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سياسة اليابان الاقليمية : دراسة تاريخية في قضايا الجزر المتنازع عليها في شمال شرق اسيا (1951 - 1978) == Japan Regional Policy : A historical Study of the Disputed Islands in the East - north Asia 1951 - 1978

Author name: لـــؤي ثجـيــل جمعة الاســدي
Supervisor name: كاظم هيلان محسن السهلاني
General topic: History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: After the Second World War, the second part of the 20th century witnessed the cold war. Till now, there are some border disputes resulted from that war. This war was a reflection of that cold war through diverse sites in Asia, centering on the East - north of the continent. In accordance with San Francisco treaty in Japan for peace in 1951, there rose the cold war and how the USA contributed to that strife. As a result of the new regional situation of the former Japan Empire, the islands are (the Southern Kuril islands / Northern Territories), (Dokdo / Takeshima), and (Senkaku / Diaoyu).The history of the challenges on these islands goes back to different periods. These were confirmed by the regional expansion conducted by Japanese policy from 1879 to 1939. These challenges got complicated by the USA during the cold war in the east and north of Asia. This conflict was affirmed by San Francisco treaty for peace in 1951. This case is seen as an important one which has been still sustained. This conflict affects directly the economic and diplomatic relations between Japan and the other disputed countries. This also has an influence upon the social and cultural relations among the peoples of those countries at various levels, besides, these conflicts also affect the settlement and peace in the north and east of Asia. This may lead to armed conflicts. The current study focuses on the occurrence of those conflicts after the Second World War, as a result of San Francisco treaty for peace in 1951 and how these conflicts affect the diplomatic relations between the disputed countries from 1951 up to 1978, besides the role played by the USA in affirming these conflicts, and the historical roots for each case concerning these islands. These conflicts are enhanced historically rather than politically. The dissertation is, thus, divided into an introduction and four chapters. The first chapter is about the policy of regional expansion and its effect upon the Japan foreign affairs (1951 - 1979). It includes three sections : the first one is about the occurrence of Japan colonial tendency and the policy of expansion. Section two is concerned with the entrance of Japan into the Second World War and being under the USA occupation. The third section exposes the session of San Francisco in 1951 in the north east of Asia in affirming the Japanese regional conflicts. Chapter two is devoted to the study of Japan - Soviet conflict over (the Southern Kuril islands / Northern Territories) in (1951 - 1960). This chapter is also composed of three sections. The first on is about the historical roots of the conflict over these islands. The second one focuses on the case of these islands and how these affect the Japanese - Soviet relations and the USA position from the conflicts (1951 - 1960). The third section addresses the claims of the disputed powers over the dominance over the disputed islands. Chapter three shows the Japanese - Korean conflicts over (Dokdo / Takeshima) islands (1951 - 1978). It also includes three sections. The first section is about the historical background about these two islands. The second one is concerned with the reflection of these disputes over the Japanese - Korean relations and the position of USA from them. The third one shows the Japanese claims about the dominance over these two islands and how Korea responded. Chapter four is specified for the Chinese - Japanese dispute over (Senkaku / Diaoyu) from 1951 to 1978. It is composed of three sections. The first one is about the historical background of the dispute (1885 up to 1951). The second section is devoted to the Japanese - Chinese relations in response to the dispute over these two islands and the USA position from this conflict. The thirds section is concerned with the claims of China about the dominance over these two islands and how Japan responded to this claim. The conclusion is a summary of what the researcher has found about these various aspects of disputes.

صـورة الامام الحسيـن (صلوات الله عليه) فـي المعاجــم اللغويـــة == THE IMAGE OF IMAM HUSSEIN "GOD'S PRAYERS BE UPON HIM " IN DICTIONARIES

Author name: قصــي عبـد الصمـد عبـد الحـي ياسيـن عبـد اللطيـف
Supervisor name: حميد سراج جابر الاسدي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تناولت هذه الدراسة صورة الامام الحسين " صلوات الله عليه " في المعاجم اللغوية ، اذ تتسم المعاجم اللغوية بغـزارة المادة وتعـدد العلوم والمعارف والمعلومات التاريخية والانساب والنــوادر القيمة وباختلاف موضوعاتها جعلتهزااخــرة بما يخـدم الدراسات التاريخية المتعـددة ، كما وانها تمثل مكسبا للباحث على الرغــم من قلة الباحثيـن الذين تطرقوا الى اخراج المعلومات التاريخية من هـذه المعاجم ودراستها دراسة تاريخية فكرية وبموضوعات مختلفة . ومن ضمن المادة التي شملتها هذه المعاجم معلومات عن شخصيات عديدة وكان من الشخصيات التي كرس لها ارباب المعاجم مجالا واسعا في معاجمهم الامام السبط الحسين بن علي " صلوات الله عليهما "، ومن هنا جاءت اهمية هذه الدراسة اذ عنت بفلسفة او نظرة ارباب المعاجم اللغوية ورؤيتهم لصورة الامام الحسين " صلوات الله عليه " والتي لم تكن نظرة روائية نقلية تقليدية ، بل كانت عبارة عن تصوير لجوانب وميادين عدة من صورة الامام الحسين " صلوات الله عليه " . لقد اقتضت طبيعة هذه الاطروحة ان تستقر منهجيتها على مقدمة ، واربعة فصول ، وخاتمة تضمنت اهم ما توصل اليه البحث من نتائج ، وقائمة باهم المصادر والمراجع ، كان عنوان الفصل الاول (( المعاجـم اللغـوية ومعــطياتها الفـكرية )) ، وجاء الفصل الثاني بعنوان (( المنظار التعريفي للسيرة الاعدادية والشخصية للامام الحسين " صلوات الله عليه " )) ، اما الفصل الثالث فحمل عنوان (( منظار الصورة العقائدية ومكانة الامام الحسين " صلوات الله عليه " الروحية والعلمية )) ، وتضمن الفصل الرابع دراسة (( صورة الامام الحسين " صلوات الله عليه " المؤثر في احداث عصره وابعاد ذلك التاثير مستقبليا )) . | The present study focuses on investigating the image of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) in dictionaries. The dictionaries are characterized by content abundance, multi - sciences, and encyclopedias, historical information, pedigrees, and various values. These help the historical study of its multi - aspects, and they stand for a resource for a researcher in spite of the few researchers who tried to get historical information from these dictionaries and to study these facts historically with their various topics and orientations. One of these topics that these dictionaries have is about figures, of them is Imam Hussein (peace be upon him). Thus, the importance of this study results from this prospect. It pays considerable attention to the philosophy and views of the dictionary makers and opinions about Imam Hussein. This view is not traditional narrative about him, but it is a description about various aspects of Imam Hussein. This dissertation comprises an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion, as well as a list of sources. The first chapter is entitled " dictionaries and their intellectual productions". Chapter two comes with the title "The definition of Imam Hussein's biography and his personality" . Chapter three is the ideological prospect of Imam Hussein and his spiritual and scientific values. Chapter four studies the influential image of Imam Hussein during his time events and its future effects

دور جورج كينان في تخطيط السياسات الاستراتيجية الامريكية 1947 - 1953م == George Kennan's Role In Planning The American Strategy Policy 1947 - 1953

Author name: قاسم نمر جلوب السعيدي
Supervisor name: اميرة رشك لعيبي الزبيدي
General topic: History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The Study Aims To Explain The Strategic Role Played By Kennan And Its Impact On The American Foreign Policy Between (1947 - 1953). During The Time, Kennan Exercised His Greatest Influence In Implementing The Policy Of Containment. The Study Endeavours To Expose Kennan's Comprehensive And Coordinate Role In The Cold War. Kennan's Long Telegram Which He Prepared In 1946 Drew The Attention Of Such Major American Policy Makers In Washington D. C. As The Secretary Of Navy James Forrestal. The Telegram Offered Reasons And Justifications To Change The Aims Of The American Foreign Policy In Relation To The Soviet Union. Kennan Stated In His Evaluating Reports That The Communist Soviet Expansion Threatened The American Interests And Security. It Is Worth Mentioning That Kennan Did Not Name A Specific Strategy When He Wrote His Long Telegram. However, His Ideas Began To Clarify When He Gave Lectures At The National Defense University. These Lectures Made Clear His Ideas And Opinions In Relation To The American Foreign Policy. In The Meantime, Kennan Started To Outline What Is Termed As The Containment Strategy. Though His Ideas Did Not Design The Formal Strategic Line Of The State Department, They Had A Great Impact On The American Public. Therefore, The Long Telegram And The Lectures That Kennan Gave At The National Defense University Were Helpful Factors In Understanding Some Of His Ideas And Explaining Their Influence In Redefining The Concepts Of The Soviet Threat.The Conclusion Lists The Main Results Of The Study

بناء الدولة بين فكر الامام علي بن ابي طالب (عليه السلام) ومنهج ابن خلدون (ت808هـ) : دراسة تحليلية == The construction of the state between the thought of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him) and the methodology of Ibn Khaldun (T 808 e) analytical study

