البحث — المستودع الرقمي العراقي

المستخلص: Morocco and Spain are tied with good relations throughout history; each renders itself an entrance to the continent it belongs to. However, the Morocco - Spain relations were tensed since there are some of sensitive differences of long history not yet overcome throughout extinct times. To comprehend the nature of the Morocco - Spain relations and the reasons behind their tightness, and their present and future, though there are some remaining issues that represent obstacles against developing relations between them, we ought to go through the history of these relations so we can imagine the reasons behind this historical tightness. Since the conquer of the Anduls by the Muslims in 711 A.C., a new era began lived by both the Muslims and Spanish people. They conveyed through the eight centuries the Islamic Arabic civilization to Europe; Anduls was the link between Europe and the Arabs. In 1492 A.C. Spanish could dismiss the Arabs from Spain and eliminate the last dynasty in Anduls (Granada Dynast). Spain established inspection courts that committed massacres agianst the Arabs and diminished thousands of them. At the same time the American continent was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492 A.C. enabling Spain to possess a large empire with colonies in the two American continents, Africa and Asia. However, Spain started to loss its colonies since the beginning of the nineteenth century after it was defeated by United States, France and Britain. At the onset of the twentieth century Spain began to exert pressure on the north and south of Morocco starting with two towns Ceuta and Melilla which are occupied by it since the fifteenth century. This was the situation till the division of Morocco between Spain and France and make it under the mandate in 1912 over lands that are under the influence of Spain and France. Then armed resistance launched in Morocco agianst Spain and France and in 1936 General Franco set from the north of Morocco to wage a revolution agianst Spain resulting in civil war. Morocco soldiers fought in this revolution under the leadership of Franco, which ended in 1939, and he gained the upper hand who supported royal system in Spain. In 1956, Morocco gained independence from France and Spain, however; Spain remained keeping its dominance over many regions in Morocco which started to follow a calm diplomatic policy with Spain to restore its occupied lands. This policy coincided with establishing the state, democracy, parties’ multiplicity, and constitutional royal and developing the economy of the state which suffers from inactivity and independence on foreign capitals. It could in 1958 to restore Turfaya region on the Atlantic coast, then Afni region in 1969. Then Spain handed over Western Sahara to Morocco in 1975 after long political and diplomatic differences. Spain still keeps Ceuta and Melilla and some adjacent islands on the Mediterranean coast till present time. This is a cause of tension between the two countries besides the Spanish stand towards the issue of sovereignty over Western Sahara. Spain supports the Polysyrian front, which claims the separation of this region from Morocco. In addition, sea fishing in Morocco continental waters by the Spanish fishing fleet is a controversial matter between the two countries besides illegal immigration from the Morocco coasts to Spain; emigrants for Spain are a source of danger to its community and security. These cases and issues form main axes in Morocco - Spain relations, therefore investigation in these issues will enable us to reach the future of the relations between them through predicting the future of these issues especially Morocco and Spain are two neighboring countries situated in an important geographical location. They control over Gibraltar Strait and both form the entrance gate to Europe and Africa continents. Moreover, both countries have varied trends; Morocco is an Islamic - Arabic - African state that has strategic relations with the west. Spain is a European - western country and a member in European Union and the NATO. Are Morocco and Spain going to overcome the causes of tension that stained the relations between them and starting to establish developed, strategic and economic relations in the future? Or are these causes will lead to tensed relations between the two countries in the future.