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تقييم فرط مرونة المفاصل لدى المرضى العراقيين المصابين بمرض الجزر المعدي المريئي == Assessment of Joint Hypermobility in Iraqi Patients With Gastro - esophageal Reflux Disease

Author name: ايمن رزاق علي
Supervisor name: زياد شفيق الراوي | فائق ايشو كوريال
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Diseases - Joints
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: فرط مرونة المفاصل هو حركة المفصل الى خارج الحد الطبيعي لحركته .وان مرض الجزر المعدي المريئي هو الاسترجاع غير الطبيعي لمحتويات المعده الى المرئ . ان خلل او اعتلال النسيج الرابط المتسبب في فرط مرونة المفصل قد يكون هو نفسه المتسبب في الجزر المعدي المريئي .الهدف : تقييم فرط مرونة المفاصل لدى المرضى العراقيين المصابين بمرض الجزر المعدي المريئي .المرضى ومنهاج البحث : تضمنت الدراسة 100 مريض عراقي مصاب بالجزر المعدي المريئي الذي تم تشخيصه بالفحص السريري والفحص الناظوري و100 فرد سوي كعينة ضبط متطابقتين في العمر والجنس .تم ملا استمارة استبانه لكل مريض وتحتوي على معلومات عامه عن المريض ومدة اصابته بالمرض وشدة المرض المثبته ناظوريا ونتيجة الفحص السريري لفرط مرونة المفاصل .تم اعتماد نتائج فرط مرونة المفاصل باستخدام ضوابط بايتون على العينتين .النتائج : اظهرت الدراسة ان 46 (71.9%) من المرضى المصابين بالجزر المعدي المريئي لديهم فرط مرونة المفاصل, وان 18(28.1%) من الاصحاء لديهم فرط مرونة المفاصل( p<0.001) كذلك اظهرت الدراسة ان مجموع مقياس مرونة المفاصل حسب ضوابط بايتون للمرضى المصابين بالجزر المعدي المريئي كان اعلى بكثير من مجموع ناتج نفس المقياس لدى الاصحاء (p<0.001) .كذلك اوضحت الدراسه ان العمر المبكر للافراد (≤ 30 year) الذين لديهم فرط مرونة المفاصل هو عامل ذو جدوى احصائي للاصابة بداء الجزر المعدي المريئي .الاستنتاجات : ان ظاهرة فرط مرونة المفاصل اكثر شيوعا عند المرضى المصابين بالجزر المعدي المريئي , مجموع مقياس فرط مرونة المفاصل لدى مرضى الجزر المعدي المريئي اكثر من مجموع المقياس ذاته لدى الاصحاء وان العمر الاصغر((≤ 30 سنة عامل متنبئ للاصابه بفرط مرونة المفاصل في مرض الجزر المعدي المريئي. | Joint hypermobility is the movement of a joint beyond it,s normal range of motion due to joints laxity. Gastro - esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is an abnormal reversed movement of gastric contents into the esophagus due to many mechanisms, one of them is the laxity of lower esophageal sphincter. Probably, a defective connective tissue matrix is the link between both disorders.Objective : To assess joint hypermobility in Iraqi patients with GERD.Patients and methods : A total of 200 individuals were included in this study, 100 patients had GERD diagnosed by a gastro - enterologist upon clinical & endoscopic findings and 100 healthy individuals matched in age & sex as a control group.A questionnaire paper consisted of personal data including : Age, sex, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), upper gastro - intestinal symptoms, duration of GERD, severity of GERD by endoscopic grading, and total score of joint mobility. The assessment of joint mobility were measured according to Beighton score method for all the participants in the study.Results : One hundred patients with GERD, 57 female & 43 male, and 100 healthy control group, 64 females and 36 males. The mean BMI was (24 ± 2.9) kg/m2 for patients and (24 ± 3.4) kg/m2 for controls. No statistical significant difference between patients and controls (P>0.05).JHM was significantly more in GERD patients than in controls (46(71.9%) of vs 18(28.1%), p<0.001, OR=3.88; 95% CI = 2.04 - 7.39).The total mobility scores for all GERD patients was 341 compared to 125 in the control group (p<0.001).A younger age(≤ 30 year) was significant predictor for JHM in GERD (p=0.000, odd=1.243, 95%CI : 1.124 - 1.376).Conclusions : JHM was more prevalent among patients with GERD, the total mobility score was much higher in GERD patients, and patients with younger age ≤30 year were a significant associate with JHM in GERD patients.

نسبة وفيات الامهات في قسم النسائية والتوليد في مستشفى بغداد التعليمي للعام 2013 == Causes of Maternal Mortality in Obstetrics& Gynecology Department in Baghdad Teaching Hospital for the Year 2013

Author name: سجى زيدان ضمد
Supervisor name: حيدر باقر الشماع
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Obstetrics and Gynecology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Maternal deaths is the death of a women while pregnant or within 42days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and the site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental cause.Aim of study : To study the causes and risk factors related to maternal deaths in obstetrics &gynecology department in Baghdad teaching hospital & to provide information to improve maternal care.Objective : To study causes of maternal mortality in Baghdad teaching hospital and the possible measures that may be taken to reduce mortality rate. Study design : A retrospective study.Setting : The study was carried out in the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics at Baghdad teaching hospital for the period 1st of January to end of December 2013.Method : A retrospective study carried out on 8 died women ,who referred to Baghdad teaching hospital with serious morbidity ,6 of them delivered by CS and 2 of them delivered vaginally, each case studied in depth to determine the most likely cause of death.Result : The total maternal deaths for Baghdad Teaching hospital in 2013 were 8 women and the live births were 10488; as a result, the maternal mortality ratio per 100000 live births was 76.3, many Factors analyzed included the sociodemographic characteristics of the women who died the main causes of death, pattern of health - seeking behavior for antenatal care / delivery, and place of labor and delivery.There is statistically significant difference for some of these factors as between employment and unemployment also there is significant difference between vaginal and cesarean delivery.Conclusion : Major causes of deaths in Baghdad teaching hospital was hemorrhage ,as agreed by WHO estimates of causes of maternal death.This provide stimulus for health providers, hospital managers ,individuals and government to maintain downward trends in our maternal mortality ratios to meet the expectation of the millennium goal of reduction of 75% in maternal deaths in 2015

استخدام معامل التغير DP/DT في مرض متلازمة قصور الشرايين التاجية الطارئة == Use of Doppler Derived Index DP/DT in Acute Coronary Syndrome

Author name: هدى جميل ابراهيم
Supervisor name: معتز فوزي حسين
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Diseases - Heart
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: متلازمة الشريان التاجي الحادة (ACS) هي مظهر من المظاهر السريرية لامدادات الدم في تقلص الشرايين التاجية. في متلازمة الشريان التاجي الحادة ، يتم استخدام تخطيط صدى القلب من خلال تقييم حركة الجدار في كل من شرائح البطين الايسر (LV). وينبغي ان يشمل تقييم وظيفة البطين الايسر ايضا تقييما لابعاد البطين الايسر، والمورفولوجيا والوظيفة الانقباضية والانبساطية للبطين الايسر. معامل التغير dP/dtالذي يمثل معدل تغير الضغط خلال الزمن هو واحد من المؤشرات الاكثر حساسية للانقباض.الهدف من الدراسة لتقييم فائدة معامل التغير dP/dt في تقييم وظيفة البطين الايسر في المرضى الذين يعانون من متلازمة الشريان التاجي الحادة وعلاقتها ببعض المظاهر السريرية وتخطيط صدى القلب.المرضى والطرق شملت هذه الدراسة خمسين مريضا تم ادخالهم في وحدة العناية القلبية في المستشفيات التعليمية بغداد والشهيد غازي مع تشخيص متلازمة الشريان التاجي الحادة في الفترة 2/2/2013 الى 5/3/2014. تم القيام بالفحص السريري وجرى تخطيط صدى القلب في جميع المرضى وتم حساب المشتقة دوبلرdP/dt . واعتبرت المستويات اقل من 1000 منخفضة. وجاء التحليل الاحصائي باستخدام Med Calc النسخة 12.5.0.0و باستخدام برنامج Microsoft Office Excel 2010.واختبار Chi scure لدراسة العلاقة بين المجموعات المختلفة فيما يتعلق بالقيمة P ,و اعتبرت القيمة اقل من 0.05 ذات دلالة احصائية.النتائج كان متوسط عمر المرضى الذين يعانون من انخفاض معامل التغير ) dP/dt 1000) يساوي (65.62±5) سنوات وفي المرضى الذين كانت قراءة dP/dt عادية(1000) كان(63.38 ±5) سنوات وويشكل الذكور 62٪ من عينة الدراسة. وقد تم العثور على قيمة منخفضة من dP/dt 42 مريضا (84) ٪. وتم العثور على قيم dP/dt منخفضة اكثر في الفئة العمرية (51 - 60) عاما . ارتبط انخفاض قيمة dP/dt بشكل كبير مع التدخين والتاريخ العائلي.الاستنتاج استخدام معامل التغير dP/dt مفيد لتقييم وظيفة البطين الايسر في المرضى الذين يعانون من متلازمة قصور الشريان التاجي الحادة. | Background : Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is the clinical manifestation of a diminished coronary arterial blood supply. In the ACS, echocardiography is used by assessing wall motion in each of the left ventricle (LV) segments. The assessment of regional LV function should also include an assessment of LV dimensions, morphology and global LV systolic and diastolic function. dP/dt which represents the rate of change of pressure during ejection is one of the most sensitive indices of contractility.Aims of study : To evaluate the usefulness of dP/dt in evaluating left ventricular function in patients with acute coronary syndrome and mitral regurgetation and its relation to certain clinical and echocardiographic features.Patients and Methods : This study included fifty patients who were admitted to the coronary care units of Baghdad and Al - Shaheed Gazy teaching hospitals with the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome with ischemic mitral regurgitation for the period from 2/2/2013 to 5/3/2014. History and clinical examination were done and echocardiography was done in all patients and Doppler - derived dP/dt was calculated. Levels less than 1000 were considered low. Statistical analysis was made using Med Calc version 12.5.0.0. and Microsoft Office Excel 2010. Chisquare test was used to study relation among different groups with regard to numeric variables. P - value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results : The mean age of patients with low dP/dt (<1000) was (65.62 ± 5yrs) and that of patients with normal (dP/dt ≥ 1000) was (63.38 ± 5 yrs) (p value 0.9296). Males constituted 62% of study sample. Low dP/dt value was found in 42 patients (84%). Low dP/dt values were found more in the age group (51 - 60 yrs) (P = 0.0110). Low dP/dt value was significantly associated with smoking and positive family history. It was significantly associated with LV diastolic dysfunction (P value= 0.0005), left atrial size (P value < 0.0001), left atrial pressure (P value = 0.0006), and left ventricular size (P value < 0.0001). Conclusions : The use of dP/dt is useful for evaluating left ventricular function in patients with acute coronary syndrome

