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صيانة وترميم المظاهر العمارية في العراق القديم في ضوء المعطيات التاريخية == Maintenance and Renovation of ALimariya scenes in Old Iraq in The Light of Historical Facts

Author name: احمد بشار جمعة
Supervisor name: طالب منعم حبيب الشمري
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Doctorate
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: The old Ammaria appearances one of the Cultural Heritage landmarks that are proud of and cherish it represents the mirror that reflects the historical identity of the ancient civilization rooted for thousands of years, reflected the reality of the life of society carrying various types of difficulties he faced at the beginning of his career, but he stop the towering surpassing that founding oldest civilization in history.The subject of research highlights the maintenance and restoration of the old Ammaria appearances whether religious worship for the purposes of the houses of the holy gods or civilian, represented the city and Accessories, through processing and repair the damage that has been exposed; it that one of the problems faced by the old Iraqi society both in prehistoric times and historical eras devastation and destruction, which affects the appearance Amari for many reasons, including that of simply building constructed in accordance with the limited man who soon succumbed to the forces of the extraordinary nature of the rain and winds and high temperatures thought, that's taking that man looks for solutions, using the simplest means and mechanisms that were available in the surrounding environmental, over time, became friendly accumulation of expertise as a result of repeating this process for failing once again the success in building maintenance.From that came to choose this topic because it represents a historically important crossing of the ideas upon which the man ancient Iraqi civilization in the treatment and repair the damage that affects appearance Amari, reflecting the resilience against risks they faced from natural and human, also highlights research topic Aldua the most prominent achievements rulers and kings of civilization give this aspect a great deal of their time as a result because it represents the importance of relating to one of the most important aspects of life that has to be to make it appear the best, so we find them excelled in the field of maintenance and repair of the manifestations of religious and civil Ammaria.This study has necessitated the division of the thesis into five classes according to the methodology of scientific research and scientific material available. The first chapter titled maintenance and repair in three sections deal with the first part, the term maintenance and repair in the language Sumerian and Akkadian; it focused on addressing the word maintenance, restoration and words synonymous with the Sumerian, Akkadian, cameABSTRACT 2second section under the maintenance and repair title of the language and idiomatically touched it to the meaning of maintenance and restoration in the Arabic language dictionaries live as roads to the meaning idiomatically on according to the opinion of specialists in it. He said the third section to the emergence and development of the idea of maintenance and repair since the beginning of man's stability when the discovery of agriculture and access to the historical stages. He focused the second chapter on the subject of factors and causes of maintenance and repair and came in four sections included the first section, Nature factors including respect of the climate and the environment, nature and extent affected by the construction used in the construction and material, while touched second section to the religious motives as they have a psychological impact on the thought and belief of the community old Iraqi, and the third on the subject of the total of other reasons, including (social, military and political) ie all human motives which led to harm appearances Ammaria and also be used as an incentive to the feet of the maintenance and restoration of what has been destroyed. The fourth section focused on the rituals associated with the maintenance and restoration. The third chapter talking about the maintenance and restoration of the manifestations of religious architecture devoted any he touched to study all the achievements of the rulers and kings of ancient Iraq that relate to the maintenance and restoration of houses of the holy gods in three sections, the first under the maintenance and restoration of the temple title while pointed second section to the maintenance and restoration of the ziggurat, and touched the third section to the maintenance and restoration of the shrine. The fourth chapter came under the maintenance and restoration of the manifestations of civil architecture title focusing on the study of all aspects of civil Ammaria that belong to the palace and members of the community and ordinary, divided into four sections focused first section on the study of the maintenance and repair of houses, while the second section came to dealing with the maintenance and restoration of the cities, said third section to the maintenance and restoration of palaces while ensuring the fourth section maintenance and repair of fences and gates, have been marking fifth chapter titled maintenance materials and repairs and working groups in the two sections focused first section on maintenance and repair materials, while said second section to the workers in the maintenance and restoration. The conclusion of the letter came a set of conclusions reached by the researcher as far as the scientific article contained. Followed by pictures and extension forms and a list of sources in Arabic, English and references.

