, and its impact in the community Basri, of the coming of this family, and stability in Basra as well as the emergence of the big guns Family, in many areas, including religious, social, political, and bringing these characters Elly positions of political and administrative largest in the state, and Vdilan literary side has reached Family through the emergence of figures including in this area, has emerged a lot of literature special , Especially in the historic area, particularly empty Basra ancient and modern, and this was the most prominent Almttootat (butter dates) of Sheikh Abdul Wahid bash elders, as well as (detailed history Basra Alazmi ancient and modern) of Sheikh Yassin bash elders, and Nri through it, and through the completion of Family and cultural presence library Abbasid big, old house in the family, and of the tobacco industry's own Great cultural legacy through Mathtwe of manuscripts and rare books lend categorize Basra and that cultural ascetic face and Shining. And here comes the personal Abdul Qadir bash elders, and to family affected by the document dramatically, which appeared Role through his family in a lot of fields and fundamental social, cultural, and categorize a personal which I added a lot of prestige and self - confidence. In light of the foregoing and in the display of search events that have passed by, we Pearls Mayati : - alldor Social, religious, cultural and political to the family of the bash elders, religious and cultural heritage of the family in Basra, and the emergence of personalities visual prominent family in the fields. Shall Find Personal Personal were not unusual, but the Senate was personal and not only that, But senior Senate (Bash elders), as well as the decline of a family Abbasseya, have been affected by all Internatioanl respects religious and political. - tmana Abdul Qadir bash elders features and different talents, collected between business and politics and literature And writing, which made him a dynamic personality in the work and responsibility. - tefi Categorize personality, the practical side and that receipt family business after the death of his father at the age of his youth, as well as the emergence of the literary side, the spectrum of his book, a diary in a small age. - anhaddarh In social work in Basra, both in the Pearls for joining the municipal council, Uwe Iraqi Council of Representatives or the Senate, and the emergence of the piece in his participation in the relief committees Exposure of Basra Pearls worst flood in 1946.kzlk a prominent role in the Tigers Association, and its role Prominent in the work of the Assembly and try to strengthen the work of the Assembly in favor of the optical community.The emergence of a characteristically political role at the age of forty, and through his election to the House of Representatives and then Appointed in the Iraqi Senate, Ani.vdila in 1958 for his participation, even in a little while Political parties (to insist - Union and Progress) and then the departure of then Pearls literary work.The emergence of his role in the May revolution in 1941, through the great role of the family of Al Bash elders and glory Especially in the embarrassing period in which they passed by Basra during the term of the security vacuum and the formation of the Commission on Security Procedure, and the transit of Basra those embarrassing period and the return of security and stability. Abdel Kader was bash elders, bold and frank in expressing their opinions and ideas often, Especially in the Senate, did not know the oil, it has Dahr during his speech in the House in 1947 Senate and his criticism of the government and put to a lot of questions Pearls Chief Minister and how to find solutions Her.His posts were outsourced through his membership in the Senate is the most prominent participation in participating in the Inter - Parliamentary Union conference in Cairo delegation, and to participate in its meetings, and thusAt the end of the conference the submission of the report on the Pearls of the Iraqi Senate conference.