دراسة مقارنة بين نتائج الدوبلر والاعراض السريرية في مرضى القدم السكري == CORRELATION STUDY OF TRIPLEX ULTRASOUND AND CLINICAL FINDINGS IN DIABETIC FOOT PATIENTS

Author name: رمزي حلوان طعين
Supervisor name: ليث احمد خلف | مؤيد عباس فاضل
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Diagnostic Radiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a common ailment in our community, diabetes affects about 10% of our population and the prevalence of diabetes varies form 5.3% to 16.2%. Diabetic foot disease is a common cause of admission in the surgical wards and sometimes the first presentation of this debilitating disease. Foot ulcers carry a 25% risk of major amputation. The diabetic foot disease classified according to Wagner’s Classification, and to manage it according to the standard protocols. The ultrasound scanning for lower limb arteries clearly show that it can provide information about the vascularity of the lower limb arteries. It is established as a valuable noninvasive method to investigate lower limb arteries. Objective : Evaluation of Doppler ultrasound finding in correlation with clinical finding (Wagner's classification ) of diabetic foot. Patient and method : A cross sectional study from August 2012 to August 2013, for 58 patients referring to ultrasound unit for triplex ultrasound examination of lower limbs at medical city complex in Baghdad. Patient were randomly selected and consisted of 21 female and 37 male. Age ranged between 40 and 75 year. Result : The mean age of patients was 57.9±7.8 years with predominance ofIIImale gender (63.8%) and type II DM(8602%). Mean duration of DM for selected patients in our study was 12.33±6.2 years. . In the present study approximately half of the diabetic patients were in fourth Wagner grades. Doppler USG revealed a pathological finding of lower limbs arteries in 89.7% of the patients. The most frequent site of occlusion was found in the dorsalis paedis artery (12.1%). There is a significant association of impaired blood flow diagnosed by Doppler USG and clinical deterioration of DM detected by Wagner's grade (p<0.001).The normal blood flow in all arteries of lower limbs had been found in 10.3% with Wagner's grade II, III and IV. Conclusion : There is correlation between clinical finding of diabetic foot (Wagner grade ) and Doppler finding (degree of stenosis) which mean when increase Wagner's grade, this is associated with increase degree of stenosis, therefor lower extremity artery triplex US is an excellent method, which can monitor the grade of Diabetic foot. The normal blood flow in all arteries of the lower limbs was 10.3% in spite of patient present with Wagner grade II, III and IV, these should be remembered during management of diabetic foot.

العوامل التي تؤثر على مرضى الفشل في علاج مرضى التدرن في بغداد، العراق، 2009 - 2012 == Factors associated with Tuberculosis Treatment Failure in Baghdad, Iraq, 2009 - 2012

Author name: ليث عبد اللطيف كريم
Supervisor name: سهير محمد محمود الجبوري
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Applied Epidemiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

حدوث مرض الاسهال الحاد بين الاطفال دون سن الخامسة للاطفال في بغداد قبل وبعد التطعيم بلقاح الفيروس العجلي حزيران 2013 == Occurrence of Acute Diarrheal Disease among under Five Years Children in Baghdad before and after Rota Virus Vaccination, June 2013

Author name: سنان اكرم عقراوي
Supervisor name: بتول علي غالب ياسين
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Applied Epidemiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Background : Approximately 39% of the global diarrhea deaths in children aged 5 years may be attributable to rotavirus infection. Two rotavirus vaccines were recently introduced to the market, with evidence of efficacy in the USA, Europe and Latin America. We sought to estimate the effectiveness of these vaccines against rotavirus morbidity and mortality.Objectives : To determine the association between infant rotavirus vaccination in Baghdad and the occurrence of acute diarrheal diseases, the rate of hospital admission for gastroenteritis and mortality among under five years children Methods : An observational, cross - sectional study of two time periods : 1 January - 31 August 2011 (prior to initiating rotavirus vaccination) and 1 January - 31 August 2013 (one year after introducing rotavirus vaccination). All cases of acute diarrhea among infants and under five years children during 2011 and 2013 were retrieved from surveillance section /CDC Baghdad, from Health and Vital statistics Department - MOH - Iraq and Pediatrics Hospital’s Statistical Units and analyzed. Discrete variables were presented as numbers and percentages. Z test for difference between two proportions was calculated with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) Findings with P value less than 0.05 were considered significant.Results : The current study revealed a 32.7% decrease of acute diarrhea among under five years children (Z value= 7.967, p <0.0001, C.I. =0.0087 - 0.0143) and a decrease by 33.2% acute diarrhea infants (Z value= 41.4458, p > 0.0001, C.I. =0.0362 - 0.0398). The disease burden decreased by 51.9% for under five years and 28.2% for infants reductions in hospitalizations due to acute diarrhea and the case fatality rate decreased by 23% for under five years.Conclusions : A noticeable reduction in the occurrence of acute diarrhea among infants and under five years children, in hospital utilization and to less extent in the mortalities due to acute diarrhea after implementing the Rota virus vaccination for infants in Iraq.

دور فحص المرونة النسيجية للخصيتين لمرضى العقم والدوالي == The role of Testicular Elastography in patients with varicocele and infertility

Author name: بشارعبد الرزاق مولان
Supervisor name: سعد داخل فرحان | سلام محمد جوري
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Diagnostic Radiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: To assess the value of Real - time Elastography (RTE) in evaluation of the effect of varicocele on the elasticity of the testicular interstitium and ability to predict the effect of varicocele on the sperm motility.Methods : In total of 73 candidate. 50 patient with varicocele and 23 control normal volunteer were examined by ultrasound B mode gray scale, color Doppler and elastography . Elasticity images of the testicles were assigned the color - coded score of Itoh , according to the distribution of strain induced by light compression. RTE findings were analyzed and compare the result of affected patient with normal volunteer.Results : Most of the testicles of the varicocele patient showed elevated elastography ratio as compared with the same side of normal volunteer, also there was positive correlation between the varicocele grade and the elasto ratio. When I compared the percentage of active motile sperm with elasto ratio I found negative correlation.Conclusions : RTE is non - invasive, bed side test, useful technique in assessing the changes which happen in the interstitium of the affected testicles with varicocele and in the prediction of the active motile sperm status.This is relevant in clinical practice allowing expectant management according to elasto ratio in selected cases.(as the testicular elasto ratio will predict the outcome of varicocele operation in at the point of sperm quality improvement).

دوبلر الشريان السباتي للمرضى المرشحيه لعملياث تبديل الشراييه التاجية == Doppler of Carotid Artery Assessment in Evaluation of Patients indicated for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft

Author name: فرج عبد الخالق زكي
Supervisor name: ليث احمد خلف | علي محسن حسن
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Diagnostic Radiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Atherosclerosis is a generalized disease, mainly manifested in all vascular trees. An association between carotid artery stenosis and coronary artery disease has been well established. Carotid artery stenosis is an important etiologic factor for cerebrovascular accidents, is associated with coronary artery disease .Methods;A prospective study of 86 patients, who were scheduled for CABG, was done at radiology department, Medical city Baghdad,Gazzi Al - Harirri hospital from Nov.2016 to July 2017. The majority were males, (73) and (13) were Females.All patients , after a clinical history was taken by the cardiac surgery team, they underwent a physical examinations ,and investigations ; chest x - ray , ECG , blood was taken for fasting blood suger and cholesterol study , Doppler ultrasonography for bilateral carotid arteries were performed by aspescailized radiologist for carotid artery atherosclerosis Results; The majority of the patients were above 50 years of age, 73 patients (84.45%) and only 15% were below the age of 50 years. Male affected by carotid artery atherosclerosis, (76.7%) more than females above the age of 50 years, while below the age of 50 years females (46.7%) more affected than males (9.58%). Risk factors were significantly correlated with both carotid and coronary artery stenosis like age, sex, smoking hypertension, cholesterol and diabetes mellitus.Doppler Ultrasonography was performed to screen the presence of carotid artery stenosis. Carotid artery atherosclerosis was present in 66 patients, (76.7%).Ten patients ( 15.1%) with one coronary artery disease , 17 (25.75%) with two coronary artery disease , and 39 patients ( 59.09%) with three coronary artery disease.The location of atherosclerosis is mostly in ICA, (53%), of which 15% in the bulb, in the CCA (32%) .Conclusions; Our finding indicated significant associations between carotid artery atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease.there is strong association between increase in intma media thickness of carotid arteries and the presence of coronary artery disease.

