البحث — المستودع الرقمي العراقي

المستخلص: This work presents an experimental study of the drag - reduction performance of two water - soluble polymers, Polyacrylamide(PAAM) as flexible, linear synthetic polymer and Xanthan Gum(XG) as a rigid polysaccharide from natural resources. The flow loop used consisted of 0.5 O.D. inch straight pipe with a test section of 3 m length. A 0.5 inch O.D. vertical tubing with elbows was also included to compare the drag - reduction behavior between both tubing configurations. Various concentrations of polymeric additive and water flow rates were tested. The results show that the drag - reduction in vertical piping are significantly lower than in straight type for both polymer type. The dragreduction efficiency of Xanthan Gum agent is much lower than polyacrylamide. Higher concentrations of XG about 150 ppm is required to get exactable drag - reduction performance about 12.84% in the straight pipe. While about 40.3% drag - reduction was achieved with about 50 ppm Polyacrylamide with the same conditions. Moreover, the drag - reduction efficiency of XG can be improved by mixing with Polyacrylamide agent at a given conditions.Part of the experimental work was devoted to study the performance of Polyacrylamide as drag - reducing agent with the existence of small amounts of sodium chloride acts as an inhibitor to the ability of the additive, resulting in lower drag - reduction probably due to collapse of PAAM at more compact structure with the addition of sodium chloride as strong ionic salt.Polyacrylamide and Xanthan Gum additive undergo undesirable mechanical degradation with increasing of circulation time, leading to lower drag - reduction performance. The molecular degradation is likely to occur at low additive concentrations and low turbulence flow, in vertical piping, since the polymeric additives are exposed to shear stresses.Further attempt was done in present investigation to find correlations for accurately predicting drag - reduction characteristics of drag - reducing agents, used in published works. A published time scale hypothesis for prediction of drag - reduction values, the friction factor data as a function of the polymer concentration, shear stress, Reynolds number, pipe diameter. The experimental friction factor results were taken from a published work for gas oil with polyisobutylenes. Good agreement between measured and predicted friction factor. Further attempt was made to correlate the mechanical degradation ability by modifying the Kouraush, Williams and Watt (KWW) equation. The experimental data were taken from a published work for Polyethylene Oxide. The modified equation was found to fit experimental data better than the original KWW equation.

معالجة الماء الحاوي على النفط في حقول نفط العراق الجنوبية Oily Water Treatments For Southern Iraqi Oil Fields

اسم المؤلف: عقيل شيخة عرفات

اسم المشرف: خالد مخلف موسى

الموضوع العام: الهندسة الكيمياوية

السنة: 2014

الموضوع الدقيق: الهندسة الكيمياوية

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة النهرين - كلية الهندسة - قسم الهندسة الكيمياوية

اللغة: الانكليزية

النص الكامل من المصدر: https://nahrainuniv.edu.iq/sites/default/files/Combined_320.pdf

مكان الجامعة: بغداد

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: عمليات الحفر تنتج كميات كبيرة من الماء الملوث يعرف بالماء المنتج او الماء المنتج من البئر. مختبريا تم التحقق باستخدام Autoclave بحجم لتر واحد مصنوع من مادة الصلب stainless steel لمعالجة الماء المنتج من حقول الرميلة الشمالية والزبير الخطوة الاولى استخدمت م | The oil drilling operations create large quantities of contaminated water known as “Produced Water” (PW), or water that is produced from the well. An experimental investigation was conducted using 1litter stainless steel autoclave to treat the oily water produced from North Rumaila and Zubair oil fields. The first approach was a pretreatment to remove solid particles using sedimentation with and without flocculation. The second approach included studied the effect of pH, pressure, temperature, salinity, operation time, outlet time and RPM. The third approach was investigate the effect of the surfactants (detergents and alcohol) to reduce surface tension, finally, was addition of some sorbents like polypropylene, polyethylene, used plastic and sawdust.The ranges of salinity, pH, pressure and temperature were selected according to the PW conditions which out from dehydrator and desalter (80000 ppm, 6, 3bar and 60°C respectively), the RPM of mixer was selected to satisfy laminar flow, while the time of operation and outlet product represented the minimum residence time in batch reactor and its discharge to choose the minimum design cost. The results showed that the best conditions were : - Pressure =1 bar, temperature =45°C, mixer speed =300 RPM, treating time =15 min and skim time starting =5 minutes. Best additives to reduce surface tension : ethanol volume = 0.05vol %, powder detergent = 400 mg/litter and liquid detergent volume = 0.03vol%. Best sorbents : Sawdust amount addition = 2.5 gm, polypropylene = 4 gm, polyethylene = 3 gm and used plastic = 2.5 gm The results showed that using polymers made a great change in the oil recovery percent (all the oil was recovered).

