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خوارزهية التوجيه الهجينة لاتصاللات الماكنة مع ملكنة == Hybriid Routiing Allgoriithm for Machiine to Machiine Communiicatiion

Author name: باسم جميل علي

Supervisor name: سعد طالب حسون الجبوري

General topic: Computer Science

Specific topic: Computer Science

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Computer Science

Language: English

University location: Babylon

First pages:

Abstract: The wireless communication devices have witnessed rapid growth in the recent years. Such growth and its useful applications led to the appearance of new applications known as "machine - to - machine" (M2M) communications. M2M plays a big role in finding the best hopeful explanation to change the current and the future smart widespread requests. Most of the smart wireless devices may perform as servers, collection of data and/or delivering the data at real time to users in a certain collaborative fashion.M2M communication domain consists of a huge number of tiny nodes and gateway (or sink) that are suffer from suffer from resource constrains like power limitation, storage capacity, radio limitation, data processing, etc.. Thus, it is necessary to find methods to increase node's lifetime as long as possible and consequently the overall sensor network. M2M devices consume considerable amount of energy due to communication process comparing to other process. This process depends on message size and the distance between the sender and the recipient. Thus reducing the packet size and finding a low energy aware routing procedure is necessary to save nodes energy.This thesis adopted compressed sensing (CS) as a modern data compression technique, modified Gossip algorithm as a flat protocol and introduced hybrid Gossip based low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocols as a new hybrid routing algorithm. CS combined with LEACH protocol named LEACHCS and the results that are reported from LEACHCS showed that the communication process can be improved in term of the channel bandwidth (B.W) utilization, increasing network throughput and saving node's communication energy.Gossip data aggregation technique is a biologically inspired paradigm of contagion inspired from behavior of the disease infection process. Its procedure is based on the help of neighboring nodes and employs the randomization technique to form a chain of the intermediary nodes (route). The modification of Gossip based on the selection operation of the next node hop. This thesis introduced three versions of modifying Gossip : a) Modify Gossip named (DGossip), in which a chain of intermediary nodes can be formed according to the relative node's energy and relative nodes displacement to the sink instance of randomization technique in the original Gossip. b) The formation of intermediary nodes based on the relative energy of neighbor nodes and nearest node to the source node called EN_Gossip. c) A hybrid of EN_Gossip and EL_Gossip named ENL_Gossip is introduced as a new version. In ENL_Gossip, a chain of intermediary nodes is collected through alternating use of both EN_Gossip first then EL_Gossip starting from the source node till reached the sink.The results showed that the DGossip is significantly better than others in term of the average remaining energy of network and latency time (in terms of number of hops), while ENL_gossip outperforms the others in term of network's live time.A new hybrid algorithm is proposed which combined Gossip as a bio - inspired technique with LEACH as a hierarchical multi - hop routing algorithm called LEACHGossip algorithm. This algorithm uses LEACH for clustering configuration purpose, while Gossip applies for each CH (or normal node) that is away (do m) from the sink (or from its associated CH). The simulation results proved that it outperforms LEACH about more times in terms of congestion between CHs and BS, node still alive and energy saving. Thus, the above mentioned procedures can be considered as efficient communication protocols for M2M communication networks in term of energy saving.

Author name: محمد وادي شناوة الكريطي

Supervisor name: نزار عزيز حبيب الخاقاني

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

سياسة اليابان الاقليمية : دراسة تاريخية في قضايا الجزر المتنازع عليها في شمال شرق اسيا (1951 - 1978) == Japan Regional Policy : A historical Study of the Disputed Islands in the East - north Asia 1951 - 1978

Author name: لـــؤي ثجـيــل جمعة الاســدي

Supervisor name: كاظم هيلان محسن السهلاني

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: After the Second World War, the second part of the 20th century witnessed the cold war. Till now, there are some border disputes resulted from that war. This war was a reflection of that cold war through diverse sites in Asia, centering on the East - north of the continent. In accordance with San Francisco treaty in Japan for peace in 1951, there rose the cold war and how the USA contributed to that strife. As a result of the new regional situation of the former Japan Empire, the islands are (the Southern Kuril islands / Northern Territories), (Dokdo / Takeshima), and (Senkaku / Diaoyu).The history of the challenges on these islands goes back to different periods. These were confirmed by the regional expansion conducted by Japanese policy from 1879 to 1939. These challenges got complicated by the USA during the cold war in the east and north of Asia. This conflict was affirmed by San Francisco treaty for peace in 1951. This case is seen as an important one which has been still sustained. This conflict affects directly the economic and diplomatic relations between Japan and the other disputed countries. This also has an influence upon the social and cultural relations among the peoples of those countries at various levels, besides, these conflicts also affect the settlement and peace in the north and east of Asia. This may lead to armed conflicts. The current study focuses on the occurrence of those conflicts after the Second World War, as a result of San Francisco treaty for peace in 1951 and how these conflicts affect the diplomatic relations between the disputed countries from 1951 up to 1978, besides the role played by the USA in affirming these conflicts, and the historical roots for each case concerning these islands. These conflicts are enhanced historically rather than politically. The dissertation is, thus, divided into an introduction and four chapters. The first chapter is about the policy of regional expansion and its effect upon the Japan foreign affairs (1951 - 1979). It includes three sections : the first one is about the occurrence of Japan colonial tendency and the policy of expansion. Section two is concerned with the entrance of Japan into the Second World War and being under the USA occupation. The third section exposes the session of San Francisco in 1951 in the north east of Asia in affirming the Japanese regional conflicts. Chapter two is devoted to the study of Japan - Soviet conflict over (the Southern Kuril islands / Northern Territories) in (1951 - 1960). This chapter is also composed of three sections. The first on is about the historical roots of the conflict over these islands. The second one focuses on the case of these islands and how these affect the Japanese - Soviet relations and the USA position from the conflicts (1951 - 1960). The third section addresses the claims of the disputed powers over the dominance over the disputed islands. Chapter three shows the Japanese - Korean conflicts over (Dokdo / Takeshima) islands (1951 - 1978). It also includes three sections. The first section is about the historical background about these two islands. The second one is concerned with the reflection of these disputes over the Japanese - Korean relations and the position of USA from them. The third one shows the Japanese claims about the dominance over these two islands and how Korea responded. Chapter four is specified for the Chinese - Japanese dispute over (Senkaku / Diaoyu) from 1951 to 1978. It is composed of three sections. The first one is about the historical background of the dispute (1885 up to 1951). The second section is devoted to the Japanese - Chinese relations in response to the dispute over these two islands and the USA position from this conflict. The thirds section is concerned with the claims of China about the dominance over these two islands and how Japan responded to this claim. The conclusion is a summary of what the researcher has found about these various aspects of disputes.

صـورة الامام الحسيـن (صلوات الله عليه) فـي المعاجــم اللغويـــة == THE IMAGE OF IMAM HUSSEIN "GOD'S PRAYERS BE UPON HIM " IN DICTIONARIES

Author name: قصــي عبـد الصمـد عبـد الحـي ياسيـن عبـد اللطيـف

Supervisor name: حميد سراج جابر الاسدي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: تناولت هذه الدراسة صورة الامام الحسين " صلوات الله عليه " في المعاجم اللغوية ، اذ تتسم المعاجم اللغوية بغـزارة المادة وتعـدد العلوم والمعارف والمعلومات التاريخية والانساب والنــوادر القيمة وباختلاف موضوعاتها جعلتهزااخــرة بما يخـدم الدراسات التاريخية المتعـددة ، كما وانها تمثل مكسبا للباحث على الرغــم من قلة الباحثيـن الذين تطرقوا الى اخراج المعلومات التاريخية من هـذه المعاجم ودراستها دراسة تاريخية فكرية وبموضوعات مختلفة . ومن ضمن المادة التي شملتها هذه المعاجم معلومات عن شخصيات عديدة وكان من الشخصيات التي كرس لها ارباب المعاجم مجالا واسعا في معاجمهم الامام السبط الحسين بن علي " صلوات الله عليهما "، ومن هنا جاءت اهمية هذه الدراسة اذ عنت بفلسفة او نظرة ارباب المعاجم اللغوية ورؤيتهم لصورة الامام الحسين " صلوات الله عليه " والتي لم تكن نظرة روائية نقلية تقليدية ، بل كانت عبارة عن تصوير لجوانب وميادين عدة من صورة الامام الحسين " صلوات الله عليه " . لقد اقتضت طبيعة هذه الاطروحة ان تستقر منهجيتها على مقدمة ، واربعة فصول ، وخاتمة تضمنت اهم ما توصل اليه البحث من نتائج ، وقائمة باهم المصادر والمراجع ، كان عنوان الفصل الاول (( المعاجـم اللغـوية ومعــطياتها الفـكرية )) ، وجاء الفصل الثاني بعنوان (( المنظار التعريفي للسيرة الاعدادية والشخصية للامام الحسين " صلوات الله عليه " )) ، اما الفصل الثالث فحمل عنوان (( منظار الصورة العقائدية ومكانة الامام الحسين " صلوات الله عليه " الروحية والعلمية )) ، وتضمن الفصل الرابع دراسة (( صورة الامام الحسين " صلوات الله عليه " المؤثر في احداث عصره وابعاد ذلك التاثير مستقبليا )) . | The present study focuses on investigating the image of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) in dictionaries. The dictionaries are characterized by content abundance, multi - sciences, and encyclopedias, historical information, pedigrees, and various values. These help the historical study of its multi - aspects, and they stand for a resource for a researcher in spite of the few researchers who tried to get historical information from these dictionaries and to study these facts historically with their various topics and orientations. One of these topics that these dictionaries have is about figures, of them is Imam Hussein (peace be upon him). Thus, the importance of this study results from this prospect. It pays considerable attention to the philosophy and views of the dictionary makers and opinions about Imam Hussein. This view is not traditional narrative about him, but it is a description about various aspects of Imam Hussein. This dissertation comprises an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion, as well as a list of sources. The first chapter is entitled " dictionaries and their intellectual productions". Chapter two comes with the title "The definition of Imam Hussein's biography and his personality" . Chapter three is the ideological prospect of Imam Hussein and his spiritual and scientific values. Chapter four studies the influential image of Imam Hussein during his time events and its future effects

دور جورج كينان في تخطيط السياسات الاستراتيجية الامريكية 1947 - 1953م == George Kennan's Role In Planning The American Strategy Policy 1947 - 1953

Author name: قاسم نمر جلوب السعيدي

Supervisor name: اميرة رشك لعيبي الزبيدي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Author name: تحرير محمد جعدان العزاوي

Supervisor name: علي صالح رسن المحمداوي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

التنبؤات والرؤى في اسفار الانبياء في التوراة : دراسة تاريخية في مضامينها وتاثيراتها == The Predictions and Visions in the Biblical Prophets' Books : A historical study of their implications and influences

Author name: رافد كاظم كريدي

Supervisor name: احمد مجيد حميد الجبوري

General topic: History

Specific topic: Ancient History

Degree: Doctorate

University: Wasit University - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Wasit

First pages:

Abstract: The study of the Biblical predictions and visions is one of the important topics that attracts many researchers in the fields of history , archaeology , anthropology , linguistics and theology .The interest and aim of such studies can be , therefore , clarified in short in knowing some ancient historical events related to them and the features of historiography of the periods during which they were written or belonging to . These studies are , moreover , revealing and reflecting the general and special implications and influences of divination ( foretelling ) in the ancient societies and their beliefs . Prophecies , on the other hand , resulted from the divine predictions and visions represent a special world in the Hebrew Bible as they are connected with the great prophets who either saw visions , predicted ( prophesied ) or received prophecies and messages from the Lord God . The Hebrew Bible contains prophecies which had been generated through dream visions, revelation and inspiration , or had been conveyed directly to foretell the future events and the will of "Yahweh" whose testament is said to be everlasting with the Jewish people ( named " the Sons / children of Israel " ) . The other importance of the topic is that the prophecies , predictions and visions played a major role in many historical events especially in the Jewish history and theology .They were , rather , the " motives of the early man's history ". God's testament and prophecy had led the Israelites from Egypt to Palestine ( the land of Canaan ) to be their own new homeland according to the Biblical tradition . Thus , the fulfillment of every prophecy is associated with the Yahweh's power , blessings and mainly glory . Hence, every true prophecy had to be revealed from the Lord to either of His chosen Israelite Prophets and proclaimed to His People or to the nations of the earth everywhere . The Books of the Prophets are divided into two main parts : the major four Prophets and the minor twelve Prophets . They cover the fourth part of the modern translations of the Hebrew Bible which begins with Isaiah and ends with Malachi . As the Biblical prophecies dealt with the past , present and future , we have , therefore , concentrated on the future predictions because they help to foretell and examine history and theology as well as judge the fulfillments of each book . We've focused , as well , on the devices of literacy and ambiguous symbolism in the religious texts which need special care of interpretation and knowing the " mood " of the age of each , and , moreover , the views , hypotheses and conclusions of the researchers . Therefore, our study has , in fact , concentrated on the major prophets : Isaiah , Jeremiah , Ezekiel , as they include a great variety and a large rate of predictions , prophecies and visions . The historicity of prophecies , predictions and visions , the styles and dictions used or implied , their historical background all these things have been taking into consideration . The plan of the study has been divided into five chapters, with sections and subsections. The first chapter includes two sections and deals with the historical background , the method we followed , the features , implications and influences of divination ( prediction ) and vision in both the Bible and the Ancient Near East heritage .The second chapter has been assigned to study the symbolic religious and linguistic indications as well as the implications of prophecy , divination and vision .The third chapter studies the implications and influences of predictions and visions in the major Prophets : the Book of Isaiah . While the fourth chapter traces the implications of predictions and visions in the Book of Jeremiah, and the last chapter is used to shade light on the implications of predictions and visions in the Book of Ezekiel. The study beings with a preface and ends with the conclusions, a list of bibliography, an abstract in English and an appendix .

موقف الاردن من اتفاقية كامب ديفيد واثره على العلاقات مع الولايات المتحدة الامريكية 1977 - 1979

Author name: اسعد كاظم جابر الغزي

Supervisor name: اميرة رشك لعيبي الزبيدي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The reason for choosing the subject was to know the Jordanian position regarding the Camp David Accords and its impact on US relations with Jordan from 1977 until 1979, which marks a turning point in Arab - American relations in general and Jordanian - American in particular. US Presidency .The importance of the study comes from the specificity of the stage covered by the conflict, which witnessed the intensification of the Arab - Israeli conflict and the entry of the parties into crises and wars. The Arab parties and the Jordanian side resorted in particular to seek the support of the United States, which strongly entered the Arab region to resolve disputes and to settle the settlement Both American and Israeli, because of the strategic relationship between the United States and Israel, which is the cornerstone of American foreign policy in the region .The Camp David Accords were an important turning point in history in the history of the Arab - Israeli conflict. The agreement, which was accompanied by protracted negotiations for nearly a year and a half, paved the way for the signing of a formal peace treaty on March 26, 1979 between Egypt and Israel. This led to close ties with the United States and a profound change in the strategic map of the Middle East .The Camp David Agreement is one of the issues affecting the two countries because of the Jordanian interests' ties with the United States of America through the active role of Jordan in the Arab region and its international relations with the major countries. Especially with the United States .The interest of the United States and its support for Jordan stemmed from the general interest of the United States in the Middle East. The Middle East was an advanced front for the West in a possible confrontation with the Eastern bloc. It contained vast reserves of raw materials needed by the West, most importantly oil, and at the same time a market for Western products Thus, the American perception centered on the statement that the one who controls the Arabian Peninsula and the Middle East controls the European continent. Therefore, the key to interpreting the US policy in Jordan was the result of his opposition to the Soviet threat and the associated elements Because of its geographical location and because of its interest in peace in the region. Jordan is a small country with few major economic resources, which has made it rely heavily on US foreign aid to compensate for the scarcity of resources and its need for economic and social programs to support growth. Great Population .ABSTRACTBThe United States has considered Jordan as the qualified party to take positions in support of US peace initiatives, but rather to call for a key role in the peace process .The United States views Jordan as a major party in its political vision of the nature and dimensions of the conflict, seeking to ensure its security and stability, which is thus reflected in ensuring Israel's security. In contrast, Jordan has taken advantage of the US interest in highlighting its regional role towards peace .The first chapter was entitled "Negotiations for the Settlement of the Arab - Israeli Conflict and its Impact on US - Jordanian Relations 1973 - 1977". The first topic focused on the October 1973 war and the Jordanian - American contacts. The American attempts to settle the conflict and the Jordanian position, 1973 - 1974, are also discussed in the third article; following the decisions of the Arab summit on the Jordanian position on the peace talks 1974 - 1976 .While the second chapter dealt with the direction of the administration of US President Jimmy Carter to settle the Arab - Israeli conflict and the Jordanian position in 1977. In the first part, he focused on the Jordanian position on American mediation until October 1977, and in the second part, the Jordanian position on the joint Soviet - American statement and Sadat's visit to Jerusalem .The third chapter explains the role of the United States in the Camp David talks, the signing of the 1978 - 1979 Egyptian - Israeli peace treaty, the recognition of mutual visits prior to the agreement, the details of the Leeds Castle Conference in July 1978, the transition to the White House announcement to call the Camp David Conference, The Camp David Summit, during its thirteen days, monitored and analyzed the proposed projects, which were presented to the agenda of the negotiations, and what was reached at the end of the conference, embodied in the Camp David Agreement and the Egyptian - Israeli Treaty. And the Egyptian - Israeli negotiations until September 1978. The second topic was the US hosting the Camp David conference and its role in the Egyptian - Israeli peace treaty 1978 - 1979 .The fourth chapter was entitled : The Jordanian Position on the Camp David Accords and the Egyptian - Israeli Treaty and its Impact on American - Jordanian Relations. The first topic dealt with the Jordanian reservations to the Camp David Accords and the American position on them. David at the Ninth Arab Summit in Baghdad, and the latter dealt with the impac

المسارات الوسطية في فكر الامام علي (عليه السلام) : دراسة في نهج البلاغة == The Moderation Trends in Imam Ali's Intellect : A Study in Nahjul - Balagha

Author name: اروى عبد الواحد رحيم

Supervisor name: حميد سراج جابر الاسدي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: In the middle of the challenges that the Islamic nation passes through during the modern times which affected the presence of the communities and their future, moderation appeared as an important approach to build a sound society. The intellectual visions of the Prince of Believers (peace be upon him) described moderation as a vital cure. This thesis entitled (The Moderation Trends in Imam Ali's Intellect : A Study in Nahjul - Balagha) is divided into three chapters preceded by an introduction and followed by conclusions. The prelude is entitled (The Concept of Moderation and Its Intellectual Implications), it defines moderation and shows its linguistic and terminological significances. It also shows intellectual accommodation of the concept of moderation and then studies the developing expression of moderation from Islamic perspective which basically depends on the Holy Qura'n and prophetic sunnah and its application by the Imams of Ahlu - el - Bayyt (peace be upon them).Chapter one is devoted to the study of (The Perfection Paths in Belief and Intellect). Including the status of integration, whether in ideological thought and knowledge or legislation or educational rules that the Imam shows in the worship paths in order to move to the path of integration and perfection through moderation. Section two studies the importance of moderation in the belief in the position of Imamship and its dimensions of loyalty.Chapter two which is entitled (Organizational Paths and Strategic Orientation) is divided into three sections. Section one studies the organizational path of the social framework and its sort of philosophy. Section two deals with the economic path. While section three deals with the organization of the military framework and its relationship with the leadership. Chapter three displays (The Educational Paths and Their Inclusive Nature). Imam Ali (peace be upon him) put some protective regulations, this is studied in section one. In section two, the guiding rules, as they were proposed by Imam Ali (peace be upon him), are displayed. In section three, the philosophical purpose, which emphasizes the concept of comprehensive education, is studied. The thesis ends with the most important results that the study concluded. The study consulted many resources that enriched it with the sufficient and beneficial information it its different aspects. The

الراي العام في مصر وبلاد الشام تجاه الحكم الايوبي (567 - 660هـ/1172 - 1262م) == Public opinion in Egypt and the Levant from the Ayyubid rule (567 - 660/1172 - 1262)

Author name: جاسم محمد عباس

Supervisor name: عطا سلمان جاسم

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Doctorate

University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Wasit

First pages:

Abstract: Praise be to allah the lord of the worldse prayers and peace be upon ashraf the messengers the seal of the prophets, and on his good and pure house . The history of the sons of ayoub has taken an important place in arab islamic history during (567 - 660/1172 - 1262) they played apromin role in the political and military events in the islamic east and what is the position of the public opinion in the two countires only an important part of the history of the ayyubid rule. Our studay of public opinions in egypt and the levant of the ayyubid rule is an attempt to identify important aspects of islamic history related to the general public and the community. The study was divided into four chapters, an introdution conclusion. Chapter one entitled the people of ayoub in egept and levant and mamy positions depends saladin and formal religion of state of ayyubid. Chapter two was study the featuers populaation in egypt andlevant and important place to the writers in ayyubid stste. Chapter three we devoted to the position of the juristis of the policy of ayyub sons . Internal and external also promotion of virtue and prevention of vice and position of juristes of the policy of the sons of ayyub administeration. and chapter four it searched to poets, people and princes which divided in three section position internal and external rule by sons of ayybbid. In the end of our studying (puplic opinion egypt andlevantfrom rule ofayyubid) we have some results : 1.it was the beginning of the rule in egypt and then expanded to levvant . 2.saladin took office of fatimid that inversted aposition to promot the expansim of sons of ayyou in egypt . 3.the end of fatimid rule in egypt considered gloomy and studness in people of puplic opinions . 4.sons of ayyub entered to egypt andlevent To change the religion 5.som prinses of sons of ayoub make satisfy public opinions in egypt and levant. Finally, we try to comlete our studyiong in good way and make satisfy to the reader support by idea or opinion. Praise be to allah the lord of the worlds

موقف المستشرقين الالمان من ائمة اهل البيت عليهم السلام حتى نهاية القرن العشرين : دراسة نقدية == Place of the German Orientalists of the of AhalAbyat (peace be upon them.) Until the End of the Twentieth Century : a Criticism Study