عرض توزيع الخلايا الحمراء ومتوسط حجم الصفائح الدموية لدى عينه من المرضى العراقيين البالغين المصابين بمرض التهاب الفقار اللاصق == Red cell Distribution Width and Mean Platelets Volume in sample of adult Iraqi patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis

Author name: علي مكي حسن
Supervisor name: فائق ايشو كوريال
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Diseases - Joints
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic, progressive inflammatory rheumatic disease that affects the axial skeleton causing characteristic back pain, and lead to structural and functional impairment and decrease in the quality of life.Mean platelet volume (MPV) is a part of the complete blood count (CBC) test and correlates with the platelets function and activation. Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a part of the complete blood count (CBC) and estimates erythrocyte variability.Objective : To analyse RDW and MPV in patients with AS and to evaluate their relationships with acute phase reactants (APRs) and disease activity index.Patients and Methods : A total of 100 patients with AS (78 males : 22 females) diagnosed according to the modified New York classification criteria for AS and 146 (99male : 47female) healthy individuals matched in age and gender as controls enrolled in the study. Demographic data, disease activity scores using Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), medical history, Creactive protein (CRP), erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR), and complete blood count (CBC) were all measured.Results : The mean age for patients and control was 38.0 ± 9.0 and 35.8 ± 9.0 years respectively (p=0.057). Both MPV and RDW were significantly higher in patients with AS (9.215 ± 1.570 p < 0.001 and 14.133 ± 1.613 p < 0.001 respectively) compared with controls (7.753 ± 0.857 p < 0.001 and 12.299 ± 1.031 p < 0.001 respectively). There was a direct correlation of (RDW and MPV with both ESR and CRP (P < 0.001 for RDW and 0.01 for MPV), RDW had r=0.38 for C - reactive protein (CRP) and 0.413 for ESR, and MPV had r=0.23 for CRP and 0.232 for Abstract VIESR. Also BASDAI was directly correlated with RDW (r=0.326 p<0.001) and MPV (r=0.333, p<0.001).Conclusion : Both MPV and RDW were higher in AS patients than in controls and are directly correlated with ESR, CRP, and BASDAI.

مدى صحة استخدام اختيار التحكم بالربو لتقييم شدة الربو القصبي في الاناث الحوامل في الثلث الثالث للحمل : دراسة سريرية == Validity of Asthma Control Test in assessment of asthmatic pregnant females in third trimester (Single center study)

Author name: زينب علاء عبد الحسين
Supervisor name: محمد وهيب سلمان العبيدي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Diseases - Thoracic
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Asthma is a common chronic medical condition in pregnancy, with a worldwide prevalence estimated between 8 - 13%; The ACT has the added advantage that it does not require pulmonary function assessment.Aims of study : To assess asthma control through ACT score and to determine if the ACT can be as useful as the spirometry usage of FEV1 in assessment of asthma status in asthmatic pregnant female.Methods : A cross - sectional study with analytic elements recruiting 55 pregnant asthmatic patients aged 16 - 35 year old were seen in gynecology and obstetrics department of Baghdad Teaching Hospital between 1st of November 2016 and 1ST of April 2017 for pregnant females in third trimester. Asthma control was assessed using the ACT score and FEV1.Results : There were 55 pregnant females in third trimester with history of asthma enrolled in this study.According to ACT score 15 patients (27.3%) were with poorly controlled asthma, 19 patients (34.5%) moderately controlled and 21(38.2 %) well controlled asthma.Of these 55 patients 32 patients (58.2 %) where with ACT score of ≤ 19 and abnormal FEV1, only 2 patients (3.6%) with ACT score of ≤ 19 and normal FEV1, while there was 19 patients (34.5%) with ACT score of ˃19 and normal FEV1, and only 2 patients (3.60%) with ACT score of ˃ 19 and abnormal FEV1.Conclusion :  ACT can serve as an alternative reliable tool in assessing asthma control even without an aid of a spirometer

دراسة نسبة انتشار مرض التهاب الكبد الفايروسي نوعي - "بي" و"سي" بين طلاب كلية الطب جامعة بغداد للعام 2013

Author name: بشار عبد اللطيف عبد الرزاق
Supervisor name: بتول علي غالب ياسين
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Applied Epidemiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Background : Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis C virus infections have become a serious problem of public health and a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries. Due to direct contact with patients, the risk of infection for health care workers is higher than for employees in other jobs. Health care workers can also be a source of infection for patients. This is also true for medical students in the framework of their education.Objectives : This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis C virus infections amongst medical students at Baghdad University, College of Medicine.Subjects' and Methods : A Cross sectional descriptive analyticstudy conducted from the 1st of May to the 30th of June, 2013 at the College of Medicine, University of Baghdad.Data were collected through a self - administered questionnaire and through blood analysis for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibodies to theHepatitis B coreantigen (anti - HBc), antibodies to theHepatitis B surfaceantigen (anti - HBs) and antibodies to the Hepatitis C virus (anti - HCV).Results : One student (0.6%) was positive for HBsAg, three (1.7%) were positive for anti - HBc, no one show positive result for anti - HCV (0%) and84 were positive for anti - HBs, giving an overall prevalence rate of (46.7%).Conclusions and Recommendations : This study showed a low prevalence of Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis C virus infections markers among the medical student, which clearly indicates that the National Program of Immunization for hepatitis B is being efficient.Ninety six (53.3%) students were susceptible to the infection and required vaccination

نوعية حياة مرضى التدرن في بغداد 3102 == Quality of Life of Tuberculosis Patients, Baghdad /2013

Author name: اياد كريم حويز
Supervisor name: صالح جاسم علوان
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Applied Epidemiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

معرفة وموقف وممارسات النساء اللواتي يحضرن الى مراكز الرعاية الصحيه الاوليه من فحص الثدي الذاتي في بغداد الكرخ 2018 == Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Women Attending Primary Health Care Centers toward Breast Self - Examination in Al - Karkh Baghdad, 2018

Author name: هند احمد عبد العزيز
Supervisor name: جواد كاظم الديوان
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Family Medicine
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Background : Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent form of cancer in Iraq, accounting for 21% of all female cancers. It is considered to be a progressive disease with a poor prognosis if detected late. The low level of knowledge and practice of breast self - examination is an important method of prevention.The objective of this study to assess knowledge of Iraqi women at Baghdad - Alkarkh about breast cancerrisk factor and their practices of breast self examination Aim of the study To assess knowledge of a sample of Iraqi women at baghdad - Alkarkh about breast cancer risk factors and their practices of breast self - examination , clinical breast examination and mamography .To assess the attitude and practices of breast cancer screening methods .Methods : Across - sectional study was conducted using interviweradmininstered qustionnaires. Samples of 400 feamales were systematic randomly selected from women attending primary health care centers at Baghdad - Alkarkh sector. Statistical package for social sciences(SPSS) version 25 was usedto study the statistical association between variables.Result : this study showed that two third of participiants had knowledge of BSE and poor practicing for BSE. The main sourse of information among all participants via PHCCs.Conclusion : good knowledge was noticed among women attending primery health care centers. Practicing of breast self examination was poor.

تقييم شكل البطين الايسر ووظيفة القلب الانبساطية لعينة من الرجال المصابين بالسمنة بواسطة جهاز صدى القلب (الايكو) == ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF LEFT VENTRICULAR GEOMETRICAL PATTERNS AND DIASTOLIC FUNCTION IN OBESE MALE SUBJECTS