تقيم كفاءة مزيج مثبط التاكل لمحاكاة مياه التبريد باستخدام القطب الاسطواني الدوار Evaluation of Corrosion Inhibitors Blend Efficiency For Simulated Cooling Waters Using Rotating Cylinder Electrode

اسم المؤلف: عبير عبد الخالق القصب

اسم المشرف: قاسم جبار سليمان

الموضوع العام: الهندسة الكيمياوية

السنة: 2014

الموضوع الدقيق: الهندسة الكيمياوية

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة النهرين - كلية الهندسة - قسم الهندسة الكيمياوية

اللغة: الانكليزية

مكان الجامعة: بغداد

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: تم بحث كفائة مثبط التاكل لمزيج من نتريت الصوديوم / سداسي فوسفات الصوديوم على تاكل الفولاذ الكربوني في محاكاة انظمة مياه التبريد من خلال فقدان الوزن وتقنية الاستقطاب الكهروكيميائية. شملت الدراسة تاثير درجة الحرارة30، 45، 60 ?م، سرعة الدوران 200، 600، 1000 | The corrosion inhibition action of a blend of sodium nitrite/sodium hexametaphosphate (SN+SHMP) on corrosion of carbon steel in simulated cooling water systems (CWS) has been investigated by weight loss and electrochemical polarization technique. The effects of temperature 30, 45, and 60 oC, rotational velocity 200, 600, and 1000 rpm, and salts concentrations (0.005 N, 0.01 N, 0.03 N, 0.05 N) NaCl + 0.0736 N Na2SO4 on corrosion of carbon steel were studied in the absence and presence of mixed inhibiting blend (SN+SHMP). Also, the effects of inhibitors blend concentrations of 600 ppm, and 800 ppm (SN+SHMP), at temperatures of 30, and 60 oC, and rotational velocity of 200 and 1000 rpm, on corrosion rate of carbon steel were studied using Second - order Rotatable Design (Box - Wilson Design) to identify the significant effects and interaction in performing weight loss studies and corrosion potential approach. Electrochemical polarization measurements were used to study the behavior of carbon steel in different salt concentrations of (CWS) with pH of 7.5 in absence and presence of the inhibiting blend. The results showed that increasing the temperature, rotational velocity, and NaCl salts concentration leads to an increase in the corrosion rate for both uninhibited and inhibited solutions. The regression model (Box - Wilson Design) that has been developed using experimental data was used to verify that the interaction term of temperature with inhibitors blend and the square term of inhibitors blend are significant for corrosion rate in 0.05 N NaCl solution while the main variables are not pronounced. Also, it is found that the corrosion rate decreases with increases in inhibitor blend concentration up to 800 ppm in 0.05 N NaCl solution. Inhibitor blend concentration of 600 ppm is highly effective giving a high efficiency in 0.005, 0.01 and 0.03 N NaCl solutions of 98.5%, 97.7%, and 96% respectively. Electrochemical polarization studies show that increasing the inhibitors blend concentration (SN+SHMP) shifts the corrosion potential to more noble value (more positive), indicating the anodic nature of the inhibiting blend used.

اداء الحماية الكاثودية لخطوط الانابيب Performance of Cathodic Protection For Pipe Lines

اسم المؤلف: انس ثائر علي

اسم المشرف: نصير عبود عيسى الحبوبي

الموضوع العام: الهندسة الكيمياوية

السنة: 2014

الموضوع الدقيق: الهندسة الكيمياوية

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة النهرين - كلية الهندسة - قسم الهندسة الكيمياوية

اللغة: الانكليزية

النص الكامل من المصدر: https://nahrainuniv.edu.iq/sites/default/files/ANAS%20THESIS%20.pdf

مكان الجامعة: بغداد

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: ان تاكل الهياكل المعدنية المدفونة في التربة والتي على اتصال مع التربة لفترة طويلة تعتبر مشكلة هندسية واقتصادية كبيرة.في جميع انحاء العالم هنالك الكثير من انابيب النفط والغاز والماء وكابلات الاتصالات وكذلك صهاريج التخزين والمباني والاسسات والعديد من الهيا | The corrosion of metallic structures buried in soils or in contact with soils has long been a serious engineering and economic problem. All over the world millions of kilometers of gas, water, oil pipelines, communication cables, power cables as well as storage tanks, buildings foundations, and many other structures are buried in the soil, suffering from soil corrosion problems which affect mainly the external surfaces of these structures. In many countries pipelines are by far the most important means of hydrocarbon transportation. This applies to the transport of crude, finished products and natural gas.It is an international problem with more structures and materials buried in the soil. The truly international scope of interest of this subject can be seen by the amount of literature and researches in this field. Attempts have been made to overcome this problem by the use of various types of techniques. The most common and applicable technique is cathodic protection.In this research a carbon steel pipe of length 100 cm buried in a wooden box submerged by soil and impressed current cathodic protection system (ICCP).was applied using power supply and electrical closed circuit, several important factors affecting the pipe protection from corrosion has been studied, like Anode position (distance and depth), soil resistivity (wet and dry), condition the pipe (coated and un - coated), distribution of potential and currents along the pipe(cathode) and the amount of current required to achieve cathodic protection.A correlation was achieved to simulate the ranges of parameters and factors affecting Impressed Current Cathodic Protection. Regression of this model to data and results yielded parameter values vary depending on the effect of the same factor.