اسم المؤلف:
بشير احمد جعفر
اسم المشرف:
كامل عبد الحسين خضير النداوي
المستخلص:
The art is considered one of episodes that produce fresh perspective , Opening a new fields to wards.renew in all life scopes so The modernity does not be the result of a certain moment , but it refers to the many historical stages that are contributed and formed it.The modernity is a new intellectual movement in art in general and in European graphic art in particular. It mainly depends on trying to replace the intellectual reference that govern the human behaviour in life.And according to this fact , the modernity is an active partnership in the intellectual transformation grand witnessed by the humanity.The modernity does not call only for the evaluation of thought and renewal the literature but also to develop the art and out of old to the new style , language and thought without losing its cultural roots, and also its original features which are stemming from human civilization. As ( Audinos ) mentioned that every modern does not mention about a new view of life , man and science through art aesthetic and not be valuable.It is worth mention that Europe has been witnessed modernity in its large meaning which rapidly spread and impact on arts all over the world, among an important things that European modernism confirmed on especially in art : is great tendency toward abstraction or alienation depending on the currents brought by modernity , which made the shape rejects any static image through diversity in technology and style , so this figure appeared clearly in the art , particularly in the graphic artThese changes have led to revision the nature of the vision to art in general and graphic in particular. On art level , these changes represent by new European movements , the researcher has found the importance of knowing the modernism features in European graphic art. The research has focused on ( The features of modernity in European graphic art ). The research has contained four chapters , the first chapter is to show the researches problem which summarized in (What are the features of modernity in European graphic are) and its importance its needs and its aim which sets in (Definition of modernity attributes in the European graphic Art) during (1895 - 1978)and spatial in (Europe) , As objectivity identified by graphic works according to its techniques , and determine the terms contained therein. Chapter two has contained three studies ; the first one concentrated on the concept of modernity in art , the second one contained the grew up of the graphic art and its development through ages while the last one is about paths and directions of European modern graphic. Chapter three has devoted for the research procedures which contained identify the research community and choose the sample which is nearly (18) aprinted work , then the search tool and to analysis the sample.The Chapter four has contained the results , conclusions , proposals andrecommendations. Among the most important results finding by the researcherare : 1. Modernity led the movement changes in the nature of visibility to art ingeneral and graphic art in particular.2. modernity has combined between passion and scientific analysis in shape , colour and movement , and this method has formed the basis for many movements (Graphic art) in Europe.3. Modernity for the impressionists considers as a renewed movement which contributed in great change which accompanied the artist , of this school by their using the technology of ( wood engraving in colour , Lithograph in colour) as in examples (1 , 2 ,4).4. The modernity feature has confirmed for the impressionists by using symbols taken from lived environment which implemented in a style with simple lines as in example (1).5. For the expressionist artists , the modernity has confirmed that they have two levels within two ways : the first , is to determine the shapes by his strict limits of linear up to the point summary which makes the real foundation of forms away from realize , while the second is to look for about the details of the shape within geographical (modeling) strict for colour by using mechanism experimentation chromatography as in examples (3 , 18).6. Modernity for the expressionist artists , shown in colour by using the main colours ( black , red , green , yellow , and violet) with some changes in , with modern technologies (drypoint with aquatint in colour , woodcut in colour) as in examples (3, 18).7. Modernity for the brutality school , affirmed on unusual colour and vision as in examples (11).8. The brutal artist collected a total of technologies in their modern works , and within it ,modernist form has been activated and in modern view unlike the previous forms. And among these important technologies are (sugar lift Aquatint) as in example (11).9. Modernity to the Cubism school is characterized by analysis and forming shape. by returning shapes to the mind concept and meditation for cubists as in examples (9 , 14).10. Modernity to the cubists characterized by using of new technology ( linocut printed in five colours , etching) by these techniques , the features experimentation showed to the cubists as in examples (9 , 14).11. Modernity to the futurists arts is considered as renewed movement which contributed in great change which accompanied the artist of this school by introducing the concept of dynamic cosmic and used it in graphic art fieldas in example (5 ,10).12. Technologies for the futurists arts formed a modern touches through the expression and formal method of treatment manipulates light and shadow within the printed work. It was obvious in techniques of ( Etching ), (Linocut in colour) as in example (5,10).13. Modernity has appeared at abstractionists artists within the geometric abstraction which is the most reductionist level structure of formal and modern colour as in example (8 , 12).14. Abstractionists artists has taken a new formulation of the printed form by using modern technologies different from the previous techniques groups ,which enhanced the shape with modernism , and among the most important of these techniques are ( lithograph in colour , woodcut , Lithograph ) as in examples (6, 8,12).15. Modernity found at aldadanyeen and the surrealists , which comes from the illogic (neglect logic) and we can see through that they set out the visibility in their thoughts and emancipation outside the limits of laws to create forms (abstract forms which have mysterious nature) which consists of the absurd within abstraction as in examples (13 ,17).16. The Modernity has embodiment for alddadanyeen and the surrealists by defining the concepts of dream and realism in a new frame from the reality within dream which means expression of activities over realism in disordered forms or incoherence , one of the most important technologies that have emerged features of modernity they have are : (etching , lithograph , etching with Aquatint ,Aquatint with etching in colour ) as in examples (13, 15 , 16,17).The conclusions reached by the researcher Among the most prominent. : 1. Human dimension appeared in most of the fields of European art especially in graphic art.2. The new printed work considers as text which shows aesthetic relationships through the ordering of structural elements of the graphic art.3. The European artist graphic enabled to find spaces to show the expressive dimension in their works.4. The European artists graphic interested in experimentation which led to show a new technologies in his works.5. The printed work appeared diverse in forms features through diversity in arts fields for the European graphics.The search is over by recommendations and proposals with a list of references and sources and with abstract with English language.
