Author name:
سلمان رشيد محمد الهلالي
Supervisor name:
عبد الرسول شهيد عجمي
Abstract:
The last of the twentieth century in Iraq, a century of multiple disparate intellectual currents. Consider as this country , was over the multi - cultural history starting from the Sumerians and the Akkadians, Babylonians, Arameans, and ending with the early Islamic ages, a pioneer in human achievement and cognitive literary and rationality primitive, democracy and the fields, and the cradle of movements, sects and creeds, religious, philosophical, linguistic and mystical currents, and became during this century recipient key for most of the concepts and trends that have emerged in Europe, especially liberalism and Marxism and nationalism, which interacted with the intelligentsia of Iraq (intelligentsia) positively, as an unilateral way of enlightenment and modernization, and the similarity with the Iraqis learners in order to change and reform the political and social reality, moving towards the rational and civil adoptive. This Thessis is a historical, an intellectual and political study of the three intellectual currents in Iraq. It is, according to the time , the influence and the cultural proliferation (liberalism, Marxism and nationalism) with a review of the historical development of the political and intellectual process of which passed out during the time period prescribed for the study, and the statement of the curriculum, schools and doctrines that investigated these currents resources and the sources of ideology, or those affected by them directly or indirectly and the inclusion of branches accompanying and formats and styles that came out of them, and organizations and partisan intelligentsia affiliate, or those who claimed that, with a review for the main concepts and objectives issues advocated by or promoted during this phase of our contemporary history.The thesis included the introduction, four chapters , a conclusion and a list of sources. The first chapter (the society , the state and intelligentsia in contemporary Iraq from 1908 to 1968). Reviewing social structures in Iraq, which is basically divided into : religious and sectarian structures. The structures of ethnic, racial, ingredients and minorities that followed, and the review of traditional social actors politically such as the family and the tribe, caste, ethnic, and historical evolution of her during the study phase, and the transformations that have occurred as a result of changes in the governance systems, and the emergence of secular currents of thought in the country. While the concept of the state in modern Iraq, and problematic incorporation, as a centre in the second section, with an indication of the general approaches that led to the failure of a project of this state, particularly the influence of political sectarianism, racism and monopolizing power and the intervention of the army in politics. The third section has singled out the Iraqi Intelligentsia, public function, and the factors that contributed to the emergence and cultural resources that advocatedty public perceptions, with the division of multiple cultural generations in the country during this phase.The second chapter, has dealt with the subject of the liberal trend in Iraq, starting with the review of all the historical evolution of the doctrine of the Liberal in Europe and the challenges faced by this movement in the twentieth century, and the role of the renaissance generation in the promotion and consolidation of this concept in the Mashriq. As in the second theme topic is enterested in showing the early liberalism and their four tributaries in Iraq : the French Enlightenment, the Arab renaissance, the constitutional revolution in Iran in 1905 and the revolution federal in the Ottoman Empire in 1908, and the subsequent declaration of the Constitution and the founding of the party organizations and the release of press freedom and political participation through elections. The third section has singled out a review of the historical development of the current liberal in Iraq through the phase 1908 - 1968 and the role of the British Mandatory authorities in promoting this trend and strengthened it by the desire to establish or develop a concept of (state) semi - liberalism, and the formation of the constitutional and governmental institutions and support public freedoms and the party life, with manifestations of regression in the democratization of liberal inclusion of life after the death of King Faisal I in 1933, the accumulation stages of decline that culminated in 1958 by the July revolution, and shed the military and national organizations, later on governance systems until 1968. The fourth section is concerned with the review of regulations and the liberal intelligentsia in Iraq and concepts of democracy and political pluralism advocated by the reform and values and projects that are based on them, and historical reasons that led to the decline of the liberal trend in Iraq.the third chapter is enterested in the Marxist tendency in Iraq, reviewing the historical development of the first socialist currents and the emergence of Marxism in Europe and escalating it spread after the First World War. In the second topic addressed the major tributaries of the International Marxist in Iraq wich are the tributary of Arab and Iranian and foreign and the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in 1917 and the Third Communist International in 1919, scholarships and Western universities. He specialized in the third section in the show the historical development of the movement of Marxism in Iraq for the first socialist and cells that have evolved in the twenties, and the ground which paved the way for this by dilation secular concepts after the founding of the modern Iraqi state in 1921, and episodes of communism in Baghdad, Basra and Nasiriyah and its union in organizing the Iraqi Communist Party, and it's intellectual adoftire, and the factors that contributed to the spread of the ideas of communism in the country, which narrowed the social, political, economic and cultural factor. And the fourth topic viewed the organizations and the Marxist intelligentsia in Iraq during this phase, concepts and values advocated by, with the objective reasons that led to the decline of the Marxist tendency in the country included.We specialized in the fourth chapter the national trend in terms of review of the startingpoints which was based on nationalism in Europe, and theories (French, German and Marxism) prevailing in this regard, and its development in the Arab Mashreq, the multiple intellectual trends during this phase. As interested in the second section to include the early Arab nationalism in Iraq, and the groups active in this regard, and the patterns that have evolved on the sidelines of events and political developments, and the reasons that led to the adoption of the national intelligentsia National School German without the rest of the theories, and differentiation, which happened between them and the concept of Arabism and singled out the third section the review historical and intellectual development of Arab nationalism in Iraq is multinational and patterns after the founding of the Iraqi state, particularly in the thirties decate which witnessed the affected pointing movements of fascism and Nazism in Europe, and the role of the nationalist sati' Al - Husri and Sami Shawkat and Mufti Amin al - Husseini in the escalation of emotion in this style that reached its peak in May traffic 1941, and to identify the most important national trends after the second World war, which was characterized by the dominance of the socialist and revolutionary character of Nazareth, and the conflict between the various national pavilions after the 1963 coup, and the dominance of the Nazarene go the reins of power during the period (1963 - 1968). In the fourth section concerned with reviewing national organizations, intelligentsia and its subsidiaries (the traditional right - wing and Nasiriyah revolutionary socialist and nationalist) unionist and concepts advocated by, the general premise on which it relied, with self - reported reasons that led to the decline of the national trend in Iraq.At the conclusion of research we offered the most important conclusions we reached through the calendar of intellectual currents in Iraq, the most important general features that characterized and the compatibility of thought and practice during the prescribed period of study