Author name: حسن جاسم محمد حسين الخاقاني

Supervisor name: فاضل جابر ضاحي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Doctorate

University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Wasit

First pages:

Abstract: oriental studies acquired is important among historical studies, especially that it stems from the west, which dominated the thousands of Islamic manuscripts, worked to keep in libraries and even up to the reader in a new, and from here the idea of writing about the history of Ahal Albyat of the Prophet (peace be upon them.) under the title "The place of the German orientalists of the history of the Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them.) until the end of the twentieth century : criticism study " as a Thesis to doctor submitted to the Board of the Faculty of Education, University of Wasit, History Department, the study consisted of the introduction to the source analysis And four chapters and a conclusion. Chapter one dealt with the concept of Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them) and their doctrine according to the vision of the German Oriental, first stage studied of the most prominent German orientalists who wrote about the history of Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them), the second stage devoted to study of the doctrine of Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them.) according to the vision of the German Orientalist. The chapter two was about Ahal Albyat in the Koran according to the vision of the German Orientalist , and chapter two was entitled religious side at the Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them) in the writings of Orientalists Germans, chapter two has three stages : first stage dealt with Koranic studies which have relation with Ahal Albyat, and the second, the most prominent of the beliefs of Ahal Albyat in the writings of orientalists Germans, third stage dealt with the Mahdwya case in its various religionBand political dimensions. Chapter three entitled the political side at Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them.) in oriental studies of the German also has three stages. The first stage was on the history of Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them.) and their political in period of succession and sensible, the second stage talks about the political history of Ahal Albyat in Ommia Age, the third stage talks about the political history of Ahal Albyat in Al - abbasi Age, And finally, chapter four is about the impact of intellectual property to Ahal in the Studies of the Orientalists Germans. Chapter four also has two stages, first stage deals on the works Ahal Albyat in the Orientalists wrote the Germans, the second stage models of space science of Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them.) In books of Orientalists Germans, and the researcher reached a number

جذور الاستغراب في كتابات المؤرخين المسلمين 132 - 656هـ/750 - 1258م == The roots of Occidentalism in the writings of historian Arabs and Muslims ( 656 - 132 - A.H / 749 - 1258 A.D )

Author name: محمد حسب الله علوان

Supervisor name: محمد حسين علي السويطي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Doctorate

University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Wasit

First pages:

Abstract: The communication culture and the openness of knowledge of the other regarded one of the characters of the Islamic knowledge heritage which was not stopped on particular faced , but was vairones and interactive heritage with other culture in order to extend the knowledge and to explore what on other from the aspect of religious political , social , economic , military and others within a global views . The knowledge of the other in Islamic knowledge heritage was no result of special reasoner particular accident but it came linked by fundamental reasons , in the top of it the impact of Islamic in urging Muslims to look at other nations and also the growth and development of historical writing in the ( third and fourth and ninth and tenth centuries AD) and appeared historical production emergence of works know as historical geography and general history and geographical dictionaries that was one of the main parts in how to study and know the history and the civilization of the others . For this reason we aimed to find the image of the we stand geographical and terminology significance and follows the religious , social , economic and military states in the writing of Muslims historians including the science of ( Occidentalism which is new in terms but old in concept and existence which was based on ask and study the west by the east . This scientific study was aimed to follow image of the west in the writing of historian Muslims and reached to many results on the top of that the term ( Occidentalism ) in their writing was not against ( orientalism ) built was scientific knowledge dement movement which was formed on the a great desire to see know the other nations including the (west) . and also it was connected by the growth and development of historical writing in the historian Muslims and especially in geographic historian . which was regarded the main knowledge resource in the studying this topic . The term Occidentalism in the writing of historian Muslims was not essential to be completed or started to appear the modern Occidentalism which appeared against orientalism but there is something between the two which is the (west) . for this reason there was a lot of motives which was helped to make the historian Muslims to look at the west one of them was that scientific motive which mads them research of the knowledge production of the west and translated it, to get benefit form it . and the social and religious life of the west and have information on various aspect in their traditional religious styles their food in order to know the reasons for this various and to know it . Our search to know the west in the writings of historian Muslims was various and multiple among Islamic conquest and embassies , travelling’s and written resources books and poems and theirs information were not limited by one supplier there for this information were varied , accurate and comprehensive for the most of the historical periods of the west . So they hand a world view to looking for the other that exceed the place and political m military relations that based on the derive inknowledg and looking’s to complete their resource about the west stand to know their cerium stance’s . This study approved that the Muslims historian were not only carrying of information , but they were reasoning and research and also they giving as a lot of explanation , about the religious , social aspects of the west is more trustworthy from a lot of historians who wrote about the west in the middle ages

اسهامات ضريري العراق واثرهم في الحياة العلمية 1 - 334هــ == Iraqi Blinds Contributions In The Scientific Lif(334H/945AD)

Author name: سوسن فاضل كاظم الدريساوي

Supervisor name: اسراء مهدي مزبان

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Doctorate

University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Wasit

First pages:

Abstract: تحتل دراسة تاريخ اسهامات ضريري العراق واثرهم في الحياة العلمية من 1 - 334هـ اهمية كبيرة، وذلك كون تاريخ العلماء المكفوفين هو جزء لا يتجزا من تاريخ الدولة العربية الاسلامية, وفي ظله عاش هؤلاء العلماء حياة امنة مطمئنة انعكست اثارها في ما خلفوه من نتاجات علمية متنوعة اسهمت في دعم الحركة الفكرية عموما، ومن اجل الوقوف على تصور واضح عن طبيعة الحياة العلمية لعلماءنا المكفوفين وعن كيفية وصول هؤلاء العلماء الى تلك الدرجة العلمية التي قد تضاهي العلماء المبصرين، يمكننا ايجاز ماتوصلنا اليه في دراستنا بما ياتي : 1 - توسعت المصطلحات التي تحمل معنى فقدان البصر في كلتا العينين, وعدم القدرة على الرؤيا، ومن تلك المصطلحات : العمى والكفيف والاكمه، ومفهوم الضرير، وان تلك الاعاقة لا تمنع صاحبها من اداء عمله بشكل سليم .2 - يعد العراق من مراكز الاشعاع الفكري في الدولة العربية الاسلامية في القرون الاولى، اذ بدات الدولة تدعم وتشجع العلم والعلماء ومن ضمنهم العلماء المكفوفين، ان دور العراق كان دورا قياديا ورائدا اغنى النهضة الحضارية في ارجاء الدولة العربية، وقدم خدمة انسانية للبشرية جمعاء، وكان لهذا انعكاسا جيدا على تطوير الحركة الفكرية .3 - اولى الدين الاسلامي المعاقين وذوي الاحتياجات الخاصة اهتماما كبيرا ونخص منهم الضريرين،وتمثل ذلك بذكرهم في القران الكريم والسنة النبوية الشريفة، واجماع ائمة المسلمين، فضلا عن الاحكام الشرعية التي اختصت بهم، ومن الجدير بالذكر ان الدين الاسلامي كفل لهم الرعاية وحفظ حقوقهم وكرامتهم .4 - اسهمت الدولة العربية الاسلامية في ضمان تعلم المكفوفين, ومد يد العون والدعم لهم اذ ان الاسلام قد وقف موقفا نبيلا من المكفوفين, واهتم باهم المراكز العلمية التي تلقوا علومها فيها، فضلا عن الاهتمام بطرق تعليم الضريرين عن طريق توسيع نشاطهم العلمي واتقان علومهم .5 - شارك العلماء المكفوفين اقرانهم من العلماء المبصرين في المسيرة العلمية، واسهموا معهم في النهوض بها، وحققوا كثيرا من النتاجات الفكرية في مختلف العلوم التي اصبح لها الاثر الكبير في الحياة العلمية انذاك .6 - كان الاهتمام بالعلوم الدينية اهم ما يميز الحياة العلمية في العراق في تلك الحقبة؛ لان الدين الاسلامي كان في بداياته الاولى للظهور، ولهذا ابدع العلماء من الضريرين في تلك العلوم كونها علوم لسانية لا تعتمد على المشاهدة والتجربة, ومن اهم تلك العلوم علوم القران الكريم, ولاسيما القراءات القرانية، كذلك علوم الحديث النبوي الشريف، وهناك عدد من الرواة والمحدثين قد برزوا في تلك الفترة الزمنية .7 - للضريرين من العلماء اثر كبير في علوم اللغة العربية وادابها وفنونها، فقد افرزت تلك الفترة ثلة من العلماء النحويين واللغويين والشعراء, واصحاب الخطب من المكفوفين وهم كوكبة رائعة كان لها نتاجات من الدواوين الشعرية، والكتب اللغوية والنحوية اغنت المكتبة العربية الاسلامية في هذا المجال العلمي .8 - اهتم العراقيون بالعلوم الانسانية ومنها اللغة العربية والتاريخ كبقية الامم الاخرى، اذ كانت لهم اسهامات رائعة في هذا المجال، اما فيما يخص علمائنا المكفوفين، فقد كانت لهم اسهامات ونتاجات محددة قد اختصرت على كتب التراجم او السيرة الذاتية التي فقد منها الكثير كبقية الكتب المفقودة، فضلا عن علم الجغرافية الذي اختصر الامر على العالم الجليل سعدان بن عثمان بن مبارك ومصنفاته التي لم تصل الينا للاسف .9 - يمكن ان نوعز اسباب عدم وجود علماء كثر في العلوم التطبيقية من الضريرين الى ان تلك العلوم تقوم على اساس المشاهدة والمعاينة والتجربة, بخلاف ماعرفناه عن العلوم اللسانية التي اعتمدت على سمع المعلومة، وقابلية الحفظ، ومن تلك العلوم الطب وعلم الحيوان التي امتازت بالقلة في عدد العلماء وفي مصنفاتهم .10 - اهتم العراقيون بالفنون والموسيقى كبقية العلوم الاخرى، وللعلماء الضريرين اثر في تلك العلوم، فاسحاق الموصلي قد اشتهر بفن الموسيقى والغناء ، واضاف للموسيقى منهجا ، وبهذا نجد ان فقدان البصر لم يقلل من بصيرتهم العلمية والفنية .11 - ان المنهج الفكري وطريقة التعليم الذي عرف قبل الاسلام يعتمد بالدرجة الاولى على الحفظ والذاكرة في نقل العلم وتداوله، وهذا الامر قد ساعد في تطور العلوم عند المكفوفين الذين اعتمدوا في تعليمهم على الحفظ والذاكرة، وقد افادتهم في تطوير علمهم وفي تاليف مصنفاتهم . | The study of Iraqi blinds history and their impact occupies in the scientific life of (1 - 334AH) has a great significance because that the history of blind scientists is an integral part of the history of the Arab - Islamic state thus the scientists safe life reflected the effects of their Scientific outputs which supported the general intellectual movement, So from this study resulted stand on a clear conception of the nature of the scientific life of our scientists blind and how to access these scientists to that degree may match sighted scientists, from this study we concluded the following : 1 - The terms which the carry the meaning of loss of vision in both eyes, and the inability to vision ,was expanded and those terms : blind & sightless and visionless , and the concept of the blind, and that disability does not prevent the person from the performance of his work properly.2 - Islam had a noble behavior with disabled , and made to him an open way once to discover life, and participate his existence with others at other times3 - Iraq is one of the intellectual radiation centers in the Arab - Islamic state in the early centuries, whereas the state began its supports and promotes science and scientists, including the blind scientists and the role of Iraq was a leadership role and richest cultural renaissance throughout the Arab state this gave a humanitarian service to all mankind, and it made a good reflection to the development of intellectual movement. 4 - Islamic religion gave so much attention to disabled and those with special needs. Carrying out the blind , represented in their mentioned in the Koran and the Sunnah, and the consensus of leaders of the Muslims, as well as legal provisions that singled them, it is worth mentioning that the Islamic religion guaranteed them the care and preservation of their rights and their dignity.5 - Arab Islamic state had a contribution to ensure learning to blinds , and to help and support them , thus Islam has noble behavior to blinds and interested in the most important scientific centers where they received the sciences, as well as its interest in ways of teaching blinds through the expansion of scientific activity and perfecting their science.. 6 - blind Scientists participated their colleagues from sighted scientists in the scientific process, and help them to promote it, and made a lot of intellectual productions in various fields of science, which has become a significant impact in the scientific life at the time.7 - At that era The interest in religious sciences was most important characteristic of scientific life in Iraq; in the beginning of Islam appearance , so blind scientist devise in those sciences because its lingual Science does not depend on the viewer experience, and the most important science Koran Sciences , especially Koran readings, as well as the Hadith Sharif Sciences, there are a number of narrators and modernists have appeared at that time period.8 - Blind scientist has a great effect on Arabic languages and its literatures , thus that era produced a good galaxy of scientist, grammarians , linguists, poets and orators of blind people who are brilliant constellation had a great outputs of poems , language and grammar books that enriched Arab Islamic library in this scientific field .. 9 - Iraqi were interested in social sciences, including Arabic language, history like other nations, they had a wonderful contributions in this field and about our blind scientist , they had a special contributions may be summed up on the books of biography or autobiography lost them like other missing books , as well as geo - science, which shortened it to the world Galilee Saadane bin Othman bin Mubarak and his works, which unfortunately did not reach us,.. 10 - we Can conclude one of reasons of the absence of many scientists in applied science from blinds and science which based on viewing the preview and experience, unlike what we know about Linguistic science that based on hearing information, and the ability of memorize like medicine and zoology , which was characterized by its fewer number of scientists in their works.11 - Iraqis interested in arts, music like other sciences , and blind scientists has a great impact in those sciences, Ishak Musli was known in music and singing, and he added to the music a curriculum, thus we find that the loss of sight did not detract from the scientific and technical insight. 12 - The intellectual approach and method of education, which was known before Islam depends primarily on conservation and memory in the transfer of science and its negotiation , that helped the development of science when blind people who depended on their education on conservation and memorize, has benefited them in the development of their knowledge and in the formation of their works

بنو عمار البجلي دراسة تاريخية تحليلية في مروياتهم == Banu Ammar AL Bajali Historical and Analytical Study in their NARRATIONS

Author name: عباس نصيف جاسم العبودي

Supervisor name: ناهضة مطير حسن

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Doctorate

University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Wasit

First pages:

Abstract: The research deals with tales of Banu Ammar ALbajali who are family has very well reputation in the field of science in their residence city of AL Kufa and the surroundings in the period from the second half of the first century to the last decade of 3rd Hijri century which is consequent to the 7th century B.C.The name of the family is derived from the name of their grandfather "Ammar bin Khubab AL Bajali", it consists of his five sons Hakeem, Abdallah , AL Kasim, Muaweyah, and Munet . The grandfather also has accentor from the first layer like Hakeem, ALkasim and Mohammd.He also has accentors from the second layer who are Muaweyah and Mohammed The family life had been discriminated by emption and acidity .The work in the trade of Tea tiles which contribute with other factors to support their scientific trend because of their continuous travelling between AL KUFA and AL Madina AL Munawarah and the meeting with their lords especially Ahlulbait ( ), so they gained high degrees of confidence amongst the scientists of Islamic Nation, that approved by this research . They enhanced the Islamic library with a lot references in science and Knowledge, but unfortuntly most of them are hided and the only remaining is the titles of their publishes fragmented among Islamic literates . In this research a lot of their publication are collected and approved according to the subjective and historical occurrences. The historical Narrative of Banu Ammar are discussed , the history of the prophets and Nations before Islam are also discussed , to make from the experiments of the ancient Nations. The research covers the early period of Islam while the live of the prophet Mohammed (pbvh) and his companion and his patience on the harm done by the prophet Mohammed to deal with his enemies during the war and peace which considered the prophet sunrah which it must be followed by all Muslims and if considered as religious legislative . this compulsory implementation considered on of the merits of the Islamic history which depends on the historical eve dents enhanced by scientific analysis , which leads to controversy of all fakes and the voids. The Narratives of Banu Ammar deals with a lot of issues of AL Rashidi era, AL Amawy era, and AL Abbasi era too. They make benefits from the Kalefs situations toward some occasions to explain their political , managerial , and economical trends to construct the aimed Islamic system based on the principles of justice and wisdom .Banu Ammar also emphasized on building the social system and financial system to keep the family unity using some guidance and restrictions derived from the opinion of Ahlulbayt(ra). They gave a lot of Narratives in the fields of science, health, education of society and improve the commitment toward Allah and to wand the people. All that gives many indications to Banu Ammar Maturity and promotion based on their scientific evidence and tools to approve their opinions.

Author name: احمد عليوي صاحب

Supervisor name: فاضل جابر ضاحي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Doctorate

University: Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Wasit

First pages:

منهج الكتابة التاريخية لكتب المقتل الحسيني حتى اواخر القرن السابع الهجري /الثالث عشر الميلادي == Evolution of historical writing curriculum books fighter Husseini

Author name: عباس محيسن حريجة اللامـــي

Supervisor name: عطا سلمان جاسم

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Doctorate

University: Wasit University - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Wasit

First pages:

Abstract: يعد موضوع الاطروحة الموسوم بــ ((تطور منهج الكتابة التاريخية لكتب المقتل الحسيني )) من اهم الموضوعات التاريخية بل حتـــــى العقائديــــــــة التي تستحق الدراسة والتحليل والتحقيق ، علــــــــى طول الفتــــــــــــــــرة الزمنيه ، لســـــــبب واخر حتى انها ارتبطت ارتباطا وثيقا ومـــــؤثرا لدفــع عجلة النشاط الديني والثقافي والسياسي عند المسلمين عامة واتباع مــذهب اهل البيت (عليهم السلام) خاصة ، وقــــــــــد احيط هذا الموضــــوع (المقتل) وعلـــــى مـــــر الحقـــب التاريخية ببعض الشكوك والغمــوض والملابسات من قبــــل بـــــــعض المؤرخين خصوصا وان لهؤلاء توجهات وميول مذهبية وسياسية مختلفة من المؤكد انها تؤثر على كتاباتهم التاريخية عن المقتل وتحرفها عن مسارها الحقيقي . وقد حاولت هذه الدراسة تسليط الضوء على العديد من الروايات والاخبار التي لا تتلاءم مع منهج النهضة الحسينية والمرتكزات التي سارت عليها ، فضلا عن مخالفتها للحقائق التاريخية والمنطق العقلي . كما خرجت الاطروحة ببعض النتائج المهمة والمفيدة والتي منها1ــ كشفت عن انتساب بعض كتب المقاتل الى مؤلفين لم يكونوا قد صنفوها او الفوها ، كمقتل الامام الحسين (عليه السلام) المنسوب لابي مخنف ، ونور العين في مشهد الحسين (عليه السلام) المنسوب للاسفراييني ، وقد اثبت ذلك بالادلة والقرائن العلمية والتاريخية .2ــ كما ان موضوع هذه الاطروحة بين ان كتب المقاتل لها منهج ومحور خاص كبقية الاختصاصات والتقسيمات من قبيل كتب الطبقات والتراجم وكتب التاريخ المحلي وغيرها .3ــ سلطت هذه الدراسة الاضواء عن العديد من اسماء كتب المقاتل الحسينية المفقودة ، وبحثت عن مروياتها المتناثرة في بطون المصنفات التاريخية ، وجمعتها بعد مناقشة رواياتها التي تتطلب التحقيق التحليل .4 ــ اتضح لنا ومن خلال استعراض مؤلفي كتب المقاتل الحسينية المفقودة او التي وصلت الينا ، انها لم تقتصر على مؤلفي الشيعة الامامية فقط ، بل شملت مجمل مؤلفي المذاهب والطوائف الاسلامية.5 ــ لا يوجد قرن من القرون ــ بحدود المدة الزمنية للاطروحة اي حتى القرن السابع الهجري ــ الا والف المؤرخون كتابا عن المقتل الحسيني وهذا يدل على عدم توقف عجلة التاليف والابداع والتصنيف في حادثة المقتل الحسيني وانها تسري في وجدان المجتمع وتتفاعل معه .6 ــ اختلفت احجام كتب المقاتل وذلك يعود لثقافة وعصر المؤلف وطبيعة الضرف الذي دفعه للتاليف ، فهناك الصغيرة كالتسمية فيمن قتل مع الامام الحسين (عليه السلام) لفضيل الرسان ، وهناك المتوسطة الحجم كاللهوف لابن طاووس ومثير الاحزان لابن نما ، وهناك الكبيرة كمقتل الخوارزمي الذي يقع في جزئيين .7ــ لكل مؤرخ من مؤلفي كتب المقاتل منهجا واسلوبا خاصا في مصنفه في عرضه للمادة التاريخية الخاصة بالمقتل وحيثياته ومقدماته .8 ــ مناقشة وتحليل العديد من الروايات والاخبار والتي منها حادثة الدليليين الذين استاجرهما مسلم بن عقيل ليدلاه الطريق الى الكوفة ، وحادثة تجسس معقل وكشف مكان مسلم بن عقيل ، وخبر ضرب ثنايا الامام الحسين (عليه السلام) في مجلس يزيد بن معاوية وغيرها .9 ــ اشارت الدراسة بالقرائن والادلة التاريخية الى وجود العديد من العناصر الغير كوفية التي اشتركت في حرب الامام الحسين (عليه السلام) ، والتي منها شامية ويمنية ومصرية وحجازية ، ولم تكن الكوفة وحدها من شنت الحرب وقاتلة الامام (عليه السلام) ، وانما الاعلام الاموي والعباسي هو من بث فكرة ان الكوفة هي من قتلت الامام الحسين (عليه السلام) واهل بيته الاطهار (عليهم السلام) وان شيعته من قتلته (عليه السلام) | Thesis topic is marked by longer b ((evolution of historical writing books fighter Hosseinieh approach)) of the most important historical themes and even ideological worthy of study, analysis and investigation, the length of time, for some reason, and another until it been closely associated and influential to advance religious, cultural and political activity at Muslims in general and to follow the doctrine of Ahl al - Bayt (peace be upon them), especially, has been the subject contoured (kill off) and over historical periods with some doubts and uncertainty and circumstances by some historians, especially that of those trends and tendencies of sectarian and political different it's certainly affect the historical writings about kill off and detoured from the real track. This study has attempted to shed light on many of the novels and news that does not fit in with the Renaissance approach Husseinia and foundations that goes by, as well as violating the mental and historical logic of the facts.Thesis emerged as some important and useful results and which onesrevealed the enrollment of some books fighter to authors who were not even classified them or Alfoha, Kmguetl Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) attributed to Abe Mkhanv, and Noor Al - Hussein scene (peace be upon him) attributed to Asefraina, has proved that the evidence of scientific and historical evidence.as the subject of this thesis between the fighter wrote her approach and the focus of the rest of the terms of reference and special divisions such as classes and wrote biographies and books of local history and others.This study shed lights on many of the names of the missing Husseini wrote fighter, and searched for Marwiyaat scattered in the wombs of historical works, and collected after discussing the novels that require investigation analysis.It became clear to us during the review authors wrote fighter, Husseini lost or which has reached us, it's not limited to only the authors of the Shiite front, but the authors included the entire Islamic sects and denominations.No - century of the centuries up to the length of time of the thesis is, until the seventh century, but the thousand historians book about kill off Husseini and this indicates a lack of stop wheel authoring, creativity and classification in the incident kill off Husseini and it applies in the conscience of the community and interact with him.different sizes wrote fighter and this is due to the culture and the era of the author and the nature of exchange paid by the author, there is a small Kaltzmah the one who was killed along with Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) to Fadhil Alrsan, there are medium - sized Kallahov to the son of a peacock and sexy grief for the son grew, and there are large Kmguetl Khwarizmi which is located in two parts.for each of the authors wrote historian fighter approach, a style in his work, in his presentation of historical material and Palmguetl own merits and premise.discussion and analysis of many of the novels and the news and which ones incident Aldlelien who Astojarhama Muslim bin Aqeel to Edlah the road to Kufa, spy incident stronghold revealed place Muslim bin Aqeel, and the news hit the folds of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) in the House of Yazid and others.The study presumptions and historical evidence to the existence of many non - muffler elements that participated in the Imam Hussein war (peace be upon him), and which ones mays and a Yemeni, Egyptian, Hijazi, was not Kufa alone launched the war and deadly Imam (peace be upon him), but the media Umayyad and Abbasid It is broadcast from the idea that is of Kufa killed Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) and his family pure (peace be upon them) and that of his followers killed him (peace be upon him