Author name: ريم جمال جابر
Supervisor name: عفان عزت حسن
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: السمنة هي مشكلة مهمة في الصحة العالمية وتكون مصحوبة بزيادة احتمال المشاكل الصحية. السمنة تسبب تضخم في عضلة القلب عن طريق زيادة نسبة الانسولين وزيادة مادة IGF - 1 وزيادة حجم السوائل وهي مشابهة لتاثير زيادة ضغط الدم الشرياني.طبيا عندما يكون معامل كتلة الجسم بين 25 - 29.9 (كيلوغرام/متر مربع) تدعى الحالة زيادة في الوزن, وعندما يكون اكثر من 30 كيلوغرام/متر مربع تدعى السمنة.ان هذا الفحص يهدف الى تقييم الجزء الايسر لعضلة القلب (وظيفة وشكلا) في الاشخاص مرتفعي الوزن وفي الاشخاص ذوي السمنة في عينة من الاشخاص باستعمال جهاز صدى القلب, اكتشاف وتعيين نسبة ونوع تغييرات شكل عضلة القلب اليسرى وعجز القلب الانبساطي فيها حسب درجة ذلك العجز ولتقييم الضغط الامتلائي للجهة اليسرى وذلك لتعيين الاشخاص الذين يكونون اكثر عرضة للاصابة بعجز القلب ذومعامل الدفع الطبيعي .شارك في هذه الدراسة مئة وسبعة اشخاص من الرجال بمعدل عمر حوالي تسعة وثلاثون سنة وتم تقسيمهم الى ثلاثة مجاميع حسب معامل كتلة الجسم : المجموعة الاولى وهم ذوي معامل كتلة الجسم 18,5 - 24,9(كيلوغرام/مترمربع) وكان عددهم اربعة وثلاثون شخصا صحيحا من الرجال كشاهد او مراقب وبمعدل عمرسبعة وثلاثون سنه.المجموعة الثانية وهم ذوي معامل كتلة الجسم 25 - 29,9 وهم ذوي زيادة الوزن وكان عددهم سته وثلاثون شخصا من الرجال وبمعدل عمرثمان وثلاثون سنه.المجموعة الثالثة ذوي السمنة وبمعامل كتلة الجسم اكثر من ثلاثين كيلوغرام/متر مربع وبمعدل عمر واحد واربعون سنه.اجريت هذه الدراسة في وحدة صدى القلب التابعة لمستشفى ابن البيطار لجراحة القلب للفترة بين شهر ايلول لسنه الفين واثنا عشر ولغاية تموز لسنه الفين وثلاثة عشر.خطة الدراسة تضمنت اخذ التاريخ الطبي لكل مريض واجراء الفحص الطبي السريري, واجراء تخطيط كهربية القلب لكل مريض وكذلك اجراء فحص صدى القلب وكذلك فحص عينات الدم للدهون, السكر ,اليوريا والكرياتين.لغرض تقييم جزء عضلة القلب الايسر تم قياس العمل الانقباضي والانبساطي باستعمال M - mode , الفحص ثنائي الابعاد وصدى امواج القلب لغرض تقييم عرض عضلة القلب اليسرى الانقباضي والانبساطي وسمك الجزء الوسطي الفاصل بين البطينين لعضلة القلب والجزء السفلي لعضلة القلب الايسر, كتلة العضلة اليسرى , معامل كتلة العضلة اليسرى حجم الاذين اليسر ومعامل حجم الاذين الايسر. نتائج الدراسة اظهرت وجود تغيرات شكلية ووظيفية في البطين والاذين الايسر عند الاشخاص ذوي زيادة الوزن وذوي السمنة علما انهم غير مصابين بمرض في القلب او اي مرض اخرعام في الجسم , حيث ان عجز عضلة القلب الانبساطي كان موجودا في واحد وخمسون بالمائة من العدد الاجمالي لذوي السمنة وفي سبعة وعشرين بالمائة من ذوي زيادة الوزن .كما بينت الدراسة وجود ثمان وستون بالمائة من العدد الاجمالي لذوي عجز القلب الانبساطي من المجموعة الثالثة واثنان وثلاثون بالمائة من المجموعة الثانية., وبينت الدراسة ايضا ان سبع وخمسون بالمائة من ذوي العجز الانبساطي هم من الدرجة الاولى وثلاثة واربعون بالمائة هم من الدرجة الثانية.كما واظهرت الدراسة ان ستة وعشرون بالمائة لديهم تضخم البطين الايسر من النوع المتراكز (ثمان وستون بالمائة في المجموعة الثانية واثنان وستون بالمائة في المجموعة الثالثة) اما الاشخاص الذين لديهم تضخم لا متراكز فيبلغ عددهم خمسة اشخاص(اربعون بالمائة منهم في المجموعة الثانية وستون بالمائة في المجموعة الثالثة).نتائج هذه الدراسة اظهرت ان جهاز فحص صدى القلب اداة مفيدة في تقييم شكل وعمل عضلة القلب اليسرى في الاشخاص ذوي السمنة, كما وبينت ان العلاقة بين معامل كتلة الجسم مع عمل القلب الانبساطي هي علاقة مستمرة وغير معتمدة على عوامل الخطورة الاخرى التي تكون مصحوبة بزيادة الوزن مثل زيادة ضغط الدم ,داء السكري وتضخم عضلة القلب.وكذلك اظهرت هذه الدراسة ان زيادة الوزن تكون مصحوبة بعرقلة عمل عضلة القلب اليسرى الانبساطي وهو مشابه لما يحصل في الاشخاص ذوي السمنة وان زيادة الوزن والسمنة فيها خطورة العمل الانبساطي الكاذب. واخيرا بينت الدراسة ان لدى الاشخاص ذوي زيادة الوزن والسمنة ارتفاع في ضغط الدم بالمقارنة مع الاشخاص الصحيحين ذوي الوزن الطبيعي. | Obesity is a public health concern worldwide associated with significant health risks and comorbid conditions. Obesity induces left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction via hemodynamic changes caused by hyperinsulinemia, increased insulin like growth factor - 1 expression and volume overload which are similar to the effect caused by hypertension. In clinical terms, a body mass index between 25 and 29.9 kg/m represents overweight, and a body mass index greater than 30 kg/m represents obesity. This study aimed to evaluate the left ventricular geometrical remodeling and diastolic function in a sample of overweight and obese subjects by Doppler Echocardiography, explore the percentage and type of left ventricular geometric remodeling and diastolic dysfunction in those people according to the grades of diastolic dysfunction and to assess the left side filling pressure to early specify and diagnose people at risk for development of normal ejection fraction heart failure. One hundred and seven (107) normal male subjects with a mean age of (39.3± 7.5) years involved in this study, they divided into three groups according to their body mass index(BMI) : Group 1with normal body mass index (18.5 - 24.9kg/m²).Group2 overweight (BMI 25 - 29.9kg/m²).Group3 obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m²).This study was performed during the period from September 2012 until July 2013, at the echo unit of Ibn Al - Bitar hospital for cardiac surgery.The plan of the study consisted of the following steps : Case history, Clinical & physical examination, Body mass index (BMI) measurement, Electrocardiography (ECG), Echocardiographic examination and Blood sampling for lipid profile, sugar, urea and creatinine estimation.In order to assess the left ventricular function ( systolic & diastolic) and geometry, the 2 - D echocardiography, M - mode echocardiography, blood flow Doppler and the tissue Doppler echocardiography were performed in all subjects for determining the left ventricular dimensions, interventricular septal thickness, posterior wall thickness, relative wall thickness, left ventricular mass, left ventricular mass index, left atrium volume and left atrium volume index. The results of this study showed structural and functional changes in the left ventricular and left atrium in a sample of healthy subjects with excess weight who have no other clinically appreciable cause of heart disease or any other systemic disease. These changes appear to be related to the obesity and overweight. Diastolic dysfunction was present in 51% of the total number of the obese group and 27% of the overweight group. Sixty eight percent of the total number of the impaired diastolic function grade 1 were from obese group while 32% from overweight group, While 57% of the diastolic dysfunction grade 2 (pseudonormal pattern) were from obese group and 43% from overweight group. This study showed that 55% percent of the total number with diastolic dysfunction had an increased left atrium volume index. Twenty six subjects had concentric remodeling (38% in overweight group and 62% in obese group) and five subjects had eccentric hypertrophy (60% in overweight group and 40% in obese group). Regarding the posterior wall thickness, interventricular septum thickness, left ventricular mass and left atrium volume, a significant statistical difference was found between the group 1 (normal weight) and both the overweight (group 2) and the obese group (group 3). The findings of this study indicate that : Echocardiography is a valuable tool in evaluating Left ventricular geometry and function in obese subjects, the relationship between BMI and diastolic function parameters is continuous and independent of cardiovascular risk factors that cluster with obesity; such as hypertension, diabetes, and left ventricular hypertrophy, the overweight status is already associated with an impairment of left ventricular diastolic function close to that observed in obese persons, overweight and obese subjects developed high percent of a pseudonormalized diastolic pattern with the tendency of an increase in blood pressure (both systolic and diastolic) with increasing body weight

دراسة فاعلية وسلامة التغييرات المختبرية ومعلمات التنبؤ للاستجابة لعقار الاداليموماب في علاج المرضى المصابين بالتهاب الفقار المقسط النشط == Efficacy, Safety of Laboratory Changes and Predictors of Response to Adalimumab in Treatment of Patients with Active Ankylosing Spondylitis

Author name: ليث محمود شاكر
Supervisor name: خضير زغير معيوف البدري
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Diseases - Joints
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Background : Ankylosing Spondylitis belongs to a family of rheumatic diseases known as spondyloarthritides that characteristically cause spinal joint inflammation and bony fusion of the spine. Ankylosing spondylitis is the prototype of the Spondyloarthritides and is typified by ankylosis of the axial skeleton.There is no cure for ankylosing spondylitis, although treatments and medications are available to reduce joints pain and stiffness with subsequent improvement in quality of life.Adalimumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody of the Immunoglobulin G1isotype that neutralizes the biological function of tumor necrosis factor - α, has been used as effective treatment in ankylosing spondylitis in the last years.Objective : To assess the efficacy and safety of laboratory changes of Adalimumab in treatment of patients with active ankylosing spondylitis, as well as to assess the predictors of response to Adalimumab in treatment of patients with active ankylosing spondylitis.Patients and methods : An open labeled single group prospective study that was conducted over 17 months period on 61 Iraqi patients with ankylosing spondylitis diagnosed according to Modified New York criteria (1984) for diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis and ASAS classification criteria for axial SpA .All the patients included in the study were given Adalimumab vial at a dose of 40 mg by subcutaneous injection every other week. Each patient was followed at regular intervals of baseline, 3 months and 6 months for disease activity including Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index and functional assessment including Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index and for laboratory changes in hemoglobin, white blood cell count, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, blood urea and serum creatinine . In addition, the study assessed eight different patients’ characteristics : age, gender, disease duration, human leukocyte antigensubtype B27, smoking, using steroids, using disease - modifying antirheumatic drugs (methotrexate, sulfasalazine), and drug history of using of other biological drugs (Etanercept, Infliximab) as predictors of response to Adalimumab treatment.Results : Data analysis showed that Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index 50% response rate was 59% after three month of treatment and reached to 85.6% after six months of treatment, the analysis also showed that the age and a positive history of using other biologic agents as apart from ( gender, disease duration, human leukocyte antigensubtype B27, smoking status , using steroids, and disease - modifying anti rheumatic drugs ) had a statistically significant association with reduced response to treatment, for each one year increase in age, the risk of being a respondent is decreased by 4% (P=0.026), and a positive history of using biologic agents is associated with decrease in the risk of being a respondent by 2.5 times (P=0.016) , all the variables were statistically significant effect on treatment and were evaluated as a strong effect (Cohen’s d>0.8). In Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index ≥5 group, data analysis showed that their is statistically significant reduction by a mean of 2 units after three months of treatment and reached to a mean of 2.5 units after six months of treatment, the data analysis showed that increase age and a positive human leukocyte antigen - subtype B27 had a statistically significant association with reduced response to treatment, all the variables were statistically significant effects on treatment and were evaluated as a strong effect (Cohen’s d>0.8).In Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index ˂5 group, data analysis showed that their is statistically insignificant reduction in the score of by a mean of 0.5 units after three months, and 0.6 units after six months of treatment, all the variables were statistically insignificant effects on treatment and were evaluated as a weak to moderate effect.The treatment effect of Adalimumab was evaluated as a moderately strong reduction in white blood cell count (Cohen’s d=0.43). While treatment effect on (hemoglobin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, blood urea and serum creatinine) was evaluated as week effects (Cohen’s d<0.3).Conclusion : Adalimumab drug is effective and relatively safe in treatment of patients with active ankylosing spondylitis. Increase in age, positive history of using of other biological drugs (Etanercept, Infliximab) and positive human leukocyte antigen - subtype B27 had significant correlation with reduced response to treatment.

