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قياس وتحليل الخسائر لموجات الموجع ذوات الفتحة المصنعة من سليكون على عازل == Measurements and Analysis of The Losses for Fabricated SOI Slot Waveguides

Author name: ميثم نعيم صالح
Supervisor name: مازن مانوئيل الياس
General topic: Laser Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: An interesting silicon photonics component is the slot waveguide. The discontinuity of the normal component of the displacement vector can be used to affect guiding of the majority of the electric field energy in a narrow low index gap when the field is polarized parallel to the silicon surface, that is, perpendicular to the silicon confining walls. By infiltrating nonlinear material into such a gap, one can simultaneously confine electric and optical fields achieving a high efficient optical modulation or switching that is becoming more desirable on optical communication. An array of 200 Silicon - on - Insulator (SOI) slot waveguide devices of varying slot widths, ribs widths, taper lengths and slot lengths are fabricated in each cell of a wafer fabricated at a commercial foundry. The cells are cleaved into individual chips after fabrication. Some chips are coated with thin films of polymers that fully infiltrated the slots. Measurements that consisted on spectral loss are made on the grating coupler waveguide devices of both coated and uncoated chips. Individual devices exhibited insertion losses varying from several dB up to values so great that the response is below the noise floor of the optical spectrum analyzer employed as a receiver. The chips that failed in the transmission test are primarily uncoated ones. Nominally identical devices on different chips exhibited nominally identical behavior. A commercial software program is used to simulate each of the structures that is included in the 200 devices test. The simulations are seen to show a degree of qualitative agreement with the experimental results. Comparison of the experimental measurements and the simulation results indicates that the loss inherent in a slot waveguide is quite low. Near loss free couplers from ridges to slots are achievable in case of coated devices, whereas the situation is different in case of uncoateddevices where a lot of energy is dissipated through the substrate. Use of a surface roughness model indicates that the excess loss that slots exhibit with respect to a ridge mode counterpart arise almost solely from surface scattering off the surface roughness. The increased loss in the case of the slot guide arises from the higher electromagnetic energy density at the surface of the guide due to the electric field discontinuity that is employed as a guidance mechanism in slot modes in contradistinction to ridge modes that are index - guided. Conclusions include some speculation as to the limits on the loss that can be achieved by variation the design of slot guides without any improvement in surface roughness over what is now available with fabrication in commercial foundries.

محزز الليف البصري نوع براغ لتحسس الحرارة والضغط == FIBER BRAGG GRATING FOR TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE SENSING

Author name: فهد محمد عبد الحسين
Supervisor name: تحرير صفاء منصور
General topic: Laser Science
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Nowadays, the modern trends in optical sensing are to build simultaneous measurements sensors. In this work two schemes for simultaneous measurements sensors are presented. The first one is with dual FBGs peaks. Every FBG acts as sensing head. The first peak was used for temperature sensing and the obtained sensitivity is 10 pm/˚C and the second peak was used for temperature and pressure measurements with sensitivities 9.2 pm/˚C and 67 pm/ bar for temperature and pressure respectively.The other scheme consists of two sensing heads fabricated in the lab. The first sensing head is the Fabry - Perot interferometer which was used for load and strain measurements by controlling the size of its cavity reached to minimum value in micro scale (30). The sensitivity was increased to 4.07 nm/ N and 5.11 pm/ μɛ for load and strain respectively. This sensitivity for load is the highest that was recorded by micro cavity where previous works were reached to 1.37 nm/N. The second sensing head made by inscribing Bragg gratings inside the core of All Solid Photonic Band - Gap fiber toenhance its sensitivity that reached to 13.7 pm/˚C and 0.7 pm/μɛ for temperature and strain respectively which is more sensitive than previous works of our group in the institute that reached to 10 pm/˚C and 0.66 pm/μɛ for temperature and strain respectively. The obtained temperature sensitivity for the Bragg gratings is higher than previous work for Bragg gratings inscribed on All Solid Photonic Band - Gap Fiber where it was 12.04 pm/˚C.Strain sensitivities were almost the same.

التحقق عمليا من بروتوكول البينغ بونغ

Author name: علاء جبار جمعة
Supervisor name: شيلان خسرو توفيق
General topic: Laser Science
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Quantum cryptography uses basic laws of quantum physics to guarantee secure key exchange. The key can be used with unprecedented confidence in any classic cryptographic protocol, where it increases the security to the maximum achievable value. The goal of this work is to encrypt the message directly without need to generate the secure key by using the modified Ping - Pong Protocol. A quantum cryptography system based on Modified Ping - Pong Protocol was designed and implemented for the first time. A polarization - entangled photons were generated by a source using PPKTP crystal inside a polarization Sagnac interferometer at telecom wavelength 1550 nm and a fiber length of 15 Km. In this experiment, Bob prepares entangled photons, sends one photon to Alice by optical fiber to perform one out of four operators according to the message. The modulated photon is sent back to Bob. Then the Bell’s state measurement is applied to extract the message according to the Alice’s coding. The HOM - dip of the two - photon interference was verified to guarantee perfect system performance. The final results showed the switching between the Bell’s states, |????+⟩ and |????−⟩ as the phase of the phase modulator was changed by Alice achieving an acceptable coincidence count of about 625 counts per 30s. These results proves also two photon interference needed to test Bell’s enquality.