Author name: فاطمة عبـد سعيد شلال المالكي
Supervisor name: شكري ناصر عبد الحسن المياحي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: يعد التخطيط الاستراتيجي( ) العنصر الاساسي في الفكر السياسي لبناء الدولة, لكونه يحدد الرؤية والفلسفة الخاصة المراد بناء الدولة على اساسها ويحيط بالاهداف المرسومة والمتناسقة المراد تحقيقها لفترة زمنية محددة ومن الممكن تنفيذها , ووضع البرامج والاليات المحكمة لتنفيذ هذه الاهداف وفق الاستراتيجية المرسومة لها سلفا. وقد اعتنى موضوع البحث ( بناء الدولة بين فكر الامام علي بن ابي طالب(عليه السلام) ومنهج ابن خلدون (ت808ه) دراسة تحليلية) بدراسة نموذجين في بناء الدولة تمثل النموذج الاول بناء الدولة في فكر الامام المعصوم من خلال الولوج في فكر الامام علي () واستخراج اهم الاليات والتخطيط المحكم في بناء الدولة وكيفية تنظيمه وتسخيره امكانيته وقدراته الفكرية الروحية السياسية والدينية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية لتنظيم الدولة وبناءها على اساس هذه المستويات المذكورة وتنظيم امر بنائها بشكل متناسق محكم ودقيق لبناء دولة قوية ومستمرة وقادرة على حملة رسالة الاسلام الانسانية وتجسيد مبادئها تطبيقيا عمليا واقعيا. ومثل النموذج الاخر بناء الدولة في منهج ابن خلدون حيث بنى اسس نظريته على اساس اطلاعه على اخبار الدول وما عايشه من الاحداث والتي دونها في مؤلفه ( العبر وديوان المبتدا والخبر في ايام العرب والعجم والبرر ومن عاصرهم من ذوي السلطان الاكبر ) الذي درس فيه ابن خلدون معطيات بناء الدولة واسباب انهيارها والتي اكد عليها ابن خلدون وعدها من الثوابت التي لا يمكن تجاوزها وانها من السنن الطبيعية التي لا تتغير وهي حاكمة على بناء الدولة وان حكومات الدول لا تملك بدلا الا ان تسير على وفق هذه المعطيات وكذلك عبر فيه عن فكره الذي تبلور لدية نتيجة عمله الاداري والسياسي في الاندلس والمغرب ومصر ونتيجة قراءته للواقع والتاريخ من وجهة نظره وتحليله( ) . وقد تم اختيار موضوع البحث لعدة دواعي منها ما ياتي : - 1. ان تحديد نموذجي البحث بفكر الامام علي ومنهج ابن خلدون لكون الامام علي مثل بناء الدولة التي مثلت فكر المعصوم في وضع استراتيجية بناء الدولة ولما عبر فيه ابن خلدون عن دراسة شاملة لجميع الدول لمساحة مترامية الاطراف من الشرق الاسلامي الى المغرب والاندلس وكذلك امم الروم والمجوس فصل في اخبارها وعوائد بناء الدول فيها مما يجعلنا امام نموذجين مثل الاول الفكر المعصوم في البناء ومثل الثاني الفكر البعيد عن فكر الائمة المعصومين فاثارنا دراستهما معا لمعرفة نقاط الضعف والقوة في كليهما ومدى الاصالة والمعاصرة التي تتمتع بها فكر بناء الدولة على اسس اسلامية دون الحيد عنها والثبات عليها مهما حدث من متغيرات وظهرت من مستجدات , ومدى دستورية الاسلام في اسس بنائها من حيث تشخيص مدى تلازمية الدين والاخلاق في استراتيجية بنائها ,فمثل النموذج الاول فكر الامام علي () الذي يعكس صورة منهج الاسلام الكامل في التخطيط الاستراتيجي لبناء الدولة الذي جاء ترجمة وتطبيقا متكاملا لمباديء الشريعة الاسلامية من خلال الخطب والرسائل التي عرفت عنه () والتي ارسلها الى ولاته وعماله وغيرهم بالاضافة الى حكمه القصار التي جمعت في مؤلف (نهج البلاغة) وفي غيره من المصادر الاخرى وتناولناها بالدراسة المقارنة مع النموذج الاخر وهو فكر ومنهج ابن خلدون الذي مثل الاتجاه الواقعي لدراسة الواقع التاريخي للدولة الاسلامية كمصدر لافكاره ونظريته ومنهجه في دراسة ظاهر قيام الدول وزوالها في التاريخ الاسلامي فقدم صورة الدولة العصبية التي تقوم على العامل القبلي (العصبية) والعامل الديني وفق منهج ومبدا القوة المادية المتمثلة بالعصبية الى جانب العامل الديني الذي سخره لتبرير سياسات هذه الدول وجعل من سياستها وتخطيطها في بناء وادارة الدول بانها حقيقة لابد منها ولا يمكن تجاوزها حسب فكره ومنهجه الجبري الذي يفسر به الظواهر التاريخية ,فقدم لنا صورة منهج بناء الدولة التي ابتعدت عن التاسيس الاسلامي للدولة التي تحمل بذور مرضها وانهيارها المحتم في اسسس واستراتيجية بنائها عندما اعتمدت مبدا القوة المادية والشهوات النفسانية وانحرفت عن المبدا الاسلامي .2.عدم وجود دراسات تناولت هذا الموضوع من قبل فاغلب الدراسات الاكاديمية ان لم نقل جميعها وحسب اطلاع الباحثة انها شملت جانب معين من بناء الدولة في فكر الامام علي () كالجانب الاداري او السياسي او الاقتصادي منها الدراسة الاكاديمية التي حملت عنوان "الفكر الاقتصادي في نهج البلاغة)( ) للباحثة ذكرى عواد ياسر العامري التي اختصت بالفكر الاقتصادي عند الامام علي () .واما في الجانب الاداري جاءت دراسة الباحثة هدى ياسر سعدون بعنوان ( الفكر الاداري عند الامام علي () في نهج البلاغة) ( ),وهي دراسة اهتمت بالجانب الاداري فقط . واما الدراسة الشاملة التي تعرضت لهذا الموضوع فهو كتاب بعنوان( اسس بناء الدولة في فكر الامام علي () ). وهذا الكتاب هو رسالة ماجستير منشورة وهو جهد يشكر عليه الباحث لكونها اول دراسة شاملة لبناء الدولة في فكر الامام علي () الا انها دراسة مختصرة جدا ولم تعط جميع الجوانب حقها من الدراسة فلم تتعرض لمزايا القيادة المعصومة ولم يعط للاساس الاجتماعي في بناء الدولة حقه من الدراسة والبحث لما يمثله هذا الجانب من قاعدة اساسية مهمة فاقتصر دراسته على مكانة الاسرة في فكر الامام علي واثرها الاجتماعي, ولم يبين الاثر الاستراتيجي الكبير للقاعدة الاجتماعية التي تمثل الرعية بعنوانها الواسع في بناء الدولة وقيمة المجتمع في نظر الدولة ايضا والتي يعتمد عليها في كونها مخزن الطاقات الكامنة البشرية التي استفاد الامام من توظيفها في كل مراحل وجوانب بناء الدولة . اما الدراسات التي تناولت بناء الدولة عند ابن خلدون فانها , ( فكر ابن خلدون العصبية والدولة معالم نظرية خلدونية في التاريخ الاسلامي) لمحمد عابد الجابري كانت دراسة تحليلية لنظرية العصبية في بناء الدولة و( الدولة في فكر ابن خلدون ) لتوفيق خلف زيدان احمد السعيدي وهي رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة, فجميع الدراسات جاءت منفرده في الجانبين وكان لهذه الدراسة الريادة في عقد المقارنة بينهما. وتمت دراسة الموضوع في اربعة فصول ومقدمة وفي نهايتها خاتمة تضمنت اهم النتائج التي توصلت اليها الدراسة وقائمة المصادر والمراجع جاء الفصل الاول بعنوان القيادة واثرها في استراتيجية بناء الدولة .تضمن عدة مباحث الاول ضرورة وجود القيادة الحاكمة للدولة .والمبحث الثاني مسميات القيادة في فكر الامام علي() وفكر ابن خلدون ,والمبحث الثالث مؤهلات وصفات القائد واثرها في استراتيجية بناء الدولة واما المبحث الرابع طرق اختيار القيادة واثرها في استراتيجية بناء الدولة من كونها اختيار بالنص الالهي عند الامام علي() ومزايا قيادة اختيار النص الالهي ومقارنتها بطرق اختيار القيادة عند ابن خلدون. والفصل الثاني بعنوان قيمة المجتمع واثرها في استراتيجية بناء الدولة تضمن عدة مباحث المبحث الاول روابط بناء المجتمع واثرها في استراتيجية بناء الدولة, والمبحث الثاني دور المجتمع واثره في بناء الدولة والمبحث الثالث نظام العلاقة بين القيادة والشعب واثرها في بناء الدولة والمبحث الرابع انفتاح الدولة على المجتمع والمبحث الخامس التاسيس الفكري لمفهوم المعارضة واثره في بناء الدولة. والفصل الثالث تلازمية الدين والاخلاق واثرهما في استراتيجية بناء الدولة وتضمن مبحثين؛ الاول اثر الدين في بناء الدولة والمبحث الثاني اثر الاخلاق في بناء الدولة. اما الفصل الرابع استراتيجية بناء المنظومة الادارية للدولة بثلاثة مباحث الاول هيكلية النظام الاداري وبناء مؤسساته ونظام عملها واثره في استراتيجية بناء الدولة من حيث الولايات والية ادارتها والوزارة والكتاب وتشخيص صفات اختيار موظفي الدولة, والمبحث الثاني هيكلية النظام الاقتصادي واثره في استراتيجية بناء الدولة من حيث توزيع الاقتصاد وتطوير الانتاج من الزراعة والصناعة والتجارة والمبحث الثالث استراتيجية الرقابة الحكومية واثرها في بناء الدولة وما تثمره هذه المؤسسة من نتائج تؤدي الى تنفيذ الواجبات وتادية الحقوق ورصانة عمل الاداريين في الدولة .