منظمة حلف جنوب شرق اسيا (ســـــياتو) 1954 - 1977 == Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)1954 - 1977

Author name: احمد حاشوش عليوي عبيد الحجامي

Supervisor name: فاهم نعمة ادريس الياسري

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Doctorate

University: Wasit University - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Wasit

First pages:

Abstract: Despite the role played by the South East Treaty Organization (SEATO) in the defence of Western interests in that region during the Cold War, there has to date been no scholarly attempt to examine the development and performance of the organization as a military alliance. This thesis is thus the first attempt to do so and as such seeks to take advantage of the recent release of much SEATO - related official material into the public domain by Western governments. This material throws new light upon SEATO’s aims and achievements, particularly in regard to the first ten years of its existence. Because SEATO was eventually rendered irrelevant by the events of the Second Indochina War (1965 - 1975) a popular perception has arisen that it was always a “Paper Tiger” lacking in substance, and thus easily dismissed. This thesis challenges this assumption by examining SEATO’s development in the decade before that conflict. The thesis analyses SEATO’s place in the wider Cold War and finds that it was part of a rational and consistent response within the broader Western strategy of containment to deter, and if need be, defeat, the threat of communist aggression. That threat was a very real one for Southeast Asia in the aftermath of the First Indochina War and one that was initially perceived in terms of the conventional military balance of power. This focus dominated SEATO’s strategic concepts and early contingency planning and rightly so, as an examination of the strength and development of the PLA and PAVN during this period demonstrates. SEATO developed a dedicated military apparatus, principally the Military Planning Office (MPO), that proved itself to be perfectly capable of providing the level of co - ordination and planning needed to produce a credible SEATO deterrent in this regard. SEATO enjoyed less success with its attempts to respond to the emergence of a significant communist insurgent threat, first in Laos then in South Vietnam, but the alliance did nonetheless recognise this threat and the failure of SEATO in this regard was one of political will rather than military doctrine. Indeed this thesis confirms that it was the increasingly disparate political agendas of a number of SEATO’s members that ultimately paralysed its ability to act and thus ensured its failure to meet its aims, at least insofar as the so - called “Protocol States” were concerned. But this failure should not be allowed to completely overshadow SEATO’s earlier achievements in providing a modicum of Western - backed stability and security to the region from 1955 - 1965.The vision of SEATO expansion disappeared during the Kennedy administration, but the organization did fulfill its primary military purpose in August 1964. Following attacks on US Naval vessels in the Gulf of Tonkin.President Lyndon B. Johnson addressed Congress on 5 August to ask permission for American military action in Vietnam. He justified the request with an invocation of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty and claimed that the treaty and its protocol on the former Associated States "obligated" an American response. Congress responded with the Tonkin Gulf Resolution on 7 August, and the United States soon became embroiled in its longest war since the American Revolution.The Vietnam War subsequently destroyed SEATO. Britain and France refused to give any substantial military assistance, and Pakistan withdrew from the organization entirely .After the war, the need for SEATO disappeared, and the remaining members disbanded in 1977.

سياسة الولايات المتحدة الامريكية تجاه كوريا الجنوبية (1961 - 1974) == Policy of the United States of America toward South Korea (1961 - 1974)

Author name: طارق مهدي عباس الجبوري

Supervisor name: فؤاد طارق كاظم العميدي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Babylon

First pages:

Abstract: The Study of the Foreign Policy of the United States of America is a vital and vital studies in the field of modern and Contemporary history as a Policy of divergent and fixed priorities, and the other variable and the importance of this study being linked to one of the most prominent pillars of national security in the North East Asia and the Pacific, Which represents the greatest threat to the safety of the United States of America in the Korean Peninsula, as the Most dangerous Nuclear Weapons Can still explode at any time, in addition to what contributed to the US Policy to find a State of Modernity and development in the Spring Political, Economic and Military generated in the Southern Part of the Korean Peninsula and transforming society from a society of poverty and Underdevelopment to innovation and community regeneration.can be described as poor for such important studies that combine the American orientations with the South Korean developments, Therefore, one of the reasons that led the researcher to choose is placed in the US - South Korean affairs. In addition, the post - Korean period is the beginning of the emergence of the modern South Korean state. It represents a pivotal stage for the beginning of the new history of the US - South Korean alliance, its role in building the South Korean people and its Contemporary historical development. It was in this sense that the subject of the study was chosen under the title "The United States Policy Towards South Korea (1961 - 1974)." John Kennedy first assumed the presidency of the US Administration, accompanied by internal transformations in South Korea and the coming of Park Chung. The end of the administration of Richard Nixon, and what has seen the reign of his administration of the effects of South Korean reality. The thesis consisted of introduction, introduction, three Chapters, a conclusion and a list of sources and references : The preamble entitled "The US Policy Towards South Korea1953 - 1960" included three aspects : The Political aspect concerns Washington's Policy toward South Korea, its Political issues, Diplomacy from the end of the war and its Military operations, with the signing of the truce on July 27, 1953 to 1960, the internal Political change in South Korea following the student revolution, the removal of the Sangman Re regime and the advent of the interim government Led by Chang Miyun. The Second aspect dealt with the role of the United States in rebuilding the economy and infrastructure of South Korea during the years 1953 - 1960.The Third aspect was the activation of the role of the United States Military Forces in South Korea and their use in civil and Economic activities, as well as in the development and assistance of South Korean Military forces during this period. The first chapter dealt with the Policy of the administration of John F. Kennedy towards South Korea 1961 - 1963, divided into five sections : The First part is the John F. Kennedy administration's policy on the internal political developments in South Korea, 1961 - 1962, following the Military Coup and the nature of the US position and Policy. The Second Part discusses John F. Kennedy's Administration's Policy towards the democratic transition in South Korea after Washington's Conditional acceptance of the South Korean Military Council on November 14, 1962, 1963, and the transformation of South Korea into a democratic approach. The Third topic addresses the efforts of the John F. Kennedy administration to normalize bilateral relations between South Korea and Japan, 1961 - 1963. The Economic dimension in the fourth topic, under the title : The role of the United States of America in guiding and developing the South Korean economy from 1961 to 1963, as the main factor in saving South Korea economically. The fifth topic dealt with the Military dimension of policy, John Kennedy, entitled : The Policy of John Kennedy's Military administration towards South Korea 1961 - 1963. Which was characterized by weakness and did not rise to advanced situations between the two countries in this area that the political factor is still in the process of maturation. The second chapter is entitled : Strategic Options for US Policy on South Korea during the Lyndon Johnson Administration 1963 - 1969. The First topic is the administration of President Lyndon Johnson and its success in the normalization of the South Korean relations of Japan 1964 - 1969, which constituted a major and strategic demand for Washington at this stage. The second topic : South Korea and the US strategy in Asia 1963 - 1969. And discussed two important points : First, the South Korean move towards the regional states in Asia and the American position from 1963 to 1969. This was a success for South Korean diplomacy and with the blessing and support of Washington, which led to the convening of the Asian Regional Council's conferences to support the American orientations.II. The nature of US policy towards South Korea in the wake of Pyongyang's provocations, 1966 - 1969.And discussed the third topic : the impact of the economic policy of the United States of America in the development and construction of the South Korean economy during the administration of President Lyndon Johnson 1963 - 1969, where it witnessed the most delicate stages of laying the foundations of the modern economy and renewed South Korea, as well as the best US in providing Economic Assistance and consultation Miscellaneous. He discussed the Fourth Section_ Lyndon Johnson's Military Policy Toward South Korea 1963 - 1969 : First, Lyndon Johnson's policy on the issue of reducing and regulating the status of US military forces in South Korea 1964 - 1969. Second, the alliance between the United States and South Korea in the Vietnam War 1964 - 1969. These aspects have been key factors in increasing the momentum of harmony, understanding and cooperation between Washington and Seoul and opening new horizons for their alliance in the region. The fourth chapter examines Richard Nixon's policy toward South Korea, 1969 - 1974. Three investigations included : The first part was devoted to the study of the Nixon administration's policy on Pyongyang's provocations against South Korea (1969 - 1974), which showed US adherence to the option of escalating Positions with North Korea and pushing all forces toward appeasement and containment of crises. While the second topic discussed the political impact of the Nixon Doctrine on South Korea, 1969 - 1974, which affected several internal and external political aspects, which constituted a real Challenge to the US - South Korean Relations, led to cracks that almost died in harmony between the two sides, South Korean Political reality. The third topic : Nixon's Economic Policy towards South Korea, 1969 - 1974, also set up in some of its stations a climate of mistrust and divergence of views, but remained where the US funds are the biggest hand in supporting the South Korean Economy. The last topic is : The Military Impact of the Nixon Doctrine on South Korea, 1969 - 1974. Where the military transformation of the large and reduce the presence of US forces in South Korea and the resulting Military implications for the Modernization of the military capabilities of the South Korean forces, in addition to government intersections between the executive and legislative US and the impact of its results on Seoul's acquisition of military modernization required, as well as the Korean disengagement South of the Vietnam War following the cessation of Military escalation and acceptance of the truce and foreign withdrawal.

سياسة انكلترا الخارجية 1307 - 1272 == England Foreign Policy 1272 - 1307

Author name: محمد عبد الرضا موسى

Supervisor name: كريم مطر حمزة الزبيدي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Babylon

First pages:

Abstract: تعد الدراسات في العصر الوسيط الاوربي من الدراسات التاريخية المهمة, اذ لم يسلط عليها الضوء بشكل كاف والغور في احداث ذلك العصر واشباعه بحثا وتحليلا. ولا شك ان لدراسة تاريخ انكلترا في العصور الوسطى اهمية بالغة نظرا لمكانة تلك المملكة في اوروبا والعالم في العصر الوسيط وما الت اليه تلك المملكة بعد ذلك, فهذه المدة التاريخية التي تناولناها في هذه الاطروحة (1272 - 1307) كانت بداية جادة لتوحيد الجزر البريطانية بقيادة انكلترا تحت مظلة مملكة واحدة موحدة فقد تمكنت انكلترا من السيطرة على ويلز بالقوة والحال نفسه ينطبق على اسكتلندا على الرغم من الصعوبات والتقلبات الي شهدتها السيطرة الانكليزية هناك, فضلا عن تبعية ايرلندا لانكلترا. ومن جانب اخر عد الملك ادوارد الاول الذي حكم انكلترا ابان تلك المدة من ابرز ملوك انكلترا في العصر الوسيط ان لم يكن ابرزهم على الاطلاق, كما تميز عهده الذي امتد طيلة خمسة وثلاثين سنة بوافر من الاحداث ولاسيما على المستوى الخارجي بدءا من الجزر البريطانية ومرورا بممالك اوروبا وصولا الى الشرق الاسلامي. ولعل ذلك من جملة ما دفعنا وحفزنا على البحث والكتابة في هذا الموضوع بعد توكلنا على الله تعالى لاختيار موضوع الاطروحة والموسوم ( سياسة انكلترا الخارجية 1272 - 1307). وقد تضمنت الاطروحة اربعة فصول مسبوقة بمقدمة وتحليل لما ورد في المصادر وتعقبها استنتاجات وملاحق وقائمة بالمصادر, وقد بحثنا في الفصل الاول دور الامير ادوارد في ظل حكم ابيه الملك هنري الثالث لانكلترا (1239 - 1272) اما الفصل الثاني فقد تناول السياسة الصليبية لانكلترا ودورها في حل النزاع الاوربي حول صقلية, وشرعنا في الفصل الثالث لتتبع النزاع والحرب ما بين انكلترا وفرنسا خلال المدة (1293 - 1303) وكان محورها دوقية جاسكوني ومحاولة المملكتين السيطرة عليها, وجاء الفصل الرابع ليوضح سياسة انكلترا تجاه اسكتلندا (1286 - 1307). شهدت انكلترا خلال النصف الثاني من القرن الثالث عشر وبداية القرن الرابع عشر الميلاديين جملة من الاحداث المهمة على الصعيد الخارجي, تمثلت في تطورات ملحوظة في مختلف جوانب الحياة السياسية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية, انعكست على مؤسسات المملكة على كافة الصعد التشريعية والتنفيذية والقضائية والعسكرية, اذ كانت السياسة الخارجية لانكلترا في ذروتها على الرغم ان اغلبها اتسمت بطابع الحروب والقوة والتوسع. ولا شك ان الحروب الكثيرة التي قامت بها انكلترا قد جعلت خزينة المملكة خاوية ومدينة في اغلب الاحيان, وبالتالي فان تكلفة تلك الحروب وقيامها تقع في معظمها على كاهل المواطنين الانكليز عبر فرض الضرائب او جنودا للقتال في تلك المعارك, وبالرغم من ذلك كان هناك قبولا ولو على مضض وهم يرون ان مملكتهم تتوسع رقعتها وتزداد هيبتها, فضلا عن رغبتهم بالحصول على الغنائم ان استطاعوا ذلك وهذا ما ينطبق ومنطق العصور الوسطى. سعى الملك ادوارد الاول في تكوين امبراطورية كان يتوق اليها عبر توحيد الجزر البريطانية تحت سلطة التاج الانكليزي فضلا عن سعي انكلترا للاحتفاظ باخر ممتلكاتها القارية وهي جاسكوني ونجحت في ذلك الى حد كبير, الا ان ذلك جاء نتيجة حروب وقتال راح ضحيتها الالاف من سكان تلك الجزر, وبذلك يمكن القول ان فكرة توحيد تلك الجزر ترسخت اكثر خلال عهده. | During the second half of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth century, England witnessed a number of important events on the external level. These were notable developments in various aspects of political, social and economic life, which were reflected in the Kingdom's institutions at all levels of legislative, executive, judicial and military. Of England at its peak, although most of them were characterized by the nature of wars, force and expansion. In the first chapter we discussed the role of Prince Edward under the reign of his father King Henry III of England (1239 - 1272). The second chapter dealt with the crusader policy of England and its role in solving The first was to trace the crusade of England from 1274 to 1291, and the attempts of King Edward I of England, to A crusade to the Middle Islamic and contacts Papacy other foreign powers to do that campaign, and the third section the role of England and its king Edward the first in resolving the European dispute over the Kingdom of Sicily for the period between the year (1284 - 1289). In chapter 3 we began to trace the dispute and the war between England and France during the period (1303 - 1303), centered on the Duchy of Gaskone and the attempt of the two kingdoms to control it. Chapter IV explains England's policy towards Scotland (1286 - 1307). From the above, we can deduce a number of points : - The Character of King Edward I was refined in a good framework and gradually with the stages of progress of his life, the responsibilities entrusted to him at an early age and his participation in the formulation of political events in England as well as personal involvement in battles The parliamentary institution under the reign of King Edward I witnessed a remarkable development by representing large sections of the English people, especially the Model Parliament in 1295, although the king's main purpose was to obtain funds by authorizing the Parliament to impose taxes. That On the other hand put another brick in the evolution of the legislative institution in England to be representative of all strata. King Edward I worked hard to carry out a crusade that would be reprisal and personal consideration after the failure of his campaign with the King of France Louis IX in 1270 - 1272. England and the other European kingdoms had the lead in it, but it did not succeed where the conditions and preparations were not appropriate. The Englishman comes first regardless of his strong desire to carry out this campaign. He can not risk his rule in England for the Crusaders in the East unless he is sure that this does not pose a threat to his rule. Proof of this is his confiscation of money and Crusader infidelity, She desperately needs to meet his expenses Internal or external wars. The Duchy of Gascone was the compass of Anglo - French relations, which was dominated by tension and attraction, especially with the ambition of French King Philip IV to annex the Duchy to his property and expand his influence at the expense of the King of England, which he was able to control already for nearly a decade, but King Edward was able to retrieve With great difficulty after losing a fatal mistake, to maintain at least the last part of English property in France King Edward I sought to form an Empire he longed for by unifying the British islands under the authority of the English Crown. He succeeded in doing so to a great extent, but this was the result of wars and fighting using iron and fire, which claimed the lives of thousands of inhabitants. The islands became more established during his reig.

التطورات التاريخية للنزاع البريطاني الارجنتيني حول جزر الفوكلاند : حرب عام 1982 انموذجا == Historical Developments Of The British Argentian Dispute Over The Falklands Islands 1982 War As A Model

Author name: علي عدنان عبد سعد الشمري

Supervisor name: عصام عبد الحسين نومان الدليمي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Babylon

First pages:

Abstract: In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate,Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds. Prayer and peace upon Prophet of prophets and messengers Mohammad and his progeny and his best followers to the day of judgment, One of the important necessities for any academic researcher specialized in modern European history is to shed light on a subject or important event as long as operates the interest of specialized researchers and learners in the field of modern history, especially the subjects and events that raised argument in the scientific circles as it has no specialized expanded academic universal study. After studying, search, prospecting and discussion researcher has chosen (historical developments in the British Argentinian struggle over the Falkland Islands the war of 1982 as an exemplar). So I consulted my respected supervisor and some of my respected teachers and found a great welcome. I put my trust in God and decided to try in this field. It is clear that for each study there is an aim and my aim of this study is to give a deep and clear idea about the dramatic background that is still vague about the nature of this important historical incident and to shed light on the long exhaustion process the British and Argentinian which has its roots from the age of geographical discoveries till 1833. It is important to notice that the researcher has tried his best to keep a possible objective picture of the facts and analyze events and incidents of the study and make them the core of research which left a wide debate about the real owner of these islands. The researcher depended on data of the historical method in documenting the incidents of this study and its changes and the developments that joined it and the result incurred. The nature of research demanded to be based on three chapters preceded by a preface and followed by conclusion presented the important findings of the study in addition to a list of resources and references used in this study,The preface gives a geographical and historical brief about the Falkland Islands till 1914.So the first pivot is the geographical one and it includes the study of the natural geographical features of these islands,Geographical characteristics of mankind "demographic", while the share of the second axis, a historical axis is the study of the historical roots of international conflict over the Falklands, as well as the study of international disputes and conflicts over those islands,As for chapters study have to stop the first chapter of the importance Elchibolatkih to the Falkland Islands and its location in the area of international conflict, and this chapter included four sections : the first : the Falkland Islands during the period of World Wars I and II, and the second chapter : economic importance to the Falkland Islands and its impact on the British - Argentinean relations, and the third the crisis of the Falklands as part of political negotiations between the British, Argentina and internationalization of the United Nations (1945_1974), and fourth : developments crisis in light of the political negotiations between Britain and Argentina, and its impact within UNITED NATIONS (1975_1982), and ensure that Chapter II study of political and economic developments in the British, Argentina and orientation towards war Falklands has included four Detectives also : first : Political and economic realities in Britain, Argentina and its impact on the Falklands (1981 - 1982), and the second phase of the crisis (March - 2 April 19 1982), and the third : the military operations (April 2 to June 14, 1982), War Results of the Falklands and its impact on reality Britain and Argentina and the Falkland Islands, and there was talk in the third chapter on the international and regional situations of the Falklands war, Has continued on two detectives : first : attitudes international and represented the position of both the UN Security Council, the US position and the Soviet and French and NATO, the North Atlantic and the market of European common, the Vatican and Israel, while the second section : attitudes regional and there was talk of the positions of both the Organization of American States and the position of Brazil, Peru, Chile and Bolivia and Colombia, Costa Rica, Uruguay, and a treatise on its contents based on a wide range of sources varied according to the requirements of chapters, during which many of the official documents published, Especially documents from the United Nations, and documents Foreign and Commonwealth Office, the prime minister British, as well as documents and German foreign ministry and the US State Department, and the White House, US as well as intelligence documents US Central (CIA), as well as documents Wiki Leaks, either the documentation is published are : Archive personal documents Constantine Davidoff, and adopted a researcher at the completion of the treatise on the total sources varied between Arab and foreign books, treatise and theses , as well as newspapers and published research.