تحسين خصائص سطح سبيكة الالمنيوم باستخدام الاكساء بالليزر بانابيب كاربون نانوية مزدوجة الجدار ونابيب كاربون نانوية متعددة الجدار == Enhancement of Al 6061 - T6 Alloy Surface Properties using Laser Cladding with DWCNTs and MWCNTs

Author name: حسنين مجيد حسين
General topic: Laser Science
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Industrial applications of nanomaterial in particular carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have increased from various viewpoints, such as, high performance, energy saving, cost saving, and environmental concerns. Laser cladding technique has been used successfully to modify the surface properties of materials, i.e., improving their wear and corrosion resistance. This work involves cladding aluminum alloy (Al 6061 T6) with different types of carbon nanotubes (multi - walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and double walledcarbon nanotubes (DWCNTs)) by an automated pulsed Nd : YAG laser. This was achieved by controlling selected cladding parameters whic h are laser power, pulse duration, and working frequency. The experimental investigation included microhardness, energy dispersive X - ray, corrosion resistance and microstructure topography by scanning electron microscope. At the beginning, fifteen cladded samples divided into three groups were investigated to choose the best laserparameters for the process to have almost the best homogeneous clad layer. Group one; five levels of peak power (2.7, 2.9, 3.1, 3.3, and 3.5) kW respectively where varied versus fixed pulse duration of 16 ms, working frequency of 1.5 Hz, and scanning speed of 0.5mm/s. Group two; five levels of pulse duration (12, 14, 16, 18 and 20) ms respectively where varied versus fixed peak power of 3.1 kW, working frequency of 1.5Hz, and scanning speed of 0.5mm/s. Group three; five levels of working frequency of (1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 1.7, and 1.9) Hz respectively where varied versus fixed peak power of 3.1 kW, pulse duration of 16 ms and scanning speed of 0.5 mm/s. The investigation shows that the optimum estimated laser parameters for achieving the best results at spot diameter of 3 mm were (peak power of 3.1 kW, pulse duration of 16 ms (3 ms as preheating and 13 ms as the main action time of the pulse) and working frequency of 1.5 Hz.The executed process in this work was computationally modeled using commercial multiphysics finite element analysis (FEA) software package ANSYS® Release 11 to simulating the virtual environment of laser cladding process to determine the temperature distribution in three - dimensional (3D) analysis. Results indicated that laser cladding of Al 6061 T6 using DWCNTs enhanced three of the most important of surface properties which are hardness, abrasive wear resistance and corrosion resistance more than did the MWCNTs. The distribution of the MWCNTs on the surface of Al 6061 T6 is better than that for the DWCNTs but its penetration is less. Theoretical results show that the diffusion played an important role in the cladding process.

الليف البلوري الفوتوني لاستشعار المجال المغناطيسي == Photonic crystal fiber magnetic sensor

Author name: احمد عدنان محمد
Supervisor name: عبد الهادي مطشر الجنابي
General topic: Laser Science
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is widely used for sensing applications. In this work, magnetic sensor based on solid core - PCFs for sensing magnetic field was presented. The general structure of the sensor applied is by splicing short lengths of PCF (LMA - 10) with conventional single mode fiber (SMF - 28) in one side and using free space connector from other side. A laser diode with different wavelengths (850, 1060 and 1300 nm) has been used as a light source, where a high sensitive optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) was used to monitor and record the transmitted/reflected spectra.The present work demonstrates the results of the infiltration of the air holes for the PCFs by fluids instead of air. For magnetic sensing, the magnetic fluids being used were prepared and standard ????????3????4 to infiltrate the air holes for the solid core PCF (LMA - 10) which leads to change in the effective refractive index of the PCF, which in turn affects the transmission of the laser inside the PCF due to the value of the refractive indices of the magnetic fluids. The experiments show that the power of transmissionspectrum of the laser had decreased after infiltration without any change in central wavelength of the laser diode the reason is that after PCF air holes infiltration, the effective refractive index has been changed but still within total internal reflectionwhich leads to loss of some fundamental modes, in turn leads to decrease the power of transmission spectrum. The decrease of the transmitted power in the case of standard has been higher than it in the case of prepared ????????3????4 because of the differencein concentration between standard and prepared magnetic fluids. The power of transmission spectrum after PCF infiltration will be increased with increasing magnetic field. Higher sensitivity has been obtained that reached 5.809 nW/mT which consideredhigher than previously published works on PCF magnetic sensors.

التحقق من تاثير عدم استقرارية بلاتو - رايلي في عملية سحب ليف شبه المواد انديوم - بوليمر == Investigation of the influence of the Plateau - Rayleigh instability in fibre drawn indium - PMMA metamaterial