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العلاقات الدومنيكانية - الاميركية 1968 - 1900 == The Dominicans - American Relationships 1900 - 1968

Author name: لطفي جميل محمد
Supervisor name: طيبة خلف عبد الله
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Dominican Republic had a cardinal importance in the Caribbean area because of its strategic location. Since the nineteenth century, and after the (Monroe) declaration, the United States of America became a strong competent to the European powers in the Caribbean area in specific, and the western hemisphere in general.After the World War I, accompanied with the complicated international relations, the Dominican Republic was still the main focus of the USA, not because of the Dominican economics, but because of the USA anxiety that a certain European power might become itsneighbor, in more than two thousand kilometers away from USA. However, due to the dramatic changes, after World War II, and the apparition of new international powers like the Soviet Union, in addition to the communist ideology and its quest for spreading socialist principles all over the world, the competition turned into an international struggle between the two camps : the Eastern led by the USA, that competition had come be called (The Cold War).Henceforth, the Dominicans Republic a gained more American interest. The Americans feared that the Dominicans become a new (Cuba). For that fear, the USA invaded the Dominicans twice, the first was in 1916, while the second in 1965. The goals of the two invasions are not entirely different - the goal of the first invasion was to the Soviet power.The reason behind the researcher's choice of the American - Dominicans relation (1900 - 1968) is because of the assumption that the historical relationships have not been investigated in the Arab Homeland, in general, and Iraq in specific. The researches have beeninterested mostly countries like Cuba, Panama, Guatemala, and other Latin countries, as well.The dissertation consists of three chapters and a conclusion. Chapter one deals with a historical and geographical introduction to the Dominican Republic. There are hints to early relationships between the Dominicans and the United States. Moreover, the Chapter has demonstrated the serious developments encountered by the Dominican while founding the liberal independent and safe state. Chapter two has studied the beginning of the formal relationships between the two states since 1900, up to the deterioration of the relationships. Such deterioration led to the USA invasion to the Dominican Republic in 1916. It was flowed by the rise of (Trujillo)Republic and the relations with that dictator for three decades. Chapter Three has been devoted to the international developments after the Second World War, the Cold War and the influence of such developments on the relations between the two states. The relations witnessed a sort of retreat because of Trujillo's policies, interior and external, and the scheme for his assassinate Chapter also tackles the serious developments after Trujillo, which led to the second USA invasion in 1965, and the USA retreat from Dominican Republic. The study is rounded up with conclusion deduced from the research with has sources to various documents and foreign sources.
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سياسة الولايات المتحدة الاميركية تجاه تشيكوسلوفاكيا 1941 - 1948

Author name: حنان عباس خير الله السعيدي
Supervisor name: عماد مكلف عسل البدران
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This Study dealt with the subject "The policy of the United States of America towards Czechoslovakia 1941 - 1948 ". Although Czechoslovakia had gotten the independence in 1918, but it was contained many nationalities. It had taken its lands from German to new state.It made German trying the revenge to itself indeed Czechoslovakia became the victim became the German occupied it 1939. Although the United States of America made the political isolation between the two world wars but the policy was changed for many reasons and was resulted through many situations imposed on political United State direction to take the positions of number of crises that the world is witnessed and determined the European continent , as it had taken the position of some of the issues by adopting global peace process. The subject of the policy of the United State of America towards Czechoslovakia considered as historical issue about people that they situated under the control of German. In addition , the geographical location to Czechoslovakia in center of Europe , it represented the point connection with western Europe , all of these points , it left affects on the political of the United States of America towards Czechoslovakia through American treatment with after the political Czechoslovakia with west and east in order to bridge between them. The Start of the subject 1941 because it involved the entranced United State of America to the word war and the year involved the started resistance in Czechoslovakia in order to American recognize about the government them in outside that it formed in London 1941 after the Soviet recognize and British 1941. The thesis stopped in 1948 because it was the year involved the control of the communisms on the order in Czechoslovakia , which on its impact Czechoslovakia joined the socialist bloc and become part of the communist camp. The formwork of the dissertation consisted of introduction , four chapters , conclusion and indexes. The chapter one concentrated on " The political of the United States of America towards Czechoslovakia 1918 - 1941 ". Chapter Two explained the situation of United States of America towards the republic of Czechoslovakia 1918 - 1920 , in addition to attentions between