جدوى قياس سرعة الانتشار في الشريان الابهر النازل كمعيار تنبؤي لامراض الشرايين التاجيه في اثنين من مراكز القلب في بغداد == The Value of Measuring Propagation Velocity Of The Descending Aorta as Predictor of Coronary Artery Disease in Two Cardiac Centers in Baghdad

Author name: دنيا حامد كاظم
Supervisor name: امال نوري المراياتي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Echocardiography
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Background : Elastic properties of the aorta affect the left ventricular function and epicardial arteries blood flow. Thats why several parameters are used to assess those properties in order to predict the likelihood of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. Those parameters include aortic strain, aortic distensibility and early diastolic velocity of the anterior aortic wall.Objectives : Testing the value of aortic propagation velocity as a parameter of aortic stiffness in predicting coronary artery disease. The strength of this parameter in predicting the number of affected coronary arteries is also assessed.st of August 2015 to the 1 st Study population and methodology : From the 1 of July 2016, and after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 120 patients were included in this comparative multi - center study. They were assessed for demographic criteria and risk factor profiles. Trans thoracic echocardiographic examination was done, all the needed measurements were obtained as well as measuring the carotid intima media thickness by Doppler, then the results of their coronary angiography were revised, 60 patients were included in the coronary artery disease group and another 60 in the non - coronary artery disease group.Results : Aortic propagation velocity was found to be related to the aortic distensibility, strain, early diastolic anterior aortic wall velocity and the overall carotid intima media thickness to a statistically significant level (r=+0.481, p<0.001; r=+0.548, p<0.001; r=+0.595, p<0.001; r= - 0.361, p<o.oo1 respectively). It was found that aortic propagation velocity predicts coronary artery disease (p<0.001) and correlates with the number of affected coronary arteries (r= - 0.711, p<0.001).Conclusion : Aortic propagation velocity is an easily applied echocardiographic parameter of aortic stiffness that can predict coronary artery disease caused by vascular atherosclerosis in a non - invasive way. It also correlates with the number of the affected coronary arteries.

المعلمات اللتي تزيد من خطر الاصابه بامراض الرئه الخلاليه في مريض التهاب المفاصل الرثياني == Parameters that Increase Risk of Interstitial Lung Disease in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patient

Author name: زينب عزيز
Supervisor name: عدنان الجبوري
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Diseases - Thoracic
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Background : Several studies have been focused on interstitial lung disease among patients with established rheumatoid arthritis, with fluctuating incidence and prevalence depending on the methods used.Objective : This study has been carried out to determine the risk of developing of interstitial lung disease according patients’ socio - demographic characteristics and other study variables.Patients and Methods : A case - control study design was used in this study performed on 100 cases with RA (50 cases with ILD). Data were analyzed by using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) version18. Categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages. Continuous variables were presented as means with their 95% confidence interval (CI) and standard deviation. The Pearson's chi - square test (x2) was used to determine the associations between categorical variables. A p - value of < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results : The overall mean age patients with rheumatoid arthritis were (49.65±11.94) years old and majority (54.0%) and (58.0%) of rheumatoid arthritis patients with and without interstitial lung disease were between 41 - 60 years, respectively. Female gender with rheumatoid arthritis patients about (66%) without interstitial lung disease & only (50.0%) of rheumatoid arthritis patients with interstitial lung disease are female. There was significant association between rheumatoid arthritis patients with and without interstitial lung disease with residence, rheumatoid arthritis patients who lived away from generators and factories areas were 15 times more likely to be without interstitial lung disease.Conclusion : The present study finding was reported significant higher rate 15 times of interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis patients who live near area of generators and or factories, as well as, current smokers in present study were two times higher in presenting interstitial lung disease among rheumatoid arthritis patients as well as non - smokers were three times higher to be without interstitial lung disease.

دراسة تاثير الهرمونات جريلين، الانسولين عامل النمو , الليبتين والانسولين على نمو الاطفال المصابين بالسمنه == The Impact of Ghrelin,Insulin like growth factor - 1(IGF - 1),Leptin and Insulin on the growth of Obese Children

Author name: زيـنة عزالدين نور الــدين
Supervisor name: هدف ظافر الياسين | محجوب نفل النداوي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Clinical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: الجريليين يعرف بانه الرابط الداخلي للمستقبلات المسؤولة عن افراز هرمون النمو ويعمل بمثابة اشارة منمي جسدي ومشهي من المعدة .يعتبر الجرليين فريد من نوعه بعد التعديل حيث ان مجموعة الهيدروكسيل من جهة الحمضي الاميني الثالث عادة هو سيرين ولكن في بعض الانواع ثريونين مؤسترة من حمض الاوكتانيك وهذا ضروري للانشطة البايولوجية للجريليين .يزداد افراز هرمون جريليين في ظل ظروف الطاقة السلبية مثل الجوع , دنف , فقدان شهية العصبي في حين يقل في ظل ظروف الطاقة الايجابية مثل التغذية ,ارتفاع السكر في الدم والسمنة . اضافة الى تاثير هرمون جريليين القوي على افراز هرمون النمو فانه يحفز الاستهلاك الغذائي وارسال اشارات الى نوى تحت المهاد (الهايبوثالامس) التنظيمية من اجل التوازن في التحكم بالطاقة . وهكذا من المثير للاهتمام ان نلاحظ ان المعدة لا تقتصر على لعب دور هام في عملية الهضم فحسب بل ايضا في تحفيز الغدة النخامية في افراز هرمون النمو وكذلك تنظيم التغذية المركزية . ان اكتشاف هرمون جريلييين من ممكن ان يخلق جسرا يربط النمو الجسدي مع الايض الغذائي . الهدف من هذة الدراسة : هو اختبار ما اذا كان ممكن للجريليين ان يلعب دورا في ظهور الاعراض المبكرة للبدانة او ان تترافق مع معطيات القياسات البشرية وافراز الانسولين ,هرمون اللبتيين او انسولين عامل النمو في الاطفال البدناء او الذين يعانون من زيادة في الوزن ومقارنتهم مع اطفال اصحاء الوزن .التصميم والاساليب : تم استخدام طريقة ELISA لفحص الجريليين , اللبتيين , الانسولين , انسولين عامل النمو . بواسطة اخذ عينة دم من اربعين طفلا يعانون من السمنة المفرطة , و11 طفلا يعانون من زيادة الوزن , و29 طفلا اصحاء طبيعي الوزن اعمارهم تتراوح بين ( 5 - 11 سنة ) .النتائج : كان متوسط تركيز الجريليين اقل بكثير في الاطفال البدناء الذين يعانون من زيادة في الوزن مقارنة بمجموعة التحكم ( P < 0.000 ) . كان متوسط تركيز هرمون انسولين النمو اعلى بكثير في الاطفال البدناء مقارنة بمجموعة التحكم ( P < 0.000 ) . وكان متوسط تركيب الانسولين اعلى بكثير لدى الاطفال البدناء مقارنة بمجموعة التحكم ( P < 0.007 ) . كان متوسط تركيز اللبتيين اعلى بكثير لدى الاطفال البدناء مقارنة بمجموعة التحكم ( P < 0.000 ) . وجدت علاقة عكسية بين جريليين و( مؤشر كتلة الجسم , لبتيين , الانسولين ) عند الاطفال ما قبل البلوغ في حين كان الارتباط ايجابي بين الجريليين وانسولين عامل النمو في الاطفال مفرطين السمنة .الاستنتاجات : ان التغيرات الحاصلة في هرمون الجريليين في الاطفال لا تشير الى انه المحفز المباشر لهرمون النمو ولكن الاثار الثانوية على محور انسولين عامل النمو يمكن ان تسهم في تسريع النمو خلال البلوغ . | Ghrelin, identified as an endogenous protein for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, functions as a somatotrophic and orexigenic signal from the stomach. Ghrelin has a unique post - translational modification : the hydroxyl group of the third amino acid, usually a serine but in some species a threonine, is esterified by octanoic acid and is essential for ghrelin’s biological activities. The secretion of ghrelin increases under conditions of negative energy balance, such as starvation, cachexia, and anorexia nervosa, whereas its secretion decreases under conditions of positive energy - balance such as feeding, hyperglycemia, and obesity. In addition to having a powerful effect on the secretion of growth hormone, ghrelin stimulates food intake and transduces signals to hypothalamic regulatory nuclei that control energy homeostasis. Thus, it is interesting to note that the stomach may play an important role not only in digestion but also pituitary growth hormone release and central feeding regulation.The discovered hormone, ghrelin, may well be the bridge connecting somatic growth with general metabolism.The aim of this study was to test whether Ghrelin could play a part in predisposing to early onset of obesity or be associated with anthropometric data and secretion of leptin , insulin or IGF1 in over weight and obese children , and to compare with control children with normal weight .Design and methods : ELISA method was used to assay Ghrelin , Leptin , IGF1 and Insulin . Blood was taken with drawn sample from 40 obese children, 11 overweight children and 29 normal weight healthy children their age (5 - 11) years .Results : The mean of Ghrelin concentration was significantly lower in obese and overweight children than in controls ( P < 0.000 ) . The mean of IGF1 concentration was significantly higher in obese and overweight children than in controls ( P < 0.000 ) . The mean of insulin concentration was significantly higher in obese and overweight children than in controls ( P < 0.007 ) . The mean of Leptin concentration was significantly higher in obese and overweight children than in controls ( P < 0.000 ) . Negative correlation between Ghrelin and BMI , Leptin , Insulin in pre pubertal children while positive correlation between Ghrelin and IGF1 in obese children . Conclusion : The changes in Ghrelin over childhood do not suggest that it is a direct growth - promoting hormone, but its secondary effects on the IGF axis could contribute to growth acceleration over puberty.

معرفة ومواقف النساء الحوامل حول طرق الولادة == Knowledge and Attitudes of Pregnant Women towards mode of Delivery In Baghdad Teaching Hospital - 2016

Author name: هند عامر ناهي الخفاجي
Supervisor name: نادية عزيز ناصر
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Family Medicine
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Delivery is one of the most important issues for human being and generation in the world. The process through which childbirth naturally occurs is called natural vaginal delivery. Caesarean is delivery of child through incisions in abdominal wall (Laparotomy) or uterus (Histrotomy).Aim of the study : To assess the knowledge, attitude of pregnant women and the associated factors with attitude towards the mode of delivery.Patients and method : A cross sectional study conducted in prenatal clinic in Baghdad teaching hospital for four months duration from the 1st of Feb. 2016 to the end of the May 2016.Results : A total of 300 pregnant women were included in present study with mean age as 28.3±9.8 years; Most of studied women were housewives. More than half of pregnant women (54.3%) married at younger age. The information of pregnant women about delivery modes were obtained mainly from social relationships (82.6). Half of pregnant women had good knowledge of delivery modes, 90.3% of them had good attitude toward normal vaginal delivery, 51.3% of them had poor attitude toward cesarean section .A significant association was observed between older age women and poor knowledge of them regarding delivery modes (p=0.01). There was a significant association between employed women and good knowledge score.Conclusion : The knowledge of pregnant women regarding vaginal delivery was relatively low and the attitude was high, while their attitude toward cesarean section was low. The main associated factors for women's knowledge were women's age, job, educational level, husband's age and abortion history and the main factors for women's attitude were women's age, educational level of women and their husbands and history of previous cesarean section.