Author name: احمد عبد الكريم علي
Supervisor name: عبد الهادي مطشر الجنابي
General topic: Laser Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Metamaterial is a synthetic composite material with a structure such that it exhibits properties not usually found in natural materials. Fibre drawing method has been used in producing Poly - methyl methacrylate (PMMA) - indium wires metamaterials. PMMA and indium are having relatively the same glass transition temperature making them suitable for co - drawing. The fiber filaments must be drawn to smaller diameters to shift the metamaterials response to higher frequency. At these dimensions the metal filaments inside the fiber become unstable and break - up at random intervals. This instability is due to a phenomenon known as the Plateau - Rayleigh InstabilityWell known Tomotika model for the growth in the varicosity in the surface of fluid extended inside another fluid was modified to describe the fluctuations (instability) of inner core diameter for metamaterials drawing inside radiative furnace. Modified Tomotika model was used to investigate the instability growth of the indium wire diameter produced by co - drawing of indium metal embedded in a PMMA polymer.The critical parameter for the wire breaks is the wavelength of perturbations. A MATLAB model was used to describe a small drawing ratio (neglecting the wavelength of fluctuations effect). The experimental and modeling results are almost match when a very small temperature variation occurred. So the observed fluctuations in diameter can be reconciled with the Plateau - Rayleigh instability.For larger fluctuations (large drawing ratio) the wavelength of fluctuations was analyzed and sequential breakup on different length scales was observed. We infer limits to wire dimensions that can beachieved using the chosen material system and identify a path for extending drawing methods to fabricate smaller wires.Finally, simulation for deep subwavelength wave propagation inside wire metamaterials depending on the unit cell manipulation was performed. CST microwave studio software had been used to simulate wave propagation inside linear and 90o corner waveguide as well as equal arms beam splitter (50/50). It’s applicable to waveguiding 40cm wavelength in about 2.4 cm waveguide.

التلوين المستحث بليزر الليف للتيتانيوم العالي النقاء == Fiber Laser Induced Colouration of High Purity Titanium

Author name: نور ياسر حسون حمادي
General topic: Laser Science
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

التقييم السريري لالتام الانسجة للمابس السنية المنزوعة المشععة بليز الدايود 940 نانومتر == Clinical Assessment of The Tissue Healing of Extraction Socket Irradiated with 940 nm Diode Laser

Author name: ندى حسين حمودي
Supervisor name: علي شكر محمود
General topic: Laser Science
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

دراسة تجريبية للحيود الحراري في صبغات مختلفة == Experimental Study of Thermal Self - Defocusing in Different Dyes

Author name: عمار محمد طعيمة
Supervisor name: مازن مانوئيل الياس
General topic: Laser Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: This thesis discusses the effect of three factors on self defocusing technique used to measure the nonlinear optical properties of two solutions, the first one is safranin O dissolved in ethanol (SOE), and the second one is diphenylecarbazone dissolved in chloroform (DCC). These factors are the intensity of laser, the concentration of the solution and the effect of the temperature on the solutions.After providing the necessary solution and equipment to complete the designed experiment, an appropriate model of nonlinear system was chosen to extract the diffraction rings contains the following parts : (Diode Laser, Attenuator, Mirrors, Beam Splitter, Lens, CCD Camera, Laser Power Meter and PC) In this work the maximum change and the thermo - optical coefficient for the nonlinear refractive index as well as the nonlinear refractive index were measured, for the two different solutions (SOE & DCC) including three ratios and grains for each one. The measurements were performed using diode laser at and variable intensity (0.5 - 22) and the laser beam was focused on glass cuvette which has a thickness of through a lens with a focal length of .From this work it was found that increasing the laser intensity leads to increase the number of diffraction rings, the nonlinear refractive index and the maximum change of the nonlinear refractive index, also it was found that increasing the concentration of the solutions leads to increase the nonlinear refractive index as well as increasing the maximum change of the refractive index.Also it was found that increasing the temperature of the solution at certain intensity and concentration the obtained results for the thermooptical coefficient , and the nonlinear refractive index are found to be of the order of and at 298, 303 and 308K respectively for SOE solution, and and at 298, 303 and 308K respectively for DCC solution, in which all the thermooptical coefficient and the nonlinear refractive index are deceased.

لحام ليزر الاندي ياك لمعادن غير متشابهة تيتانيوم رتبة 2 مع سبيكة المنيوم - O3105 == Dissimilar Nd : YAG Laser Welding of Grade 2 Titanium to 3105 - O Aluminum Alloy