two countries and the political of United States of America towards Czechoslovakia during the development of the country during between two wars , that period was characterized by frequent civil war and international crises resulting from the expansionist ambitions espoused by the German leader Hitler about that continent , the Czechoslovakia crisis of the most prominent of these crises , also attitude on the United States of America position on the German occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1939 , and the outbreak of the second world war and its impact on United States of America policy toward Czechoslovakia. The chapter two involved " The entrance of United States of America the war and the effect of the political towards Czechoslovakia 1941 - 1944 " In 1941, the policy of United States of America entered to new level represented the effects ( Eduared Benes ) the president of the government Czechoslovakia in the exile for sake the recognition from United States in addition the highlight upon the America situation towards agreement Soviet - Czechoslovakia 1943 , It was addressed to Czechoslovakia proposal for the signing of an international treaty , including the nature of the international situation , and the statement of the position of the Slovak uprising in year 1944. Chapter three involved " The political American towards Czechoslovakia year 1945 ". This chapter explained the United States of America and the situation in Czechoslovakia , also The political American towards Czechoslovakia in light of trends Soviet , it was the highlight of the American interest in the process of transfer of the Sudeten German from Czechoslovakia. Chapter four was addressed the political of United States of America towards the inner developments in Czechoslovakia 1946 - 1948. This chapter studied important developments of inner political and foreign to Czechoslovakia and it concentrated upon the attitude of United States of America towards those the developments particularly after elections year 1946. In addition to studied the project Marshal 1947 and political crisis that happened in Czechoslovakia year 1947 and attitude of United States of America , and attempted to stand the communists and prevent them from control of the government , as well as attitude the United States of America on the communist coup in 1948. The conclusion explained the important results that it arrived the research about the political of United States of America revealed towards Czechoslovakia that it showed the strong political from United States of America before second world war which it affected on the all events in Europe , especially after the British inability from the deterrence of German expansion. The United States of America delayed the recognition of the Czechoslovakia government even entered world war II is undoubtedly a clear indication that he was not specific to the United State of America policy towards Czechoslovakia. But that became apparent after the second world war the United States of America began landmarks determine the orientation towards the strengthening and expansion of political , security and economic alliances that bind the United States of America with the other parties , in allowing it to maintain its influence on the superior, and the inclusion of any global role or European secluded about the American role in the future
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موقف الحوزة العلمية في النجف الاشرف من القضية الفلسطينية 1973 - 1948 == The Attitued Of Hawza Ilmiyya In Najaf Regarding The Palstiniane Case 1948 - 1973

Author name: ابتهال فرحان خلیفة سالم
Supervisor name: فرات عبد الحسن كاظم الحجاج
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Hawza ‘Ilmiyya(1) in Iraq (Najaf) was never a mere scientific religious institution to teach and receive religious sciences. Instead, its affect indeed reached different fields and included expressing official stances of any incident inside and outside Iraq with concern with the religion and creed.In addition to the clear role of scholars' acts and preaches in touch with various events in the Islamic nation and Arabic countries. When the Jews started to flow to Palestine in the first decade of the twentieth century, the religiousclerics and scientific students of Hawza declared their firm stance in solidarity with the Islamic Nation to stand opponent to that dangerous scheme. This stance extended to the present time. Thus, the researcher focused her attention to examine this issue to discover the nature of this stance from the viewpoint of Hawza, its students, and Najaf which resembles an incubator for that stance, and in addition to the fact that this issue is not negotiated before. The researcher started her study from 1948 which is the year to announce the Israeli state as recognized by the United Nations, passing through all events and combats happened between Arabs and Israel. The study ends at 1973 which is the year that witnessed the fourth Arab - Israel war. The researcher has suffered from the scarcity of sources and documents and that was possibly due to the lack of documentation of events, as well as damage caused to some of what has passed through the country during the events of (Sa'aban popular uprising) in 1991. Perhaps it is due to the existence of neglect by the previous authorities in order to prevent highlight the face of the Arab national Najaf.1 it is a seminary where Shi'a Muslim clerics are trained.The current thesis consists of an introduction, four chapters, and a conclusion. The first chapter is dedicated to deal with the stance of Hawza ‘Ilmiyya regarding the Palestinian cause (1920 - 1947). This chapter includes four sections; the first of which is dedicated show the concept of Hawza ‘Ilmiyya and its