والمبحث الرابع استراتيجية بناء المنظومة الامنية من حيث مرتكزات بنائها واسس هذه المرتكزات, وبيان محور مهام المنظومة الامنية والمبحث الخامس استراتيجية بناء المنظومة القضائية من حيث اهمية القضاء في نظام الدولة وشروط القاضي ومدى الحرص على استقلالية القضاء وتنفيذ احكامه . واعتمدت الدراسة على جملة من المصادر والمراجع العلمية في مقدمتها كتاب( نهج البلاغة ) المصدر الاساس للدراسة الذي حوى منهج الامام علي () ومشروعه الحضاري لبناء الدولة بما تضمنه من خطب ورسائل وحكم ,الذي جمعه الشريف الرضي (ت406ه /1015م),وكذلك شروحات نهج البلاغة التي تناولت خطب النهج ورسائله بالشرح والتوضيح .ومنها منهاج البراعة في شرح نهج البلاغة لقطب الدين الراوندي ابي الحسين سعيد بن هبة الله (ت 573ه/1177م ـ) وشرح نهج البلاغة لابن ميثم البحراني (ت ق6ه/ق12م) .وكذلك المصدر الاساسي الاخر الذي كان محور الدراسة كتاب ( العبر وديوان المبتدا والخبر في ايام العرب والعجم والبربر ومن عاصرهم من ذوي السلطان الاكبر ) لابن خلدون ت808 ه موضع الدراسة, والذي كان موضوع الدراسة بما احتوى لفكر ابن خلدون ونظريته في بناء الدولة وطبيعة العمران البشري. واغنت التفاسير بما حوته من احكام واراء كانت لها الكلمة الفصل في المواضيع التي تم توظيفها فيها منها تفسير جامع البيان عن تاويل اي القران القران للطبري (ت 310ه/922م),وكذلك تفسير ابو الليث السمرقندي (ت383ه/993م) وتفسير الفخر الرازي (ت606ه / 1209م ). والتي كان لها حضور محوري في موضوع الدراسة لما تضمنته من تفسير بعض الايات القرانية الكريمة التي استشهدنا فيها في بعض محاور الدراسة ومنها التي تخص موضوع البحث في الفصل الاول في اختيار القيادة واثر هذا الاختيار في بناء الدولة. وكان لكتب الحديث والاخبار فائدة مهمة للدراسة لما تضمنته معلومات واحاديث كثيرة عن النبي محمد( ) واهل بيته المعصومين (عليهم السلام) فيما يخص النظم الادارية والسياسية لبناء الدولة منها كتاب الكافي للكليني (ت329ه/940م ), وكتاب الاختصاص للمفيد (ت413ه/1022م) , وكتاب دعائم الاسلام للقاضي النعمان(ت 363 ه/973م ). وكذلك كتب التاريخ كان لها الحضور والاولوية في مقدمتها كتاب تاريخ الرسل والملوك للطبري محمد بن جرير (ت310ه/922م), وكتاب الكامل في التاريخ لابن الاثير(ت 630هـ/1232م). وكذلك كتب الطبقات والتراجم ومنها كتاب الطبقات الكبرى لابن سعد محمد بن منيع (ت230هـ /941م), وكتاب سير الاعلام للذهبي ت748ه/1347م, وغيرها من المصادر التاريخية الاخرى. اضافة الى المراجع الحديثة التي اغنت البحث ببعض الاراء التي عضدت الدراسة منها كتاب منطق ابن خلدون لعلي الوردي ,والفكر الاجتماعي عند الامام علي () دراسة في ضوء نهج البلاغة لعبد الرضا الزبيدي. وغيرها من المراجع الاخرى. وكذلك جملة من الاطاريح والرسائل العلمية اهمها رسالة الماجستير الدولة في فكر ابن خلدون, لتوفيق خلف زيدان احمد السعيدي والتي اغنت الاطروحة بما تضمنته من اراء ومعلومات. وكذلك رسالة ماجستير( الفاظ الدولة وشؤونها في كتاب نهج البلاغة للامام عليّ بن ابي طالب (عليه السلام) - دراسة دلاليّة –) لعلي شعلان سلطان الساعدي, التي اغنت معلوماتها بعض مواضيع الفصل الاول وخاصة مسميات القيادة وهناك جملة من الاطاريح والرسائل الاخرى والبحوث العلمية التي افادت الدراسة والتي يطول المقام بذكرها اثرنا ذكرها في قائمة المصادر والمراجع. واخيرا نود ان نشير الى ان كل دراسة مهما بلغت لا يمكن لها ان تدعي الكمال فالكمال لله وحده لانه جهد بشري يخطئ ويصيب ولكن هذا لا يمنع من الدراسة والبحث على قدر الوسع والاجتهاد ومن الله العون وله الحمد اولا واخرا | The study included a study entitled "Building the State between the Thought of Imam Ali Ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him) and Ibn Khaldun's Method (808 AH) Analytical Study." The curriculum and the strategy of state building were studied by Imam Ali Ibn Abi Talib and Ibn Khaldun at all levels The selection of leadership qualities and conditions of leadership qualifications as well as the methods of selecting the leader and the impact on the building of the state and touched on the study of the value of the community and its impact on state building and was also briefed on the issue of employment religious image and moral impact in the construction of the state. As well as the study of the strategy of building state administrative, security, judicial and supervisory institutions and referring to the characteristics of both approaches in building institutions. The first chapter, entitled Leadership and its Impact on the Strategy of State Building, was presented. The first discussion included the necessity of the existence of the ruling leadership of the state. The second topic is the names of the leadership in the thought of Imam Ali and thought Ibn Khaldun, and the third topic, the qualifications and qualities of the leader and its impact on the strategy of building the state. The fourth topic is the methods of selecting leadership and its impact on the strategy of building the state from being a choice in the divine text of Imam Ali and Ibn Khaldun. The second chapter deals with the value of the society and its impact on the strategy of state building. The first topic deals with the building of the society and its impact on the strategy of state building. The second topic is the role of the society and its impact on building the state. Fifth, the intellectual foundation of the concept of opposition and its impact on state building. And the impact of religion on the building of the state, and included the study of the impact of religion and its centrality in the sources of legislation to build the institutions of the state, and the extent of the state's commitment to them, and the implementation of the priority of the preservation of Islamic teachings in the construction strategy, And the stability of intellectual reference. The second topic is the impact of ethics in building the state, which includes a statement of the impact of ethics in the policy of building the state and the ratio of the symbiosis between construction and ethics in terms of the fact that this correlation is constant and continuous or temporary. The fourth chapter is the strategy of building the administrative system of the state in three aspects. The first is the structure of the administrative system and the building of its institutions and its work system and its impact on the strategy of building the state in terms of states, state administration, ministry and writers. And the development of production from agriculture, industry and trade. The third topic is the strategy of government control and its impact on state building and the results produced by this institution which lead to the implementation of duties and the performance of rights and the integrity of the work of administrators in the state. Fourth Study of building the security system in terms of building the foundations and the foundations of these pillars, and the statement of the security functions of the system axis and fifth section building the judicial system in terms of the importance of the judiciary in the state system and the conditions of the judge and the extent of ensuring the independence of the judiciary and the implementation of its provisions strategy strategy