حروب الوردتين في انكلترا (1455 - 1485) : دراسة تاريخية == Wars of the Roses in England (1455 - 1485)A Historical Study

Author name: رشا مجيد منديل الحاجم

Supervisor name: ماجد محيي عبد العباس الفتلاوي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Babylon

First pages:

Abstract: The Wars of the Roses was the name given to the English civil wars fought roughly between 1455 and 1485. The principal conflicts took place in 1455 - 1460 (First War), 1460 - 1483 (Second War), and 1483 - 1485 (Third War). The wars developed during the reign of King Henry VI (1422 - 1461) , and the outgrowth of the conflict with the Duke of York to be the direct causes of the outbreak of the war,York was killed at the battle of Wakefield. His son Edward IV (1461 - 1483), the first Yorkist king, decisively defeated the Lancastrians in 1461. His reign was punctuated by a Second War, in which Warwick the Kingmaker made Henry VI briefly king again (the Readeption, 1470 - 1471). Edward recovered his throne at the battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury. Following Edward IV’s death and the succession of his son Edward V, in 1483, the throne was usurped by Edward’s uncle, Richard III (r. 1483 - 1485), who was overthrown at the battle of Bosworth in 1485 by Henry Tudor, who reigned as Henry VII (1485 - 1509). Thesis Included, preface, four chapters, further to the introduction and conclusion, preface Devoted, which came under the title (the general situation and the nature of the monarchy in England system until the year 1337) to shed light on the general situation in England since the Norman Conquest until the outbreak of the Hundred Years War between England and France, to address political, economic and social to situations in England during this period and then touched on the nature of the hereditary monarchy system in England and the rules that have been used in the Middle Ages. The first chapter (introductions and the causes of War of the Roses), which consisted of three sections, studied the historical roots of the wars of the Roses, which has its origins traced back to the reign of King Edward III, then explained chapter the effects and reflections of Hundred Years War between England and France on the internal situation in England and being of the outbreak of War of the Roses factors, the illustrate the case of political conflict in the early reign of Henry VI and the outgrowth of the conflict with the Duke of York to be the direct causes of the outbreak of the war. While the second chapter which marked (the first phase of the Roses 1455 - 1460 war) and be one of the three sections discussed by the beginning of the outbreak of war between the Lancaster and the York in the battle of St Albans first and the conduct of battles and military campaigns between the two parties and the victory of York at this juncture and Richard Duke York take over the Regency of England. While the third chapter (the second stage of the War of the Roses (1460 - 1483) and be one of the three sections is also studying the longest duration of this war, which were highlighting the significant role played by Queen Margrethe Of Anjou Henry VI's wife and her leadership to the of Lancasters In their struggle with the Yorks and its defense of the right of her son on the throne against attempts to remove him from the throne and the most prominent military campaigns during this period, which resulted in a loss of Lancaster to the throne and the arrival of Edward the fourth son of Richard Duke of York, to power. The fourth chapter (the end of the War of the Roses and their results (1483 - 1485)) to study the final phase of the wars of the Roses, which almost three years, but it was eventful and developments in the process of conflict consisted chapter of Investigation three also discussed the demise of the House of Lancaster and the arrival of the third Richard to power after that usurped the throne by force of his nephew Edward V and then the emergence of a new prosecutor for the throne of England, but it is Henry Tudor, which was estimated to be the end of the wars of the Roses on his hand and then was showing notable results and effects of the wars of the Roses on England in the various political, economic and socialists aspects . thesis Pena conclusion the main conclusions reached by the dissertation.

العلاقات السياسية المصرية التونسية 1956 - 1970 == The Egyptian - Tunisian Political Relations 1956 - 1970

Author name: فاطمة فالح جاسم الخفاجي

Supervisor name: صالح جعيول جويعد السراي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Literature - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Dhi Qar

First pages:

Abstract: The Egyptian - Tunisian political relations of the vital topics andimportant in the history of the Contemporary Arab world because ofthe close contact with the emergence of national and patriotic feelingwhich targeted the salvation of colonialism and anti - Europeandomination in all its forms and to obtain independence, as it enjoysboth countries important and influential geographical location, ascharacterized relations between Egypt and Tunisia instability, as it wastense at times and up to the point of severance of diplomatic relationsbetween the two parties, and at other times looking for ways to boostbilateral relations, and for this period of study it has witnessed manystages of the push and pull and tension in political relations, marred bya lot of uncertainty and mutual accusations between the parties aboutthe responsibility of each party to the degradation of these relations.Accordingly, we decided to study the subject and to give a clearpicture of these relationships in an attempt to shed light on the politicalaspect of the relations between the two countries, was identified in, the beginning of the study because it is the public who wasrepresenting Gamal Abdel Nasser took the Egyptian presidency inJune and also saw Tunisia's independence by protocol twentiethfrom March , after the French occupation of Tunisia ended, whenhe came in to be the end of the study being the year in which hedied, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, who counted the end ofan important stage of the history of Egypt.Required by the nature of the study, divided into four chapterspreceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion, relying inthe division on the chronology in the presentation of facts andhistorical events in time and place and to develop the facts of which,analyzed and linked to each other so as to be visible in the historicalcontext, each chapter deals with the subject of an integrated selfcontained,which included the first chapter ((Egypt and TunisianNational Movement - )).The second chapter has reviewed ((Egyptian - Tunisian PoliticalRelations between - )) and be one of the four sections, theAbstractBfirst section discussed the political developments in Egypt in , theTunisian them and position, while the second section focused on theEgyptian position of the United States' policy US to Tunisia in ,through the study of the impact of the Eisenhower Doctrine on theEgyptian - Tunisian relations, spoke of the third section of theestablishment of the United Arab Republic in , the Tunisian themand position, while devoted the fourth section to follow twoassassination attempts Habib Bourguiba in and their impact onthe Egyptian Tunisian relations, the fifth was devoted to the study ofthe position of the United Arab Republic of Tunisia join the ArabLeague in .The third chapter study of the subject ((Swing Egyptian - TunisianPolitical Relations from to )) and the Department of turn foursections, the first dealt with the position of the United Arab Republic ofTunisian - French dispute over Bizerte base from to , camesecond section highlights the Egyptian - Tunisian Solidarity to addressthe problem of the course of the Jordan River diversion in , andthe third section presents Habib Bourguiba project for the settlement ofthe Arab - Israeli conflict in and the reactions of the United ArabRepublic, and the fourth section has touched on the Islamic allianceand the intensification of the Tunisian - Egyptian competition fromto .Chapter IV Treated ((A Reflection of the Arab - Israeli Conflict onthe Egyptian - Tunisian Political Relations ( - ))), which aredistributed to five sections, the first was Tunisia's position on the war inJune and its impact on the Egyptian - Tunisian convergence, asthe second topic included Egyptian efforts - Tunisian to remove theeffects of the aggression in , while the third section dealt with theEgyptian stances and Tunisia from the incident burning of Al - Aqsamosque in , and touched on the fourth section of them to theEgyptian - Tunisian relations, according to US policy in the light of the Arab - Israeli conflict in , it has also allocated fifth topic of study Cairo Conference and the death of Gamal Abdel Nasser in and reverberation it in the Tunisian Republic.In summary it can be observed that the Egyptian - Tunisian relations were not at the same pace but differentiated to some extent by the nature of each issue of international and surrounding circumstances, and relations between the two countries went through during the period ( - ) and tidal, which was dominated by the state of tension and the thing that you should pay attention to him thatinstability and differences in the relations between Bourguiba and Abdel Nasser is probably due to the similarity of the desire of both of them, led by the Arab world, or because of Nasser's the fact that it was supportive of his nemesis Salah Ben Youssef, differing deological Nasiriyah for Bourguibism, as well as personal differences, It is also noted that Tunisia has always been the first to cut off political relations with the United Arab Republic, which is returned by, as days showed Bourguiba experience and statesmanship.

لويس فيليب (1773 - 1850) سياسته الداخلية والخارجية == Louis Philippe (1773 - 1850) His Domestic And Foreign Policy

Author name: نرجس كريم خضير الخفاجي

Supervisor name: نعيم كريم عجيمي الشويلي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Literature - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Dhi Qar

First pages:

Abstract: History of the European track of many of the characters prestigious in the community, especially at the Political level to the effect that left on the reality in which they live and the different effects and orientation, according to the environment in which and the Place they operate in our society lived as well as cultural and Social level where it grew up. The subject of the study has a personal political dimensions because of the high Social status are returning to one of the oldest royal families in the European continent, Louis Philippe is due relative to the Orleans family of one the branches of the royal family Bourbon which ruled France for centuries. He is the first and the last of the Orleans family, he rule France after 1830 July Revolution which ended the rule of the Bourbon finally in France and overthrew his cousin Charles X of topping Louis throne of France according to the will of the French people under "King citizen's "name was his 18 years. The last ten years of his reign has seen political turmoil, reflected in the large number of ministries, which amounted about ten ministries, as well as numerous attempts to assassinate the king especially, making it a sign of the fact that the French people have tired of the case that it is the one who has not seen a change from the before, Louis near to him bourgeoisie class and former kings near the clergy and nobility classes. As well as economic situation is not good, low wages and had working conditions and prices on rise. We can not overlook the cultural evolution of the country schools have increased and there were in each region and in creased students obviously, and it began to hear the voices of the speakers in parliament. This expanse of freedom has encouraged people to claim their rights especially the electoral impact of the opposition leaders who have helped increase knowledge and cultural awareness of the French community to claim their rights guaranteed by the constitution, which led the king oath of allegiance.The constitutional king did not learn alesson, which before him and he did not win people to his side, he neglected the poor and workers who deteriorating situation much because the industrial evolution of the country making the community living on a volcano waiting for a time in which explodes. It come that decisive to feel the community on his finished page of the monarchy in France to begin a new era in France, where the new regime is trying to take advantage of the mistakes of the previous eras and rise in the country at all levels and fields. At the same time, at every body hopes to be the next new good on the country for all members of Society without discrimination of sectarian. The study was divided in to four chapters included the first chapter about his life and education as well as impact resulting from the position of the French 1789. The chapter two studied the circumstances that created the situation for Louis Philippe the throne of France and main development in the period of the rule until 1845. The chapter three searched about French foreign policy at the European continent and its position on the Belgian Revolution 1830 and Italian Revolution 1831, and the issue of conflict on the throne of Spain and Portugal during the period of Louis Philippe. The chapter four explained the French internal political developments that led to the outbreak of the Revolution 1848 with mention the biography events Revolution until Louis Philippe waivered about his throne then he left France towards to Britain until his death. The study was based on number of sources to be distributed between documents and sources of Arabic and foreign as well as build on some the previous academic studies that were related to the study as well as other sources have been mention in the of sources.

التيارات الفكرية في ايران 1905 - 1979 == Intellectual Trends in Iran (1905 - 1979)

Author name: كاظم دويخ صبيح

Supervisor name: عباس حسين مجيسر الجابري

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Literature - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Dhi Qar

First pages:

Abstract: The study of The Intellectual Trends in Iran (1905 - 1979) - which is the timeframe for our scholarly study - fall within one of , or rather the most, important links in the contemporary history of Iran. For it addresses the bulk of contemporary period falling between Constitutional and Islamic revolutions, passing through all eventful and transitional periods of political life in Iran. Besides, the inflow of diverse Western ideas into Iran including that of Liberalism, Nationalism, Socialism, as well as that of progressive Islamic ideas with which various segments of Iranian society have interacted which helped generated afterwards Islamic parties, organizations and associations that have rumbled on Iranian political scene. Hence, the researcher’s choice of the subject matter. He aimed at finding out the historical truth behind the evolution and practices of those schools of thought, investigating all data and information that reflect their intellectual structures along with other studies in order to complete the historical picture or scene of that significant stage of contemporary history of Iran. The study has been organized in an Introduction, five Chapters and a Conclusion. Chapter One presents the economic, social, political and cultural structures and transformations experienced by the Iranian society starting off from the last decades of the nineteenth century down to the end of the period at which this study concludes. For those structures and transformation are of great importance to take stock of the circumstances through which the then society has been going that allowed Western ideas to flow into and spread across Iran. Besides, they would pave the way for demonstrating how those Western ideas found its way in and rolled into the Iranian nation. As for Chapter Two, it deals with the liberal intellectual movement and its evolution in Iran along with the Constitutional Revolution, which represented the first real experience of the liberals through which they were able to lay down the liberal practices on democratic foundations, as exemplified in restricting the king’s power, enacting the constitution and establishment of the parliament. we then go over the development process of the liberals starting from the First World War until the coup against Mossadeq and their oscillating relationships with Reza Shah. The Chapter also presents the most prominent liberal thinkers, liberal political organizations, and the most important issues raised by the liberals.In Chapter Three, dedicated to the national trend, we dealt with religious and national distribution of population in Iran. The Chapter explores also the factors that helped the national trend to rise and develop in Iran represented by several revolutionary movements such as (Nehzat - e Jangal “Forest movement”, Semco, Sheikh Mohammed Al Khiabani ), as well as political movements that took place by the end of World War II in the regions of Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Arabstan. The Chapter finally touches on the nationalist parties and organizations in Iran, and the efforts of each one of them towards the pro - autonomy and establishment of independent republics of Azerbaijan and Mahabad.Chapter Four discusses the topic of intellectual Marxist trend and follows up on its evolution and activities under the dictatorship of Reza Khan. The Chapter, then, covers the most prominent Marxist thinkers, and Marxist political organizations highlighting their positions at both national and international levels. Chapter Five, which is the final chapter of the study, is concerned with the topic of Islamist intellectual trend (Shiite ideology) in terms of its foundation and evolution, and tracks afterwards its evolving process over the period (1905 - 1941), in light of its interaction with Western concepts infiltrated into the country. The Chapter explores also the religious establishment, its different views on the constitutional revolution, and then the Shiite Islamic thought during the period (1963 - 1979). The Chapter turns to investigate the Shiite Islam during the years (1963 - 1979) represented by the rise of Imam Khomeini on the political scene and his leadership of the Islamo - fundamentalist renewal from whitin the religious establishment. The Chapter then goes on to present the most prominent thinkers of the Islamic revolution, and the evolution of political Islamic organizations, and the most prominent positions and issues that they put forward. As for the main conclusions drawn from the study following a careful analysis of the facts contained in its five chapters, they are : The liberal trend has contributed significantly throughout the contemporary history of Iran in highlighting national thought and drawing the attention of the people of Iran towards the prospects for freedom and independence away from colonial powers and their meddling in Iran's internal affairs. All this in turn pushed to the outbreak of revolutions in the country, such as the Tobacco Revolution, Constitutional Revolution and the Nationalization of the oil industry. This trend also played a role, along with others, in the success of the Islamic revolution in 1979.As for the national movement, it has been destined to be short - lived in the Iranian state, for there was a lack of cultural and social atmosphere that might have helped it to survive and thrive. Besides, the idea of nationalism is a Western import and thus was not derived from within the conscience of Iranian society. Moreover, Iranian nationalism was not preceded by social and economic reforms necessary to establish a comprehensive renaissance as it was the case for Western nationalism.The Marxist trend has been reduced to the Tudeh Party and some small radical parties. Even though the party has an organization structure, educated cadres, and practices of different political activities spread out across the country as well as a remarkable press network, the party did not take advantage of all those factors as required; the party has the least impact on the course of political and social events in Iran.As to the Islamic trend, that is taken root in the Iranian society, the then prevailing circumstances forced it to take a defensive position of Islam as a valid way of life, especially given that the responsibility of underdevelopment whose its consequences experienced by the Iranian society at the time were being rested with Islam.Following the anti - Mossadeq coup in 1953, the Islamic trend has prevailed political and social scenes starting off and establishing the notion of Islamic Revolution led by Imam Khomeini in 1979, and applying the velayat - e faqih (The Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist), which took the Shiite Islam to the farthest it can dig back, namely, the Islamic Government.

التيارات الفكرية في العراق 1908 - 1968 == Intellectual Currents in Iraq

Author name: سلمان رشيد محمد الهلالي

Supervisor name: عبد الرسول شهيد عجمي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Literature - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Dhi Qar

First pages:

Abstract: The last of the twentieth century in Iraq, a century of multiple disparate intellectual currents. Consider as this country , was over the multi - cultural history starting from the Sumerians and the Akkadians, Babylonians, Arameans, and ending with the early Islamic ages, a pioneer in human achievement and cognitive literary and rationality primitive, democracy and the fields, and the cradle of movements, sects and creeds, religious, philosophical, linguistic and mystical currents, and became during this century recipient key for most of the concepts and trends that have emerged in Europe, especially liberalism and Marxism and nationalism, which interacted with the intelligentsia of Iraq (intelligentsia) positively, as an unilateral way of enlightenment and modernization, and the similarity with the Iraqis learners in order to change and reform the political and social reality, moving towards the rational and civil adoptive. This Thessis is a historical, an intellectual and political study of the three intellectual currents in Iraq. It is, according to the time , the influence and the cultural proliferation (liberalism, Marxism and nationalism) with a review of the historical development of the political and intellectual process of which passed out during the time period prescribed for the study, and the statement of the curriculum, schools and doctrines that investigated these currents resources and the sources of ideology, or those affected by them directly or indirectly and the inclusion of branches accompanying and formats and styles that came out of them, and organizations and partisan intelligentsia affiliate, or those who claimed that, with a review for the main concepts and objectives issues advocated by or promoted during this phase of our contemporary history.The thesis included the introduction, four chapters , a conclusion and a list of sources. The first chapter (the society , the state and intelligentsia in contemporary Iraq from 1908 to 1968). Reviewing social structures in Iraq, which is basically divided into : religious and sectarian structures. The structures of ethnic, racial, ingredients and minorities that followed, and the review of traditional social actors politically such as the family and the tribe, caste, ethnic, and historical evolution of her during the study phase, and the transformations that have occurred as a result of changes in the governance systems, and the emergence of secular currents of thought in the country. While the concept of the state in modern Iraq, and problematic incorporation, as a centre in the second section, with an indication of the general approaches that led to the failure of a project of this state, particularly the influence of political sectarianism, racism and monopolizing power and the intervention of the army in politics. The third section has singled out the Iraqi Intelligentsia, public function, and the factors that contributed to the emergence and cultural resources that advocatedty public perceptions, with the division of multiple cultural generations in the country during this phase.The second chapter, has dealt with the subject of the liberal trend in Iraq, starting with the review of all the historical evolution of the doctrine of the Liberal in Europe and the challenges faced by this movement in the twentieth century, and the role of the renaissance generation in the promotion and consolidation of this concept in the Mashriq. As in the second theme topic is enterested in showing the early liberalism and their four tributaries in Iraq : the French Enlightenment, the Arab renaissance, the constitutional revolution in Iran in 1905 and the revolution federal in the Ottoman Empire in 1908, and the subsequent declaration of the Constitution and the founding of the party organizations and the release of press freedom and political participation through elections. The third section has singled out a review of the historical development of the current liberal in Iraq through the phase 1908 - 1968 and the role of the British Mandatory authorities in promoting this trend and strengthened it by the desire to establish or develop a concept of (state) semi - liberalism, and the formation of the constitutional and governmental institutions and support public freedoms and the party life, with manifestations of regression in the democratization of liberal inclusion of life after the death of King Faisal I in 1933, the accumulation stages of decline that culminated in 1958 by the July revolution, and shed the military and national organizations, later on governance systems until 1968. The fourth section is concerned with the review of regulations and the liberal intelligentsia in Iraq and concepts of democracy and political pluralism advocated by the reform and values and projects that are based on them, and historical reasons that led to the decline of the liberal trend in Iraq.the third chapter is enterested in the Marxist tendency in Iraq, reviewing the historical development of the first socialist currents and the emergence of Marxism in Europe and escalating it spread after the First World War. In the second topic addressed the major tributaries of the International Marxist in Iraq wich are the tributary of Arab and Iranian and foreign and the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in 1917 and the Third Communist International in 1919, scholarships and Western universities. He specialized in the third section in the show the historical development of the movement of Marxism in Iraq for the first socialist and cells that have evolved in the twenties, and the ground which paved the way for this by dilation secular concepts after the founding of the modern Iraqi state in 1921, and episodes of communism in Baghdad, Basra and Nasiriyah and its union in organizing the Iraqi Communist Party, and it's intellectual adoftire, and the factors that contributed to the spread of the ideas of communism in the country, which narrowed the social, political, economic and cultural factor. And the fourth topic viewed the organizations and the Marxist intelligentsia in Iraq during this phase, concepts and values advocated by, with the objective reasons that led to the decline of the Marxist tendency in the country included.We specialized in the fourth chapter the national trend in terms of review of the startingpoints which was based on nationalism in Europe, and theories (French, German and Marxism) prevailing in this regard, and its development in the Arab Mashreq, the multiple intellectual trends during this phase. As interested in the second section to include the early Arab nationalism in Iraq, and the groups active in this regard, and the patterns that have evolved on the sidelines of events and political developments, and the reasons that led to the adoption of the national intelligentsia National School German without the rest of the theories, and differentiation, which happened between them and the concept of Arabism and singled out the third section the review historical and intellectual development of Arab nationalism in Iraq is multinational and patterns after the founding of the Iraqi state, particularly in the thirties decate which witnessed the affected pointing movements of fascism and Nazism in Europe, and the role of the nationalist sati' Al - Husri and Sami Shawkat and Mufti Amin al - Husseini in the escalation of emotion in this style that reached its peak in May traffic 1941, and to identify the most important national trends after the second World war, which was characterized by the dominance of the socialist and revolutionary character of Nazareth, and the conflict between the various national pavilions after the 1963 coup, and the dominance of the Nazarene go the reins of power during the period (1963 - 1968). In the fourth section concerned with reviewing national organizations, intelligentsia and its subsidiaries (the traditional right - wing and Nasiriyah revolutionary socialist and nationalist) unionist and concepts advocated by, the general premise on which it relied, with self - reported reasons that led to the decline of the national trend in Iraq.At the conclusion of research we offered the most important conclusions we reached through the calendar of intellectual currents in Iraq, the most important general features that characterized and the compatibility of thought and practice during the prescribed period of study