Author name: عبير احمد شهاب العبيدي
General topic: Laser Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: التيتانيوم والالمنيوم مواد تلقى اهتمام تقني في الصناعات الالية والفضائية والمتحسس الذكي.التحديات التي تواجه لحامهم هي نتيجة للاختلاف الكبير في المواصفات الثرموفيزيائية والميكانيكية, اضافة الى الذوبانية المحدودة لكل معدن في الاخر,لذلك لحامهم باستعمال الليزرسيقلل تكوين الا طوار المعدنية الضارة لما كانت منطقة اللحام نفسها ضيقة .في هذا العمل قدم شكل خاص من اللحام الليزري النقطي لربط تيتانيوم رتبة 2 تراكبيا مع سبيكة المنيوم 3105 - O باسماك 1,0.5 ملم على التوالي, من خلال لحام درز دائري, لبق التصميم يستعمل نبضات ليزر متعاقبة ادت الى لحام شبيه للحام الليزري النقطي .لهذه الدراسة كانت معاملات لحام الليزر كالاتي : طاقة النبضة 11جول, مدة النبضة 6 ملي ثانية, تردد النبض 20هرتز,تدفق غاز الاركون 20 لتر/دقيقة وسرعة اللحام (4 - 6.67) ملم/ثانية.لقد لوحظ ان تاثيرسرعة اللحام كان الاقوى على الحرارة الداخلة لمنطقة اللحام حيث سرعة لحام 4 ملم /ثا (76%عامل تداخل النبضات), قد ادت الى افضل امتصاص لطاقة الليزر واكثر تجانس وعرض للمساحة المنصهرة عند منطقة تداخل ,Ti - Alلذلك تم الحصول على 70MPa مقاومة وصلة اللحام. اظهر فحص منطقة وصلة اللحام باستخدام المجهر الماسح الالكتروني SEM, مقياس تشتت طاقة الاشعة السينية EDS ومقياس انحراف الاشعة السينية,XRD تكون الا طوار المعدنية الضارة. المنطقة المنصهرة للتيتانيوم قرب منطقة تداخل Ti - Alضمت طور.Ti3Al الشقوق لوحظت في منطقة الالمنيوم المنصهرة قرب منطقة التداخل ,Ti - Alنتيجة الانحدار العالي في الخواص الميكانيكية والثرموفيزيائية. من اجل التقليل من تكون الا طوار المعدنية الضارة وتخفيف الانحدار العالي في الخواص . الثرموفيزيائية والميكانيكية, اربعة انواع مختلفة من الحشوات المعدنية (Al - 5Si, Al - 12Si - 2.5Mg, pure Nb and Al - 0.2Sc - 0.36Zr) مع ثلاثة اسماك مختلفة لكل حشوة قد حضرت في هذا العمل. حشوة Al - 5Si كان لها تاثير ايجابي على مقاومة وصلة اللحام حيث ان Siقلل التاثير الضار للاطوار المعدنية الضارة من خلال تعويض ذرات Al في Ti3Al لذلك فان مقاومة الوصلةزادت الى MPa80بدل MPa70.حشوة Al - 12Si - 2.5Mg قد حسنت مقاومة الوصلة الىMPa87 متجاوزة بذلك مقاومة القصMPa82 لترابط المعدن الاساس Al. نتيجة درجة اانصهاره العالية, حشوة النيبيوم النقي Nb منعت لحام صفيحة Al السفلى, لذلك هذه الحشوة كانت غيرمناسبة للا ستعمال وفق شروط اللحام لهذا العمل. لقد كان للحشوة الجديدة Al - 0.2Sc - 0.36Zr التي استعملت لاول مرة من خلال هذا العمل تاثير ايجابي جدا على قوة ترابط وصلة اللحام MPa103 حيث ان الكسر حدث من المعدن الاساس Al وليس من الوصلةخلال عملية الاختبار. بالمقارنة مع مقاومة التاكل لمعدن التيتانيوم الاساس, اظهرت الوصلات بدون استعمال حشوة وباستعمال حشوة Al - 0.2Sc - 0.36Zr نقصان بمعدل التاكل ب %51 و%72 بالتعاقب بينما اظهرت الوصلات باستعمال حشوات Al - 5Si,Al - 12Si - 2.5Mg زيادة بمعدل التاكل ب % 80 و%68 بالتعاقب. | Materials titanium and aluminum are of technological interest in automotive, aerospace and smart sensor industries. The challenges for welding them result from the large difference in thermophysical and mechanical properties, besides limited solubility of each metal in other. Thus welding them using laser, will reduce intermetallic phases (IMP) formation to acceptable limits, since the weld itself is narrow.In the present work a special form of laser spot welding is introduced to joint overlapped titanium Ti Grade 2 to 3105 - O aluminum alloy, with 1 and 0.5 mm thicknesses respectively. A welding tactile seam tracking design using following pulses that result to a circular seam, leads to spot like shape laser welding. For this study, laser welding parameters were : pulse energy 11 J; pulse duration 6ms; pulse frequency 20Hz; argon gas flow rate 20 l/m and welding speed (4 - 6.7) mm/s. Welding speed was observed to have the strongest effect on heat input, where 4 mm/s (76% overlapping) speed has led to better energy absorption and wider more uniform melted area at Ti - Al interface, thus 70 MPa joint strength was obtained. Examination of the joint region using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X - ray spectrometry (EDS) and X - ray diffraction (XRD) showed the formation of different IMP in the Ti - Al welding zone. Ti fusion zone (FZ) near the interface was mainly containing Ti3Al. Crakes were observed in Al (FZ) near the interface as a result of mechanical and thermo physical properties gradient. Inorder to reduce IMP formation and relaxes the high gradient in thermophysical and mechanical properties in the welding zone, four fillers metals (Al - 5Si, Al - 12Si - 2.5Mg, pure Nb and Al - 0.2Sc - 0.36Zr), with three different thicknesses for each filler, were prepared. Al - 5Si filler has positive effect on the joint strength where Si has reduced the IMP harmful effect via replacing Al atoms substitutionaly in TiAl3 at the interface, thus joint strength was increased to 80MPa instead of 70MPa. Al - 12Si - 2.5Mg filler has improved the joint strength to 87MPa where the shear strength of Al base metal of 82MPa was exceeded. Due to its high melting point pure Nb filler prevented penetration of bottom Al sheet, thus it was unsuitable to use for the present work conditions. A new Al - 0.2Sc - 0.36Zr filler was used for the first time in the present work and has very positive impact to the joint strength 103MPa, where the joint has fractured from Al base metal. In comparison to the corrosion rate of Ti base metal, joints without using filler and with the new Al - 0.2Sc - 0.36Zr filler metal, have decreased the corrosion rate by 51% and 72% respectively, while joints with Al - 5Si and Al - 12Si - 2.5Mg filler metals, have increased the corrosion rate by 68% and 80% respectively.

