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سياسة الولايات المتحدة الاميريكية تجاه القضية الالمانية 1969 - 1974 في ضوء الوثائق الاميريكية == The Policy Of United States Of America Towards The German Question (1969 - 1974) (In Terms The American Documents)

Author name: عبادي احمد عبادي

Supervisor name: كاظم باقر علي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

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Abstract: The Present dissertation aims at studying the policy of United States of America towards the German Question 1969 - 1974 , and knowing the causes and the affections that made it to adopt this policy. It presents the affections of the United States policy in the political statement in Germany, especially the development of the political relations with the Federal Germany because of the American Administration disagreement to consider the Democratic Germany as an independent state. United States of America refused to establish a diplomatic relations with Democratic Germany. The present study illustrates that United States of America has diplomatic relations with the Federal Germany only. It sheds light on the policy of some other countries towards the German question,especially the Soviet Union. The American Policy towards the German question cannot be understood and followed unless the policy of the other countries should be dealt with since the policy of these countries affects, and it is affected with such a matter is resulted from the interrelation among the political and historical events in this respect. Some questions concerning the topic have been asked and the researcher tries to answer this questions.The study starts with 1969 which is the beginning of Nixon’s presidency in United States of America and Brandt as the Chancellor of Federal Germany.Their are began as a (( New Era )) in the political relationships between the East and the West that based on the cooperation instead of being so strict in order to find a score solution to the important political questions like the German question. In addition to this, they adopted such policy to decrease the tension and to support the security and peace in Europe. 1974 Comes as the end of the present study with the end of the Nixon’s and Brandt’s Presidency.The dissertation consists of an introduction , four Chapters, conclusions and appendances. The First chapter is considered as an introduction to the topic in order to know the historical origins of the American policy towards the German question throughout the historical development of this policy and it’s affections in the development of the political and the economic situations in Germany and the relationship with the Great States, especially the relationship with the Soviet Union and the Countries that have legitimacy to rule Germany as Occupation forces. It is the matter that initiates for the competition between the two forces concerning the power in territories in Europe generally and in Germany particularly, According to the competition between United States of America and the Soviet Union, The Cold War break out. The Cold War that happened caused the division of Germany into two countries and crystallized the establishment of the Federal Germany 1949. The Federal Germany has been rearmed and accepted to be a member in NATO in 1955. United States did so in order to prevent the Russian leverage in Western Europe. It can be also considered as an advanced centre to defend the American interests in this region. the Soviet Union established the Democratic Germany in 1949 Which has been rearmed and accepted as a member in Warsaw Pact in 1955. The Chapter concentrated on the American policy towards Berlin Crisis in 1958 and it’s results in constricting Berlin Wall in 1961. The Chapter dealt with all the reasons behind the failure reunifying Germany. The Chapter dealt with the causes and the variables that made United States of America re - estimating it’s policy towards the Soviet Union after Berlin Crisis. And the influence of the American policy on the policy of the Federal Germany before the presidency of Nixon. The second Chapter explains the policy of United States of America towards the German Question 1969. It explains the influence of Nixon’s presidency in the diplomatic relations towards the Soviet Union and is reflections on the German question. The researcher, In this chapter, focuses on the reasons and motivations that made Nixon adapting such a policy and implementing it towards the Soviet Union. The chapter dealt with the policy of United States towards the second Crisis of Berlin in 1969 and the initiation ofthe diplomatic interaction between Nixon and the Soviet Leaders in order to reach at a suitable solution concerning the political questions that disturb both sides. The chapter dealt with the election of the Parliament in Federal Germany.The results of election Brandt’s success to be Chancellor. Brandt declares that he will adopt the policy of Ostpolitik with the Soviet Union and the Eastern Europe in order to establish the bridge of trust and communication and to find a peaceful settlement for the German question and to end the tension and to support security in Europe. The chapter illustrated the reasons and the strategic targets that made Federal Germany adopting the policy of Ostpolitik with the East. The chapter focused on the American position towards the declaration of the policy of Ostpolitik which made United States feels anxious about it’s interests because of the policy of Federal Germany. In the same time, the chapter explains the causes that made United States supporting the Ostpolitikwith the Soviet Union and the Eastern Europe countries. The chapter dealt with the positions of the other big notions toward the Ostpolitik in order to understand the American position as a result to the influence of these positions in the German question.The Third chapter explains the policy of United States of America towards the German Question 1970 - 1971. The chapter dealt with negotiations between the Federal Germany and the Soviet Union, Poland and the Democratic Germany and The American Position towards it. However the American Position is characterized with supporting the negotiations. The chapter focused on the American position towards the “Agreement of Moscow” between the Federal Germany and the Soviet Union in the 12th of August 1970 and the “Agreement of Warsaw” between the Federal Germany and Poland in the 7th of December 1970, concerning the refreshment of the political relationships and the recognition of the border lines at that time. These two agreements are considered as turning points in the history of policy between the east and the west of Europe. Accordingly, United States re - estimated it’s diplomacy to suite the new conditions in the constriction of the political relationships with European Countries especially with its main ally, Federal Germany. This matter is embodied with the issue of a group of principles to guide the policy from the American interests in Europe and Federal Germany. The chapter dealt with the negotiations among the Four Power States in order to improve the conditions inWestern Berlin with reference to the exchange of drafts in this concern between the United States and Soviet Union and the role of Federal Germany in compromising between them. As a result, the Quadripartite Agreement on Berlin was a signed in the 3rd of September 1971 concerning Western Berlin. This agreement smoothed the way in front of establishing diplomatic relations and removing the obstructions between the Federal Germany and the Democratic Germany, so the agreement between the Federal Germany and the Democratic Germany was signed in the 17th of December 1971. The last chapter focused on the policy of United States of America towards the German Question 1971 - 1974. It emphasized on the American policy towards the relationships between the Federal Germany and the Democratic Germany and the certification on the agreement of Moscow and Warsaw respectively in the Bundstag. United States exploited the attitude of the Soviet Union in the certification of the agreements to end the military aggravation in southern - east of Asia especially stop fighting in Vietnam. The chapter dealt with the role of United States and the Soviet Union in encouraging both the Federal Germany and the Democratic Germany to finish their negotiations to reach at signing the basic agreement in the 21st of December 1972. This agreement recommends that both countries should normalized the political relationships between each other. The Four Power States issued (( the Four Power Declaration)) in 1972 which emphasized the upholding of including the Federal Germany and the Democratic Germany in United Nations. This prepared the floor to accept them as equal members in United Nations in the 18th of September 1973. This step is followed by the diplomatic representation between the two countries in the 14th of March 1974. The Federal Germany established diplomatic relationships with all countries in the East of Europe including Czechoslovak throng the signing of a agreement of Prague in the 8th of December 1973. The chapter contains the reasons behind Nixon’s and Brandt’s resignation in 1974.