الارمن في لبنان 1915 - 1975 : دراسة في اوضاعهم الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والسياسية == The Armenians in Lebanon 1915 - 1975 Study in their Social, Economic and Political Situations

Author name: باسم ريحان مغامس الشميساوي

Supervisor name: صالح جعيول جويعد السراي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Literature - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Dhi Qar

First pages:

Abstract: The study of the history of minorities is a crucial issue because it has a significant impact on the events in the region in which it is located, particularly in Lebanon. This reflects profoundly on the Lebanese identity, which is characterized by ethnic, religious and sectarian diversity. Minorities in Lebanon's sectarian system have found a vital area for their social and political activities, their religious beliefs are much greater, less their counterparts in the region. On the other hand, the presence of large groups of refugees with a particular religious belief in a multi - ethnic country has a direct impact on social conditions Economic and political situation of the host country. The establishment of such refugees may lead to ethnic and religious tensions with local groups opposed to this emergency presence. Therefore, it is important to study the history of the Armenian community in Lebanon in all its aspects and dimensions, an academic study in depth, as it is one of the important communities that left a significant impression on the social, economic and political aspects of Lebanon, despite the recent existence in this country. In a miserable situation that is difficult to describe, they were stripped of everything, suffered the hardships of living in camps that lacked the basic elements of life, and in a country that differed with its inhabitants by customs and traditions, not to mention the language that was a major obstacle to their rapid integration into the new society. However, this minority community was able to preserve its national identity for a short period of time, and to have a great interest in Lebanon on the economic and political level, based on strong social ties. Accordingly, this study titled "Armenians in Lebanon 1915 - 1975 study in their social, economic and political situations" is chosen to highlight on the aforementioned issues of Armenian minority in order to revisit their histories and reach a new conclusions. The structure of the thesis is div ided into an introduction and five chapters and a conclusion.The first chapter examines the situation of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire up to 1915. Three sections are addressed here : the first of which included the Armenian origin, included the geographical location and historical development, while the second Armenian topic was presented during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II and the internationalization of the Armenian question. The third focused on the Armenians during the federal rule until 1915.The second chapter deals with the Armenian migrations to Lebanon from 1915 to 1939, so each migration is considered in a single section of this chapter. The first of which investigates the Armenian presence in Lebanon in 1915. The second section discusses entitled France's relinquishment of its mandate to Cilicia in 1920 and Armenian emigration Of which, while the third reviews the third migration under the title of Armenian immigration from the Alexandretta Brigade in 1939.The third chapter deals with the social and economic situation of the Armenians in Lebanon, and therefore divided into three sections. The first is the settlement of Armenian refugees in Lebanon. The second focuses on the religious establishment and the educational system. The third deals with the economic situation of the Armenians and their role in developing the Lebanese economy.The fourth chapter examines with the political situation of the Armenians in Lebanon during the French mandate of 1925 - 1946. This chapter is divided into two sections, the first one highlights the Armenian political parties in Lebanon, and the second discusses the participation of Armenians in political life under the mandate.The fifth chapter is devoted to examine the political situation of Armenians in Lebanon 1947 - 1975, divided into two sections. The first topic deals with the intensification of the conflict between the Armenian parties and their reflections on their political reality, while the second topic reviews the political development of the Armenians until 1975.In conclusion, the Armenians in Lebanon succeeded remarkably in the social, economic and political levels. They were driven to their unknown fate. Many were killed on the road of displacement. Others died as a result of sickness, hunger, and even those who remained alive were dead when they arrived in the diaspora. In the refugee camps in Lebanon, poverty was accompanied by their huts and tents. They lacked the most basic needs of a proper life. They were ulnerable to disease and epidemics, killing many, especially children, because of malnutrition. Except living in isolation in a different traditions, language, etc., but they were able to develop their social status to form an Armenian society in Lebanon that is in itself strong and cohesive, maintaining their national identity and positively integrated into Lebanese society. This also applies to the economic aspect in which they have become influential. The economic power of the Armenians in Lebanon has become an important political role. It is important that the Lebanese government refused to return to Soviet Armenia when the Soviet Union launched it for the second time in 1962 for fear of upsetting the demographic balance. It is possible to say that all of this would not have been possible without the extraordinary potential of the Armenian people to cling to life and to re - establish themselves as an significant community in Lebanon and to play a large role in social, economic and political aspects.

فلسفة الخلق بين الكتاب المقدس وكتب التراث الاسلامي : دراسة تحليلية == The Philosophy of Creation between the Scriptures and the Books of the Islamic Heritage

Author name: اسراء محسن داود المرعبي

Supervisor name: عمار محمد يونس الساعدي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Kerbala - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Karbala

First pages:

Abstract: The humanity has spent an arduous journey in search for its creator and for the foresight and purpose of its existence. Nowadays and in the past, there is a question could not have been answered by the proposed hypotheses that is why did God created the world? However, searching in the accounts and the verses of the scriptures has revealed that the vision of God in the Old Testament is incarnated in the command, in the New Testament is in the affection and in the Qur'an is in the mercy. Thus, according to the principle of relativity, Almighty God's will in the genesis cannot be precisely realized. But it seems that God's love of his creatures was behind his intent of the creation. So, God knows what else.Anyway, the destination of man in this context is represented in his following the example of God's teachings and morals for the sake of reaching the eternal happiness, the perfection and the salvation. For this reason it has been reported in the narration of the prophet Muhammed (pbuh) that "Oh people, acquire the manners and the characters of God ". Nevertheless, a Qura'nic verse provided that God said "I did not create the jinn and the humans except to worship me"1, suggests to another expression. It refers not only to an earthly worship, but, to the furthest types of cult. Hence, the worldly idols, Adam and his progeny, could have got the highest ranks in getting closer to God, in preference and honor when they could have achieved superiority over the jinns and also could have followed the righteous path till the judgment day. In addition, having been battlingQur'an : The Spreaders\ 56.their inner demons, having been engaged in Jihad Al - Nafs the sruggle against their own desires and limitations and in promoting their values and spirits, those the human line could have chosen to acknowledge to their creator at their will. Consequently, they could constantly and thankfully praised Allah.Finally, we should give the proper answers to the following questions that every person is interested in them : - Where did we come from? Why were we created? And Where are we going?. Indeed, it could be said that we have been created as a result for the divine honor of Adam by science when Allah said " And He taught Adam the names, all of them; then He represented them to the angels and said tell Me the names of these, if you are sincere."2 Therefore, we are as human creatures must represent the Godly morals and behaviors and fill the earth with love and mercy because we are the successors of Allah in his land. So, we are in a glorious march of grace and power towards winning the ever lasting paradise of the blessed havens.

الوزارات المستحدثة واثرها في الواقعين الاقتصادي والاجتماعي للعراق 1958 - 1963 == The Effect of Created Ministries on the Economic and social Aspects in Iraq 1958 - 1963

Author name: سعد عبد الواحد عبد الخضر

Supervisor name: حسن علي عبد الله السماك

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Al-Qadisiyah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Qadisiyah

First pages:

Abstract: The newly formed ministries in Iraq for the period from 1959 to 1963 represented the most comprehensive changes in the economic and social aspects. Thus, we can say that the July 14 th is a real revolution and not a military coup through its achievements in the advancement of the society. When laws were enacted, No. 74 of 1959, which included the creation of seven ministries, namely the Ministry of Agrarian Reform, the Ministry of Industry, the Ministry of Oil, the Ministry of Planning, the Ministry of Works and Housing, the Ministry of Municipalities and the Ministry of Commerce and The Ministry of Agrarian Reform came to implement the Law of Agrarian Reform No. 30 of 1958, which resulted in the identification of agricultural property, seeking to raise the level of agricultural farmers, establishing agricultural associations and agricultural cooperatives. In order to address the housing crisis in cities, following the increase of migration from rural to urban, the Ministry of Works and Housing In the cities and the need for different services, the Ministry of Municipalities was established. In order to follow up the factories and factories that the agreements with the Soviet Union and the socialist countries undertook to establish in Iraq, the Ministry of Agriculture, In order to control the oil wealth and exploit its revenues to increase national income and provide social services such as health, education, housing and raising the standard of living for individuals, the Ministry of Oil, which entered into negotiations with foreign oil companies operating in Iraq, issued Law No. 80 of 1961, which freed 99.5% Iraqi control of foreign companies.The government followed the policy of economic planning to achieve balance in all sectors of the national economy. The Ministry of Planning, after the abolition of the Ministry of Construction and the Ministry of Economy, and for the purpose of regulating the import and export process and make it consistent with the philosophy of the state and was serious in converting the citizen to a product more than consumer and limited consumption on the necessary materials and Iraq's trade with thecountries of the world, introduced the Ministry of Commerce, which sought to protect the citizen from exploitation when the adoption of the Government Sales Authorityand welfare.Department of research to the introduction and four chapters and conclusion, the first chapter dealt with the Iraqi Republic and directly the ministries of the Royal Covenant, The second chapter deals with the rapid social developments and their impact on the development of new ministries. The third chapter deals with agreements of technical and economic cooperation with the former Soviet Union and the countries of the socialist camp and the development of ministries to follow up their implementation. The fourth chapter sought to examine Iraq's foreign policy and its effect in developing new economic policies. The results of the study and analysis of the work of the ministries in the period of research, The researcher relied on a variety of sources, including unpublished documents kept in the library and documents of files of the royal court and the files of the Council of Sovereignty and administrative reports and the files of some ministries, then the published documents, the government publications issued by the ministries and publications of the Ministry of Guidance and publications of the Ministry of Justice, Industry and the Secretariat of the Capital, And then come letters and university papers and memos and many books of Arabic and Arab and some foreign books as well as the use of several periodicals, especially magazines and newspapers issued during that period, which was filled by the thesis and the list of sources and has been used for the researcher analytical approach as a method of work and I put the finishing touches in my dissertation, I did not claim that it is free of lapses and delusions because the perfect God only and finally put this dissertation in the hands of my distinguished professors and members of the discussion committee. I hope that their corrections will have a great role to reach the dissertation

التجيبون في الاندلس ودورهم السياسي والفكري في الفتح حتى منتصف القرن السادس الهجري

Author name: فؤاد حسين علي التميمي

Supervisor name: مجيد ماجد محمد الزامل

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The pages of the thesis introduce some of the Andalus historical facets for Tojibis represent a part of this is history. This study endeavours to show the position of Tojibis in Andalus and motivate the scolars to study the Arab families and charactors in Andalus because any new study will introduce new information and facts to the Andalus library.Tojibis had a political and scintific role in Andalus since the Arab conquest till the middle of Hijri sixth century.This is a cause that made the scholas study this subject and trace this contribution of the Tojibis to this period.And because this period witnessed a political activity from Tojibis which ended in Almeria in 484 A.H/1091 A.D.The Tojibis scintific role lasted till the middle of the Hijri sixth century. The period that followed the death of some scientists like Mohammad bin Ahmed known as ibn AlHaj died in 529 A.H. / 1134 A.D., Ibn Baja - Mohammad bin Yahya died in 533 A.H/ 1138 A.D., Ahmed bin Abdul Rehman bin Eissa died in 563 A.H/ 1167 A.D doesn't witnessed emergence of scientist of that kind.There is no an independent study about Tojibis in Andalus except some references in M.A. thesis named "Al thaghr Al Aa'la Al Andalusi" "The upper frontier of Andalus. A study of political states from 95 - 316 A.H/ 714 - 928 A.D" written by Ibrahim Al samarai and some references as well about their settlement in Andalus in "Islamic Arab conquest and settlement in Andalus and north Africa"; A book written by Dr. Abdulwahid Thanoon Taha. There is a written by Dr. Mariam Qassim Taweel "The Kingdoom of Almeria of the era of Al mu'tasim bin Sumadih 443 - 484 A.H/ 1051 - 1091 A.D.".What is remarkable that the researcher made arrangements of the biographies according to their alphabet order when he studies the contribution of the Tojibis to the scientific process.This study in volves four chapters in addition to a production : Chapter one is divided in to three parts. The first part studies the origin of Tojibis and their contribution to conquest of Andalus then I studied the Tojibian Salamas in Huesca.The third part in volves the political role of Tojibis in the upper frontier through the principality 138 - 316 A.H/ 755 - 928 A.D., the caliphate era (316 - 422 A.H/ 928 - 1030 A.D) and what is called "the states of sacts" era 422 - 484 A.H/ 1041/1091 A.D.Chapter two is dedicated for religious studies which has something to do with Holy Quran. These studies involves reading and interpretation sciences. Then I took the Holy Hadith of Prophet Mohammad, of "AlRai" who have their own opinion to under stand and explain the Holy Quran and Hadith, matter of religious instructions, science of documents and finally some other Tajibis biographies.Chapter three is indicated for Arabic language studies including grammar and literature. Literature in volves poetry and prose. Prose, as well, includes oration letters and then I mentioned the Tojibis who had their own role in prose field and finally eloquency come.Chapter four includes rationalism and experimentalism that involve philosophy, medicine, engineering, history biographies and music. This study admitted a group of modern Arabic resources and others trduslated from another languages Arabic. Searches, assays, letters these and other foreign resources are available in this chapter as well.In conclusion : I reach some conclusions the most important of them one : Tojib tribe is one of Arab tribes that contributed to the Andalus conquest.Mousa bin Nossair's compaign implied so many leaders and officers of this tribe. Tojib tribe settled in the northern east of Andalus particulary in Saragossa, Droca, Huesca, Calatayoub and Almeria as well. Two families of this tribe emerged on the political stage. The first family of Abdul Rehman Al Tojibi appeared at the upper frontier. The second one is the family of sumadih in Almeria. The Tojibis role is not reduced to the political side but extended to scientific and religious life as well. Al Baji was one of the famous scholars among Tojibis in Andalus. Religious men such as Abu lzhaq Al albiri interested in poetry and philosophy as well. Al zarqali and other scientists that contributed to the scientific movement in Andalus

الامام الحسين (عليه السلام) في كتاب الطبقات الكبير لمحمد بن سعد ت230ه == Imam Hussein in Great classes book of Muhammad bn Saad(230 H.D)

Author name: سالم لذيذ والي الغزي

Supervisor name: شكري ناصر عبد الحسن المياحي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: Praise be to Allah, Lord of the worlds and peace and blessings be upon our master Muhammad and his good and pure family. Of the well - known that Imam Hussein had played a major and pivotal role in the events of Islamic history. This role has had a great and wide impact all over the globe to this day . Many historians took up his revolution and his biography according to their method and intention , some of them , used the summary, others used details . Among them was Mohammed bin Saad al - Basri ( 230 H.D \ 844 A.D) , the fact that this author was known in leadership in writing history of the first and second centuries A H . moreover, his book " great classes book of Ibn Saad " is one of the first books that classified in the strata of the companionsand those who came after them until his time. Although the book has been printed several times since 1904 AD, but all these editions have been removed from the translation of Imam Hussein , and the information of the book did not appear to the scholars, researchers and readers only after one hundred year after its printing. So scholar thought it had not translated about Imam Hussein.The study included a preface, five chapters and conclusion . The boot came to show the author and his writing in general , his book and the general classes in particular , which include the resources and methodology of Imam Hussein. The first chapter included three topics dealing with social dimensions, worship and politics , which focused on his birth, name , sons and his wives. The second chapter included Imam Hussein's preface to the event through his dealings with the Amawyeen authorities and his supports and Shiites and the transmission of books and messengers and how to deal with the obstacles that faced his revolution.B As well as his way of responding to those who were advised by those who differed the ways of thinking, which most mentioned Ibn Saad . that Imam Hussein used several methods to respond to them. The third chapter the writer focus on the armed options in the revolution and how he faced enemies , which included his arrival in Karbala and his killing and martyrdom with his all family. The fourth chapter explained the implications of Husseiniya Revote on the Amawyeen and Islamic societies, and how this led to the destruction of the rule of Umayyads. The fifth chapter focused on the importance of Ibn Saad's novel in historical sources which indicated the importance of his novel to historians, who were in his time or who came from beyond. Including Ibn Asakir in his book " History of Damascus " and Sibtt bin Jawzi in his book " Reminding Characteristics " . the conclusion showed the most important results reached by the researcher.Adopted the study on two hundred and sixty major source and secondary references .In conclusion, this effort modest is an attempt to define the character sacrificed everything for the defense of religion and save the nation of injustice and slavery.

الموالي في العراق دراسة في احوالهم العامة حتى سنة (132 هـ) == The pro - Iraq study in their general conditions until the year (132 AH

Author name: سوسن عباس حسين الجابري

Supervisor name: انتصار لطيف حسن السبتي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Kerbala - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Karbala

First pages:

Abstract: The Mawali (non - Arab Muslim allies) represented one influential factor in the Arabic - Islamic community. The significant intellectual achievements they left in diverse sciences and arts, especially the religious and the literary, made them a salient signpost.The term "Mawali" appeared before Islam due to the circumstances that prevailed as a result of the wars that swept the Arabian Peninsula. However, it prevailed after non - Arabs converted to Islam; those came to be known as "Mawali". The Arabic singular "Mawla" also referred to an Arab alley, a usage that diversified the meaning of alliance. There is a significant amount of research on the Mawali. Researchers investigated the social and economic aspects of their life as well as their political role, in addition to their intellectual achievements. The Gharrawi study put a detailed bibliography on the names of authors who tackled the intellectual influence of the Mawali during the Ummayad Era. The study included the Mawali all over the Arab Islamic State. In this study, the researcher investigates their intellectual influence in Iraq; shedding light on their contribution as a group which was said to be marginalized and whose simple humanitarian rights were denied, as such, they resorted to make up the inferiority by excelling intellectually. The researcher presents a positive picture of the Mawali's intellectual activities since the Early Islamic Era until the end of the Umayyad Era.The study consists of five chapters with an introduction, conclusion, and a list of bibliography. The meaning of the term "Mawali" is explained in chapter one, with the Mawali's social and economic life. Chapter two is entitled The Influence of the Mawali in the Religious Sciences, these sciences include the sciences of the Quran, interpretation, Quranic readings, prophetic tradition (Hadith), and Kalam (Islamic scholastic theology). In chapter three tackles the Mawali's contribution to the military, while chapter four examines their achievement in the social sciences like the Arabic language and the science of Qasas (Quranic stories). And chapter five focuses on the Mawali's most important administrative positions after the Umayyads policy change because of their need for the Mawali's services, administrative and leadership skills. This had led to the Ummayads assigning important and critical roles to them; roles which were assigned only to the loyal members of the Ummayad house.

التطورات الاقتصادية والاجتماعية في المملكة العربية السعودية 1953 ـ 1975 == Economic and Social Developments in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 1953 - 1975

Author name: سوسن جبار عبد الرحمن شريف

Supervisor name: زهير علي احمد النحاس

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Al Mosul - College Of Literature - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Mosul

First pages:

Abstract: في دوامـة الفقر معتمدة على بعض الاستثمارات ، ناهيك عن التخلف الاقتصادي وتدني مسـتوى معيشة الفرد السعودي الذي انكفا على نفسه كفافا ، كما ان ندرة المياه وطبيعة الحياة الصحراوية القاسية فرضت على معظـم السعوديين حياة البداوة والتكتـلات القبلية ، وبعد تاسيس المملكة عام 1932 ، عانت الاخيرة من نقص الموارد المالية ، ففي عام 1934 ، لم تتعد ميزانية المملكة (احد عشر ) مليون ريال ، الا ان المملكة تحولت خلال عامي ( 1953 ـ 1975 ) من صحراء جـرداء تفتقر الى المـوارد الاقتصادية الى بـلاد غنية بالمـوارد الطبيعية بفضل اكتشاف النفط عام 1938 ، واستثماره بشكل تجاري ما بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية ( 1939ـ 1945 ) ، وكان حـدثا مهما مهد للتحـول الاقتصادي والاجتماعي الكبير الذي مزاالت تشهده المملكة العربية السعوديـة ، فقد كان لهـذه التحولات والتطورات اثـر كبير في نقل المجتمع السعودي من مجتمع صحراوي بدوي له طبيعة قبلية الى دولة حديثة بمؤسسات عصرية ، وتتمتع بمكانة مهمة في المنطقة العربية ، وضمن هذا الاطار تابعت الدراسة وقائع هذه التطورات والتحولات ومسارها التاريخي ، فركزت على جهود المملكة وانجازاتها لتحقيق هـذه التطورات ، وعلى كافـة الاصعدة والقطاعات ، ومعالجتها للعراقيل والمعوقات التي كانت تقف امام تحقيق هـذه التحولات ،ولا سيما ما يتعلق بالتحولات الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والتطور العمراني والحضري وبقية القطاعات الاقتصادية والاجتماعية . وبهدف الاحاطة بتلك الاحـداث والتطورات الاقتصادية والاجتماعية ، تم وضع هيكلية للدراسة انتظمت بتمهيد واربعة فصول وخاتمة فقد تناول التمهيد التطورات الداخلية في بداية تاسيس المملكة العربية السعودية عام 1932 تناول الفصل الاول النفط واثره في دعم التحولات المالية للمملكة العربية السعودية 1953 ـ 1975 ، والمسار التاريخي لاستثمار النفـط السـعودي .وعني الفصل الثاني بالتحولات الاقتصادية الحاصـلة في المملكة ( 1953ـ 1975 ) فيما يختص بالقطاعات الاقتصادية . وخصص الفصل الثالث لاثر التحولات الاقتصادية على التكوينات الاجتماعية والحركة العمرانية في المملكة العربية السعودية .اما الفصل الرابع والاخير ، فقد خصص للتحولات الثقافية التي شهدتها المملكة العربية السعودية وما لها من دور بارز ومهم في تطور المجتمع وتقدمه | Saudi Arabia has witnessed developments and economic and social transformations during the period between the years (1953 - 1975). Concerning the economic aspect, there were no natural resources in the country by this date. This country lived in poverty and backwardness for many centuries depending on small investments. Moreover, , water scarcity and the nature of the harsh desert life had been imposed the tribal system on the lives of most Saudis. After the kingdom was founded in 1932, it suffered from a lack of recent financial resources. In the year 1934, the budget of the Kingdom did not exceed (eleven) million Riyal. But the kingdom has turned during (1953 - 1975), from a barren desert with strong shortage of economic resources to a rich country with natural resources, because of the discovery of oil in 1938 with more commercial investments during the post - World War II (1939 - 1945). It was an important event which paved the way for economic and social transformations that are still great in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia.These events have their impacts on the Saudi society because this society has been changed from a Bedouin society into a modern state with modern institutions and it enjoys its place in the Arab region. Within this framework comes the significance of this study to follow the proceedings of the changes and transformations and historic developments. The study emphasizes the efforts of the kingdom and achievements in many sectors and to overcome the obstacles and constraints that were parked in front of the achievement of these changes, particularly with regard to transformations of economic and social and urban development. Accordingly, the present study is divided into four main chapters preceeded by an introduction and ended with a global conclusion. The introduction deals with the administrative organization of state since the founding of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932 and until 1953, with the arrival of King Saud Ibn Abdul Aziz into power. The first chapter throws light on oil and its impact on the financial support transitions to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 1953 - 1975, and Saudi oil investment and the historical development of the Saudi financial system with the establishment of the Saudi Monetary Agency in 1952. The second chapter studies the economic sectors namely the agricultural one. With regard to economic sectors, including the agricultural sector, the chapter deals with the most important problems and obstacles faced by this sector, as indicated by the chapter, it moves into the modern industrial firm and the importance of the sector trade the latest economic developments. The third chapter is devoted to social developments in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and what has come from changes in the social structure of the kingdom, the emergence of new categories in Saudi society, as well as the efforts of the Kingdom in the fields of social development. In this chapter, other points are also discussed namely transport routes, means of transport, various communication and its impact on urban developments in the kingdom, particularly after the reconstruction of the Holy Places amd mosques to secure the confort of pilgrimage.As for the fourth chapter, it treats the cultural transformation occurred in the Kingdom and especially in the field of education.As a matter of fact the sector of public health has also seen a tangible progress besides the mass media and the press. Finally, the present study ends with a conclusion which focuses on the most important findings that emerged from the thesis, and the implications of the economic and social developments in Saudi Arabia. It should be mentioned that one of the outstanding negative points is the reliance on one resource namely oil. The Kingdom has to rely on the revenues of other resources in order to revitalize the other economic and social sectors.