ليزر الدايود (970 نانوميتر) في كشف الزرعة السنية في المرحلة الثانية مقارنة مع الطريقة الجراحية التقليدية في الجسم الحي == 970 nm Diode Laser In Second Stage Dental Implant Exposure Comparative Study With Conventional Surgical Method .In vivo Study

Author name: سلا علي حمدي
Supervisor name: حسين علي جواد
General topic: Laser Science
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تعد زراعة الاسنان التطور الاكبر لطب الاسنان اذ انها تعالج فقدان الاسنان دون التاثيرعلى الاسنان الموجودة لتعويض السن المفقود.تقسم عملية الزرع بشكل عام الى مرحلتين : المرحلة الاولى هي العملية التي يتم فيهاغرس الزرعة السنية داخل عظم الفك وتركها مطمورة تحت اللثة لمدة 3 - 6 اشهر لحين اكتمال التحام العظم بالزرعة والمرحلة الثانية وتشمل كشف الزرعة المطمورة وازالة نسيج اللثة جراحيا .الاهداف تقييم كفاءة القطع الجراحي للدايود ليزر ذو الطول الموجي 970نانوميتر ومقارنته مع القطع الجراحي التقليدي باستخدام الشفرة في عملية كشف الزراعة السنية اثناء المرحلة الثانية من عملية الزراعة من خلال كمية المخدر الموضعي المطلوبة ,وقف النزيف,الوقت المستغرق لاجراء العملية ,الم ما بعد الجراحة واخيرا الوقت المناسب لاخذ الطبعة من اجل اكمال الخطوات المختبرية لصناعة الاسنان المفقودة. اجريت هذه الدراسة في قسم زراعة الاسنان /مركزالعلوية التخصصي لطب الاسنان للفترة من كانون الاول للعام 2013 لغاية تشرين الاول 2014 ، 50 مريض يحتاجون الى كشف الزرعة المطمورة قسموا الى مجموعتين المجموعة الاولى والتي تىشمل 24مريض تم استخدام الشفرة الجراحية رقم15والمخدر الموضعي تقنية التسرب والمجموعة الثانية المتكونة من26 مريض تم كشف الزرعة باستخدام ليزر الدايود (سيرو ليزر ادفانس,سرونا ,المانيا) وبقوة مقدارها 3واط في الوضع المستمر وبتماس مع نهاية الفايبر قياس320مايكروميتروالمخدر الموضوع بتقنية البخ.كفاءة الليزر كانت عالية في قطع نسيج اللثة وبالمقارنة بين المجموعتين كان هناك فرق معنوي احصائي عالي في كمية المخدر الموضعي المطلوبة وطريقة التخدير ,متوسط الزمن المستغرق لاجراء العملية بين المجموعتين, الالم ما بعد العملية واخيرا الوقت المناسب لاخذ الطبعة لصالح مجموعة الليزر.استخدام 970 نانوميتر وبقوة 3واط دايود ليزر في كشف الزرعة المطمورة له فوائد عديدةمنها عدم الحاجة لاستخدام التخدير بتقنية التسرب,راحة الطبيب والمرض في ان واحد من حيث الوقت المستغرق وسهولة التطبيق وعدم شعور المريض بالالم وامكانية اخذ الطبعة في وقت مبكر حيث يمكن ان يتم ذلك بعد عملية الليزر مباشرة . | Following the placement of a dental implant and its integration into the osseous substrate, the current method of treatment is to surgically uncover the implant, wait for the tissue to heal, and then proceed with impressions and fabrication of the restoration. The second - stage surgery of submerged implants can be performed with a scalpel or by laser . This prospective study was designed to assess dental implant uncovering by 970 nm diode laser and to compare its performance with traditional cold scalpel surgery. Fifty patients with a completely osseointegrated implants participated in this study. Patients were divided into two groups. For the study group, second - stage implant surgery was done with a 970 nm diode laser in a 3W power . For the control group, the implants were exposed with a surgical blade. Certain parameters were used for evaluation of the two techniques. The use of the diode laser reduce the need for injected local anesthesia; there was a significant difference between the two groups regarding the need for anesthesia , duration of surgery, postoperative pain, time for healing and taking the impression(P < 0.001). The 970 nm with 3W diode laser can be used effectively for second - stage implant surgery, providing both the dentist and the patient with additional advantages over the conventional methods used for implant exposure .Laser cuts tissue precisely without infiltrative anesthesia and with excellent homeostasis . Because of lower amount of tissue destruction with the laser surgery the gingival contours seem tobe stable after laser implant recovery procedure . impressions can be madeimmediately and assuredly with no change in the emergenceprofile by any tissue shrinkage or recession.