احتساب هرمون الميلاتونين في مصل مرضى احتشاء العضلة القلبية الحاد == ESTIMATION OF SERUM MELATONIN HORMONE IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Author name: حيدر عامر توفيق
Supervisor name: اسراء فائق جعفر | معتز فوزي الحديثي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: هرمون الميلاتونين ، وهو منتج الغدد الصماء من الغدة الصنوبرية ، يفرز الهرمون تحت تاثير الساعة البيولوجية التي تنظم العديد من الوظائف الفسيولوجية والهرمونية العصبية . هورمون الميلاتونين له ادوار مهمة في مجموعة متنوعة من العمليات الفزيولوجية المرضية للقلب والاوعية الدموية مثل مضاد للالتهابات ، مضاد الاكسدة ، وظائفه الخافضة للضغط والمضادة للدهون .احتشاء العضلة القلبية الحاد هو السبب الرئيسي للوفيات في جميع انحاء العالم . في حالة احتشاء عضلة القلب الحاد يزداد انتاج انواع الجذور الحرة مثل الفائق انيون الراديكالي ( O2 • - ) وبيروكسيد الهيدروجين ( H2O2 ) ويمكن ان يؤدي الى توليد تاكسد اكثر سمية مثل الهيدروكسيل ( OH • ) . الميلاتونين ومكوناته ومنتجاتها من الايض هي قادرة على الحد من التفاعلات المؤكسدة من خلال تنظيفها الجذور الحرة المباشرة وغير المباشرة وكذلك من خلال النشاط المضاد للاكسدة لذلك للهرمون دورا هاما في حماية القلب . تصلب الشرايين هو العامل المسبب الرئيسي لاحتشاء العضلة القلبية الحاد ، حيث الاكسدة والالتهابات هي المكونات الرئيسية لتصلب الشرايين وان هورمون الميلاتونين من خلال وظيفة النشاط المضاد للالتهابات ومضادة للاكسدة فانه بمثابة عاملا مضادا للدهون . الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو : 1 - تقييم مستوى هرمون الميلاتونين في الدم في المرضى الذين يعانون من احتشاء العضلة القلبية الحاد . 2 - مقارنة بين مستوى الميلاتونين في المجموعة الضابطة والمرضى. 3 - دراسة التغيرات في مستوى الميلاتونين في المرضى الذين يعانون من احتشاء العضلة القلبية الحاد بعد خمسة ايام من الاصابة . 4 - تحديد العلاقة بين مستوى تحليل الدهون في الدم ومستوى الميلاتونين في المرضى والمجموعة الضابطة.وكان العدد الاجمالي المشمولة في الدراسة ( 80 ) من كلا الجنسين ، تتراوح اعمارهم من ( 40 - 60 ) سنة ، وتم تقسيمهم الى مجموعتين : 1 - اربعة واربعون المرضى الذين يعانون من احتشاء العضلة القلبية الحاد مع متوسط عمر ( 51.2 ± 6.12 سنة ) مدة دخولهم في ,وحدة العناية القلبية اقل من 24 ساعة . 2 - ستة وثلاثون شخصا اصحاء بمتوسط عمر ( 46.94 ± 4.86 سنة ) . وقد تم اخذ التاريخ الطبي الكامل ، تخطيط القلب الكهربائي وقياس ضغط الدم لكل الاشخاص , كما تم جمع عينات من الدم لتقدير هرمون الميلاتونين وصورة لنسبة الدهون في الدم .نتائج هذه الدراسة اكدت وجود فرق كبير فيما يتعلق بالميلاتونين في الدم بين مجموعة المرضى والمجموعة الضابطة ( P < 0.0001 ) ، ومستوى الميلاتونين في المرضى هو( 5.15 ± 1.56 ) والاصحاء هو( 9.37 ± 2.76 ) .وفيما يتعلق بصورة الدهون في الدم ، كشفت هذه الدراسة مجموع الكولسترول في الدم اعلى بكثير في مجموعة المرضى ( 196,16 19.2 ± ) مقابل في المجموعة الضابطة هو ( 185.58 ± 21.88 ملغ / دل ) وP = 0.0262 وذو دلالة معنوية احصائية .و بالنسبة للدهون الثلاثية في مجموعة المرضى فكان المعدل ( 190.64 ± 53.19 ملغ / دل ) مقابل في المجموعة الضابطة هو ( 171.39 ± 31.96 ملغ / دل ) وP = 0.0493 .و اما الدهون عالية الكثافة فكان المعدل في مجموعة المرضى ( 35.91 ± 6.89 ملغ / دل ) مقابل في المجموعة الضابطة ( 45.58 ± 8.93 ملغ / دل ) وP < 0.0001 .و بالنسبة للدهون قليلة الكثافة فكان المعدل في مجموعة المرضى ( 122.12 ± 19.13 ملغ / دل ) مقابل في المجموعة الضابطة كانت ( 105.72 ± 21.01 ملغ / دل ) وP < 0.0006 .اما مؤشر تصلب الشرايين فكان في مجموعة المرضى هو ( 0.72 ± 0.17 ) مقابل في المجموعة الضابطة هو ( 0.58 ± 0.14 ) وP< 0.0001 . نتائج هذه الدراسة لم تكشف عن فروق معنوية بين مستوى الميلاتونين في يوم الدخول واليوم الخامس من الدخول الى المستشفى بالنسبة للمرضى المصابين باحتشاء العضلة القلبية الحاد.نستنتج من هذه الدراسة وجود نقص واضح في مستوى هرمون الميلاتونين بالنسبة للمرضى المصابين باحتشاء العضلة القلبية الحاد مقارنة مع المجموعة الضابطة وان مستوى الكولستيرول , الدهون الثلاثية , الدهون قليلة الكثافة ومؤشر تصلب الشرايين اعلى منه في مجموعة المرضى مقارنة بالمجموعة الضابطة ، في حين ان مستوى الدهون عالية الكثافة اقل منه في مجموعة المرضى مقارنة بالمجموعة الضابطة . هذا الانخفاض في مستوى هرمون الميلاتونين يمكن تفسيره بان الميلاتونين تم استهلاكه للحد من الجذور الحرة التي تشكلت بعد نقص التروية القلبية | Melatonin hormone is an endocrine product of the pineal gland , it is released follow a circadian rhythm that regulates several physiological and neuroendocrine functions .Melatonin has an important roles in a variety of cardiovascular pathophysiologic processes like anti - inflammatory , antioxidant, antihypertensive and antilipidemic functions. Acute myocardial infarction ( AMI ) is the major cause of mortality worldwide . In acute myocardial infarction, excess production of active oxygen species such as superoxide anion radical ( O2• − ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can lead to the generation of more toxic oxidants such as the Hydroxyl radical ( •OH ) . Melatonin and it's precursors are able to reduce oxidative reactions by direct free radical scavenging and indirect antioxidant activity so it has an important role in cardioprotection . Atherosclerosis is the major causative factor of AMI , where oxidation and inflammation are key components of atherogenesis and melatonin by it's anti - inflammatory and antioxidant activity acts as antilipdemic factors. The aim of this study was to : 1 - Evaluate the level of serum melatonin hormone in patients with AMI . 2 - Compare melatonin level between normal control group and AMI patients. 3 - Study the changes in melatonin level in patients with AMI after 5 days of hospital admission. 4 - Correlate between lipid profile and melatonin level in AMI patients and in normal control subjects.Forty four Patients with AMI with a mean age of (51.2±6.12) of either sex and Thirty six age and sex matched healthy control subjects were enrolled in this study. Each patient and control subject was submitted to full medical history, ECG and blood pressure determination. Blood samples were collected for estimation of melatonin hormone and lipid profile expect that for patient group another blood sample was collected at day 5 for estimation of melatonin hormone .The results of this study revealed significant difference regarding serum melatonin between patient and control subject p > 0.0001, melatonin level in AMI patients was (5.15±1.56) and in control subjects was (9.37±2.76).Regarding lipid profile , this study revealed significantly higher total serum cholesterol in AMI patients ( 196.16± 19.2 mg / dl ) versus ( 185.58 ±21.88 mg / dl ) in control subjects , p = 0.0262 . S.TG in AMI patients was (190.64±53.19 mg / dl) versus (171.39±31.96 mg / dl) in control subjects , p = 0.0493 . S.HDL in AMI patients was (35.91±6.89 mg / dl) versus (45.58±8.93 mg / dl) in control subjects, p>0.0001. S.LDL in AMI patients was (122.12±19.13 mg / dl) versus (105.72±21.01 mg / dl) in control subjects, p> 0.0006. Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) in AMI patients was (0.72 ± 0.17) versus ( 0.58 ± 0.14 ) in control subjects , P > 0.0001 .The results of this study revealed no significant difference between melatonin level at day 0 and day 5 in AMI patients.From this study we can conclude that serum melatonin is obviously decreased in patient with AMI than control group .Lipid profile show higher level of total S.CH, S.TG, LDL and AIP in patients than control group, while HDL was lower in patient group. Melatonin level is decreased in day 5 but statistically it was not significant

دراسة مقارنة بين الرياضيين وكثيري الجلوس من ناحية وظائف الرئة وتشبع الاوكسجين وتركيز الشوارد في الدم == Comparative Study of Pulmonary Functions, Oxygen Saturation, and Electrolytes in Athletes and Sedentary Controls at Rest