فكرة الشر في العراق القديم == The Idea of Evil in Ancient Iraq

Author name: قصي جبار شناوه
Supervisor name: حسين سيد نور جلال الاعرجي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: This subject addresses the studying of evilness ideology from ancient Iraqi people point of view. As evilness had been played an important role in mankind's life, whereas accompanied him since his early existence hitherto, and it was attended with him in all his life's aspects trying to get him down, where it had been targeted his life and daily victual. So that ancient Iraqi had believed of the existence hidden powers which stand behind the hurt that he exposed while he couldn't understand it. Evilness's content might represented with the hurt that give a rise to mankind. It is stand against his happiness, so that we don't overused if we say that this phenomenon has been and it is still one of the most important ones which preoccupied the human mind in general and ancient Iraqi man in particular whence he had been founded in his hard environment fertile imagination to drawn features of such evils. Meanwhile evil was a driving force and a motivation to know about human and his development.The ideology study is a curiously matter specially when it concerns with people who had been preceded us thousands years, whereas the shortest way to reach their ideas is by studying their legends because these myths shows their impressions and views of what they were afraid of because it reflect their psychological conditions and fears inside of them. Our studying subject deals with the evil idea and how had ancient Iraqi looked to evil and its sources, it isn't our point of view, if it is so, the whole matter will be different. We have followed ancient Iraqi style to cast this subject through illustrate the evil idea, the way to face it and everything may tie up the human happiness, to caused him hurt or stand as a barrier in the course of his life, in the same time it deemed as a motivation to know the human and his progress as an essential engine to his ability to face life and prove his existence. The research contains three chapters preceded by an introduction composed of summery identification of this subject and preface identifying evil phenomena in ancient languages.First chapter composes of three sections the first one shows evil's positions among Gods, while the second section exhibits Gods evilness and their ability towards man. Meanwhile the third one has set forth human's evils.Second chapter contains of two sections. It comes under evilness's symbols, whereas first section deals with Demon's evilness and evil spirits whilst the second section subdivided into two parts, the first one talks about animals evilness and metaphysics creatures. while the second part the evilness of Dragons and monsters.The third chapter is one of the most important chapters in which, we shows the huge amount of the defense means which used by the human to protect himself of surrounded evils, in the sometime it give us an idea that the main concern in ancient Iraqi's man life was protecting himself of evilness, from this point come the chapter name which held the way of facing evilness incudes five sections, the first deals with necromancy while the second one shows the role of Gods and magic priests in facing evilness, and the third onepresents divination's role in encounter evil's powers before and after their incidence , at last we have devoted the fifth chapter which addressed as Gods and protecting spirits and its importance in facing evilness to end our research with a set of results that we have reach it.Whereas God and human have symbolized the main evil sources in the ancient Iraqi ideology and we can touch this through myths and royal texts and through laws, canons and proverbs which were the source to show evilness's idea in people point of view. The evilness ideology had been founded in divine family itself, it was the first who dealt with it through culture of revenge to seize power monopolize opinion, the creation of disputes, using illegal weapons and the attempt to destroy the universe. The ancient Iraqi had been seen his Gods as one of evil sources cause it had the tools and means which may use it to hurt human, Gods had been made evilness while human was unable toknow that form there were no ethical constants because of their wobbling behaviors which characterized by rapidly respond.Ancient Iraqi has looked at Gods Decisions as contradictory decisions form one hand they had create the man to serve them and from the other they try to destruct him without determine the evildoer, note that they had been exposed to evilness by their fathers Gods and they do the same with their sons. Iraqi ancient man had been depicted evilness through his myths and this accompanied with the way and methods that can encounter it. He had been used the same method which used by his Gods, from here the idea of worshiping demons had been created . it’s a Mesopotamian's ideology, and this what we touched by worshipping the God Nimtar or the worshipping of Bazozo the demon . through the use of amulets held the picture of demon to keep the evilness of other demon far or by presenting gifts and offerings to evil spirits to comfort them right up to regard evil spirits as Gods.Ancient Iraqi had been believed that demons and evil spirits could practice demonic possession operation by mating with human beings with sexual relationship produces offspring weather of man's mothers or fathers. This demon would not allowed any intervention in his own affairs. As addition Ancient Iraqi ideology had been assigned the idea of evil by intention and act regardless of its perpetrators. Moreover profession of conjuring had been practiced by Iraqi ancients, whereas they had had their own means and tools in necromancy and they had been masterful in this field. This operation emphases that Iraqi ancients had been interested in future knowing, and what evilness might be hidden to avoid it. As well asprobability of necromancy's failure come to confirm their believe in it cause they had been realized it is like any other activities may submit to success or failur

الازمات السياسية الداخلية في العراق القديم

Author name: سعدون عبد الهادي الامير
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Wasit
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