الكشف عن البخار الكيميائي بحساسية عالية المستند على مقياس التداخل لليف البلوري الفوتوني == Chemical vapor detection with high sensitivity based on Photonic crystal fiber interferometer

Author name: رواء كاظم زرزور
Supervisor name: حنان جعفر طاهر
General topic: Laser Science
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: استخدمت مقاييس تداخلات الالياف البلورية الفوتونية في العديد من تطبيقات التحسس. في هذا البحث, تم استخدام الالياف البلورية الفوتونية ذو القلب الصلب المستندة على مقياس تداخل ماخزندر, الذي يسلك حساسية عالية لمعامل الانكسار ومختلف المركبات العضوية المتطايرة، من دون الحاجة الى اي مواد قابلة للاختراق. مقياس التداخل المدمجة ,القوية ويتكون من نهاية ليف بصري بلوري ,الليف البصري البلوري مرتبط مع الليف التقليدية ذات النمط المنفرد ((SMF - 28هذا الارتباط يكون باقل خسارة dB(0.19) في منطقة الارتباط فتحات فراغات الليف تنهار كليا, وتسمح بلتهيج واعادة التركيب للانماط القلب والغلاف .وفي منطقة الارتباط الانماط الاساسية لليف البصري التقليدي تبدا بالحيود عندما تدخل الجزء المنهار من منطقة الارتباط لليف البلوري الفوتوني . بسبب الحيود ، يوسع النمط ويسمح لاثارة نمطين رئيسيين في نهاية اليف البصري الفوتوني.الجهاز يعكس الطيف ويظهر نمط تداخل كدالة جيبية التي تظهر ازاحة بالطيف البصري بشكل مختلف عندما تتسل جزيئات المركبات العظوية المتطايرة الى فتحات الليف البصري البلوري. استخدم ليزر دايود كمصدر ضوئي وبطول موجي 1550 nm ، حيث تم استخدام محلل الطيف الضوئي (OSA) الحساس للغاية في رصد وتسجيل الطيف المنعكس. استخدم ثلاثة انواع من السوائل الكيميائية (N - الهكسين، الميثانول وبروبانول)، كل هذه السوائل الكيميائية وابخرتها لها شفافية عالية في منطقة الطيف المرئي والمنطقة تحت الحمراء القريبة. في هذه التجربة، وجدنا افضل زمن الاستجابة لهذا المتحسس هو من (30 - 35) ثانية لكميات قليلة جدا من هذه السوائل، كما تم دراسة تاثير طول المتحسس على قيمة الازاحة للطول الموجي ، تم اختبار خمسة اطوال مختلفة من PCF ذو القلب الصلب70,50,40,30and 20) nm). حدود الكشف في هذا الجهاز تم من خلالها تسجيل ازاحة في الطول الموجي لنسب من ابخرة مواد كيمياوية تصل لغاية (4.4) nm للبخار الهكسان عندما يكون طول رئس المتحسس (20)mm . في هذا العمل, الحد الاقصى للحساسية التي تم الحصول عليها للمركبات العضوية المتطايرة هي mol \15420 nm في بخار الهكسان .وقد تحققت بعض نتائج المحاكاة باستخدم برنامج COMSOL multiphysics ,تم استخدم هذا البرنامج لتصميم الليف البصري البلوري وايجاد توجيه دايود ليزر 1550 nm داخل الليف البصري البلوري عندما يتغير معامل الانكسار نتيجة لدخول ابخرة المركبات العضوية المتطايرة(هكسان, بروبان, وميثان) وملئها لفتحات الليف. نتائج mulyiphsics COMSOL عندما تسلل ابخرة السوائل الى فراغات الليف البلوري الفوتوني بدلا من الهواء. وعندما يتسلل بخار السائل الى PCF ذو النواة الصلبة (LMA - 10) الذي يؤدي الى تغيير في معامل الانكسار الفعال للPCF، والتي بدورها تؤثر على انتقال ليزر داخل PCF بسبب قيمة معاملات الانكسار للمركبات العضوية المتطايرة. ويظهر نتيجة لذلك ان طاقة طيف انتقال الليزر تخفضت بعد تسلل البخار مع التغير في الطول الموجي المركزي لليزر الدايود. | Photonic crystal fiber interferometers are used in many sensing applications. In this work, an in - reflection photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based on Mach - Zehnder (micro - holes collapsing) (MZ) interferometer, which exhibits high sensitivity to different volatile organic compounds (VOCs), without the needing of any permeable material. The interferometer is robust, compact, and consists of a stub photonic crystal fiber of large - mode area, photonic crystal fiber spliced to standard single mode fiber (SMF) (corning - 28), this splicing occurs with optimized splice loss 0.19 dB. In the splice regions the voids of the holey fiber are completely collapsed, which allows the excitation and recombination of core and cladding modes. The device reflection spectrum exhibits a sinusoidal interference pattern which shifts differently when the voids of the PCF are infiltrated with VOC molecules. Laser diode with wavelength 1550nm has been used as a pump light source, where a highly sensitive optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) was used to monitor and record the reflected spectra. Three types of chemical liquids used (N - Hexane, Methanol and Propanol), all of these chemical liquids and their vapor have a high transparency for visible and NIR spectrum. In this experiment, we found the best response time to this sensor is from (30 - 35) sec for very few quantities from these liquids which approximately measured in microliter, also it was studied the effect of the length of the head sensor on the volume of shift of the wave length, five different lengths of solid core PCF (LMA - 10) (70,50,40,30, and 20) mm were tested.The detection limits of our device associated with the maximum shifts of the wave length is 4.4nm for N - Hexane vapour when the length of the head sensor 20mm.In this work, the maximum sensitivity obtained of volatile organic compounds is 15420nm/mol at the vapor of N - Hexane.Some simulation results have been achieved by using the COMSOL mulyiphsics program. It used to design the photonic crystal fiber large - mode area and find the guiding of laser 1550 nm at this fiber when change the refractive index cladding of the photonic crystal fibers by filling the hole of cladding in vapor of (N - Hexane, propanol, methanol) at 1550 nm, The results of the COMSOL mulyiphsics when infiltration of the air holes for the PCF by vapor liquids instead of air, due the change value of the effective refractive indices of the VOCs, the power of the transmission spectrum of laser decreased after infiltration with change in the center wavelength of the laser diode

