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المحاكم المختصـة في دعاوى الجنسيـة العراقيـة == The competent Courts in the disputes of Iraqi nationality

Author name: وجود خلف لفتة الزيرجاوي
Supervisor name: اياد مطشر صيهود
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Private International Law
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - Faculty Of Law - Department Of Private Law
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: الملخصالجنسية الرابطة القانونية والسياسية بين الفرد والدولة، تنفرد الدولة بتنظيم احكامها، ولا سلطة عليها فيما تضعه من قواعد منظمة لهذه المفردة، ولاهميتها اختلفت الدول في اعطاء مرتبة القوة لاحكامها، فبعضها جعلها من اعمال السيادة، ومنع المحاكم من نظرها، في حين ذهب الاتجاه الاخر الى عدها من اعمال الادارة العادية الخاضعة لرقابة القضاء، وهذا الاخير عندما اخضعها للقضاء، ذهب في ذلك مذاهب مختلفة، فبعضها ذهب الى منح الاختصاص للقضاء الاداري، كما في مصر، وجعل كل منازعاتها خاضعة لهذا القضاء، بيد ان بعضها الاخر ذهب الى اختصاص القضاء العادي بها، كما في فرنسا، وهناك اتجاه اخر ذهب الى ان المختص بها هو هيئات او لجان مختصة غير تابعة للقضاء الاداري ولا حتى للقضاء العادي، كما في دولة الكويت وعمان .بعد التغييرات التي حصلت بالنظام في عام 2003، وجد المشرع العراقي نفسه امام قانون جائر للجنسية العراقية، نتج عن تطبيقه حرمان المئات من العراقيين من جنسياتهم بدون سبب، وفي عام 2005 بعد صدور الدستور العراقي، كان قد تضمن احكاما تتعلق بالجنسية العراقية، لم يكن تتضمنها التشريعات السابقة، وبه صدر قانون الجنسية العراقية النافذ لسنة 2006 الذي تضمن الاحكام التي جاء بها الدستور، والتي حرص المشرع فيها على الغاء الاحكام الجائرة الموجودة في القوانين السابقة، ومن ضمن هذه الاحكام نصه على التنظيم القضائي في دعاوى الجنسية العراقية.بيد ان الاتجاه المتبع في العراق غير واضح المعالم كما في تشريعات الدول، بل جاءت النصوص المنظمة لهذا الاختصاص بمصطلحات غير دقيقة، ومعنى غير رصين، لا يبين على وجه الدقة من هي الجهة صاحبة الاختصاص، لذا ثارت الخلافات بين اتجاهات الفقه العراقي، فبعضها ذهب الى ان القضاء الاداري هو المختص، وهو ما متسالم عليه تقريبا، بكون محكمة القضاء الاداري هي من تختص بهذه المنازعات، وبعضها الاخر ذهب الى ان محاكم القضاء العادي هي المختصة بهذه المنازعات، متمثلة بمحكمة البداءة؛ كونها خليفة المحاكم الادارية التي ذكرها المشرع بالنص، هذا من جهة النظر الابتدائي، اما من جهة الطعن في الاحكام الصادرة في دعاوى الجنسية ايضا كان الخلاف سائدا في تحديد الجهة المختصة، فبعضها ذهب على انها المحكمة الاتحادية العليا، وبعضها ذهب على انها محكمة التمييز الاتحادية. | Nationality is a legal relation between the individual and the state. The State has the right and authority to regulate the provisions of nationality and there is no authority over the State to regulate the rules of nationality. For the importance of regulating the provisions of nationality, states different in giving legal force to their provisions. Some countries have considered them from the acts of sovereignty, while others have regard them as normal acts of administration which must be subject to judicial oversight. The jurists have different on the determination of the judicious objection to resolve nationality disputes. Some jurists consider the administrative jurisdiction to be the solution to those disputes as in Egypt. Other jurists consider that the ordinary judiciary is as competent as in France. There is a new trend that assigns the task of resolving disputes to competent committees. These committees are not subject to either the ordinary judiciary or the administrative judicial, as in Kuwait and Oman. The Iraqi legislature has found that the old nationality law is an impartial law that has left many unfair applications. One of those applications, where hundreds of Iraqis are preempted from retaining their nationality for no apparent reason. In 2005, the new Iraqi constitution includes new provisions relating to the regulation of nationality, and accordingly to the Constitution, the Iraqi Nationality Law was issued in force in 2006. The new Iraqi nationality law contains provisions approving the articles of the constitution, in which the legislature is keen to repeal the old unfair verdicts found in previous laws. One of the most important provisions that the legislature referred to is the judicial organization of disputes in cases of nationality. The legal trend applied in Iraq is not clear other than the legislation of other countries. The provisions governing the jurisprudence of sexual disputes are inaccurate and imprecise. Correspondingly, there has been a doctrinal dispute in Iraq. Some jurists consider that the administrative jurisdiction is the judicial competent to resolve disputes, and the Administrative Court is the body authorized to resolve the disputes of nationality. Some of the jurists consider that the court of first instance is the competent court. As for the challenge of judicial decisions relating to the disputes of nationality, there was also a jurisprudential dispute about who is the competent court to receive appearances. Some jurists define the Federal Supreme Court, others choose the Federal Court of Cassation

اثر القانون الشخصي على قواعد تنازع الاحوال الشخصية == The impact of personal law on the conflict of the personal status rules

Author name: نسرين حسن كوني
Supervisor name: اياد مطشر صيهود
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Private International Law
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - Faculty Of Law - Department Of Private Law
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Verily the particular relations amid individuals which are really admixed with foreign element, do need to a conflict rulein self concerning to identifythe required practicable law. It is also including the personal civil affairs which has been selected the personal law to be the required practicable law in it, due to its nature which is definitelycharacterized with stability.That law which has no longer been available after the change which has been carried out by Iraqi nationality law No 26 in 2006 which do ensure the individual right to change nationality. Thus it really imposes on in waytoreorganize the rules concerningthe personal status written down in Iraqi civil law No 40 in 1951 to be in harmony with what are prevailing now.According to that, we herby suggest presenting alternatives and bases dependable for the sake of coping with development and to make conflictrules which are entirely featured with reality and logics.In the past and still therules of conflict of personal statusconcerning marriage located with greatargument in jurisprudence whether between supporter and opponent for two reasons; First of all,that concerned of preferring the husband nationality law to wife's. Secondlyto hold on of the personal nationality law at the time of entering into marriage. Therefore,jurisprudence has suggested presenting alternative laws asfor, will law, and judge law,which a conflict ensued before him.In the same way for theadvantage which is granted by the national law maker to his law whether for the sake forindividuals oreconomy. That may which form a breach to conflict riles which are relied uponpreferring likely best law.Therefore, this is really considered unstable, as for various motives and pretexts behind its confirmation and not be violation in some cases of practicing such as in inheritance which obliged to shift the money of foreigner dead which are existed in a country to the same country incase of no inheritor for him due state is more rightful to any other country, as long as it does not form violation to stableinheritance rules