العلاقات التركية المصرية 1980 - 1993 : دراسة تاريخية == Turkish - Egyptian Relations 1980 - 1993 (Historical study

Author name: عمار عبد الرضا ماهود الزبيدي
Supervisor name: طيبة خلف عبد الله
General topic: History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: الاقليمي في المنطقة, وتجمع بينهما مجموعة صفات متقاربة او مشتركة, فمن حيث الموقع الجغرافي يتمتع البلدان بموقع جغرافي ممتاز, له اهميته الجيوسياسية في منطقة مهمة واستراتيجية من العالم, هي منطقة الشرق الاوسط, وهما البلدان الوحيدان في المنطقة اللذان لهما امتدادات في قارتين؛ فاراضي تركيا تتوزع بين اسيا واوربا, وتشكل حلقة اتصال بينهما, وكذلك مصر التي تمتد اراضيها في قارتي افريقيا واسيا, كذلك يمتلك البلدان سواحل طويلة على البحر المتوسط, كل ذلك جعل البلدين يتمتعان باهمية بالغة في الشرق الاوسط. ان النظام السياسي في كلا البلدين نظام جمهوري, تلعب فيه المؤسسة العسكرية دورا بارزا, وتولى ضباط الجيش منصب رئاسة الجمهورية, مع وجود رئيس للحكومة عادة ما يكون مدنيا, يتولى ادارة شؤون البلاد الداخلية والخارجية, فضلا عن انهما من البلدان النامية, وتشكل الزراعة فيهما النشاط الاقتصادي الرئيس للسكان, وانهما يعانيان من مشاكل اقتصادية متشابهة متمثلة في التضخم, وزيادة المديونية الخارجية, لذلك اتبعا مجموعة نظم واجراءات اقتصادية, من اجل التخلص من هذه المشاكل, فضلا عن ذلك هنالك تماثل في التكوين الاجتماعي, وفي عدد السكان في البلدين, والتداخل الديموغرافي بين ابناء الشعبين (التركي والمصري), فهناك مصريون من اصول تركية, وهناك اتراك من اصول عربية مصرية. اضف الى ذلك كون البلدين يرتبطان بعلاقة متميزة مع الولايات المتحدة الامريكية طيلة المدة التي هي قيد الدراسة, وكانا اكثر بلدين يتلقيان مساعدات اقتصادية منها بعد "اسرائيل" من الولايات المتحدة الامريكية, كذلك يرتبطان دون غيرهما من البلدان الاسلامية, بعلاقات دبلوماسية جيدة مع "اسرائيل" في هذه المدة. كل هذا التشابه بين البلدين وغيره, دفع الباحث الى اختيار الموضوع, فضلا عن افتقار المكتبات في الجامعات العراقية والتركية والمصرية, الى دراسة اكاديمية تتناول بحث العلاقات التركية المصرية, وتحليلها في المدة 1980 - 1993, تقف على نقاط التشابه التي تم ذكرها, ودورها في تنمية العلاقات بين البلدين في مختلف الجوانب. اما سبب تحديد عام 1980 لبدء الدارسة فيكمن في ان العلاقات التركية المصرية شهدت الانطلاقة الحقيقية نحو التطور في هذا العام, بعد تسلم كنعان ايفرين رئاسة الجمهورية التركية, على اثر الانقلاب العسكري في الثاني عشر من ايلول 1980, وسعيه الى توثيق علاقات تركيا مع الدول العربية, والدور الذي لعبه توركوت اوزال في توجه تركيا نحو مصر وباقي الدول العربية, سواء عندما كان رئيسا للوزراء على دورتين (1983 - 1989), ام بعد توليه رئاسة الجمهورية (1989 - 1993), وقد توقفنا في البحث عند عام 1993؛ لانه يمثل سنة وفاة توركوت اوزال الذي كان له دور الرئيس في تطوير سياسة تركيا الداخلية والخارجية, وعلاقاتها السياسية والاقتصاد مع مصر وباقي الدول العربية, وبذلك انتهت الحقبة الاوزولية التي امتدت من عام 1983 حتى عام 1993. وقد اعتمد الباحث في تقسيم الدارسة على وحدة الموضوع, مع مراعاة المنهج التاريخي بما يتطلب من تتبع للاحداث والوقائع المختلفة، حسب التسلسل التاريخي, مما يجعل التعمق في بحث الاحوال والمؤثرات التاريخية امرا ضروريا؛ لفهم تطور العلاقات التركية المصرية, ولذا كان ترتيب الفصول على الشكل الاتي : الفصل الاول, تناولت فيه طبيعة العلاقات التركية المصرية قبل عام 1980, وهو فصل تمهيدي, يعرض بالبحث والتحليل العلاقات التركية المصرية منذ قيام النظام الجمهوري في مصر عام 1952, واسباب توتر العلاقات التركية المصرية في هذه المدة حتى عام 1965, ثم دراسة العوامل التي دفعت تركيا الى تغيير سياستها تجاه مصر وباقي الدول العربية, ومراحل تحسن العلاقات بين البلدين, وصولا الى عام 1980, كذلك تناول الفصل تطور العلاقات التركية المصرية في المجال الاقتصادي, والعلمي, والثقافي, والصحي, في هذه المدة. اما الفصل الثاني فقد تناول تطور العلاقات السياسية بين البلدين في المدة 1980 - 1993, والعوامل التي ادت الى هذا التطور في العلاقات, وتبادل الزيارات الرسمية بينهما على اعلى المستويات, في مدة حكم كنعان ايفرين (1980 - 1989), ومدة حكم توركوت اوزال (1989 - 1993). اما الفصل الثالث فقد تناول مجالات التعاون بين تركيا ومصر (1980 - 1993), التي اشتملت على خمسة محاور هي : المحور الاول, ويناقش المجال الاقتصادي والمسوغات التي ادت الى انفتاح البلدين نحو بعضهما, من اجل زيادة مجالات التعاون الاقتصادي بينهما في مختلف المستويات، سواء التجاري منها ام السياحي، او في مجال الصناعة (المدنية, والعسكرية), وكذلك في مجال الانشاءات والمقاولات. اما المحور الثاني فقد تناول جانب التعاون في مجال النقل البحري والجوي بين البلدين. في حين يرصد المحور الثالث التعاون في مجال مشاريع الطاقة الكهربائية وغيرها. وعاين المحور الرابع التعاون في المجال القضائي، واحكام المسجونين, والمعتقلين, اما المحور الاخير فقد رصد التعاون في المجال الثقافي والعلمي، وكذلك مجال الاذاعة والتلفزيون. اما الفصل الرابع فقد وقف فيه الباحث على موضوع مهم, كان له انعكاساته على تطور العلاقات بين البلدين في مختلف المجالات, وهو موقف تركيا ومصر من القضايا الاقليمية, وقد ركزنا فقط على القضايا الاقليمية التي شهدت اهتماما مشتركا من قبل البلدين, وكان لهما موقف مشترك او متباين منها, ومدى تعاونهما مع بعضهما؛ لايجاد حلول لبعض هذه القضايا, واهم هذه القضايا التي تم تناولها هي : حرب الخليج الاولى (1980 - 1988), والصراع العربي "الاسرائيلي", المتمثل في هذه المدة بتطورات القضية الفلسطينية, والاجتياح "الاسرائيلي" للبنان في عام 1982, وتطورات القضية القبرصية, اضافة الى ازمة الخليج (1990 - 1991), واخيرا الحرب في البوسنة والهرسك عام 1992, وعلى الرغم من ان هذه الموضوعات هي موضوعات سياسية, الا انها تعد خارجة عن موضوع تطور العلاقات السياسية بين البلدين؛ لانها تمثل قضايا اقليمية كان لتركيا ومصر موقف منها, لذا تم تناولها في فصل خاص, ولم تدمج مع الفصل الثاني من الاطروحة. ثم تلت هذه الفصول خاتمة, ضمنها الباحث اهم النتائج التي تمخضت عنها الدراسة. اعتمدت فصول الدراسة على مجموعة كبيرة من المصادر الاصيلة، ياتي في مقدمتها عدد غير قليل من الوثائق التركية غير المنشورة، المحفوظة في ارشيف الدولة التركية في انقرة (Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü), فضلا عن مجموعة من الوثائق التركية المنشورة في الجريدة الرسمية التركية (Resmi Gazete)، وهي جريدة معنية بنشر الاتفاقيات الدولية والقوانين بعد مصادقتها من قبل رئيس الجمهورية, هذا فيما يخص الوثائق التركية التي اعتمدتها الدراسة، اما الوثائق المصرية فقد اطلعت على الاتفاقيات والبروتوكولات بين مصر وتركيا, المنشورة في الجريدة الرسمية المصرية, والتي تصدر عن مركز المعلومات والتوثيق ودعم اتخاذ القرار في الهيئة العامة لشؤون المطابع الاميرية في امبابة في محافظة الجيزة، اذ تنشر هذه الجريدة جميع الاتفاقيات والبروتوكولات التي توقعها مصر مع دول العالم بعد مصادقة رئيس الجمهورية عليها، وموافقة وزير الخارجية على نشرها, فضلا عن التقارير الصادرة عن المؤسسات الرسمية مثل الامم المتحدة, والبنك الدولي, وتقارير السفارات. كذلك اعتمدت فصول الاطروحة على عدد كبير من الكتب العربية والمعربة والكتب الاجنبية, التي رفدت الاطروحة بمعلومات مهمة, ومنها كتاب (التطورات المعاصرة في العلاقات العربية التركية) لمؤلفه خليل ابراهيم الناصري, ويعد من المصادر المهمة, اذ اعتمد المؤلف على عدد من المؤلفات التركية، والاجنبية, والكتاب في الاصل رسالة ماجستير في العلوم السياسية, ومن الكتب الاخرى المهمة كتاب (العلاقات العربية التركية) بجزئه الاول الذي كان من منظور عربي وصدر عن معهد البحوث والدراسات العربية التابع لجامعة الدول العربية عام 1991, اما في جزئه الثاني فقد كتب من منظور تركي, وصدر عن معهد البحوث والدراسات العربية, بالتعاون مع مركز الابحاث للتاريخ والفنون والثقافة الاسلامية باسطنبول عام 1993, والكتاب عبارة عن مجموعة بحوث تناولت مختلف جوانب العلاقات التركية العربية, وما يؤخذ على الكتاب ان بعض تواريخ الاحداث الواردة فيه غير دقيقة, وكذلك بعض الاسماء, الامر الذي دفع الباحث الى الرجوع للجرائد؛ من اجل التاكد من تواريخ الاحداث. ومن الكتب المهمة مؤلفات الدكتور جلال عبد الله معوض, منها كتاب (صناعة القرار في تركيا والعلاقات العربية - التركية), وهو كتاب يوضح كثيرا من خبايا وتوجهات السياسة التركية, على الرغم من ان معظم فصول الكتاب تقع خارج نطاق البحث، وكتاب (قضايا العلاقات المصرية التركية), وهذا الكتاب ذو طبيعة سياسية, اعتمد فيه المؤلف على التحليل السياسي للمواقف, الا انه ذكر بعض الجوانب التاريخية في العلاقات بين البلدين, وكذلك مؤلفات الدكتور احمد نوري النعيمي, ومنها كتاب تركيا وحلف شمال الاطلسي، وهو كتاب يتناول بالبحث والتحليل موقع تركيا في حلف شمال الاطلسي واسباب انضمام تركيا لهذا الحلف, وكذلك مؤلفات الدكتور عوني عبد الرحمن السبعاوي، ومؤلفات الدكتور ابراهيم الداقوقي, وغيرهم، وتاتي اهمية هذه الدراسات في كونها مؤلفات متخصصة في عدة مجالات من شؤون تركيا. واستعان الباحث بعدد من الرسائل والاطاريح الجامعية، كانت في مقدمتها اطروحة اميرة محمد كامل الخربوطلي، الموسومة بـ(العلاقات المصرية - التركية 1952 - 1971), والتي نوقشت في كلية الاقتصاد والعلوم السياسية - جامعة القاهرة عام 1979, ومنهج كتابة الاطروحة كان منهجا سياسيا وليس منهجا تاريخيا, لكني افدت منها في معرفة خلفيات العلاقات التركية المصرية, واستعنت برسالة احمد نوري النعيمي (السياسة الخارجية التركية بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية) وهي رسالة ماجستير اعتمدت على الصحافة بالدرجة الاساس وتصل لغاية عام 1975، وكذلك اطروحة احمد جاسم الطائي (موقف تركيا من قضايا المشرق العربي 1967 - 1978), فقد اشار فيها الى جوانب يمكن الافادة منها؛ لفهم العلاقات التركية المصرية, ورسالة الماجستير للباحث زياد عزيز حميد الجلبي، (السياسة الخارجية التركية 1973 - 1983) وغيرها, وقد افاد منها الباحث في الفصل الاول من الاطروحة فقط. كما شكلت البحوث المعتمدة في المؤتمرات العلمية والبحوث المنشورة في الدوريات العربية، مرتكزا اخر افاد منه الباحث في كتابة اطروحته, اذ قدمت الابحاث والدراسات معلومات قيمة عن العلاقات التركية العربية بشكل عام, وتاتي في طليعتها البحوث المنشورة في مجلة السياسة الدولية الصادرة عن مركز الاهرام, كذلك اعتمد الباحث بشكل كبير على الشهريات الموجودة في مجلة السياسة الدولية, كدليل لمعرفة الزيارات المتبادلة وتواريخها للبحث عنها, وعما دار فيها من مباحثات في الجرائد والمصادر الاخرى, كما ان مجلة السياسة الدولية كانت تعنى ايضا بنشر بعض الملفات الوثائقية عن بعض الاحداث المهمة. اما الجرائد والمجلات العربية والتركية والاجنبية, المحفوظة في دار الكتب والوثائق القومية في القاهرة, او في المكتبة الوطنية (Milli Kütüphane) في انقرة, او في دار الكتب والوثائق الوطنية في بغداد, او في مركز الدراسات الاستراتيجية في بغداد, فقد شكلت رافدا مهما من روافد الاطروحة؛ اذ اعتمد عليها الباحث اعتمادا كبيرا في توثيق الزيارات والمباحثات التي جرت بين البلدين, فقد كانت هذه الجرائد حريصة على متابعة الاحداث والمواضيع وتطوراتها, وما نتج عنها, وقد اعتمد الباحث في اغلب المواضيع على اكثر من صحيفة, ومن مختلف التوجهات؛ من اجل الوصول الى دقة المعلومة, واهم هذه الجرائد هي جريدة الاهرام المصرية, واضواء الانباء التركية, و(Milliyet) وغيرها من الجرائد. وكان للمواقع الالكترونية الموثقة اثر مهم في تزويد الاطروحة ببعض الوثائق والمعلومات, مثل موقع الامم المتحدة, وموقع مقاتل من الصحراء, وموقع عالم المعرفة وغيرها من المواقع الالكترونية . وفي الحقيقة ان هذا الجهد الذي بذل من قبل الباحث قد واجه عدة صعوبات, متعارف عليها عند اغلب الطلبة والباحثين, منها عدم اهتمام وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي في تذليل العقبات امام الطلبة؛ من اجل الحصول على الوثائق والمصادر من خارج العراق, فيبقى الطالب معتمدا على جهده الذاتي وعلاقاته الشخصية؛ من اجل الحصول على وثيقة, او كتاب نادر. ولم يدخر الباحث جهدا او مالا في سبيل ذلك, اذ قام بعدة سفرات في داخل العراق وخارجه, شملت عددا من المدن التركية والمصرية لاكثر من مرة, فضلا عن المدن العراقية, يقتفي اثر المعلومة؛ من اجل سد الثغرات, وكنت اعمل بشكل دؤوب في المكتبات التركية والمصرية لساعات طوال, باحثا في صفحات المجلات والجرائد وناقلا منها, اذ ان بعض المكتبات تمنع استعمال تقنية التصوير بكل انواعه, اما الوثائق المصرية غير المنشورة فلا يحق للباحث الاطلاع عليها, الا بعد الحصول على موافقة وزير الخارجية حصرا, وبتزكية من احد الاساتذة الجامعيين المصريين, وبعد مدة انتظار قد تصل الى اكثر من خمسة شهور, لا يتمكن الباحث من الاطلاع على جميع الوثائق التي يرغب في الحصول عليها. والشيْ الاخر الذي يدعو الى الاسى هو وجود عدة تقارير وجرائد تخص علاقة تركيا مع الدول العربية, كانت متوفرة في مكتبة مركز الدراسات الاقليمية في جامعة الموصل, ولكنها فقدت او اتلفت بعد سيطرة (داعش) على المدينة عام 2014, وعلى الرغم من كثرة الاتصالات مع بعض الاصدقاء لم اتمكن من الحصول الا على نزر يسير منها . وختاما فعلى الرغم مما بذله الباحث من جهد في اعداد هذه الدراسة، ومهما بلغ حرصه على دقتها, فانه لا يدعي الكمال فيما كتب, فالكمال لله وحده، وما اضافه من نتائج اعتمد فيها على ما توفر عليه من وثائق ومصادر علمية. وغاية ما يرجوه ان يكون قد وفق في متابعة موضوع بحثه, وان تحظى الاطروحة برضا الاساتذة الكرام، وان تكون جديرة بان تحتل مكانتها في المكتبة التاريخية العراقية ... والله الموفق . | Turkey and Egypt are considered among the most important countries in the Middle East. They share a common set of characteristics, in terms of the geographical location, the nature of political regime and economic system, the social formation, the population and so on. Both have an excellent geopolitical location which have an important geopolitical Area. Whereas the Turkish grounds lay between the continents of Asia and Europe it form a link between them, Also Egypt in which its grounds lay in Africa and Asian Areas and it forms as an important link between the ancient continents of the world (Asia, Africa, and Europe). As well both have long beaches on the Mediterranean sea. All of what mentioned above makes both countries among the most important countries of the Middle East . The political regime in both countries is a republican, and in such regime, The position of presidency should be assumed by Army officers with a head of government usually a civilian, manages the internal and external affairs of the country. As both countries are related to the growing countries in which agriculture is the main source of economy of their peoples, And both countries are suffering from economic problems, such as inflation and increasing external indebtedness. Both countries have a special relationship with the USA in the period of studied, and they were getting great economic support from the USA. The support comes in the second class, after "Israel" In addition both countries have a good diplomatic relationship with "Israel'' - that the other Islamic countries. All that similarity between the two countries, pushes the researcher to choose such a subject, to find out the similarity which has been mentioned, above and its role in growing the relation between the two countries. The researcher has divided the study depending on the unity of the subject, with observance of historical method, which is required to follow different events and attitudes according to historical sequence. And this is what makes going deeply into conditions and influences is very necessary to understand the development of Turkish - Egyptian relations. Therefore, the order of the chapters is as follows : Chapter I : The nature of Turkish - Egyptian relations until 1980Chapter II : Development of Turkish - Egyptian Political Relations 1980 - 1993Chapter III : Areas of Cooperation between Turkey and Egypt 1980 - 1993Chapter IV : The Attitude of Turkey and Egypt form The Regional Issues 1980 - 1993. The most important conclusions which have been reached by the researcher are that relations between both countries have developed relatively since 1965 and until the end of seventies, But the relations between them haven't reach advanced stages and the stage of coordination in attitudes and trends, only in the eighties and early nineties of the last century, This is reflected in the frequent visits between officials of the two countries at the highest levels, cooperation in the economic fields, the field of transport, the field of justice, the field of culture and other fields, as well as in the coordination of positions, either individually or through the Organization and the Conference. The Islamic, the United Nations. Turkey's drive towards Egypt was mainly due to two factors : the first is political; Turkey's attempt to obtain a supportive position in the Cyprus issue from the Arab and Islamic countries and the Non - Aligned Movement. Turkey was an important gateway to Egypt; to influence the positions of these countries, The economic factor was a major factor in the development of Turkish - Egyptian relations during this period. It was also the most active in the relations between the two countries because of the problems Economy Suffering from both countries. However, the economic relations between Turkey and Egypt have not reached an advanced stage compared to other Arab countries, Iraq, Libya and Saudi Arabia were the most economically connected countries with Turkey. The reason for this is that Turkey and Egypt were competing in some Economic fields. It is clear here that the process of making foreign political decision in the Turkish state has been subject to several variables internal, regional and international, has been determined the process of issuing in accordance with Turkey's political relations and economic interests with those determinants