التحقق عدديا وعمليا من مبادل حراري ذو سائل نانوي في منظومة التبريد والتهوية والتدفئة مع الكشف بالليزر == Numerical and Experimental Investigation of a Nanofluid Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger in HVAC System with Laser Detection

Author name: ايسر عبد الرزاق الاميري
Supervisor name: حسين علي جواد | زينب فاضل مهدي
General topic: Laser Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The improvement of energy saving in heat pipe heat exchanger system was investigated .Theoretical work was done to study the effect of coating with nanomaterials on the thermal performance of HPHE to enhance the energy saving. Temperature distribution and thermal resistance for different nano materials (BN, WC, HFB2, MgO and MOSi2), metal and metal oxide (Ag, Cu, AL, BeO, Al2O3 and CuO) on fins were studied. The maximum enhancement of the thermal performance at the evaporator section in steady state operation condition was (5.072, 5.063, 5.075 and 5.069) for (WC, HFB2, MgO and MOSi2) respectively and (5.829) for (BN) at the same section in transient operation condition while at the same section in steady state operation condition (5.063, 5.064, 5.07, 5.068, 5.075 and 5.076) for (Ag, Cu, AL, BeO, Al2O3 and CuO) respectively was detected. The best nano material for enhancement the thermal performance of HPHE are BN for nanomaterial ,Al for nano metal and CuO for nano metal oxide .The thermal performance of seven thicknesses of CuO coating layers on HPHE fins was also studied. Results showed that the enhancement of the thermal performance is decreasing with the increment of coating thickness at the evaporator section of transient conditions (5.076, 5.075, 5.073, 5.072, 5.070, 5.068 and 5.067) for (10, 25, 50, 75, 100,125and150)μm thicknesses respectively. Experimental work was done to examine the general performance of thermosyphon heat pipe at four concentrations (0.05, 0.2, 0.6 and 1) wt. % of nanofluid. Two CW diode lasers (532,650) nm were used as a detection system to determine the variation of the concentration within the system operation. The results showed that fourteen percent reduction in thermal resistance is detected for 0.05wt.% relative to the DI - water . The shorter time of steady state condition of operation, the higher values of total thermal effectiveness, energy saving and energy balance ratio of HPHE were satisfied at 0.05wt.%. The maximum value of relative powers of 0.05wt% nanofluid concentration is detected compared with the other concentrationsdue to the low density of nanofluid concentration. The start sensing and ending detection powers are (0.1, 1) W respectively of this type of nanofluid.

معالجة ارتباط اللجام العالي باستخدام ليزر الدايود 940 نانومتر : دراسة مقارنة في الجسم الحي == High Frenal Attachment Treatment Using 940 nm Diode Laser In Vivo Comparative Study

Author name: اسماء ستار عبود
Supervisor name: علي شكر محمود
General topic: Laser Science
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

التوليد والسيطرة على التشويش في اتصالات التردد الراديوي - البصري == Chaos Generation and Control in RF - Optical Communications System

Author name: اسراء علي ياسين
Supervisor name: قيس عبد الستار النعيمي
General topic: Laser Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تتناول هذه الاطروحة تنفيذ وتقصي موضوع الاتصالات الضوئية الفوضوية .ونظرا لمتطلبات السرية العالية، تستخدم الاتصالات الضوئية الفوضوية لتشفير الرسائل بين وحدات الارسال والاستقبال.ان الطريقة التي استخدمت للحث على السلوك الفوضوي هي طريقة التغذية المرتدة الضوئي - الالكتروني باستخدام جهاز من محاسن هذا المضمن هو عرض النطاق الترددي ودرجة التعقيد العالية. استند عمل النظام الى طريقة التغذية المرتدة. في هذا النظام، يكون جهاز مذبذب وحدة الارسال مسار مغلق بينما يكون جهاز الاستلام مسار مفتوح يستلم اشارة الفوضى من وحدة الارسال عبر وصلة الالياف الضوئية. تم البحث عمليا في طريقتين لتشفير الرسائل الى اشارة الفوضى. ان هاتين الطريقتين هما التعديل المشوش والتنكر المشوش. لقد بدانا من اختراع نظام الفوضى ودراسة خصائصه وتحديد عناصر السيطرة التي تؤدي الى حالات مختلفة من سلوك النظام. وهكذا تم تقصي الطريق الى الفوضى في مذبذب جهاز الارسال. ولملاحظة سلوك النظام، تم تحديد الرسم المتشعب من خلال تغيير العنصر المتحكم. ان عنصر التحكم هو القدرة البصرية الخارجة من الثنائي الليزري . وجرى بحث التسلسل الزمني وطاقة الطيف واعادة تكوين مساحة الطور. وقد تم بحث موضوع تزامن كلا الطريقتين. وتم الحصول على الرسالة المرسلة في وحدة الارسال من خلال تزامن المذبذب في وحداتي الارسال والاستقبال. وهكذا تم الحصول على الرسالة المستخرجة عند وحدة الاستلام. ان عرض النطاق الترددي لاشارة الفوضى الحاملة هو 200 ميكاهيرتز. وتكون قيمة القدرة الضوئية الخارجة من ثنائي اليزر والذي هو العامل المتحكم في نظامنا هذا في كسب الطوق المرتد في مذبذب الارسال بين (0.8 - 0.9) ملي واط. الرسالة كانت عبارة عن تردد راديوي 100 ميكا هيرتز وقدرة 0 ملي ديسبل. | In this thesis, the chaotic optical communication is implemented and investigated experimentally. Due to the high security requirements, chaotic optical communication is used to encrypt the message between the transmitter and the receiver units. The method which is used to induce chaotic behavior is electro - optical feedback loop by using a Mach - Zehnder modulator. The advantage for this modulator is a high bandwidth and high complexity. The system is a unidirectional feedback loop. In the scheme of unidirectional, the oscillator of the transmitter unit is a closed loop while the oscillator of the receiver unit is an open loop that receives the chaotic signal from the transmitter via an optical fiber link. Two setups were investigated experimentally to encrypt the message to the chaotic carrier signal. These methods are chaos modulation and chaos masking. We have started from creation the chaotic dynamics studied its properties and determined the control parameters that lead to various situations of the behavior of the system. The rout to the chaos for the transmitter oscillator has been investigated. To observe behavior of the system through changing of the control parameter, the bifurcation diagram is plotted. The control parameter is the output optical power of the laser diode. Time series and power spectrum of the time series is extracted by using Fast Fourier Transform FFT. The phase space reconstruction has been examined. The synchronization of two setups has been investigated. The sent message is extracted by the oscillators synchronization in the transmitter unit and the receiver unit. The extracted message has been obtained at the receiver unit. The bandwidth of the chaotic signal is about 200 MHz. The output optical power of the laser diode which is the variable control parameter of our setup in the feedback loop gain of the transmitter oscillator is between (0.8 - 0.9) mW.The message is a radio frequency at 100 MHz with power 0 dBm and is attenuated below this level with the noise level when modulated with the chaotic carrier.

