Author name:
محمود بدر علي
Supervisor name:
عبد الاله رزوقي احمد كربل
Abstract:
TOlllllto i• a crop whoae origin ldd ia the 110untaine of Alldez1 it •• tr11J1.9ferred to the Old \ilorld "DJ' Spanish explorers. '?be crop ha• • high nutritive value 'because it has Vitainin(c) and coDSiderable amount• of minerals, protein and carbohydratea. It lute also an economic val11• aince it ia the raw aterial. for a llUllber of induetries such aa to•tfopaate alld tomato juice. The effect of the geographical factors on tb9 difference in llaerah is the subject of thia study. Chapter One ehowa that there ia a big developaent in the plantatl!on of this crop, especially after 17 - : 50 July Revolution. Demands for tld• crop M.ve increaNd markedl7 ae a result of the high rate of conllUllPUoa due to an incr... se in population rates, and the rise in the et•~ of living. It also ahov• that the high revenues accured, the developaeat of transportation sector and colllllUDication, along vi.th the faciliti•• and aide rendered bY the gover1111ent to develop agriculture have contri ted a great deal to the development of tomato cultivation. Th.refoN, ellltivation of the crop increased : from 116,7 : 50 donum in 1969 to 190.p : !I · in 1985. The study, •oreover, shows that the areas pl.e.11ted in aumaer eMI• are far gr... ter than those of winter. In addition, a difference ie l'ecogDiHd. in the aru planted with tomatoe among the governoratee in Ir : Be.srah governorate coaee firet in ternlll of the size of the arees, the quantity produced during the d,..,. : .t {f. ~.i. ' i~'i '~, - Y• while it is still ~rciilc behind in the other eouterl : m ,gOverap~tee a~; some of those in the - 1 •· In the late seventies, to.;t;,o c~;~ : li~}ti~.Ji~neeaed a big increase ill Chapter Two showa that natural factors (land aurface, climate, water reaource, eoil) have their clear impact on the geographical diatributioa of t - to in Baerah. For land surface, it ia noticed that we caa al.most divide it into t"9 equal parta : the eastern which ia a plan area characterised with it• al.ow elope, natneaa except the river levee• and the mrt.U adjacent to th•. It i• thia very area which i• relied on for agricul.tllre And the Weatarn part baa becoae the aoat aui table area for t - t• cul ti#atioa dae te certain charactariatica.Aa to the cli•te, it baa been clear that it ia suitable for the prod11otion of ~to •• winter crop. Aa to beet, it ia alao auitable, even in its highest and loweat degree•, for the crop to grow during the vario11a etas••• In aoat extreme caaes, producers can le1111en the effectll by protecti11g the crop with the uae of the available meana. Rain, however, baa not that high significant to the agricultural activitiee due to the fact of its littleness aJ : ld fluctuation. Tbua, cultivation becoaea dependent upon the irrigation potentials available in the area of at'Udy - wiJlde - blowing on the area is ao11tl7 north - west; it ha• negative infl11ence11 on t - to duri11g winter aince it decreases tea,111t1 : '&4 ture in winter and al90 cauaea water los11e11 in sumer because it is bot;In addition, it bas its influencea on water levela in Shatt - Al - Arab and thia will conaequently ha•• ita influences on agriculture in the are moat iaportant reacurcea of irrigation in the eastern part is the ri•era, •inl7, the Tigris and Euphrates and Shatt - Al - Arab. Levelsof watera ha•e strong relationa with the cultivation of crop. It is noticed that thi• part is now suffering from low levels of - tera as underground.,.ter baa no 11ignificaw : e to the agricultural activities due to ealination rates that are high. Certainl;y, it i• found thatsubterranean water ha11 become the eole aource that tomato plaJltation depllJlda upon, in the western part of the governorate. Soil, it is found, is of alluvial origin, newl : r foraed and prevale11t through the eastern part of the area of this stud : J. Moat of the soils of this part 11\lffer fro• high salination rates and bad draiaage, and high leYel of aubterr&11ea11 water except lillited areas repr...aented by riTer levees llJld some areas adjacent to thell. Man has teaded in the 11&rsh area11 to collect soil as e•bankaent making use of the hilgh leYels of waters in welling up the ealts of the soil, and therefore,. the IJUCcesa of to•to cultintion. Sand;y soil conatitute.e the weatena part of the governorate characteriMd by rough texture and le•• aali•tion rate• and the decreaae or the rate.e or organic.. teri•la. Chapter Three •hows that manpower (workers, irrigation proceaae..peasant• Aaeociations) has a great role in the development of the tOllllto agriculture in the governorate since manpower is one of the basic fac.. tors for the success and the deTelopment or to.. to plantation, despiteor llOdern mechanization in some agricultural proceseea. Manpower is divided into hired and native; the first is emplo;yed in Zubllir - Safwan and mo.et of it co•es fro• Egypt and Sudan while the native are mostl7 ef family members in addition to part - timers to work out some agricultlU'tl activities in the areas of 11&rabe11. The 11tud1 has ehown that there are chazlges in irrigation CQllP8recl to that in the fifties. While cultivated ar.. s used to be irrigated 'r free now of water in the fifties, this wa7 ia no longer used, and itis replaced by pu11p11. The ways adopted in irrigation are MDY' there ia the open C8Dllllls uaed in Zubair - Safwan, and Shatt - Al - Arab levees, the •bluikments in the iaarshes, the bllllins method in Talha, aQd fina.lly ao•e Jl].aatation areaa have adopted a very developed method in Zube.ir - Safwn. Co - operative Farmers Association have played a prominent role in the development of T011ato plantation through the services rendered to - bera. Theae services take the forms of loans, machines and agricultur.i aupplies. Alao Agricultural offices in the area pl~s an equal active role through guidance given in application of modern techniquea. Chapter Four shows that the cultivation of To111ato is concentratedin aoae llU'eas and thus the area of the study is divided into three producing regio111t on the basis of the concentration rates of to.. to in it. It also revealed that theae regione vary according to the historical background of the area in question and the significance of the crop in it in proportion to other crops planted in every regions and ao.. of the - e;ricultlll'el activities required. Chapter J'ive deals with marketing since it is one of the basic factors that help develope the plantation in the research a.t'ea. Marketing haa witnessed during the latest 1e&rs a major development as a • re81.ll t of the developaient of factors related. These include the high d - . for thia crop, advances in transport and co111111Unication. The Mrketing of the crop now is rUJl buy the private sector, it is : ahown that Baghdad governorate gets the largest eh&.re of tomato lllllrketed ' tro11 B&srah governorate. It is fOUlld out that lllBrketing auffers 0011 from so many probl - auch as non - availability of ellOungh trailers to transport outside the governorate, the low prices of crop mainly