الدولة الفاطمية واثرها في توحيد المسلمين == Fatimid state and its impact on the unification of Muslims

Author name: علي منفي شراد الحساني
Supervisor name: نزار عزيز حبيب الخاقاني
General topic: History
Specific topic: History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: الطيبين الطاهرين وصحبه الغر الميامين ، وبعد .. تعد دراسة تاريخ الدولة الفاطمية من الدراسات المهمة ، بالنظر لما توليه تلك الدراسة من تفصيل وتحليل دقيقين لجميع الاحداث السياسية والعسكرية والمنجزات العلمية والحضارية التي عاشتها او عاصرتها تلك الدولة من حيث الزمان والمكان . اذ يجد الباحث نفسه متحيرا في الكتابة عن بعض الدول الاسلامية بسبب عدم تطرق المصادر التاريخية لمجموعة من الاحداث التي تخص صميم فترات حياتها احيانا او مجموعة من المبالغات احيانا اخرى ، تحتاج لنظرات تامل وتقصي في بطون الكتب واجزاء الروايات ، من اجل الوصول ولو بشكل نسبي الى الحقيقة التي ينشدها ويبحث عنها اغلب الدارسين في المواضيع التي هي مثار جدل واختلاف . لذا تعد دراستنا لموضوع ( الدولة الفاطمية ) من ضمن تلك المواضيع التي اثارت جدلا طويلا ، بدات في نسبهم الى علي وفاطمة (عليهما السلام) وانتهت بمبادئ عقيدتهم وافكارهم ، وذلك بسبب اختلاف مذهبهم (الشيعي) مع مذهب الدولة العباسية (السني) التي كان يصورها البعض - المؤرخين والفقهاء والرعية - بمثابة الراعي الرسمي للحقوق اهل السنة والجماعة ، ونتيجة لهذا الاختلاف اخذت الكتابات منحا اخرا في تدوين الاحداث التي تتعلق بالخلافة الفاطمية بشتى المجالات ولاسيما تلك الاحداث التي تتعلق بالعلاقات الفاطمية - العباسية ، وبصورة دقيقة العلاقات الدينية والمذهبية بين الخلافتين - ان صح التعبير . لذلك كانت دراستنا للموضوع تتطلب تقسيم الدراسة الى تمهيد وخمسة فصول وخاتمة ، حيث شمل التمهيد تعريفا موجزا عن بدايات ظهور الحركة الاسماعيلية وعلاقات الائمة الاسماعيليين وبعض دعاتها بالدولة العباسية ، واهم المناطق التي انتشر او استقر فيها الفكر والائمة الاسماعيلية في المرحلة التي سبقت اعلان خلافتهم في بلاد المغرب الاسلامي ، وكذلك تضمن التمهيد عرض ومناقشة لاهم الاراء التي ذكرت حول نسب الائمة الاسماعيليين سواء كانت تلك الاراء المؤيدة لصحة النسب او المنكرة له ، وشمل التمهيد ايضا نبذة عن بداية ظهور التشيع في بلاد المغرب والدور المهم الذي مارسه الدعاة الشيعة في تهيئة القاعدة الشعبية التي استثمرها بشكل جيد الداعي الاسماعيلي ابو عبد الله الشيعي لتصبح النواة الاولى لقيام الخلافة الفاطمية التي حكمت الكثير من مناطق العالم الاسلامي انذاك . اما الفصل الاول فقد حمل عنوان ( انتشار المذهب الاسماعيلي في العالم الاسلامي واثره في نشر الوحدة الاسلامية ) ، حيث تضمن عدة فقرات هي : طبيعة الدعوة الاسماعيلية ، مراحل الدعوة الاسماعيلية ، مراتب الدعاة الاسماعيليين ، اهم مناطق انتشار الدعوة الاسماعيلية بدءا باليمن وانتهاء في بلدان شبه الجزيرة العربية . في حين تضمن الفصل الثاني الموسوم بــ ( الاثر الاجتماعي للدولة الفاطمية ) ، توطئة عن التسامح الاجتماعي في القران الكريم والسنة النبوية العطرة وسيرة الائمة من اهل البيت (عليهم افضل الصلاة واتم التسليم) ، ثم تحدثنا عن الاساليب التي اتبعتها الخلافة الفاطمية لتحقيق الوحدة المجتمعية ، ومنها الاساليب المتبعة مع اهل السنة والجماعة ، وكذلك الاساليب المتبعة مع اهل الذمة ، وايضا الاساليب المتبعة مع الطوائف الشيعية الاخرى وخاصة الامامية (الاثنى عشرية) ، والدرزية التي ظهرت ايام خلافة الحاكم بامر الله الفاطمي (386 - 411ه / 996 - 1020م ) النزارية التي ظهرت ايام خلافة المستعلي بالله الفاطمي ( 487 - 495ه /1094 - 1101م ) . اما الفصل الثالث الموسوم بـــ ( الاثر الاقتصادي للدولة الفاطمية ) فقد تضمن فقرات عدة : بدات بــ توطئة موجزة عن اهمية المال في ديمومة الحياة الانسانية الكريمة ثم تحدثنا عن سك النقود وضبط اوزانها واثر ذلك في الحياة الاقتصادية للدولة والناس ، وتحديد الضرائب والمكوس والغائها ، وكذلك تطرقنا الى مسالة تحديد الاسعار للمواد الغذائية واثر ذلك على استقرار احوال الرعية والتجار ، وانشاء المراكز التجارية والاقتصادية وخاصة المتجر السلطاني واثرها في نشر الوحدة والاستقرار ، وتطرقنا الى مسالة الاهتمام الكبير من قبل الخلفاء الفاطميين بكسوة الكعبة الشريفة والصلات والنفقات التي ترسل الى الحرمين الشريفين ، واثر ذلك في توطيد الوحدة الاسلامية ، واخيرا تضمن الوسائل المتبعة لتشجيع الانشطة الاقتصادية المختلفة في البلاد الاسلامية . والفصل الرابع الموسوم ( الاثر الفكري للدولة الفاطمية ) تضمن ثلاث فقرات سبقتها توطئة عن اهمية العلم ولزوم الاهتمام في تحصيله ورعاية الخلفاء الفاطميين وحثهم على العلم والتعلم ، واثر المساجد في نشر الوحدة الاسلامية وخاصة جامع عمرو بن العاص (الجامع العتيق) والجامع الازهر وغيرها من المساجد والجوامع التي كانت عامرة في ظل الدولة الفاطمية ، ثم اشرنا بعد ذلك الى اثر المكتبات في نشر الوحدة الاسلامية واهتمام الدولة الفاطمية وخلفائها بانشاء المكتبات وخزائن الكتب توفير الكتب النادرة وتعيين العلماء والفقهاء الاكفاء في ادارتها دون تمييز ، بعد ذلك ركزنا حديثنا على اثر الصلات العلمية والتبادل الثقافي في نشر الوحدة الاسلامية بين القاهرة وبلدان العالم الاسلامي وخاصة الصلات العلمية مع العراق مركز الحكم العباسي والاندلس مركز الحكم الاموي اللذان كان لهما الحظ الاوفر في البحث والتقصي بالاضافة الى المناطق الاخرى مثل بلاد فارس وبلاد الشام وصقلية وبلاد الحرمين واليمن . والفصل الخامس الذي يحمل عنوان ( الاثر الجهادي للدولة الفاطمية ) شمل توطئة عن اهمية الجهاد في الفكر الاسلامي ، وكذلك تطرقنا الى الجهاد في جزيرة صقلية وجنوب ايطاليا واثر ذلك في نشر الاسلام ، ثم تحدثنا عن المساعدات والدعم الذي قدمه الفاطميون لجزيرة اقريطش ( كريت ) ، والموقف الفاطمي في مواجهة الغزو الصليبي لبلاد الشام والتحالفات الوحدوية التي عقدت مع سلاجقة الشام وخاصة امراء دمشق واثر ذلك على الموقف الجهادي الاسلامي . اما الخاتمة فقد تضمن اهم النتائج التي توصلنا اليها في جميع فصول الدراسة وفقراتها التي تبين الاثار الوحدوية للخلافة الفاطمية ، اما الصعوبات ففي مقدمتها سوء الاوضاع السياسية وعدم الاستقرار الامني في البلدان العربية وخاصة تونس ومصر وسوريا جعل الباحث عاجزا عن التواصل مع الجامعات والمراكز البحثية المختصة للاطلاع على المصادر والمخطوطات التي تعزز الدراسة بشكل يجعلها تظهر بصورة افضل مما هي عليه الان ، وكذلك من الصعوبات عدم توفر المصادر الاولية التي تختص بالخلافة الفاطمية ، وخاصة ما كتبه بعض الدعاة الفاطميين او المؤرخون المنصفون عن الحياة العامة للدولة الفاطمية . وقد اقتضت طبيعة الدراسة الاعتماد على مصادر متنوعة تاريخية وجغرافية وادبية ودينية ، لذا يمكن تقسيمها الى : اولا : المصادر الاسماعيلية الفاطمية .. لعل في مقدمتها مؤلفات قاضي قضاة الخلافة الفاطمية القاضي النعمان بن حيون ( ت363هـ /974م ) ، اذ اثرت الاطروحة بالكثير من المعلومات والتفاصيل الدقيقة في معظم فصولها ، ومن هذه المؤلفات كتاب ( افتتاح الدعوة ) الذي تحدث بالتفصيل عن بدا ظهور الدعوة الاسماعيلية والظروف العامة التي ساعدت على نشرها وخروجها من دور الكتمان الى دور الاعلان المتمثل بالخلافة الفاطمية في المغرب عام 297هـ/909م ، وكذلك كتاب ( المجالس والمسايرات ) الذي يبين لنا طبيعة العلاقة بين الدعوة والدولة في عهد الخليفة الفاطمي المعز لدين الله ( 341 - 365هـ /954 - 975م ) ، حيث دون القاضي النعمان المجالس التي كان يعقدها الخليفة المعز لدين الله في المغرب ، وقد افدنا كثيرا من تلك المجالس في التعرف ايضا على طبيعة العلاقات الخارجية للخلافة الفاطمية وخاصة مع البيزنطيين ، وكتاب ( شرح الاخبار في فضائل الائمة الاطهار) الذي زودنا بمعلومات عن الخلفاء الفاطميين ونسبهم واخبار الخليفة عبيد الله المهدي ، وكتاب ( الهمة في اداب اتباع اللائمة ) ، وكتاب ( دعائم الاسلام وذكر الحلال والحرام والقضايا والاحكام عن اهل بيت رسول الله عليه وعليهم افضل السلام) ، كتاب ( المناقب والمثالب ) . ومن الكتب ايضا مؤلفات الداعي جعفر بن منصور اليمن الكوفي ( ت 380هـ/990م ) التي اغنت الدراسة بالشيء الكثير ، وفي مقدمة كتبه كتاب (الفرائض وحدود الدين) الذي يعد في مقدمة المصادر الفاطمية في اثبات النسب العلوي للفاطميين وذلك لما يتضمنه من نص مقتطف يؤكد نسب الخلفاء الفاطميين بعنوان : ( اسماء الائمة المستورين كما وردت في كتاب ارسله الخليفة المهدي الاول الى ناحية اليمن ، قدمه الباحث الاسماعيلي ( حسين فيض الله الهمداني ) ، وكذلك كتاب ( سرائر واسرار النطقاء ) ، وكتاب ( الكشف ) . اما مؤلفات حجة العراقيين حميد الدين الكرماني ( ت 411ه / 1020 م ) ، فقد كان لها بالغ الاثر في الرد على التيارات المنحرفة وخاصة مسالة تاليه الخليفة الحاكم بامر الله ، حيث تصدى لذلك باصدار عدة رسائل ، فكان من اهم مؤلفاته : كتاب ( رسائل الكرماني ) ، وكذلك كتاب ( راحة العقل ) . اما مؤلفات داعي الدعاة الفاطمي المؤيد في الدين الشيرازي ( ت470ه /1077م ) فقد اعطت صورة واضحة عن ملامح الحياة السياسية والعسكرية والدينية لعهد الخليفة المستنصر بالله الفاطمي ، واعلان الدعوة الفاطمية في العراق وخاصة كتاب ( المجالس المؤيدية ) ، وكتاب ( ديوان المؤيد في الدين ) . ومن المؤلفات التي عاصر اصحابها الدولة الفاطمية كتاب ( الاشارة الى من نال الوزارة ) لابن الصيرفي الذي كان كاتبا في ديوان الانشاء الفاطمي والملقب بتاج الرياسة ابو القاسم علي بن سليمان ( ت 554ه /1155م ) ، حيث زودنا بمعلومات كثيرة عن اخبار الوزراء الفاطميون الذين عاصرهم ، حيث ذكر لنا جملة من اخبارهم السياسية والعسكرية والاقتصادية . وكذلك من المؤلفات الفاطمية المهمة كتاب ( اخبار ملوك بني عبيد وسيرتهم ) لابن حماد الصنهاجي ( ت626هـ /1230م ) الذي زودنا بمعلومات هامة عن الخلفاء الفاطميين بالمرحلة المغربية . اما كتابات المؤرخين المتاخرين التي خصصت للحديث عن الدولة الفاطمية فقد تميزت بانها حفظت لنا كتابات المؤرخين المعاصرين للدولة الفاطمية التي فقدت لاسباب منها الاختلاف المذهبي بين الفاطميين وغيرهم ، لذلك اصبحت هذه الكتابات لها من الاهمية الشيء الكثير بسبب ما حفظته لنا من معلومات تاريخية مهمة جدا ، ولعل في مقدمة تلك الكتب : كتاب ( نهاية الارب في فنون الادب ) لشهاب الدين النويري ( ت 733ه /1332م ) الذي اغنى البحث بالكثير من المعلومات المهمة وخاصة في الفصل الاول ، وكذلك كتاب ( صبح الاعشى في صناعة الانشا ) لابي العباس احمد بن علي القلقشندي ( ت 821ه/1418م ) ، اما كتب المؤرخ تقي الدين احمد بن علي المقريزي ( ت845هـ/1441م ) فقد زودتنا بالمعلومات الكثير عن الخلافة الفاطمية منذ اعلان قيامها حتى نهايتها على يد صلاح الدين الايوبي ، وخاصة كتاب ( اتعاظ الحنفا باخبار الائمة الفاطميين الخلفا ) ، اما كتابه ( المواعظ والاعتبار بذكر الخطط والاثار المعروف بالخطط المقريزية ) فقد خصص منه جزءا كبيرا لتاريخ مصر الفاطمية ، وقد استفدنا منه كثيرا في جميع فصول الاطروحة ، وكذلك من الكتب : كتاب ( النجوم الزاهرة في ملوك مصر والقاهرة ) لجمال الدين ابن تغري بردي ( ت 874ه/ 1469م ) الذي زودنا بالمعلومات الوفيرة التي استفدنا منها كثيرا في جميع فصول الدراسة ايضا . ثانيا : كتب الفرق .. زودتنا كتب الفرق الاسلامية بمعلومات قيمة عن قيام الدعوة الاسماعيلية والفاطمية وطبيعة العلاقة بينهما وعلى الرغم من الاختلاف في صحة تلك المعلومات ومدى مصداقيتها ، فانها لا تخلو من الفائدة في بيان اي حال من الاحوال ، ومن اهم تلك الكتب : كتاب ( فرق الشيعة ) لابي محمد الحسن بن موسى النوبختي ( ت 310 ه / 922 م ) ، وكتاب (المقالات والفرق) لابي خلف سعد بن عبد الله الاشعري القمي ( ت300هـ/912م ) ، وكتاب ( مقالات الاسلاميين واختلاف المصلين ) لابي الحسن علي بن اسماعيل الاشعري ( ت 330ه/941 م ) , وكتاب ( الفرق بين الفرق ) لعبد القاهر بن طاهر البغدادي ( ت 429ه/1037م ) ، كتاب ( الملل والنحل ) لابي الفتح محمد بن عبد الكريم الشهرستاني ( ت 548ه/1153م ) .