الصراعات السياسية في حقبة التسلط البويهي (334 - 447هـ/945 - 1055م) == Political Conflicts in Millennium of Buwaihid Domination (334 - 447 A.H./945 - 1055 A.D.)

Author name: عمر احمد سعيد محمود الحمداني

Supervisor name: موفق سالم نوري الجوادي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Al Mosul - College Of Literature - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Mosul

First pages:

Abstract: The Political conflicts in the millennium of the Buwaihid domination (334 - 447 A. H./945 - 1055 A.D) are regarded as the striking aspects because of their aggravation in this period , whereas the appearance of the Buwaihid on the field of political events, their upside down the balances of affairs through their control on the reins of authority in Iraq, especially Baghdad, the competition of the caliph in his powers and privileges , negligence of the public and private in whole of their social and economic conditions, all of those things entered the country in the continuity of conflicts which do not scarcely end up or stop at a certain limit , so these conflicts were internal relating to the structure of authority and the problem of administration of affairs of political, economic, social, and intellectual aspects, then extended out to every direction whereas any aspects can not be excluded from these conflicts. And if this phenomenon were an extension of what the military chaos witnessed, control the leader of soldiers, and their domination in the millennium (247 - 334 A.H./861 - 945 A.D.), then this extension became more serius because of the multiplicity and diversity of the centres of power, that resulted from these conflicts, which threatened the structure of society and state in a considerable danger. So, I found that studying this phenomenon which extended for a century is necessary and pertinent for the research in its nature, then the nature of its falls.Therefore, it was neither a passing state , nor a partial and a secondary thing.In spite of extension of the subject, and the considerable diversity of its sources, the research did not face any actual and serious difficulties, that was achieved by favor of the God He raised far alone who he helped me to iron out any obstacles to let the research takes its complete scope in convering these conflicts.And for achieving the comprehensiveness of the research, encircling its all, and convering it in study and analysis, so it was divided up into a preface and four sections each section consisted many chapters. The preface the historical introductions of the originating the Buwaihid domination. The first section included the conflict between the Abbasid caliphate and the Buwaihid principality. The second section handled the conflict on principality inside the Buwaihid family. The third section dealt with conflicts inside the ruling establishment. The fourth section searched in the conflict among the social and intellectual powers with the Buwaihid authority.The outcomes of this study can be summarized in the following points : - Some caliphs played sometimes an effective role to face the actions made by the Buwaihid, in spite of their being falling under their domination. - The Abbasid Caliphate did not subject to the currents of conflicts alone, these currents have drifted the establishment of the Buwaihid principality so the Buwaihid family subjected to conflicts especially after the death of the first generation of the strong princes. - As to the military establishment, it entered also in the continuity of the conflicts. - The conflict infiltrated also into the civilian establishment. - This millennium witnessed a deterioration in the social and economic aspects which led to the prominence of the role played by the various social levels and categories. - These conflicts left their clear effects on falling down the Buwaihed's state which continued more than a century in internal conflicts the heat of which does not go down

سبط ابن الجوزي مؤرخا للحروب الصليبية : دراسة في سيرته ونصوصه التاريخية == SIBT IBN AL - JAWZI AS A HISTORIAN OF THE CRUSADES A Study of his life and his Historical Narrative

Author name: شكيب راشد بشير ال فتاح

Supervisor name: جزيل عبد الجبار شيت الجومرد

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Al Mosul - College Of Literature - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Mosul

First pages:

Abstract: منذ ان اخذت الحروب الصليبية حيزها في الدراسات التاريخية ، كانت لدراسة المصادر العربية عن تلك الحروب مكانتهوااهميتها ، ولاسيموااننا نجد في معظم الاعمال المنشورة قد خصصت جزء من مقدماتها في نقد ودراسة تلك المصادر ، ولعل ابرز من قام بدارستها كوحدة منفصلة لا في مقدمات الكتب المنشورة هو المستشرق الانكليزي هملتون جب (Hamilton Gibb) ومن بعده الانكليزي ايضا بنيمان وورسلي (Pennyman Worsloy)، لكن كلا المستشرقين نجد ان ابحاثهما لا تخرج عن نطاق الفترة المبكرة للحروب الصليبية ، وعن المقارنات ما بين ابن القلانسي (555هـ/1160م) من جهة وبين العماد الكاتب (ت597 هـ/1200م) وابن الاثير (ت630 هـ/ 1232م) من جهة اخرى .فضلا عما سبق فمنذ زمن ليس بالبعيد اتخذت الدراسات التاريخية بما يخص الحروب الصليبية في جامعة الموصل خطوات لها ايجابياتها في دراسة المصادر العربية لتلك الحروب كان الهدف الاساسي منها الوصول الى نتائج علمية حول الرؤية العربية الاسلامية المشرقية لتلك المصادر التي تناولت وعرضت مفردات ما عرف بالحملات الصليبية ، وكشف مدى فهم المؤرخين المسلمين المعاصرين لسير المواجهة وشخصياتها الاسلامية والصليبية معا.واستكمالا لسير هذه الخطوات تم اختيار بحثي الموسوم (سبط ابن الجوزي مؤرخا للحروب الصليبية) ، ويعد الاخير شخصية جديرة بالدراسة والبحث ، اذ ولد في بغداد من اصول غير مثيرة للاهتمام ، في حين ان جده من امه ابن الجوزي المشهور قد عوض ما فقده في ذلك الجانب ولذا سمي (سبط ابن الجوزي) ، وعاش في كنفه ما يقارب العقدين الاولين من حياته ، وعندما ضاعت حظوظه بعد وفاة جده سنة (597هـ /1200م) فقد السبط سنده وفرصته ، فضلا عن وفاة بنفشا ام الخليفة الناصر لدين الله (575 - 622هـ/ 1179 - 1224م) فيما بعد والتي كانت ترعاه بعد وفاة جده مثلما حرصت على رعاية الاخير، وبذلك لم يبقى له سوى السفر الى بلاد الشام التي يحكمها افراد البيت الايوبي.وبشكل او باخر فقد نقل السبط مواهبه وامكانياته في الوعظ الى الاماكن التي رحل اليهواقد احسن عرضهواوظفها بما يخدم مكانته العلمية ومواجهة الصليبيين وبلوغه مكانة عالية عند ملوك وامراء البيت الايوبي. فضلا عما سبق فان نتاجاته العلمية الاخرى لا تقل اهمية عن مكانته في الوعظ لاسيما في مجال التاليف ومنها كتابة المعروف (مراة الزمان في تاريخ الاعيان) والذي هو مادة البحث لهذه الاطروحة . اما بالنسبة لمحتويات البحث فقد قسم الى بابين ، تناول كل باب عدة مباحث ، وقد فرض هذا التقسيم نفسه لان في حالة جعل خطة البحث على شكل فصول ستكون هذه الفصول متباينة في حجم مادتهواغير مترابطة ، وتكون الخطة قد اغفلت ذكر الكثير من العناوين المهمة التي وردت في كلا البابين ، فضلا عن ذلك فان سيرة السبط لا يمكن حصرها بفصل واحد وذلك لكون الاخير قد عاش في اكثر من اقليم وعاصر عدة ملوك ، بالاضافة الى تحويل مذهبه وعزارة نتاجه الثقافي .اما بالنسبة للباب الاول فقد تناول سيرة سبط ابن الجوزي وقد قسم الى ستة مباحث اولها نسبة ولادته ، ثم اسرته ، في حين عرض المبحث الثالث نشاته في بغداد وكان في غاية الاهمية للكشف عن ثقافته الاولية ومواردها ، ولم يكن المبحث الرابع اقل اهمية اذ تعرض لرحلاته واستقراره واثر تعامله مع السلطة في ذلك ، اما المبحث الخامس فقد كان تقليدواعرض فيه شيوخه وتدريسه ومؤلفاته ، في حين تكمن اهمية هذا المبحث في مناقشة اسباب تحول مذهبه واستعرض مجالس وعظه التي يمكن القول ان المبالغة نسبيا في عرضها لها ما يبررها . اما المبحث السادس فهو علاقته بالبيت الايوبي ، ولا بد للاشارة هنا ان اهمية هذا المبحث تظهر الكشف عن اسقاطات السبط في التدوين من خلال هذه العلاقة ، ولا سيما عند تدوينه اخبار الحروب الصليبية .ام بالنسبة للباب الثاني فموضوعه في انشاء ومضمون النص ويحتوي على ثمانية مباحث قسم كلا منها عدة فقرات ، وقد تطلبت الضرورة لذلك ، اذ ان من الصعب اختزال هذه العناوين لان في تفصيلهواتكرار مادتها احيانا فائدة في احتواء المادة وهضمها لاسيمواان مثل هذه المواضيع تظهر فيها صعوبة ايجاد لغة تصل الى القارئ بشكل مباشر من دون وجود استطراد واحالات ، وقد يلاحظ ان هوامش البحث بصورة عامة قد اثقلت ، وهذا ما تطلبه لفهم المتن وتوثيقه علميا .وقد تناول المبحث الاول من هذا الباب ترتيب اخبار الحروب الصليبية في سياق الحول الواحد ، اما المبحث الثاني فقد ورد فيه منهج السبط في ذكر زمن الحدث سوء ذكر السنة او الشهر او اليوم ، فضلا عن الكشف بما قام به من حذف الزمن عندما ياخذ روايات من مصادر قد سبقته ، اما المبحث الثالث فقد كان عن الموقع الجغرافي في نصوص السبط وموارد عنده من تعريفات وايضاحات وما اجراه من تغير على اسماء المواقع واثر روح عصره في ذلك ، فضلا عن المواقع التي انفرد بالا شارة اليها . في حين ان المبحث الرابع تناول اعداد الجيوش والاسرى والقتلى والمبالغات التي فيها ، واستعماله لالفاظ التكثير ووصفه لتلك الاعداد . اما المبحث الخامس فقد ورد فيه اسباب حذف بعض مقاطع الروايات التي ياخذها من مصادر سبقته والدوافع الذاتية لذلك ، بالاضافة الى اسلوبه في التدوين العام وعرض الروايات . ولم يختلف المبحث السادس عن فكرة معرفة اسباب الاختصار الذي قام به عندما ينقل روايات مصادر اخرى ، لكن ما هو مختلف ان الاختصار قد لا يغير من مضمون الرواية مثلما نجده في الحذف .اما المبحث السابع فقد استعرض ما ذكره السبط عن الشخصيات الاسلامية التي لها نشاط في الحروب الصليبية ، وكيف ان السبط قيم هذه الشخصيات وفق مقياسه الذي بمقدار جهادها ضد الصليبيين يكون وصفه لها بالشكل الايجابي وكان لنور الدين محمود والمعظم عيسى حيزا في نصوص السبط .ولعل اهم ما في هذا الباب هو المبحث الثامن الذي ورد فيه عرض الشخصيات الصليبية في نصوص السبط وكيف انه ذكر اسماءهوامناصبهواالكشف عن الاخطاء او التصحيف عند ذكرها ، فضلا عن ما انفرد به من معلومات عنها . ويمكن القول ان السبط من اكثر المؤرخين الذين اهتم بهذه الشخصيات اذ ورد عندما يقارب عشرين شخصية قدم عنها معلومات لها اهميتها | Since the crausad wars have taken a significant space in historical studies; the study of Arabic sources about these wars have gained an important space and position. We find that most of the published works have set a side a part of its prefaces to study and criticize these sources. Perhaps the English Orientalis Hamilton Gibb and Pennyman Worsloy were the most prominent of these who studied theses sources separately not within the introductions of the published books. However; we find that their research don’t go beyond the early period of the crusade wars and the comparisons between Ibn - Alqalansi (555 A.H./ 1160 A.D.) from one hand, Alimad - Alkatib (597 A.H./1200 A.D.) and Ibn - Alatheer (630 A.H./ 1232 A.D.) from the other. In addition to what we’ve early said. Not long ago, historical studies in the University of Mosul on the Grusade wars have adopted positive steps in studying the Arabic Source of these wars, the basic objective of which was to attain scientific findings about eastern Islamic Arabic vision upon these sources which have tackled and displayed the terms of what has been called “The Crusade Wars” and revealed how contemporary Islamic historians have perceived the procession of confrontations and the Islamic and crusade characters together. In completion of these steps; my research entitled “Ibn - Aljawzi Grandson (Alsibt) of the crausade wars”. The latter is regarded worthy of study and research. He was born in Baghdad from unsignificant origins; while his grandfather the famous Ibn - Aljawzi was a great compensation for what he had deprived from in this regard, therefore he was called “Ibn - Aljawzi Grandson (Alsibt)”. He has grown up under his patronage for about the first two decades of his life. After the death of his grandfather; he lost the support and the opportunity. Later by the death of “BAnfsha” the mother of the caliph Alnasir Lideenilah (575 - 622 A.H./ 1179 - 1224 A.D.) who was looking after him after the death of his grandfather as well as the latter, he decided to trarel to Damascus which was governed by the Ayoobi Family members. In a way or another, the grandson (Alsibt) has conveyed his talents and abilities to the place he traveled to and excellently and exploited them in such a manner served his scientific position in confrontation with the crusaders and in attaining a high rank upon the kings and princes of the Ayoobi Family Basides what has been already mentioned, his other scientific works are not less important than his position in preaching especially in book composition such as his famous book “Time Mirror in the History of Notables” which is the subject of this dissertation. As for the research contents; they have been divided into two sections each one has dealt with several topics. This division was unavoidable; as if the research plan had been put in chapters, they would have been differing in the size of material and would have seemed unconnected. And thus, the plan might have disregarded many of the important topics mentioned in both sections. In addition to that, the biography of the Grandson (Alsibt) could not be confined to a sigle chapter as he had lived in more than one country and was a contemporary of several kings as well as his belief conversion and the abundance of his cultural works. As to the first section it has dealt with the biography of Ibn - Aljawzi Grandson AlSibt. It was divided into six topics. The first was about his birth and the second one about his family. The third topic displayed his early life Baghdad. It was the most significant among other topics as it revealed the resources of his earlier culture. The fourth topic was of the same significance as it tackled his trips and settlement and the outcome of dealing with the authority in this regard. The fifth topic was a tradition and has demonstrated his teachers, education and his compilations, its importance lies in the discussion about the reasons of his belief conversion and the display his preaching sessions; the relative overstatement of the display could be justified. The sixth topic was about his relation with the Ayoobi family. Here we must mention that the significance of this topic lies in revealing the omissions the Grandson (Alsibt) made in writing due to this relation, especially when he wrote down the events of the Crusade wars. The second section’s subject is about the text content and composition. It contains eight topics, each one is divided into many paragraphs for the necessity, it was difficult to reduce these titles, since the details and the repetition of its material sometimes are helpful in under standing it; and such subject are of particular difficulty in finding a direct reaching the reader with no digression and references. It is generally noted that the research footnotes have been overburdened which was necessary to perceive the text and for scientific documentation. The first topic of this section has dealt with the events sequence of the crusade wars in a one - year context. The second topic has discussed the Grandson’s (Sibt) methodology in mentioning the date whether the year, the month or the day of the event as well as revealing the omissions of dates he had made when reciting from sources prior to him. The third topic approached the definitions and explanations of the geographical location in the Grandson’s (Alsibt) texts, the changes he had made on the names of locations and the impact of his age spirit on that, as well as the locations that were only reported by him. The fourth topic has dealt with the numbers of armies, captives and killed in the battles, associated exaggerations and the use of multiplication terms in describing these numbers. The fifth topic has mentioned the reasons and self - motives behind the omission of some of the narration parts that he used to recite from sources to him, as well as his technique in general recording and narration display. The sixth topic discussed the same idea about realizing the reasons of brevity he had made when he recited from other sources. However what is different is that brevity might not change the content of the narration as omission does. The seventh topic was a review of what the Grandson (AlSibt) had mentioned about the Islamic characters actively participated in the crusade wars and how he had evaluated them according to his criterion and have positively described them according to their holly fight against Crusaders. Noor Aldeen Mahmood and E’asa Almuadham, for example occupied a remarkable space in the Grandson’s (AlSibt) texts. Perhaps the most significant in this section is the eighth which has included a review of the Crusade characters in the Grandson’s (AlSibt) texts; their names, ranks the revealing of the errors occurred during misreading and the unique information he had reported on them as well. In short, the Grandson (Alsibt) is among the most historians who was interested in such characters. He reported important information about nearly twenty them. Placed at the head the characters. He reported important information about nearly twenty of them. Placed at the head the characters of the Pope and Fredrick the second, the leader of the sixth Crusade campaig

العلاقات الليبية التركية 1969ــ 1989 : دراسة سياسية ـ اقتصادية

Author name: نبيل عكيد محمود المظفري

Supervisor name: محمد علي داهش

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Al Mosul - College Of Literature - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Mosul

First pages:

Abstract: Turkey forms one of the most important states in the region for it gets a geostrategic weight and it neighbors the Arab Home land and at the same time it has relations with the western states . This has prepared for Turkey suitable conditions to achieve an important role in the region . Arab - Turkish relations has passed through various stages and Libya is one of those states which has relations with Turkey . Relations between them has witnessed a turning point in 1975 and included various aspects discussed in this study . The study consists of five chapters . The first presents a summery for historical ties between Libya and Turkey . The first section deals with the Ottoman conquest of Tripoli in 1551 , aspects of general relations between both sides during Karmanli era (1711 - 1835) , the participation of people in this Williat inside Ottoman Mabuthan council , the relations of Ottman state with Sanusi . The second section speaks about relations of both sides after the Italian occupation of this Williat and the resistance by the Libyan people compined with large number of Turkish officers and soldiers . The third section tackles Turkish - Libyan relations during independence starting from the Turkish attitude towards the Libyan issue inside the United Nations till it got its independence in December 1951 and the subsidiaries presented by Turkey to Libya , after the independence as well as economic relations between two countries till 1969 . The second chapter is dedicated for political relations . The first section deals with the Revolution of September Its, 1969 and the Turkish attitude from it . Turkey has passed through a critical position for when the revolution had taken place , King Idris Al - Snusi was making a tourist round in Turkey and the latter should have taken a definite position towards the revolution and the King . The second section speaks about political relations of both countries and the principles of foreign policy of Libya and his factors which affect this policy including Arab - Turkish relations in general , and the visits made by officials of both countries . The third chapter sheds light upon foreign affairs which affect Libyan - Turkish relations and at the beginning of these affairs was the Palestine issue , it often play a large role in the politics of Arab states towards the others especially those which are joined with good relations with Israel . The issue of Cyprus was a key of good relations between both countries especially after the military intervention of Turkey in Cyprus in 1974 and the Libyan support for it as well as the issue of Turkish minority in Bulgaria which have occupied a huge space in the attention of Turkish politicians . In addition , there were other issue which entangle the relations of both sides and the most significant ones was the continuos assaults of U.S.A upon Libya and the negative attitude of Turkey from this . Economy was the main aspect in bilateral relations of both countries . Thus , the researcher has specialized the last two chapters to search in to economic relations . The forth chapter tackled economic relations in fields of oil and trade . The researcher handled in the first section oil exploration in Libya and the beginning of production and export to the states . Turkey was one of states which made good efforts in getting the Libyan oil . Oil relations has developed since 1975 after the political release in their relations . While the second section talked about commercial relations between both sides and the factors which affected its development including the speech about kinds of commercial goods and trade balance . The last chapter , the researcher stood on other economic aspects in their relations and at the beginning was the joint investments in the fields of industry and agriculture . So , many joint companies and enterprises between both countries have been set up like fertilizers , and machinaries factories and setting up workshops and factories for maintenance as well as joint companies like the joint company for agriculture and husbandry . Then , the researcher talked about the Turkish companies working in side Libya particularly inside contracts sectors and those companies played animportant role in the field of construction and building roads and other things .the third section ,the researcher spoke about investments and financial aids presented by Libya to turkey like providing easy loans , joint banks, and tourism and how it supports the Turkish economy, the last section sheds light upon Turkish workers who work in Libya and their own role in establishing different projects and handling some problems in which the Turkish economy was suffering from and at the first was unemployment and deficit in Turkish budget various resources have been used in preparing this study and in front of them were published and unpublished documents ,official publications for both Libyan and Turkish governments ,united nations publications as well as books in various languages and scientific researches published in periodicals and newspapers