Adaptation Of Copper Vapor Laser System For Electrical Applications

Author name: احسان عدنان جبار
General topic: Laser Science
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

علاج ليزر الثنائي الصمام لخلايا السرطان خارج وداخل الجسم الحي == A Diode Laser Therapy For Cancer Cells In Vitro And In Vivo

Author name: رجاء صيهود عباس صالح
Supervisor name: Ali Sh. Mahmood | Eman H. Al-Taee
General topic: Laser Science
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

تاثير ليزر النيديميوم ـ ياك مفتاح عامل النوعية على بعض المعلومات الفسلجية في خميرة الـ Saccharomyces cerevisiae == Effect Of Q-Switched Nd: YAG Laser On Some Physiological Parameters Of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

Author name: نور عبد الجبار جداح
Supervisor name: Ghazi M. Aziz
General topic: Laser Science
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

تاثير ليزرالنمط المستمر 532 نانوميتر على حيوية Pseudomonas aeruginosa و Staphylococcus aureus بوجود المتحسس الضوئي خارج الجسم الحي == Effect Of 532Nnm CW Laser On Viability Of Photosensitized Pseudomonas Areuginosa And Staphylococcus Aureus In Vitro

Author name: سمية خليل ابراهيم الزبيدي
Supervisor name: امل مصطفى مكي
General topic: Laser Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

تاثير التشعيع بالليزر الواطيء القدرة على الخط الخلوي لابيضاض الدم == Effect Of Low Power Laser Irradiation On Leukaemic Cell Line

Author name: ليلى محمد حسن العامري
Supervisor name: امل مصطفى مكي | علي حسين ادحية
General topic: Laser Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

كتابة محزز الحيود نوع براك على ليف بصري بشكل حرف D باستخدام ليزر الاكسايمر نوع كربتون فلورايد == Writing Of A Bragg Grating On A D-Shaped Optical Fiber Using The KrF Excimer Laser

Author name: شيماء رياض محمد علي ال طحان
Supervisor name: خليل ابراهيم حاجم
General topic: Laser Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

دراسة عملية تثقيب شرائح الزجاج باستخدام ليزر CO2 == Investigation Of Glass Sheets Hole Drilling Using CO2 Laser

Author name: لينا زكي يحيى محمد
Supervisor name: حسين علي جواد
General topic: Laser Science
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

منظومة استشعار حرارة معتمدة على محززات براغ الليفي مكتوبة بواسطة ليزر ايون الارغون 244 نانومتر == Temperature Sensing System Based On Fiber Bragg Gratings Written By 244 nm Ar+ Laser

Author name: رياض خلف احمد
Supervisor name: خليل ابراهيم حاجم
General topic: Laser Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

تاثير ليزر ثنائي اوكسيد الكاربون 10,6 مايكرومتر على الذوبان الحمضي للمينا بالمقارنة مع فلورايد الفوسفات : دراسة مختبرية == The Effect Of 10.6µm Co2 Laser On Enamel Acid Solubility In Comparison To Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride (An In Vitro Study)

Author name: علي عباس شهيد
Supervisor name: حسين علي جواد
General topic: Laser Science
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

تكوين تركيب فضة دقيقة داخل الزجاج المسامي بليزر الفمتوثانية == Fabrication Of Micro Silver Structures Inside Porous Glass By Fs Laser

Author name: عبد الستار خضير عباس الغانمي
Supervisor name: مازن مانوئيل الياس
General topic: Laser Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
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