ثالثا : كتب التراجم .. يعد هذا الصنف من المصادر المهمة التي كان لها اهمية خاصة ومميزة في جميع الرسائل الجامعية ، فلا يمكن الاستغناء عنها في معظم فصول دراستنا ولعل من اهمها : كتاب ( طبقات علماء افريقية ) لابي عبد الله محمد بن عبد السلام الخشني ( ت 286ه/899 م ) ، وكذلك كتاب ( رياض النفوس في طبقات علماء القيروان وافريقية وزهادهم ونساكهم وسير من اخبارهم وفضائلهم واوصافهم ) لابي بكر عبد الله بن محمد المالكي ( ت 438ه/1046م ) ، وكتاب ( وفيات الاعيان وانباء ابناء الزمان ) لابي بكر احمد بن محمد بن خلكان ( ت681ه/1282م ) ، وكتاب ( معالم الايمان في معرفة اهل القيروان ) لابي زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد الدباغ ( ت 696ه/1296م ) ، وكتاب (سير اعلام النبلاء ) لشمس الدين محمد بن احمد بن عثمان الذهبي ( ت 748ه/1358م ) ، وكتاب ( الوافي بالوفيات ) لصلاح الدين خليل بن ايبك الصفدي ( ت764ه/1362م ) .رابعا : الكتب الادبية .. هذا الصنف يعد من المصادر المساعدة التي لا غنى عنها في بعض الامور ، بسبب ما يرد فيها من معلومات تاريخية واجتماعية واقتصادية مهمة قد اغفلتها المصادر الاخرى ، ومنها كتاب ( النكت العصرية في اخبار الوزراء المصرية ) لنجم الدين عمارة بن ابي الحسن علي اليمني ( ت 569ه/1173م ) ، وكتاب ( معجم الادباء ) لابي عبد الله شهاب الدين ياقوت الحموي ( ت626ه/1228م ) ، وكتاب ( انباه الرواة في انباه النحاة ) لجمال الدين ابي الحسن علي بن يوسف القفطي ( ت 624ه /1226م ) ، كتاب (عيون الانباء في طبقات الاطباء) لموفق الدين احمد بن القاسم ابن ابي اصيبعة ( ت 668ه/1269م ) ، وكتاب ( حسن المحاضرة في اخبار مصر والقاهرة ) لجلال الدين عبد الرحمن السيوطي ( ت911ه/1505م ) . خامسا : الكتب الجغرافية .. ومن الكتب الجغرافية التي زودتنا بمعلومات وافية عن معظم المناطق والبلدان التي وردت في طيات الدراسة ، كتاب (صورة الارض) لابي القاسم محمد بن علي النصيبي ( ت 367ه/977 م ) ، وكتاب ( احسن التقاسيم في معرفة الاقاليم ) لابي عبد الله بن احمد البشاري المقدسي ( ت 375ه/985م ) ، وكتاب ( سفر نامة ) لابي معين ناصر خسرو علوي ( ت 476ه/1083 م ) ، وكتاب ( نزهة المشتاق في اختراق الافاق ) لمحمد بن عبد العزيز الادريسي( ت 560ه/1164م ) ، وكتاب ( معجم البلدان ) لابي عبد الله شهاب الدين ياقوت الحموي ( ت626ه/1228م ) ، وكتاب ( الروض المعطار في خبر الاقطار ) لمحمد بن عبد المنعم الحميري ( ت 900ه / 1494م ) .سادسا : المراجع الحديثة ..ولم يكن بامكان الباحث الاستغناء عن المراجع الحديثة التي كتبت عن الدعوة الاسماعيلية او تاريخ الخلافة الفاطمية سواء على المستوى الثقافي او السياسي ، ولعل من اهمها : كتاب ( في ادب مصر الفاطمية ) للدكتور محمد كامل حسين الذي قدم لنا معلومات قيمة عن تاريخ الحركة العلمية والادبية في مصر الفاطمية لم نجدها في المصادر الاخرى وذلك لكونه من اوائل المهتمين بالدراسات الفاطمية ، وحقق عددا من مخطوطاتها ، فضلا عن احتفاظه بعدد منها في مكتبته الشخصية ، ومن المراجع المهمة الاخرى كتب المؤرخ الاسماعيلي الدكتور عارف تامر الذي سعى من خلالها الى الكشف عن بعض اسرار الدعوة الاسماعيلية والفاطمية وحياة الخلفاء الفاطميين ، وابرزها كتاب ( تاريخ الاسماعيلية ) وكذلك سلسلة الكتب عن حياة الخلفاء الفاطميين، وكذلك كتاب الباحث الاسماعيلي الدكتور مصطفى غالب ( تاريخ الدعوة الاسماعيلية ) حيث انماز بمعلومات مفصلة عن الدعوة الاسماعيلية استخرجها من مصادر اسماعيلية سرية وعلنية مطبوعة وخطية متوافرة لديه ، وكذلك فقد استفاد الباحث كثيرا من كتب الدكتور حسن ابراهيم حسن وخاصة كتاب ( تاريخ الدولة الفاطمية في المغرب ومصر وسورية وبلاد العرب ) الذي قدم معلومات كثيرة عن حركة الدعاة في العالم الاسلامي واثرهم العلمي والسياسي ، وغيرها الكثير من المراجع التي افادة البحث .و في الختام اقول اني لا ادعي الكمال لان الكمال لله تعالى وحده وحسبي انني بذلت ما استطعت من الجهد والبحث ، فان اصبت فلي حسنة وان لم اصب فلي اجر العامل ومن الله التوفيق ، واخر دعوانا ان الحمد لله ربّ العالمين والصلاة والسلام على النبي الامجد المبعوث رحمة للعالمين وعلى اله الطيبين الطاهرين | The study of the history of the Fatimid state is one of the important studies, given the precise detail and analysis of all the political and military events and the scientific and cultural achievements that the country has experienced or experienced in terms of time and place. The researcher finds himself puzzled in writing about some Islamic countries because the historical sources do not relate to a series of events that are at the core of their periods of life sometimes, or a group of exaggerations sometimes, need to look in the stomachs of books and parts of novels, in order to reach even relative to the truth Which is sought and sought by most scholars in subjects that are controversial and different. Therefore, our study of the subject of the Fatimid state is one of those topics that have been controversial for a long time. They started with their relation to Ali and Fatimah (peace be upon them) and ended with the principles of their ideology and ideas. This is because of their different (Shiite) doctrine with the Abbasid (Sunni) - Historians, jurists and parish - as the official sponsor of the rights of the Sunnis and the community, and as a result of this difference the writings took other grants in the recording of events related to the Fatimid caliphate in various fields, especially those that relate to relations Fatimid - Abbasid, and accurately religious and sectarian relations between The two Caliphates - that is to say. Thus, our study of the subject requires the division of the study into a preface, four chapters and a conclusion. The introduction included a brief definition of the beginnings of the Ismaili movement, the relations of the Ismaili imams and some of its preachers in the Abbasid state, and the most important areas where Ismaili thought and imams spread or settled in the period preceding the declaration of their succession in the Maghreb Islami. The preamble also included a presentation and discussion of the most important opinions that were mentioned about the proportions of the Ismaili Imams, whether those opinions were pro - poor or false. The preface also included an introduction to the beginning of Shiism in the Maghreb and the important role played by The Shiite preachers in the formation of the popular base, which was invested well by the Ismaili dynasty of Abu Abdullah Shiite to become the nucleus of the establishment of the Fatimid caliphate, which ruled many areas of the Islamic world at the time. The first chapter entitled "The Spread of the Isma'ili Doctrine in the Islamic World and Its Impact on the Dissemination of the Islamic Unity" included several paragraphs : the nature of the Ismaili da'wa, the stages of the Ismaili da'wa, the ranks of the Ismaili preachers . The second chapter, entitled "The Social Impact of the Fatimid State", contains an introduction to social tolerance in the Holy Quran, the Noble Sunnah and the biography of the Imams from the people of the House (they have the best prayer and the completion of the delivery). Then we talked about the methods followed by the Fatimid caliphate to achieve social unity, The methods used with the Ahl al - Sunnah and al - Jama'ah, as well as the methods used with the people of Dhimah, as well as the methods used with the other Shiite communities, especially the Imamiyah (the Twentieth), and the Druze that emerged during the succession of the ruler by the Fatimid order (386 - 411 AH / 996 - 1020 AD) Free Al - Musta'li, the Fatimid God (487 - 495 AH / 1094 - 1101 AD) . The third chapter, entitled "The Economic Impact of the Fatimid State", included several paragraphs : I began with a brief introduction to the importance of money in the permanence of human life. Then we talked about minting and weighing its weights and its impact on the economic life of the state and people. The establishment of commercial and economic centers, especially the Royal Store and its impact on the spread of unity and stability, and touched on the issue of great interest by the Fatimid caliphs in the Kaaba and the honorable Links and expenditures sent to the two Holy Mosques, and consequently the consolidation of Islamic unity, and finally included the means used to promote the various economic activities in the Islamic countries. The fourth chapter, entitled "The Intellectual Impact of the Fatimid State", included three paragraphs preceded by an introduction to the importance of science and the need for attention in the collection and care of the Fatimid caliphs and urging them to learn and learn, and the effect of Mosques in spreading the Islamic unity, especially the Mosque of Amr Ibn Al - Aas, And then we referred to the impact of libraries in the dissemination of the Islamic unity and the interest of the Fatimid state and its successors by establishing libraries and bookcases, providing rare books and appointing competent scholars and scholars in its administration without discrimination. Following the scientific links and cultural exchange in the dissemination of the Islamic unity between Cairo and the countries of the Islamic world, especially the scientific links with Iraq, the center of the Abbasid rule and Andalusia, the center of the Umayyad rule, which had the best luck in research and investigation in addition to other areas such as Persia, the Levant, Sicily, . The fifth chapter, entitled "The Jihadist Impact of the Fatimid State", included an introduction to the importance of jihad in Islamic thought, as well as the jihad in Sicily and southern Italy, and the spread of Islam. We spoke about the assistance and support provided by the Fatimids to the island of Aquitaine, The Fatimid in the face of the Crusader invasion of the Levant and the unity alliances that were held with the Seljuks of Syria and especially the princes of Damascus and the impact on the Islamic Jihad.In conclusion, it included the most important findings in all the chapters of the study and its paragraphs which show the unified effects of the Fatimid caliphate. The nature of the study necessitated relying on a large number of diverse historical, geographical, literary and religious sources, which enriched the subject in a large and clear manner

