Author name:
فرحان محمد حمزة
Supervisor name:
بثينة منصور الحلو
Abstract:
شغل موضوع العنف اهتمام رجال الدين والسياسة وعلماء الحياة (البيولوجيا) وعلماء النفس والاجتماع والقانون , فالعنف ظاهرة مركبة لها جوانبها السياسية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية والثقافية والنفسية. وهو ظاهرة شمولية عرفتها كل المجتمعات البشرية بدرجات متفاوتة , وبص | Violence has preoccupied theologists , politicians , biologists , Psychologists , Sociologists, and man of law because it is a compound phenomenon which has its political , economic and social, cultural and psychological aspects, Besides, it is a phenomenon known by human societies with different degrees and types and for various and interrelated reasons. It differs according to the variation of societies, cultures and historical stages. It seems that human violence has increased by time, a matter which has given rise to a new science which is called (the science of Violence). A great amount of human history is a record of enmity and conflict among groups because for them it is the easiest method to reach their goals and advantages. Most thinkers and historians agree that human history is a history of violence and its methods were used all over the world along ages. A actually , the fact that violence is timeless, that is inherited by generations along centuries is confirmed. Collective violence represents an important aspect of violence in its social meaning , and arousing such a subject (Collective Violence) is no more than explaining the kind of the relationship between a man a group. The author notices that collective violence appeared due to the assembling of individuals in a society and the means of production.In the Iraqi society , however , collective violence, especially in the universities is a complicated phenomenon which is the result of the reaction and interrelations among a number of factors and variables which show the social crisis in Iraq. In fact it is the result of the abnormal circumstances of the country. Henceforth we can say that what the enemies of Iraq planned was creating a kind of chaos. It is shown that the groups act more violently in comparison with the individuals and perhaps this could be caused by the fact that the members group enhance one another because they behave covalently. One of the factors which arouses collective violence is Prejudice among the individuals, In this way violence becomes an essential factor and not absolute in making such prejudicious situations and if there had been no ability for violence, people's situations. Would have been less strict and more tender, and probably without prejudice. Besides, prejudice instigates man to act violently. So, prejudice is sometimes the result of violence and other times the cause of it. As violence coincided humanity from its beginning humanity knew negative trends and prejudice among individuals , groups and nations, a matter which formed uninterrupted series of clash, misery and misunderstanding among human beings, especially when prejudice becomes a trend in society with its own being , culture and symbol ,a matter vows enormous dangers in the all aspects of life. Other effective factors in the collective violence besides prejudice are situation pressures which lead to behaving against the standers the individuals have that is not to hurt others. These pressures are social facilitation. Because the Iraqi current environment witnesses a racial and religious attraction and noticeable violence with the existence of facilities from various social categories , it is worth studying as the author sees from his personal witnesses and relations with others and what her hears from them. Thus, we can say that this research gains its importance from the three variables it previously dealt with and how they react with each other (collective violence , prejudice and social facilitation) and play an important role in the individual's personality and in the most effective category in the track of events and their development. This category is the university students who are the pillar of future in a critical and historical stage which our society passes by : wars, political , social and economical crisis. The research aims at studying : - 1 - The relationship between collective violence , prejudice and social facilitation. 2 - The contribution of the independent variables (prejudice and social facilitation) to the total contrast of the following variable (collective violence). The research was restricted to the students of Baghdad and AL - Mustansaria universities for all sexes in the four stages of the morning class. To achieve the aims of his study , the researcher built up three measurements to measure up the collective violence , prejudice , and social facilitation - the sample of the construction consisted of 400 students - and after taking out discriminative of its items, Validity (Face Validity) and Reliability (by Retesting and Alpha Cronbach formula), the researcher applied it on a sample of (300) university students choose randomly from eight colleges in Baghdad and AL - Mustansaria universities. Having collected the data and treated them statistically by using t - test for one sample and t - test for tow Independent Sample and pearson correlation coefficient , Alpha Cronbach formula, Multiple Correlation, std - Error, and Multiple Regression Analysis. The research came up with : 1 - there is a positive relationship among the three variables of the research. 2 - the independent variable (prejudice) contributes to the following variable (collective violence) , while the other independent variable (social facilitation) does not contribute to the following variable (collective violence). The author came up with minor results : - the university students have collective violence. - the university students have prejudice. - the university students have social facilitation - there is a difference between male and female in the collective violence for the male. - there is a difference between male and female in prejudice for the male. - there is a difference between male and female in the social facilitation for the female. - there is a positive relationship between collective violence and prejudice. - there is a weak relationship between collective violence and social facilitation. - there is a weak relationship between prejudice and social facilitation.According to these results the author made many suggestions and instructions