Author name: زياد طارق عبد الرزاق
Supervisor name: زيد عبد المجيد المدفعي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: علم وظائف الاعضاء الرياضية هو دراسة الاثار طويلة المدى وقصيرة المدى للتدريب والظروف على الرياضيين، لمعرفة كيف يتفاعل رياضيا لانواع معينة من التمارين الرياضية.العضلات، والشوارد وتشبع الاكسجين تتاثر في الغالب في ممارسة. وفقا لنوع من الرياضة، ومدة التدريب والعضلات تتاثر في الغالب من قبل هذا التمرين، تتاثر قراءات الرئوية ايضا، وتميل الى ان تكون اعلى لدى الرياضيين من تلك التي من الناس المستقرة وبين المجموعات الرياضية انفسهم.1. هذه الدراسة وسط لتحديد احتراما في استجابة لاختبار وظائف الرئة، الشوارد وتشبع الاكسجين بين الرياضيين والمستقرة.2. التعرف على الفروق في استجابة لاختبار اداء الرئتين، وتشبع الاكسجين والشوارد بين الرياضيين من مختلف الرياضة الاكثر شعبية في العراق.اجريت قياس التنفس، ومستوى تشبع الاكسجين والدم الشوارد بما في ذلك الكالسيوم والمغنيسيوم والصوديوم والبوتاسيوم على 66 الرياضيين المستوى الوطني مختلفة تتراوح اعمارهم بين [24.36 ± 4.65 سنة]. وكان لاعب من خمس مجموعات رياضة مختلفة وكانوا جميعا من الذكور. للخروج منها، كان هناك 20 المصارعين، 15 لاعبي كرة القدم، 8 سباحين و8 عدائين و15 الكاراتيه مختلطة المقاتلين جميعهم رجال الرياضية المتخصصة، في حين كانت المستقرة 40 طلاب الطب، والذكور. وتبين هذه الدراسة ان الرياضيين لديها اعلى اختبارات وظائف الرئة من الجلوس في حين اظهر تشبع الاكسجين والشوارد في الدم في هذه الدراسة لا يوجد فرق كبير بين الرياضيين في الراحة وتلمس المستقرة | Sports physiology is the study of the long - and short - term effects of training and conditions on athletes, to learn how an athlete reacts to specific types of exercise.Muscles, electrolytes and oxygen saturation are mostly affected in exercise; and according to the type of sport, duration of training and muscles mostly affected by this workout, pulmonary readings are also affected and tend to be higher in athletes than those of sedentary people and between athletic groups themselves.1. This study is amid to Identify the deference in response of pulmonary function test, electrolytes and oxygen saturation between athletes and sedentary.2. Identify the differences in response of pulmonary function test, oxygen saturation and electrolytes between athletes of different most popular sport in Iraq.Spirometry, oxygen saturation level and serum electrolytes including calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium were conducted on 66 different national level athletes aged [24.36 ± 4.65 years]. The athletes were from five different sport groups and were all males. Out of them, there were 20 wrestlers, 15 footballers, 8 swimmers, 8 runners and 15 karate mixed fighters all of them are specialized sports men, while sedentary were 40 medical students, males. This study shows that athletes have higher pulmonary function tests than sedentary while oxygen saturation and serum electrolytes in the present study showed

دقة فحص رنين قنوات الصفراء بالمقارنه مع ناظور قنوات الصفراء في تقييم انسداد قنوات الصفراء == ACCURACY OF MRCP VERSUS ERCP IN THEEVALUATION OF BILIARY OBSTRUCTION

Author name: ايمان سامي سوادي العطية
Supervisor name: ليث احمد خلف
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Diagnostic Radiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: ان انسداد قنوات الصفراء من الحالات المتكرر مشاهدتها في قسمي الجراحه والباطنيه وان تشخيصها يحتاج الى الكثير من الفحوصات المختبريه والشعاعيه للتمكن من معالجتها واصبح فحص الرنين المغناطيسي من الفحوصات الاساسيه لغرض التشخيص الدقيق لاسباب الانسداد لتسهيل العلاج وفي بحثنا هذا اجريت مقارنه لنتائج فحص قنوات الصفراء بالرنين مع نتائج الفحص الناظوري الارتجاعي لللقنوات الصفرايه والبنكرياسيه باعتباره المعيار الذهبي لقد تم اجراء هذه الدراسه خلال الفتره من شهر كانون الاول لسنة 2015 لغاية شهر ايلول 2016 واجريت على 50 مريض اجري لهم فحص رنين قنوات الصفراء بعد الشك بوجود انسداد قنوات الصفراء بالاعتماد على نتائج فحص السونار او ارتفاع نسبة الماده الصفراء في الدم بعد ذالك اجريت لهم عمليه فحص القنوات الصفراء بالناظورالهدف من الدراسه : لغرض اثبات مدى دقة فحص الرنين المغناطيسي في تشخيص وجود انسداد في القنوات الصفراويه فقد تم فحص المرضى من قبل استشاري الامراض الباطنيه تخصص دقيق في امراض الجهاز الهضمي واحيلوا لفحص الرنين المغناطيسي في قسم الاشعه في مستشفى بغداد التعليمي او في معهد الاشعه وتمت مراجعه الفحص من قبل اخصائي الاشعه وتحدد سبب الانسداد اعتمادا على نتائج الرنين المغناطيسي بعد ذالك اجريت لهم عملية ناظور القنوات الصفراويه في الطابق السادس في مستشفى بغداد التعليمي او في مستشفى امراض الجهاز الهضمي والكبد من قبل استشاري امراض الجهاز الهضمي ثم تمت مقارنة النتائج لكلا الفحصين وقد تم التوصل ال مايلي : ان فحص الرنين المغناطيسي ذو كفاءه تصل الى ( 97.6بالمائه) مقارنة بنتائج الناظور لذلك يمكن استغلاله للتشيخص بحساسيه وكفاءه عاليه وابقاء الناظور للحالات التي يتوقع احتياج تداخل كسحب الحصى من القنوات الصفراويه او اخذ خزعه للفحص النسيجي او لوضع عباره خاصه في حالات التضيق او تلك التي لا يمكن فيها سحب الحصى | Biliary obstruction is one of the common problems in both medical and surgical departments and its diagnosis needs many investigations and radiological in order to reach the correct giagonsis to arrange for possible treatment Aim of the study : To assess the accuracy of MRCP versus ERCP in the evaluation of biliary obstruction as the ERCP is a gold standard and to asses the validity of row data and MIP sequences for evaluation of the final results of MRCP study. Materials and method : During the period from December 2015 to September 2016, 50 patients with initial diagnosis of biliary obstruction based on ultrasound, and or clinical and biochemical evidence of cholestatic jaundice, were examined in the radiology department in medical city hospitals with MRCP to evaluate the cause and site of obstruction followed by ERCP done within few days.Results : By comparing the MRCP and ERCP findings in identifying the cause of obstruction reveals that .The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of MRCP versus ERCP was found to be 97.6%, 66% and 92% respectively the major cause of biliary obstruction ound to be intraluminal CBD stone , luminal stricture and ampullary tumors are other causes of obstruction, according to the site 0f obstruction , distal obstruction found to be more common than mid or proximal. Conclusion : MRCP was found to be of high diagnostic accuracy in diagnosing biliary obstructionAnd ERCP should be reserved for therapeutic intervention since it was found that the sensitivity and specificity of MRCP were high and it can precisely define the site and cause of obstruction when compared to ERCP

كفاءة الغسول القصبي والخزعة القصبية في تشخيص السرطان القصبي خلويا , نسيجيا ومناعي نسيجي كيميائي للمعلمين مستضد السرطان المضغي CEA واينولاز محدد الخلايا العصبية NSE == Efficacy of bronchial wash and bronchial biopsy in the diagnosis of the bronchogenic carcinoma (cytological,histological and immunohistochemical for CEA&NSE immunomarkers