major studying stages, as well as the importance of each stage of which. Also, this section shows the history of the emergence of the Hawza in Najaf and the history of the most prominent scientists in that period, inaddition to their political and religious attitudes towards the Palestinian cause.The second of which is dedicated to deal with the stance against the Zionist settlement and the other Palestinian revolutions (1920 - 1936). This section also examines the political stances of religious scholars against the Zionist settlement, starting from the major Palestinian revolution and the reasons of occurrence, as well as Al - Buraq Revolution. Finally, the fourth section deals with Hawza’s efforts against the Anglo - American Committee’s scheme (1945 - 1947).Despite the preoccupation of Iraq and Hawza'Ilmiyyahin Najaf with World War II and the negative impacts on the internal and external situation of Iraq, but it has not deterred from continuing the efforts of scientists in Najaf towards the Palestinian cause (1945 - 1947) as scientists declared their firm stancesregarding the Palestinian cause, especially after their opposition to the Zionist project.As for the Second chapter, it is entitled “The Stance of Hawza ‘Ilmiyya in Najaf regarding the Palestinian Cause, since the Partition Resolution till the triple aggression (1947 - 1956). This chapter consists of three sections. The first section points out how the partition resolution was referred to the UN Authority and what it implied and how it has been applied to the land of Palestine. In addition, this section scopes the lights on the rejecting political and religious attitudes, including those of Hawza, poets, students, as well asthe press and associations role, particularly in Najaf, expressed in forms of condemnation, protests, and demonstrations. This section also reveals the causes and consequences of the outbreak of Arab - Israeli war, as well as the most prominent political and religious stances during that 1948 war, the war that witnessed a unique support of religious scholars in Najaf. The third section reveals the stance of Hawza ‘Ilmiyya regarding the Palestinian cause between the first and the triple aggression against Egypt (1949 - 1956). Thissection also explains the reasons for the defeat of the Arab armies during the first Arab - Israeli war years (1948 - 1956) as well as showing the stances of all religious scholars in Najaf, where they organized the collection of voluntary financial contributions, particularly from Kufa and Najaf, as supervised by a number of religious officials in Najaf and working on send such contributions to their brothers in Palestine. Additionally, the religious scholars in Najaf also urged all people to take caution and work to provide support to the Palestinians and support their fellow fighters there. Scientists continued to support the Palestinian cause and urged peoples for the promoting of holy war to save the Arabic Palestine.The third chapter of the thesis deals with the stance of Hawza ‘Ilmiyya regarding the Palestinian cause between the two wars of 1956 and 1967. This chapter is made of three sections; the first section is dedicated to explain and detail the reasons of the triple aggression against Egypt and the different consequent political and religious situations, as Hawza in Najaf expressed its attitude clearly and strictly concerning the triple aggression, and also by sending letters and telegrams to kings and presidents in the world requesting to express a clear and firm stance toward Egypt and the work required to stop that aggression. The second section deals with the scientific community and its stance regarding the Palestinian cause (1958 - 1963). This section summarizes the history of the emergence of the scientific community and the most prominent founders. It also highlights the sharp and firm stances of the scientific community towards the Palestinian cause, as well as the work on the dissemination of data for the Palestinian people, demanding the UN to find solutions for Palestinian Arab people and their case with Israel. All such stances were being published in Adhwaa2 Magazine being the formal tongue of the community. Then, the third section reveals the role of media and pressin Najaf in supporting the Palestinian cause. That role cannot be ignored as it supported the Palestinian cause since ancient times until the present time. It was mainly a result influenced by the fatwas of religious scholars in Najaf on the one hand and their sense of responsibility towards the Arab issues, particularly the Palestinian cause, on the other hand. Among Najaf's newspapers and magazines supporting this issue were Al - Gheri Magazine (Najaf), Islamic Justice Journal (Najaf), and Eman3 Magazine as theyindicated the firm stances of Hawza 'Ilmiyya regarding the setback of June and till the War of October (1967 - 1973).The fourth chapter carries three sections. The first of which scopes the light on the setback of June and the stance of Hawza ‘Ilmiyya on regard (1967 - 1968. It highlights the said setback, its causes, and impact on Palestinian people, in addition to the stances of Najaf's Hawz 'Ilmiyya regarding the setback. That setback raised discontent of a number of scholars in Najaf, led by SayyidMuhsin Al - Hakim, who denounced that setback in 1967 through his sermons and fatwas thereon at the time.The second section is dedicatedextrapolate the opinions and Fatwas4concerning Feda'I5 acts (1967 - 1968) as 2 In Arabic means "Lights". 