الردة في جنوب شبه جزيرة العرب (10 - 12هـ) : دراسة تاريخية == Apostasy in the South of Arab Peninsula (10 - 12 A.H) Historical Study

Author name: عمر امجد صالح

Supervisor name: هاشم يونس عبد الرحمن

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Al Mosul - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Mosul

First pages:

Abstract: Islam in A.D. seventh century was considered a great event, but rather a great reforming movement which has been witnessed by the world along its long history; and many sequential reforming movements have been appeared in the world, but they did not success in changing the prevalent corruptive situations, and crushing the anxious circumstances which were facing the world in that time. Islam has affirmed since its beginning, that it is a general universal religion, which is suitable for every time and place, and even for every gender and mind, and for every degree of civilization; and with its nature represents a comprehensive civilization, which leads the human to the highest ranks of life, and achieving the development of humans, and solving the political and social problems, and it calls for unity, brotherhood, liberty and equality. Whatever the Arabs had have a great civilization heritage and a prominent role in the old ages, but their great historical role appears clearly in the state they made after Islam, and in the prosperous civilization whom they made its bases with their guidance and supervision till it extends behind their state's borders. Because Islam was considered a great event, it was to face a conflict and hostile movements, and Islam has faced in the era of the prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him) many conflict movements; the first one was led by Quraish leaders in Makka for thirteen years, then the migration of the prophet Mohammed with his followers to Madina, and then Islam has faced two other conflict movements; the first was the hypocrites movement, and the second was the Jewish tribes movement, but Islam was able to defeat them. In the last days of the prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him) another conflict movement becomes to appear and it was considered one of the most dangerous movements facing Islam, it was the apostasy movement (al - rida) which called for getting rid of the central state in Madina, which grew quickly and became dangerous after the die of the prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him), and became wide in many areas of Arab peninsula, and had have many forms, and became different with its bases, styles and means, but it was agreed on that it was the most dangerous on the religious, social, political and economical unity of the Arab peninsula, and this led the Islamic Arabic state to make a wide war to defeat it. Studying the subject of apostasy is considered one of the most important subjects in the Islamic Arabic history, that this historical period is connected commonly with the Islamic Arabic existence which became threatened with the absence of the real founder, and shifting the mission of power to the Caliph Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him). As well as, this movement is considered one the critical subjects in the Islamic history for its coming results, and for its involving events dealt by the references which were different in its understanding, and varied in its presentation and events and making judgments. Also the researcher felt the importance of the subject through its looking into the historical studies made around him, either reliance on the old reference or the modern ones. Although the short period of the apostasy movements starting from (10 - 12A.H./631 - 633A.D.) but the continuous events were important and connected with the existed situation in Arab peninsula regions with its tribal formation which moved many of the events facing the growth of mission (Da'wa), which gives us religious, political, economical and social sides conncted originally with the psychological and mental formation of the Arabic personality, which was affected with the live in environment. Although, the first appearances of apostasy movements in Arab peninsula were in the south, and with its claimer Al - Aswad Al - Ansi in Yemen, but it is noted that the last movements were in the south regions too, and the apostasy of Kenda, Hathermot tribes leaded by Al - AshaathBin Qais Al - Kindey, so the apostasy movements in the south took along time and that led to its widen its dangerous on the central state in Madina. It is noted that many of the studies made by the modern researchers dealt with apostasy movements in general with ambiguity and enumeration without and addition or analysis, as well as the shorten of displaying the different sides of the subject, also some of these studies dealt with apostasy movements in the middle and east regions of Arab peninsula, from this starting point the researcher proposed to deal with the apostasy movements in south regions of Arab peninsula, and the thesis was entitled with "Apostasy in the South of Arab peninsula (10 - 12A.H) Historical Stud ", where it dealt with apostasy events in Yemen, Hathermot, Mohra, and Oman for they represent the south and south east of Arab peninsula, and for that nobody of the researchers has dealt with in an academic and scientific study. From this point, the researcher saw necessary to deal with this subject and giving a comprehensive and clear image for every part of its parts and solving its historical studying problem. The researcher did his best to make this study appears in the frame of historical, descriptive method of the historical events, so he presented a very accurate description for it. This study consisted of four chapters, the first one deals with "The Geographical and Human Situations in the South of Arab peninsula", and it depended on two main axes; the first axis talked about(The Geographical Situations) of south regions in Yemen, Hathermot and Oman, shedding light on the geographical position, name, elevations, and the weather, and the most important cities of these main regions. While the second axis talked about (The Human Situations) with its social population formation in the south, and also the religious and conductive formation of the Arabic tribes in the region before Islam, giving a detailed kinship about every tribe and its origin and name, and its social, political and economical life beside dealing with the religious thinking nature of these tribes, and the old celestial religions like Jewish and Christianity and so on. Concerning the second chapter, it dealt with (The Administrative and Financial Situations in the South of Arab peninsula); and its depended on three axes : the first and second ones dealt with the bases and principles of Islam, explaining the entry of many Arab peninsula regions in the new religion, and the coming of the Arab tribes to the prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him) declaring homage and obedience for him (peace be upon him). While the third axis talked about the new administration systems in the Message era, explaining the administration of the prophet Mohammed for these regions through sending the envoys, brigades to achieve security and stability, and then sending rulers and designating them to collect charities and managing the peoples' affairs. Concerning the third chapter, it displayed (Apostasy Movement, Beginning and Reasons), and this chapter depended on four axes : the first one dealt with the meaning of apostasy, and the linguistic and terminological meaning in Koran and Sunna; while the second one dealt with the first beginnings of it in the Message's era, with its claimer Al - Aswad Al - Ansi in Yemen in the last days of the prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him) life, the third axis dealt with apostasy in orthodox caliphate era and the surrounded situations of electing Abu Bakr Al - Sedeeq (may Allah be pleased with him), and explaining the way of apostasy movements beginning, and the tribes whom they committed apostasy. While the fourth axis dealt with the religious, political, economical and social reasons behind that. The fourth chapter dealt with (The Procedures and Measures which made by the Caliph Abu Bakr Al - Sedeeq to Crush the Apostasy Movements and the Important Results) and on the same method, the chapter depended on many axes : the first one, the military efforts of the Caliphate in the north, and it concentrated on the mission of Usama Bin Zaid in Syria, and the security measures of the Caliph to protect Madina, and he collected the eleventh brigades to face apostasy. While the second axis talked about the military efforts of the Caliphate in the south, and showing the important military efforts which participated in crushing the apostasy in Oman, Mohra, Hathermot and Yemen, besides finding out the important religious, political, economical and social results of these apostasy movements. This study was not easy or empty of difficulties, where the researches faced great difficulties during the preparation of this study, the most important of it was the shortage of references and sources which dealt with this subject directly, where most these references represented a general history of the period except some of those which specialized with this subject, the subjects of the thesis were disarranged inside the references and sources with great efforts, and one of the most difficulties which faced the researcher was the difference of editions and shortage of the historical references, and this made the researcher to travel to the neighbor countries to get the necessary scientific subjects to cover this study, and the researcher depended on many of the well known scientific encyclopedias which involved electronic libraries contain thousands of the historical references where they were brought from outside to fill the gap resulted from the shortage of references, and manuscripts in the Iraqi libraries as well as, the researched depended on a number of the personal libraries for a number of the professors. I have fulfilled the scientific subject (historical) of this thesis through many and different sources dealt with the subject of the thesis from many sides, varied in the plenty of its subjects and methods and the way of formulation, where some of them shed light on many historical facts, where some of them dealt with certain points or refer to certain events, besides this variation and harmony the researched tried to check the historical subject, especially that the information or reports transferred from many Muslims historians in this subject have been affected to some extent with the religious and thinking directions of their owners

العراق في السياسة الامريكية المعاصرة 1980 - 2003 == Iraq in the American Contemporary policy 1980 - 2003

Author name: عادل محمد حسين العليان

Supervisor name: ابراهيم خليل احمد العلاف

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Al Mosul - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Mosul

First pages:

Abstract: ذكرنا في صفحات هذه الاطروحة ان الولايات المتحدة الامريكية اهتمت بالعراق منذ مدة طويلة سبقت احتلالها له في مفتتح القرن الحادي والعشرين لا بسبب اهمية موقعه الاستراتيجي فحسب ، وانما بسبب وجود موارد نفطية هائلة فيه ، وكونه احد اخر دولتين تنضب فيهما الثورة النفطية في العالم . هذا فضلا عن امتلاكه لثروة بشرية ولعمقه الحضاري المعروف . وقد حاولت الولايات المتحدة الامريكية الاستفادة من الحروب التي خاضتهواانتصرت فيهوامنحتها هذه الحروب الاولوية في ان تعيد تشكيل خارطة العالم بما يحقق لها التفوق في السياسات الدولية ، ويمنح شركاتها النفطية امتيازات هائلة على حساب الدول المنافسة لها ، فقد كان الهدف الاستراتيجي الاكبر للولايات المتحدة في منطقة الشرق الاوسط ابان فترة الحرب الباردة هو تامين تدفق النفط باسعار متدنية اليهواالى حلفائها الغربيين، لان النفط كان عنصرا مهما وحاسما في النواحي الاقتصادية والعسكرية ، وبدون النفط الذي عد (( شريان دم العالم )) فان الاقتصاد الامريكي يضعف ومعه الاقتصاد الغربي ، وبضعف الاقتصاد فان القوة العسكرية تصبح غير قادرة على محاربة الاتحاد السوفيتي ومواجهته ، لان السوفيت كانوا متفوقين على الامريكان والدول الحليفة لهم في هذا المجال لوجود المنابع النفطية في الارض السوفيتية . ولم يكن بامكان الامريكان مواجهة السوفيت خلال النصف الثاني من القرن العشرين الا من خلال ايجاد نظم وحكومات حليفة لها في منطقة الشرق الاوسط مثل ايران ، والمملكة العربية السعودية ، ومصر واسرائيل التي كان عليها مواجهة النفوذ السوفيتي وعرقلة توسعه في هذه المنطقة الحيوية من العالم ، لاسيما ان حروب التدخل الامريكية اثبتت فشلها ، واثارت الوضع الداخلي في الولايات المتحدة الامريكية بسبب الخسائر التي تمخضت عنها ، مثل حرب فيتنام التي كانت درسا قاسيا للامريكان ، فتم تبني الحرب بالنيابة او ((سياسة العمودين المتساندين)) او غيرها من السياسات التي رسم معالمها عدد من اساطين السياسة الامريكية المعاصرة . بالمقابل اثبتت الحروب العربية - الاسرائيلية ضرورة تحييد العراق ومنعه من تقديم الدعم اللازم للمنظمات الفلسطينية ولدول المواجهة ، لكون جيشه شارك في كل الحروب التي خاضها العرب ضد اسرائيل ، وبالتالي فان اضعافه او جره الى حروب اقليمية من شانه ان يسمح لمخطط ( السلام ) ان يتحقق ، او ان يفسح المجال امام حوار فلسطيني - اسرائيلي يجعل امن اسرائيل حقيقة واقعة بدلا من ان يبقى هذا الامن مهددا باستمرار ، فجاءت التغييرات التي شهدتها ايران عام 1979 ووصول المؤسسة الدينية الى السلطة فيها فرصة لجر العراق الى حرب اقليمية لا منتصر خارج منهواتستنزف فيها امكانات العراق الاقتصادية والعسكرية . وقد ادى خروج العراق من الحرب مع ايران ( 1980 ـ 1988 ) بخبرات عسكرية، كبيرة وعدم اهتزاز امكانات جيشه رغم مرور ثماني سنوات عليها الى ان تفكر الولايات المتحدة الامريكية بجر العراق الى حرب ثانية ، لان اهدافها في حرب الخليج الاولى لم تتحقق باكملها ، فبحثت عن ادوات لها ، فوجدت في بعض النظم الخليجية ، لاسيما الكويت ، ضالتها المنشودة ، واستغلت ردود الفعل السريعة لدى الرئيس العراقي واندفاعه واعتقاده ان ظروف الحرب مع ايران مازالت قائمة ، وان احتلاله للكويت لن يواجه برد فعل قوي من قبل الولايات المتحدة الامريكية ، لانه سيرضي مصالحها النفطية ولن يهددها في حالة ضم الكويت اليه ، فوقع في الفخ الامريكي ، لياتي دخول العراق الى الكويت واحتلاله لها فرصة ذهبية للامريكان ، لكي يتجاوزوا ازمتهم الاقتصادية التي وصلت الى عجز يقدر بنحو (220) مليار دولار عام 1990 . لقد كان غرض الولايات المتحدة الامريكية من تحشيدها للدول الغربية وغيرها في شن الحرب ضد العراق عام 1991 وتمويل حملتها من حلفائهوامن دول الخليج العربي هو تحولها من دولة مدينة الى دولة دائنة ، والهيمنة على هذه المنطقة الحيوية وتدمير العراق كقوة عسكرية مهمة لصالح اسرائيل ، وتهيئة الخليج العربي لاستراتيجية امريكية جديدة بعد ان استخدم الامريكان وحلفاؤهم ما يوازي حجم المتفجرات التي القت على هيروشيما اليابانية ثماني مرات قاتلة حسب ادنى تقديرات الصليب الاحمر الدولية . وجاءت احداث الحادي عشر من ايلول 2001 التي تباينت الاراء حولها ، والاهداف التي من ورائها لتمنح الامريكان والرئيس بوش ( الابن ) (( فرصة العصور )) لوضع المخططات المتوافرة لمهاجمة العراق ، وادخاله في (( محور الشر )) مع ايران وكوريا الشمالية ، وبالفعل تم اطلاق مشروع ((مستقبل العراق)) الذي جعل الكونغرس الامريكي يقر مشروعا اعطى لبوش سلطة استخدام القوة في العراق (( كلمرااى ذلك ضروريا ومناسبا )). ولم تكن الامم المتحدة ومجلس الامن التابع لها بعيدة عن الهيمنة الامريكية ومخططات صانع القرار الامريكي في ضرب العراق واسقاط نظامه السياسي ، فاسهمت بدورها في اصدار القرارات الواحد تلو الاخر ضد الشعب العراقي ، وحذرت النظام العراقي من عدم التعاون مع فرق التفتيش الدولية عن الاسلحة التي اثبتت كل الوقائع اانها كانت ذريعة استخدمت من اجل تحقيق الاهداف الامريكية ليس الا . وهكذا سعت الاستراتيجية الامريكية للتخلص من النظام السياسي في العراق وانهاء حكم صدام حسين له من خلال حملة سريعة عرفت بعملية (( حرية العراق )) وخلق حكومة موالية للولايات المتحدة الامريكية في بغداد ، وانشاء قواعد امريكية تسهل عملية الهيمنة عليه، لان وجود مثل هذه الحكومة سيسمح للولايات المتحدة باجراء تعديلات وتغييرات في الخارطة السياسية في منطقة الشرق الاوسط .لقد كانت عملية احتلال العراق عام 2003 خطوة رئيسية باتجاه اجراء تغييرات في معالم الشرق الاوسط ، ومنها منح الانظمة المعارضة للولايات المتحدة الفرصة لاصلاح مواقفها او ازالتها نهائيا لان احتلال العراق واسقاط نظامه السياسي كان درسا لتلك الانظمة فاقدمت ليبيا ، على سبيل المثال لا الحصر ، على تفكيك مشروعها النووي والتخلي عنه نهائيا، ومحاولة فتح صفحة جديدة مع الامريكان ، فضلا عن ذلك فان الامريكان سيتخذون من ( درس العراق ) تهديدا لدول الشرق الاوسط من انها تدعم الارهاب الدولي ، وان هذه الدول يجب تغيير انظمتها السياسية لانها بعدم مكافحتها للارهابيين تشكل خطرا بالغا على الامن القومي الامريكي . واخيرا فان احتلال العراق كان في بعض جوانبه ضمانا لامن اسرائيل ، فلقد خرج العراق من خانة المهددين لها ، واضحى تاجيل اقامة الدولة الفلسطينية الى حين هدفا لها . وبهذا فان تطوير العراق لاسلحة نووية ووجود صلات بين النظام السابق في العراق وتنظيم القاعدة الارهابي ، وكون الرئيس العراقي الاسبق (( مغامرا )) كبير لا تضمن نتائج افعاله ، واقامة دعائم الديمقراطية في عراق ما بعد صدام حسين لم تكن الا ذرائع استخدمتها الولايات المتحدة الامريكية من اجل احتلال العراق واسقاط نظامه السياسي لصالح تنفيذ خطط الاستراتيجية الامريكية في منطقة الشرق الاوسط ، والتي عملت من اجلها اكثر من نصف قرن . | Iraq was - and is still, yet - the focus of attention of super power during its recent and contemporary history. Iraq, since the first beginning of its history, was a passage between East and West. Its borders reflected interests of the super power, during the I World, and not hopes of its people and that stayed as defiance for it with neighbors. As for its economic well - off, huge oil resources, peculiar and strategic position; Iraq was exposed to foreign domination attempts and a competition field for different power under various excuses and claims. The British came after a backward Ottoman domination which was unable to make Iraq as a modern country. The establishment of Iraqi state happend together with British influence, even if it was not purposed, was slight within identified aspects and they had a bearing upon Iraqi society and structure in varied aspects. And yet, the United States was not faraway from Iraq, or the latter was not within its strategy, or was as a secondary number in its consideration; rather Iraq was, since the American taking care of the Middle East region, as a significant state for American policy maker who has considered, as for others, the Middle East region is as the center of the Globe; the one who controls it would control all over the world; nevertheless, that dose not mean the insignificance of other region for American politicians; which is emphasized by various American administrations when draw its strategies and foreign goals. By virtue of the great importance for Iraq within American strategy and concentration to put under their hegemony till it reached a stage where more than one ruling American administration have asserted on need of direct occupying under this allegation or that whether individually or by an international alliance up to a point where it became occupied, also ending its political regime and its international independence on April 9, 2003, owing to that I have selected the subject " Iraq in Contemporary American Policy 1980 - 2003 " as to be my dissertation title. Many factors have contributed to choose this theme; first of all was the importance of the subject, non - being of independent academic studies that approached it until now, however, there are some academic these and dissertations which tackled Iraqi - American relation 1945 - 1958, Iraqi - American relation 1967 - 1987, and the U. S policy toward Iraq 1958 - 1963; but they have which policy connected with historical events so as the political change in 2003 to be a fundamental and comprehensive alteration for all that have been planned by occupying it practically and overthrowing its political regime and substituted for a pro - U. S. A regime; hence, studying such a filled with events and variables is considered as scientific and practical task at the same time; that acquires its significance from the nature and vitality of the subject itself. The thesis composed of an introduction four chapters, and a conclusion. Chapter one discussed the historical bases for Iraq's relations with the United states since the second half of 19th century to the end of 1968, The chapter also discussed handled Iraq's position in the American policy between 1968 and 1980. In 1980 Iraq - Iran War broke out for many reasons; some of them are ideological differences between the tow political regimes in both countries, the desire of both to prevent the other from imposing its will on neighboring Arab Gulf States, continuity of border problems and the inroads upon borders between them especially by Iran which always was putting forward the necessity of ( Revolution Exporting ) to Iraq and Gulf States and interfering in internal affaires, and the like of reasons that moved them to engage in war that lasted eight years during which the tow countries presented heavy losses and casualties that did not serve but the super powers interests particularly the United States which participated in drawing out the war to weaken both parties, besides the destruction of their infrastructures for the interest of the Zionist schemes in the region, took up American policy tendencies and its development toward Iraq in 1984 - 1988. All of this was the focus of Chapter tow of the thesis. Chapter three involved Iraq's position in the American strategy between 1988 and 1993, where it studied the attitude of Washington towards Iraq in the wake of Iraq - Iran War up to bait Iraq in order to occupy Kuwait in 1990; and the eruption of the Second Gulf War in 1991; also, the subsequent resolutions by the United Nation. While chapter four which is the latter indicated to the United States policy toward raq since 1993 until occupation of it and ending its political regime on April 9, 2003. The information included in the thesis proved that the United States watched over Iraq for along time before occupying it in the beginning of the 21th century not only due to the importance of its strategic position, but in view of its vast oil resources and as being one of tow states which will be the last in case of oil's running out around the world. The U.S.A attempted to profiteer from wars that carried and gained by it and gifted with priority to reshape the map of the world from where it achieves its superiority on international policies, and to give its oil companies tremendous capitulations at the expense of other rival states; where the greatest and strategic target for the U. S. A in the Middle East during the cold war is ensure oil flow with low prices for it and its western allies insomuch as oil was substantial and crucial in economic and military aspects; without oil, which is regarded as (( word's blood artery )), the American and western economies will became weak as a result of that military power will lose strength so that it will be unable to combat and confront the Soviet Union by reason of that the Soviets proved superior to Americans and their Allies in this field as the oil wells were within the Soviet lands. The Americans were not in a position to defy during the second half of the 20th century except by creating allied regimes and governments in the Middle East like Iran, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Israel which had to encounter the Soviet extension and hampering it in this vital region of the world specifically when the American intervention wars proved its unsuccess and irritated the internal situation in American because of the losses brought about the war in Vietnam which a rigorous lesson for the Americans then they took up the war on behalf of or (( The collaborated pillars )) or other policies drawn by the experts of contemporary American policy. In return the Arabs - Israel wars established the necessity for neutralizing Iraq and restrain it from presenting the proper support for Palestinian organizations and confrontation states because its army engaged in all wars battled by Arabs against Israel, accordingly, Iraq weakening or pulling it into regional wars would make the scheme of ( peace ) to come true, or to step aside for Palestinian - Israeli talks that make the Israeli security actual state of affairs instead of being threatened unceasingly; thus, changes in Iran in 1979; arrival of religious foundation to power, were as an opportunity to pull Iraq into regional war without any victorious during which and to exhaust Iraqi economic and military potentials. Iraq's getting out of war with Iran with considerable military expertise's and an army with unshakable capacities although after eight years of war; all that prompted the U.S. A to pull Iraq into a second war since its purposes through the first Gulf war had not fulfilled completely; that is why it searched for its means and then found that some Gulf regimes, in particular Kuwait, as its long - sought goal; then it exploited the hasty reactions of Iraq's president Sadam Husein and zealousness; believing that conditions during war with Iran were still existent and his occupation of Kuwait would not be faced with a strong reaction by the U.S.A on the grounds that he would satisfy its oil interests and would not be threatened in case of annexing Kuwait to Iraq; then he got stuck in the American trap, thereupon, Iraq's entering and occupation of Kuwait became a golden chance for the Americans to overcome their economic crisis where it endured a deficit estimated at about 220 $ billion in 1990. The American aims behind, concentrating Western states and others to wage war against Iraq in 1991; financing its cam pain by its Allies and Arab Gulf states, are to be changed from an indebted state to a creditor state; to prevail over this pivotal region; to destroy Iraq as a crucial military bower in favor of Israel and preparing the Arab Gulf for a new American strategy after Americans and their Allies using to explosives that are equal to eight times of that bombed over the Japanese city of Hiroshima according to minimum estimations by International Red Cross Organization.The events of the eleventh of September 2001, in which the views were varying, were the objects behind came to give the American and the president Bush ( the son ) (( opportunity of ages )) to lay available plans for attacking Iraq and include within (( evil center )) with Iran and North Korea, actually the project of (( Iraq's future )) was launched which made the American Congress to adopt a resolution that authorized Bush to use force against Iraq (( whenever that necessary and adequate )). The United Nations and the Security Council were not far - off the American hegemony and the schemes of the American policy makers to attack Iraq and to overthrow its political regime, and then it contributed to issue resolutions one after one against Iraqi people and warned Saddam Hussein's regime from being not cooperative with international inspection teams about weapons where all true state of affairs that they were not but a pretext used to implement American goals.As such, the Hussein's strategy to get rid of the political regime in Iraq and to end Saddam Hussein's rule through a swift campaign called the operation of (( Iraq's freedom )) , to create a government that is to be an adherent to the U.S.A in Baghdad, establishing American bases to facilitate its domination over it since such a government would permit for the United States to make amendments and changing's in the political map of the Middle East particularly in Saudi a Arabic at worst like the rise of an anti - American in AL Riyadh.The operation of occupying Iraq in 2003 was a principal step to make changing's in the features of the Middle East including giving the regimes that oppose the United States the chance to reform its attitudes or to be removed entirely for occupation of Iraq and toppling its political regime was as a lesson all these regimes where Libya, as an example and not exclusively, dismantled its nuclear project and up it absolutely, also attempting to start a new stage with the Americans, furthermore, the Americans will use ( Iraq's lesson ) as a threat to the Middle Eastern states as for that they support international terrorism and the political regimes of these states must be changed because when they do not struggle the terrorists then they will be a serious against American national security.Finally, occupation of Iraq was in some of its aspects a guarantee for Israeli security where Iraq is no longer a threat to Israel and delaying the establishment of the Palestinian state for some time because as a target for it. thereby, Iraq's developing nuclear weapons, finding connections between Saddam Hussein's regime and the terrorist organization of AL - Qaeda, and that Saddam is a great adventurer and his action are not ensured, also establishment of democracy pillars in the Iraq of period after Saddam, all that were not but excuses used by the U.S.A to occupy Iraq and to bring down its political regime to implement the American strategy in the Middle East region