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روايات اهل الكتاب للسيرة النبوية (حتى عهد البعثة) == Tales Of Book People Of Prophetical Biography Till Age Of Mission

Author name: مخلد ذياب فيصل الجبر

Supervisor name: نزار عزيز حبيب الخاقاني

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

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التنافس الاستعماري الاوربي في المغرب 1880 - 1894

Author name: نوفل كاظم مهوس

Supervisor name: فائق حاكم عيسى الغانم

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

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سياسة الاحتلال الاميركي في اليابان 1945 - 1952 == American occupation policy in Japan 1945 - 1952

Author name: كاظم هيلان محسن السهلاني

Supervisor name: فوزي خلف شويل

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

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جرائم السرقة في المجتمع العربي حتى نهاية العصر العباسي (656هـ /1258م) == Crime of theft when the Arabs to the end of the Abbasid period (656 AH /1258 A. C Study in its Religion Poltical states

Author name: ابوطالب زايد خلف الموزاني

Supervisor name: ابراهيم جدوع محسن السلمي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

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ال زرارة بن اعين : دراسة في حياتهم العامة (من منتصف القرن الاول الهجري حتى نهاية القرن الرابع الهجري) == Aal - zurara Ibn A’ ayun A study in their general life From the mid of the first A. H century till the and of the fourth A.H century

Author name: احمد عبد الكاظم لجلاج السعيدي

Supervisor name: شكري ناصر عبد الحسن المياحي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

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سياسة الولايات المتحدة الاميركية تجاه الحكم العسكري اليوناني1967 - 1974 == The Policy of the United States of America towards the Greek Military Rule 1967 - 1974

Author name: سليمة عبد الحسين محمد عبطان السامر

Supervisor name: عماد مكلف عسل البدران

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

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السياسة الاموية المضادة للامام علي (عليه السلام) : دراسة في سياسة السب

Author name: علي رحيم ابو الهيل الجابري

Supervisor name: حميد سراج جابر الاسدي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

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الملاحة النهرية واستخداماتها العسكرية في العراق في العصر العباسي حتى عام 334هـ/945م == The River Navigation and Its Military uses in Iraq at the A bbassyed Era 945 A .C / up to 334 A .H

Author name: دنيا عبد علي الشمري

Supervisor name: علـي غانم جثير

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

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وشقة في العصر الاسلامي : دراسة في احوالها السياسية والفكرية == Huesca in the Islamic Age (A Study in it's Political and thinking Situations)

Author name: منى محمد شريف احمد

Supervisor name: نزار عزيز حبيب الخاقاني

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

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Author name: رافد عبد الرضا عيلان الخفاجي

Supervisor name: حسين علي المصطفى

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

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