Author name: الاء حسين علي
Supervisor name: منال عدنان حبيب
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Diseases
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: سرطان الرئة هو مرض يتميز بنمو غير مسيطر للخلايا في الانسجة العائدة للرئة. الانواع الرئيسة لسرطان الرئة هي سرطان الخلية الصغيرة ويدعى بسرطان خلية الشوفان والنوع الثاني هو سرطان الرئة للخلية الغير صغيرة. اشهر مسبب لسرطان الرئة هو التعرض الطويل لتدخين السكائر الذي يكون سبب من 90% - 80% من حالات سرطان الرئة. بينما عدم التدخين يشكل 15% - 10% من حالات سرطان الرئة. التشخيص النهائي للسرطان يحدد بواسطة الخزعة. CEA (مستضد سرطان مضغي) : هو احدى المعلمات التي تستخدم في البحث كدلالة على الامراض السرطانية ومن ضمنها السرطان القصبي. NSE (اينولاز محددة الخلايا العصبية) : انزيم محدد ينتج في الاجهزة العصبية واجهزة الغدد الصماء وجد بانه ينتج في كميات كبيرة من جميع انواع ApuDoma (ورم الخلايا الابودية) وليس في الاورام الغير غدد صماء.هدف الدراسة : مقارنة المظهر الخلوي في تشخيص سرطان القصبي فيما يتعلق بالفحص الخلوي والفحص النسيجي مع التعبير للممعلمين CEA (مستضد سرطان مضغي) وNSE (اينولاز محددة الخلايا العصبية) على نسيج الرئة بواسطة الواسم المناعي النسيجي الكيميائي.طرائق العمل : دراسة احتمالية تتضمن غسول التنظير القصبي وخزعة التنظير القصبي ل 40 مريض مشتبه باصابتهم بالسرطان القصبي وتصنيفهم كحالات حميدة وخبيثة اعتمادا على الميزات المظهرية مع استعمال الواسم المناعي النسيجي الكيميائي عن النسيج مستخدمين المعلمين NSE , CEA (اينولاز محددة الخلايا العصبية ومستضد السرطان المضغي).النتائج : معدل العمر لحالات الدراسة ككل كان 63.7 سنة ومدى العمر كان 81 - 42 سنة. معدل العمر لحالات السرطان كان 65 ومدى العمر كان 81 - 47 سنة. وجدنا بان هناك اختلاف يعتد به احصائيا بين معدل العمر بين الاناث والذكور حيث كان ال P - Value = (0.03). من بين هؤلاء ال 40 حالة من المرضى الذين اخضعوا للفحص النسيجي بواسطة التنظير القصبي كان هناك : 8 (20%) سرطان الخلايا الحرشفية .6 (15%) السرطان الغدي .10 (25%) سرطان الخلايا الغدي .5 (13%) سرطان الخلايا الكبيرة .1 (2.5%) سرطان غدي حرشفي . وللحالات غير السرطانية شكلت ثماني حالات (20%) ونتائج سلبية شكلت 5% من الخزع المفحوصة. لم نجد اختلاف يعتد به احصائيا بين انواع سرطان الرئة وبين جنس المريض عدا نوع سرطان الخلايا الصغيرة حيث كان الاختلاف بين الذكور والاناث اختلاف يعتد به احصائيا ال P - Value ≤ (0.05) . كانت نسبة الدقة او التوافق بين الفحص النسيجي والفحص الخلوي لغسول التنظير القصبي هي 80% . لم يكن هناك اختلاف يعتد به احصائيا بين الحالات السرطانية والحالات غير السرطانية بالنسبة للمعلم NSE في الواسم المناعي النسيجي الكيميائي. بينما كان هناك اختلاف يعتد به احصائيا بالنسبة ل CEA بين الحالات السرطانية والحالات غير السرطانية. لم يكن هناك اختلاف يعتد به احصائيا للمعلمين NSE , CEA بين انواع سرطان الرئة.الاستنتاج : 1 - الفحص الخلوي للغسول القصبي باستعمال الناظور القصبي يساعد في تشخيص سرطان الرئة بمعدل دقة عالية نسبيا.2 - في هذه الدراسة المعلم السرطاني اينولاز محدد الخلايا العصبية لم يكن محدد لتشخيص سرطان الخلية الصغيرة ( (Sclc.3 - يمكن استخادم المعلم مستضد السرطان المضغي كمعلم كمساعد للكشف عن السرطان القصبي. | Lung cancer is the most frequent cancer in the world, both in term of incidence (1.2million new cases or 12.3% of the world total cancers) and mortality (1.1 million deaths or 17.8% of the total death). Trends in lung cancer incidence and mortality reflect smoking habits and \or exposure to other environmental or occupational carcinogens .The incidence rate in men is 34.9 per 100,000 with highest rates observed in more developed countries although in countries in which male tobacco consumption has declined, incidence and mortality are now slowly decreasing. In women the incidence rate are lower, with the highest rates found in North America and Northeastern Europe , but there is a rising trend in incidence and mortality . The sensitivity of bronchial wash is 72% as noted by Van der Drift MA et al 2005, but the sensitivity for wash is 30.14% as noted by Bodh A et al 2013 . Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is the application of immunological techniques to study tissue. This method was discovered by Coons 1941 . Immunohistochemistry now has become accepted as a reliable technique for subclassification when diagnostic features on H&E morphology are absent in a small biopsy. Aim of study : 1. To determine the sensitivity & specificity of bronchial wash cytology as a diagnostic tool of lung cancer through comparing the results with their respective histopathological diagnosis.2. To study immunohistochemical expression of NSE(neuron specific enolase) and CEA(carcinoembrionic antigen) in bronchogenic carcinoma. Patients ,material and method : Aprospective study of patients suspected to have lung cancer by clinical and Radiological examination (CXR and CT scan) whom were attended the Oncology Teaching Hospital at Medical City between January 2013 - July 2013 .The patients whom fitted for bronchoscopic examination ,bronchoscopic biopsy and wash were taken from each patient .All the biopsies were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin ( H &E) routine stain and the bronchial wash stained with Pap - stain. After exclusion of biopsies which were inadequate for immunohisochemistry (IHC) staining, thirty cases were included for further staining with neuron specific enolase (NSE) and carcinoembryonic antigene (CEA) immunomarkers. Ten cases diagnosed with non malignant lung diseases were taken as control group.. The patient age, sex, smoking status were reported.Results : Thirty biopsies were diagnosed as lung cancer , the other 10 biopsies showed non malignant lung diseases were considered as control for the study. Regarding the bronchial wash 19 of cases were negative for malignancy , 21of cases were positive for malignancy Among forty patients who had been submitted to bronchoscopical biopsy there were 59% NSCLC and 25% SCLC cases. Among NSCLC, squamous cell carcinoma was the commonest histological subtype. Agreement of result between bronchial biopsy examination and bronchial wash cytological examination was 80%.Current Issue There was no statistical significant difference neither in mean CEA scores nor in mean NSE scores among pairs of tumor types ,( P - value=0.52, p - value= 0.24) respectively. There was no statistical significant difference in mean scores of NSE between malignant and non - malignant lesions (p - value 0.13) but there was statistical significant difference in mean scores of CEA between malignant and non - malignant lesions (p - value < 0.001).Conclusion : 1.The obtaining of bronchial washing cytology specimens using bronchoscopy aids in the diagnosis of lung tumors with a reasonable high accuracy rate of morphological typing of neoplasms2.In this study the NSE immunohistochemical marker was non - specific for SCLC ,also there was no statistical significance differences between malignant and non - malignant cases concerning NSE expression . 3.CEA expressed in high level in malignant cases rather than non - malignant one , on other hand CEA expressed in all types of lung cancer and there was no statistical significant differences between these types ,so CEA immunomarker can be used as supportive marker for detecting of bronchogenic carcinoma .

العلاقه بين السمنة ومستوى العامل الخامس للتخثر ومولد الليفين في مصل الدم == The relationship between obesity and plasma level of Factor V and fibrinogen

Author name: هاله عبد الصمد جابر
Supervisor name: جعفر نوري جعفر ال السيد عيسى
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Diseases
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it has an adverse effect on health. The normal BMI is 18.5 - 24.9 kg/m2 while obesity is considered when the BMI is ≥ 30.0 kg/m2. Obesity is an independent risk factor for venous thromboembolism. It increases the risk of thrombosis by two - fold. It increase the risk of many diseases including coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus and cancer. Obesity are associated with elevated plasma levels of certain coagulation factors, such as fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and factor VII,VIII and XII .Chronic inflammation and impaired fibrinolysis in obesity may induce thrombosis. Adipose tissue is not an organ for fat storage only, it is also an active organ that secrete bioactive substance called adipokines, with prothrombotic or antithrombotic properties like leptin and adiponectin.Aim of study : • This study aims to assess the effects of BMI on plasma level of factorV andfibrinogen in obese and normal weight persons.Patient, materials and methodsThis cross sectional study included 76 subjects divided into51 obese with BMI≥30 kg /m2 and 25 control with BMI less than 25 kg /m2 who attended ALYarmok Teaching Hospital. Their age ranged from 18 to 50 years and having nohistory of (previous thrombosis, malignancy, surgical operation during the last 6months before and no drug therapy (non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs andhormonal therapy).Data collected from each participant included; name, age, medical history(hypertension, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, previous thrombosis), the time forthe last surgical procedure (if present), drug history, smoking history, recenttrauma, prolonged air travel, features of pulmonary embolism (shortness ofIIAbstractbreath, cough with bloody mucus, chest pain, fainting spells, dizziness), andfeatures of deep venous thrombosis (redness, warmth, tenderness, and swellingof the leg). Weight and height were measured, and then the BMI was calculatedfor each subjects.By a clean aseptic venipuncture 4.3 ml of blood were drawn from each patient and control. The sample was then divided between two tubes : • 2.5 ml of blood in dipotassium ethylene diamine tetra - acetic acid tube for platelet count which were performed using automated analyzer.• 1.8 ml of blood in disposable capped plastic tube containing 0.2 ml of 109 mmol/l trisodium citrate dihydrate (32 g/l) for coagulation study.Platelets poor plasmas were obtained by centrifugation of blood with 2000 g for 15 minutes, then 0.4 ml of plasma obtained from the upper part of the separated plasma was used for immediate measurement of prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and for factor V assay and fibrinogen within 2 hours of blood collection using semi - automated coagulometer.Results : There were insignificant difference in mean prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, factor activity and platelet count of obese group compared to control group with (P > 0.05). There was significant difference in mean fibrinogen of obese compared to control with (P = 0.006). The correlation between body mass index and prothrombine time, platelet count, factor V and fibrinogen in obese and control study groups were statistically insignificant with (P > 0.05), but a significant positive correlation between body mass index and activated partial thrompoplastine in obese group was found (P=0.037). There was a high significant negative correlation between factor V and prothrombin time in obese and control groups (P =0.001). There was an insignificant positive correlation between fibrinogen and prothrombin time in obese and control groups (P > 0.05).Conclusions : 1. There is higher significant fibrinogen concentration in obese group when compared with normal weight group was found.2. There is insignificant difference in PT, aPTT, platelet count, FV activity between obese group and normal weight group.

المعرفة والمواقف حول اجهزة منع الحمل داخل الرحم بين عينة من النساء في بغداد == KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE CONCERNING INTRAUTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICE AMONG A SAMPLE OF WOMEN IN BAGHDAD

Author name: ميرفت عبد علي عبد الوهاب
Supervisor name: بتول علي غالب ياسين
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Family Medicine
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Background : Although intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) is the most widely used of long acting reversible method of fertility regulation in the world today, only 10% of Iraqi women aged 15 to 44 were using IUCD in 2011..Objective : To assess the knowledge and attitude towards intrauterine contraceptive device among women in reproductive age in Baghdad city, and to identify the effect of certain factors on their knowledge and attitude.Methods : A cross sectional study was conducted in Baghdad Teaching Hospital and Al - Shaheed Abdul - Sahib Dakhil PHCC. Any woman aged (15 - 45 years) who agreed to participate was included in the study. Data was collected through direct interview with the participants and the scores of knowledge were classified into : Good, fair and poor for knowledge and positive, neutral and negative for attitude.Results : Assessing the knowledge and attitude of the 301 participants revealed that 97.3% knew what IUCD is and 96.6% were aware of the aim of using the Copper IUCD, 42.8% were aware of its side effects, whereas only 5.9% of them were aware of the types, 13.9% aware of complications and 3.3% aware of who is eligible for using IUCD. In spite of this only 1.0 % of the participants got good knowledge score and 76.1 % got poor scores. Regarding attitude 15.0% had a positive attitude toward the use of IUCD.Knowledge scores of the respondents increased with increasing age (p<0.001), level of education (P = 0.026), being married (P=0.008),number of children (P<0.001) and history of previous abortions (P=0.04). Friends, neighbors and relatives were the main source of knowledge (77.4 %(.Conclusions : Most of participants were with poor knowledge score and the main source of them were friends, neighbors and relatives.Attitude score of Less than one - fifth of them was positive
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