الحياة الفكرية في الثغور والعواصم حتى القرن الخامس للهجرة / الحادي عشر للميلاد == The Intellectual Life in Thugh?r and Aw?sim Until the Fifth Century of A.H. / the Eleventh Century A.D

Author name: سناء عبد الله عزيز الطائي

Supervisor name: طه خضر عبيد صالح العبيد

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Al Mosul - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Mosul

First pages:

Abstract: The intellectual life in Thughúr and Awásim started with the beginning of their rise , specifically after 84 A.H. / 705 A.D. Thughúr and Awásim are regarded as important provinces in Islamic Arab state due to their location role and importance . The Study covers the period extending from until the end of the fifth century of Hegira / the eleventh century A.D. Such limitation is attributed to the bad conditions which the cities in Thughúr and Awásim witnessed . Thughúr and Awásim became the embodiment of the developed civilization after . They were provided with the requirement needed for such suitable intellectual atmosphere . Hence Thughúr and Awásim attracted scholars and neo scholars of different intellectual and scientific specializations in the other provinces of the caliphate . Many Scholars (Ulamaa) and Students come to them and there appeared hundreds of scholars . The Study includes an introduction , four chapter , a conclusion and an index containing the names of scholars . The First chapter encompasses two sections . The First deals with the concept of and Awásim in Arabia and Bilad Al - Sham with reference to their classifications . The Second section treats the natural conditions such as the water resources , rivers , lakes and mountains in order to draw a picture of the surrounding circumstance . Chapter two deals with the factors that helped in the development of the intellectual life in Thughúr and Awásim , which are divided into internal factors which contain the religious , social , political , economic factors , the role of Caliphs and Walis , and the nature of the scientific travels , and the external factors consist of the impact of the military campaigns , the rule of prisoners , of embassies and of the scientific delegations in addition to the emphasis laid on the nature of Thughúr and Awásim from different sides such as the geographical location , especially they were on the Byzantine borders . Chapter three , on the other hand , has two sections , the first dealing with the most important centers in the cities of Thughúr and Awásim , which are the religious centers such as mosques , churches , abbeys , the role forts , schools and teaching symposia . The second tackles the teaching methods like listening , reading , as well as scientific leaves . Finally , the forth and the last chapter includes the walks of the intellectual life in Thughúr and Awásim which are categorized into religious sciences of which are readings , tafiseer hadith , fiqh and the linguistic sciences which involve poetry , prosaic epics , grammar , history . At last , there were the exact sciences like medicine , astronomy , mathematics . The study ends up with important indexes containing the names of scholars and philosophers and additional information about them

مرويات الكوفيين في السيرة النبوية حتى منتصف القرن الثالث الهجري == Novel Kufic The Prophet Biograph Mid - third century of Hijrah

Author name: هنادي مهدي كريم الياسري

Supervisor name: شاكر مجيد كاظم الحواني

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: Throughout our study of the prophetic life, and according to the Kufian study, we have come to a number of conclusions : 1 - Al Kufa is regarded as one of the first Islamic cities which was erected as well as Basra at the beginning of Islam as a natural process for the Muslim Arab to raise the banner of jihad and spread it for the sake of Allah. So Al Kufa took upon itself the responsibility of liberating the eastern lands of the Islamic caliphate.2 - Kufa included several intellectual radiant centers which attracted the scholars and the pioneers to its workshops and councils. The mosque is the most important one. For instance, the mosques in the city and Basra played a central cultural role in the early era of Islam. The importance of Kufa became greater when imam Ali (PBUH) settled down in it to make it the capital of the Islamic state in (36AH/ 656AD). He worked on developing the scientific movement and reciting the correct prophetic biography by delivering some of the eloquent speeches in the mosque of Kufa, and these speeches are all included in his book Nahj Al Balagha (The Approach of Rhetoric).3 - The study has come to a result that without the school of Ahl al - Bayt (the prophet’s close family) PBUT and their Shiites, Muslims have known nothing about the messenger of Allah as well as the Islamic sciences. Despite the persecutions which Muslims had suffered throughout history, they were able to provide a clear vision of the character of prophet Muhammad in the Kufian community which is compatible with the image mentioned in the Quran. In fact, the Shiites of Kufa relied in their stories and information on the prophet’s close family, such as Imam Ali PBUH, the prophet’s cousin and the husband of his daughter, who had lived in Kufa. His affinity and familiarity with the prophet enabled him to be the best person to relay the teachings of the prophet, and it also made him a witness to all the contemporary events which he presented in detailed documented stories to the narrators of Shiites in Kufa.4 - The narrators of Kufa gave a great attention to the documented Hadith, and they were known to be the first to research the authenticity of the Hadith at a time the concepts about the criticism of Hadith and its documented source was not familiar or known to others. As a result, the public narrators who were known as impartial and fair relied on the stories and Hadiths of the Kufian narrators due to their accuracy and validity. Thus these documented Hadiths and stories were known as the most authentic and reliable sources.5 - The people of Kufa had a role in showing the utmost care in reciting the biography of the prophet through the honest and true stories which were reported by Imams, the prophet’s selected sons.6 - It has become clear through this study that despite the Kufian environment which was persecuted by the governmental authority, the stories of the Kufian narrators have been foundedand based on the texts of the Quran. The reason behind this creditibility is that the narrators studies at the school of Ahl al - Bayt, the prophet and his close family or because some of them were interpreters of the Quran the reason which made those narrators interpret the prophetic biography depending on their explanation of the Quran.7 - The narrators of Kufa were very accurate in reciting and their understanding of the special story about the prophetic biography. Although some of those narrators got influenced by previous narrators and this influence due to the allegiance to the governmental authorities at that time, most of those narrators endured the hardship of travel to the city to make sure of even one character in the story to ensure its accuracy and authenticity.8 - Some rulers tried to insert some Israeli fake stories into the Kufian story during the period of their rule, but they faced rejection by the narrators of Kufa which led to the dismissing of those rulers.9 - The Kufian records gather the topics of the prophet’s biography. Many written works appeared on various topics of the biography, and this refers to intellectual and cultural environment which they raised in it.10 - The study leads to certain findings which asserts to the possibility of writing the biography of the prophet depending on the Kufian story since it views the subject in detail and to the full

المرويات الشيعية في دراسة تاريخ العرب قبل الاسلام حتى نهاية القرن التاسع الهجري == Shiite Narratives in Studying the History of the Pre - Islamic Arabs Till the End of the Ninth Century AH

Author name: عـلاء حـسـن عـلـوان المحمداوي

Supervisor name: هشام جخيور ميري الربيعي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Arab History Before Islam

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The Shiites were interested early in the heritage of the Imams of the prophet Mohammed's House PBUH , and what was raised in the fields of human knowledge, their writings came to include multiple aspects of knowledge, and those aspects of attention to history in all stages, whether it preceded them or those who experienced it, so it became a huge heritage, but unfortunately the paths of the ruling power at that time were against this important scientific heritage and among which that included in the information of this heritage, is the history of the Arabs before Islam according to a vision reflected by the thought of the Imams of the prophet Mohammed's House, or those who adopted their blogging knowledge. This is why my study is entitled (Shiite Narratives in Studying the History of the Pre - Islamic Arabs Till the End of the Ninth Century AH) according to a knowledge - based proposition that do not often go along with what is mentioned by the other sources because of the different structural visions of the formulation of the historical narrative, in addition, it was not preceded by a study entitled this trend, to be the first pioneer of study the history of the Arabs before Islam through Shiite narratives till the end of the ninth century AH.In my study I tried to study the origins of things before Islam and their impact in the Arab society then, so that the movement can be understood before and after Islam. In my research, I rely on a relationship - related approach in the conclusion. Due to the study capacity and multiple joints, it was necessary to divide it into only five chapters and they are : The first chapter dealt with the study of the social aspect where two subjects were included the first dealt with moral values with a sacred foundation such as generosity, covenant, hospitality and neighborhood, and the second topic, we dealt with genealogy with ideological dimension such as Arab and Hashemite descent, Persian , Nabataean and other descents. In the second chapter, we devoted it to study the religious aspect , it included a prelude to the religious names of Arabs before Islam with three sections, the first topic dealt with religious beliefs Such as monotheism, Prophet hood, reanimation and resurrection. The second topic dealt with the practices of the Arabs before Islam such as prayer, fasting and others .The third topic dealt with religions and worship such as monotheism, Magician and Judaism, Christianity and its Sabean religion and idolatry worshiping Hubbal, Allat, Aluzza, Assaf and Naelah.Chapter three deals with the political aspect of the Arabs before Islam and has been divided into two sections , the first topic came under the title of influences in the political event such as the impact of the future news in the political event, and the impact of the geographical location of the political event. The second topic deals with the tribal leadership and prescriptions and the leader and the position of the Arabs to combine the two leaderships.Chapter four is devoted to study the economic aspect and it was divided into three sections , the first section dealt with agricultural activity, the second dealt with the commercial activity and the third section dealt with industrial activity. The fifth chapter was devoted to study the scientific aspect of pre - Islam Arabs and it was divided into two sections : the first one is entitled the title of science with the otherworldly dimension, such as poetry, magic and priests.The second section is entitled sciences with applied dimension such as medicine, veterinary medicine, singing, music and others

اثر السعاية والوشاية في الدولة الاسلامية حتى سنة 247هـ/861م == The Result of AL - Saiya and AL - Wishia in the State of Islam until 247A.H| 861A.D

Author name: حسام صبار سلمان الدعمي

Supervisor name: جاسم ياسيـن محمد الدرويش

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: Slander is one of the ancient phenomena in human existence due to hatred and competition among people or for gaining praise and rewards. This study aims at exploring the effects and consequences of slander like killing, imprison, isolation, torturing, and the like. Such consequences are terrible since many well - known figures are exposed to slander.Some people use different types of slander to reach their goals. Some people use slander to displace others from their positions in order to get such positions for themselves, to get some rewards, or to become closer to some authorized people. Sometimes, slander is used to get rid of someone who really does some terrible mistakes, such as using his power to gain personal benefits. A kalifate may take an action against one of his Rulers if this Ruler does something wrong against people whom slander him to kalifate. In some other cases, slander may take the form of fabrication and exaggeration. This is, for example, due to convincing the kalifate of the danger of some people surrounding him. Slander has been widely considered in the era of Umayyad and Abbasside states since these two states have many opponents. Therefore, slander plays a very active role in strengthening their authorities. Consequently, slander is widely accepted at that time as a means that can reveal the intention of many opponents who are considered to be against the regime and the kalifate. It also helps to capture those who did certain bad deeds and disappear. The regimes of these two states have encouraged slander and grant rewards and money to those who slander and make them closer to them. This study consists of an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion, and a list of references. Chapter one deals with the concept of slander and its historical stages. The first chapter is divided into three sections. Section one deals with the definition of slander linguistically together with some vocabulary and terms related to slander. Section two deals with slander in religion (first testament, second testament, and Islam). Section three deals with slander in some nations before Islam such as Greeks, Romans, Persians, and Arabs. Chapter focuses on the effects of slander in the process of extermination. This chapter is divided into two sections. Section one deals with men of authority such as ministers and the like whom are exterminated as a result of being victim of slander. Section two deals with opponents exterminated as a result of being victim of slander. Chapter three tackles the prison punishment due to slander. This chapter is also divided into two sections. Section one deals with authoritative people being imprisoned due to slander. Section two deals with opponents being imprisoned due to slander. Chapter four deals with physical and spiritual effects of slander. This chapter is divided into three sections. Section one deals with isolation punishment that rulers, leaders, and judges have suffered from. Section two deals with torture punishment. Section three deals with exile and fines punishments together with escape and hiding effects due to slander. Historical events are chronologically arranged and studied.

حـزب عمال ارض اسرائيل (الماباي) 1930 - 1968 : دراسة تاريخية == Workers Party of the Land of Israel (Mapai) (1930 - 1968) A Historical Study

Author name: جاسم محمد شغيت الكـعبي

Supervisor name: ابراهيم فنجان صدام الامارة

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: Political parties are the catalyst upon which the political regime has reckoned in Israel. The presence of these parties is seen as important traits of the modern political systems. The aim of this study is to shed light on the topic of considerable importance regarding the Israeli internal affair through tracing the origin and development of the labor party, identifying its thinking techniques, and its role in the Israeli political and martial institutions in Palestine before the declaration of Israel state. This study also tries to come to terms with that party's political role in Israel. These areas of investigation have motivated the researcher to analyze this party under the title " The Israeli Labor Party (Mapai) 1930 - 1968) : A Historical Study". The scope of this research is restricted to inspecting the development of this party when originated in 1930 up to 1968 . The year of 1930 is the birth of this party up to its end in 1968 after its coalition with other Israeli labor parties resulting in forming the Labor Party (Mapai). The present work is divided into four chapters. The first one is devoted to explaining the Jewish affairs in Palestine before 1930 comprising three sections. The first section is about Jew's migration to Palestine and the conditions that encouraged them to migrate. The second one is concerned with the labor parties and their political and martial contribution in Palestine. The third section is devoted to Jewish religious parties in Palestine. Chapter two is entirely related to the structural and ideological aspects of Israeli labor party (Mapai) and its political and martial attitudes in Palestine from 1930 up to 1948. This chapter is divided into three sections. The first one is about Israeli labor party in relation to its frames, ideologies and contribution in the Israeli institutions, the second one is about this party's role in the political development in Palestine, and the third section is concerned with the martial activity of this party in Palestine. Chapter three addresses mainly Israeli's Mapai party and its political and martial role from 1948 up to 1957, comprising three sections. The first one is concerned with the Mapai party's role in the foundation of Israel state (1948 - 1949), the second one is about its role in the establishment of the state constitutions (1949 - 1955), and the third section explains the political and martial role of this party in the war of 1956 against Egypt. Chapter four mentions the political and martial development in Israel and the Mapai party role from 1957 up to 1968. This chapter includes three sections. The first one is about the political development in Israel and the Mapai party's contribution from 1957 to 1957, the second one states the martial development in Israel and the Mapai party's role in 1967, and the third one is concerned with Lafone case and its impact on the unity of the Mapai party in 1968. The conclusion summarizes the important results.

البشاشة في فكر ائمة اهل البيت (عليهم السلام) == Cheerfulness according to Ahl - Albeit (peace be upon them

Author name: ايـة بـدر مالك

Supervisor name: حميد سراج جابر الاسدي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The present subject, which is entitled " Cheerfulness according to Ahl - Albeit (peace be upon them), studies the concept of cheerfulness, which is a mode of life or a valued system when communicating with others on the moral and materialistic levels. These are built on the direct frames pertained to humans' activities besides the psychological aspects and systematized convulsion that are linked to thinking which leads to a complete style exemplified by Ahi - Albeit as a deep central strategy. This has embraced and collected every prospect of life concerning happiness such as smile, rejoicing, cheerfulness, and congratulation besides others. This can be justified by Ahl - Albeit's thinking beyond tradition and hadith, putting it in its framed system to attain reconciliation with all its items. This is done as an attempt to make this thinking style excluded from the style of limitation, cornering and religious inveigling which lack structural activity and animation. These features were framed by Ahl - Albeit according to religious developmental rules. The research is divided into four chapters preceded by an introduction and closed with a conclusion. The first chapter is about the concept of cheerfulness and the related items. This chapter treated the subject from the linguistic point of view. Chapter two presents the aspects and signs of cheerfulness, which are varied and different, as well as its scope from the moral and materialistic perspectives. This chapter is also concerned with its conditions put forward by Ahl - Albeit. Chapter three discusses the resources of cheerfulness that spot the moral and materialistic aspects in a variety of social, scientific and ritualistic situations. Chapter four is about the facts and effects of cheerfulness that represent the results attained by the goals put by Ahl - Albeit (peace be upon them

Author name: محمد احميد عبل الركابي

Supervisor name: نزار عبد المحسن جعفر الداغر

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The phenomenon of slavery is a social, economic, political and legal phenomenon of civilizations, nations and States that preceded the emergence of Islam for centuries. It is one of the episodes of human development and has produced impressive results for the history of mankind. The concept of slavery denotes ownership and slavery, and making a man a slave for another person as a reason for, which is different according to the laws of the nations and their laws. The meaning of slavery and its essence is the loss of a person's liberty and a man becomes a commodity owned by another person called the owner. So the slave is vulnerable to the act deprivation of life through killing or punishment and torture. Slavery may be lied in the husband and his family of the slave and disqualifies him from owning and disposing without a warrant from the owner.Islam represents a stage of human transition that humanity has never known before in dealing with slaves as human beings, not as a commodity with a spirit, and presents a problem that Islam has not prevented slavery. It will not be fought or abolished slavery at the beginning. , which is contrary to the general philosophy of Islam, which is based on freedom and equality. Islam is a religion reconciled between the beliefs and customs inherited at the beginning of its appearance and its laws, despite being temporary.Thus, the abolition of slavery as a normal economic situation in societies before the advent of Islam in dealing with the slavery system explained an intention of Islam to drain the sources of slavery and resources until the end of this system - with time - to cancel and without a social unrest.As for the care of Ahlulbeiyt Imams (PBUT) of the slave, it was a humanitarian message whose chapters are integrated with the essence of Islam and its principles in the glorious Quran and the purified Sunnah. As far as its integration is concerned, it is accurate and comprehensive covering all walks of life in society. After the death of the Prophet (PBUH) and the covenants that followed and the rule of sons of Abbas and Umyyad, even if this message was formed and presented in normal social, economic and political conditions and without difficulties and obstacles and without sacrificing lives and lost their humanitarian impact, it would become meaningless.Its principles, conditions, philosophy, and objectives were formulated under harsh and painful conditions, which were paid by the Imams of the Ahlulbayt Family and their followers, who were killed, displaced and persecuted. Yet the bitterness of these circumstances produced good and promising results. These results preserved the essence and existence of Islam and proved the merit and competence of the Imams of the Ahlulbayt (PBUT). This revealed eligibility and leadership of Ahlulbayt Imams (PBUT) in leading the nation including slaves, who represent the most vulnerable social, poor and humiliated groups. So the whole care paid by Ahlulbayt Imams (PBUT) to slaves has become a wonderful example of the humanitarian deal from which the International Conventions of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law derived the content of its texts and practices in the context of International relations and the world