3 In Arabic means "Faith".4 Advisory opinion showing official and religious stances. all opinions were supportive to such acts. Scientists started to urge people collectively to participate in Feda'I acts that were seen sacred and honorable to of the case of Palestinian people as stated in a number of sermons and fatwas. Then comes the third section dedicated to view the opinions and attitudes of religious clerics regarding the events of burning Al - Aqsa Mosque on 1969. This section shows the value of Al - Aqsa Mosque and the reasons to burn it. That was a horrible crime protested by all clerics and scientists in terms of their sermons, fatwas, and demonstrations. The last fourth section deals with the escalation of the Arab - Israeli conflict and the stance of Hawza ‘Ilmiyya on regard (1970 - 1973). As attitudes of religious scholars continued to advocate for the Palestinian cause with all its potentials and capabilities, in addition to work to resist the Israeli aggression in the war in October 1973 and stating the reasons, results, and impacts of that war. As a conclusion, the researcher comes with a number of results afterpassing through the thesis. The researcher adopted during the preparation of thesis a number of documents saved and published by official institutions and foundations, particularly the Foundation of Sheikh Mohammed Hussein Kashif Al - Gita' as well as the Library of SayyidMuhsin Al - Hakim published on a CD. Among the most prominent documentary books adopted by the researcher is the documentary book published in 1973 by the Scientific Community, entitled (religious scholars call Muslims to jihad for the sake ofAllah) which really enriches the current thesis with valuable information in a scientific and discreet manner. In addition, a number of Arabic books are adopted within the course of the thesis. Among them is the book (Ideal values of Islam) for Sheikh Mohammed Hussein Kashif Al - Gita' who lived during the time of the early stages of the Palestinian cause and wrote many works 5 The acts in which a person sacrifices himself in order to cause casualties and damages to the enemy.within this field, as well as the book entitled (The Shiite Marjiyya and the Palestinian cause) by author Mohammed Abdul - Jaleel, Book (Islam and the Palestinian Cause) by Kadhem Al - Budairy. The current thesis also benefits of other sources likethe book entitled ( Iraqi Sorrows Encyclopedia) by Hussein Lateef Al - Zubaidy, in addition to (Iraq, the Communists, Baathists, and Liberal Officers) written by Hana Patato considered a valuable source to enrich the thesis from the political side. An important and significant role wasthe role of published and unpublished theses being significant sources for information on the Palestinian cause and the stances of Hawza. Among them is the MA thesis prepared by Dr. Muqdam Abdul - Hasan Al - Fayadh entitled (Political History of Najaf 1941 - 1958), and the MA thesis prepared by Mohammed Jawad Jasim Al - Jazairy entitled (Social History of Al - Najaf Holy city 1968 - 1979). Another component of sources to be referred to is magazines and journal. Press of Baghdad had a great benefit in providing facts and information for the period of this thesis discussion. Among them is (Flagof Independence), (Voice of Liberals), as well as some significant press publications in Najaf like (Al - Gheri), (Al - Bayan), (Islamic Justice), (Evidence), (Al - Najaf Magazine).These journals and magazine enrich the thesis with valuable information on various topics, especially or concern, the Palestinian cause.As a final statement of the researcher, it is worth mentioning that this work is modest and humble. Should it be successful, it is the divine support by Allah. Thanks and blessings be upon Allah.
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عجمي السعدون ودوره في تاريخ العراق (1911 - 1918) == Ajami Saadoun And Its Role In The History Of Iraq (1911 - 1918)

Author name: نور حسن خلف العتابي
Supervisor name: خلود عبد اللطيف عبد الوهاب
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This Thesis examined the role of Ajami Saadoun between the years (1911 - 1918), one of the elders Sadoun known in the history of Iraq, which played an important role during the First World War in the lineup, along with the Ottomans against the British actress of Iraq. This Thesis included the introduction and pave three chapters and a conclusion ,eating boot About the situation in the emirate Muntafiq during the period(1892 - 1911), butfor the first quarter has Ajami Saadoun personal eating and social configuration, and the events of the grapes in his father's time, which was divided into three sections, dealing with first research personal Ajami Saadoun and up bringing, while touched second part to the events that the grapes Ajami in his father's time, and the third on Ajami conflict with the tribes during the period (1911 - 1914m), Chapter II has touched, to the conflict between Ajami Saadoun called Captain during the period (1912 - 1914m),has included three sections, the first section dealt with the causes of conflict between Ajami and student and threats Ajami of the city of Basra, eat second topic position of the Ottoman Empire from the conflict between the Ajami and students, and the third on the end of the conflict between the parties, and to ensure the third quarter position Ajami Saadoun of political events in Iraq during the period (1914 - 1918 ), a component of the three sections, the first section singled Ajami role in resisting the British occupation of Basra in the period (1914 - 1915m), while the second section has explained the British efforts to win over to its side Ajami Saadoun, with regard to the third research has focused on the continuation of Ajami to fight against the British between the years (1916 - 1918), also included the conclusion of the mission and the role of personal Ajami Saadoun in the last years of Ottoman rule, in addition to a range of important sources of search results
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