الذهب واثره في الحياة الاقتصادية في الدولة العربية الاسلامية حتى عام 742 ه/ 681 م : دراسة تاريخية == Gold and its impact on the economic life in the Islamic Arab state until the year(742AH - 168AD)

Author name: عباس فضل حسين المسعودي
Supervisor name: سلمى عبد الحميد حسين الهاشمي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: With the help of God and with the success of it, we came to the conclusion of the research, after a difficult journey through the sources searching for any novel or phrase or word about gold as a metal and criticism and ornaments and jewels, trying as much as possible to come out with the outcome of acceptability of analysis and criticism of everything contained in the folds of research, without bias or prejudice, bearing in mind that our work within the academic standards known.The study came out with a number of results that can be summarized as follows : The gold and still have an unprecedented attention in the human heritage from time immemorial, to the extent of multiple names and varied names of qualities, which demonstrates the great impact that he left in the land, and the seriousness of its role in the life of humanity in the religious, social, political and economic, and the names of gold and attributes that exceeded (Sixty) a name that gives a clear indication of the extent of penetration of this metal in the cultural heritage Arab Islamic, and those names are launched on each case of gold or type of type or phenomenon is the gold, whether inside the mines or during extraction and then purified, Diversity of uses The gold was present in the verses of Paradise and the Supreme Paradise, which gives an indication of his loftiness and his high status among the metals to a degree that is capable of the parts of the faithful, Moreover, the verses of the Holy Quran were strongly addressed to address the dazzle of the people with this metal, to warn of its treasure and to disrupt its economic role, and considered it to adorn people's love in the life of the world, as gold was a demand that impeded his request to those who support and reject the prophecy and the messages of heaven. That prophecy The Prophet (peace be upon him) pointed to the danger of gold, and codified the fields of its uses on the scale of adornment, and urged people to spend it for the sake of God. The areas of prohibition, prevention, forbidding, and openness to some in the use of gold According to what is stated in the modern tone, which contributes to reducing the obsession of people with this precious metal, and the treatments of books of Islamic jurisprudence in its five fields, the areas of gold and the scope of its use, taking into account the development of the Islamic rule of the Koran and Sunnah with regard to gold, Most agree on most As well as in some of the licenses and exceptions that these scholars dispute, as stated in the fatwa of the thesis. The Muslim scholars have tried to search for the theory of gold formation and its branches in the depths of the earth, trying to be accurate in this field through experimentation and inspection. : I think that the origin of the composition of gold back to the gases (Gas) trapped in the depths of the earth, which is exposed to high temperature and turn to gold, and the second opinion, I think that gold consists of the combination of the four elements (air, water, fire and soil) in the depths of the earth by high temperature , Pressure to a certain degree, There are those who say that the origin of gold came from the melting of mercury and sulfur in the ground under a certain temperature, and specialized gold has distinct properties made it distinguished from the rest of the minerals, he was described as strong casting and bear long ways, as well as the cleanliness of the metal and its coolness and its ability to form with multiple fluids and can re - And made it again without losing its weight or properties, as the burial of gold increases its strength and breadth, which increases in price, all these qualities made him an important metal in the industry of gold cash as well as medical uses, and diversified methods of gold mining and its location according to the type of soil that There is gold, and its proximity or beyond The land may be a simple plain where gold is extracted quickly and without hardship, and gold may be conspicuous. The land may be solid and rocky, and it needs hard work and hard work to break down these rocks and refine them and purify them for the sake of gold. Two ways to collect the first gold by cutting or combining in the form of granules or gold smooth atoms are usually near the rivers, and a second method depends on drilling in the depths of the earth and may reach long distances and exposed within the Earth, which carries the human risks associated with landslides accompanying the drilling, Workers, which increases to K. The production of gold, as well as the collapse of the mine may cause unexpected losses for workers, requiring them to re - work again and thus delay production for long periods, and were distributed gold mines across the continents of the ancient world at the time between Asia and Africa and( )Europe, and limited the production of gold bumper between the Peninsula Africa and sub - Saharan Africa have the lion's share of gold quality and ease of extraction, making it an important passage for trade through different historical ages.Since gold has the property of non - annihilation in the land, and enters into various areas of life, the methods of obtaining it varied, among the spoils of war that emerged in the era of Islamic conquests in Iraq and Syria, Egypt and Africa, as well as some cities of the East, and between treaties peace, And the thefts were a way to win this precious metal, not to mention the legacies and legacies left by some of the rich, which exceeded the reasonable gold, and were the treasures and treasures an important door of access to gold.Although the study reviewed the presence of gold in the era of the power of the Arab Islamic state, did not signal the major economic crises caused by the lack of this metal in the coffers of the state or in the markets, but we have seen some of the phenomena of shortages, which occurred for political reasons related to the occurrence of conflicts and disturbances in the presence of gold, As well as the political changes that made the impede the smooth flow of gold from us

الصراع السياسي في الصين 1966 - 1976 (الثورة الثقافية) == Political conflict in China, 1966 - 1976 (Cultural Revolution

Author name: حسين عبد الكاظم عودة الحسيناوي
Supervisor name: فرقد عباس قاسم المياحي
General topic: History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study focused on the Cultural Revolution in the Republic of China 1966 to1976. Primary aim of this revolution was to take possession of the state authority by power, to get hold of things and to crush the resistance of old elites in the Party after Mao and his followers realized that the totalitarian regime and conflict over the authority is endless in the central committee of the communist Party in China. Broadly, this cultural revolution embodied a series of general and political crises that republic of China tolerated during the 20th century. Mao and his group focusing on the central function of this revolution which was to prevent China from turning into being Capitalistic and to adopt Mao's ideas Besides, this revolution aims at flourishing the ideological awareness so that people can free themselves through class struggle. Mao believed that manipulating the political, ideological and public and public processes of the revolution, Mao's proponents could accomplish their revolutionary goals and also make their economic and social improvement. But this resulted in heightening the political turmoil accompanied by sustained ideological struggles, swept through the whole state. Mao thought Leo Shao Shi and his fellow, Ding Shiow Beeing were adopting capitalism in their support of some groups and instigation against the cultural revolution which, accordingly, resulted in a distortion of their interior affair in the face of the Party and the people of China. This struggle was known as "conflict between two link". Although this type of struggle was not over between the president and Mao at the beginning, the latter was able to exert his sovereignty as a leader to the communist party in China, for he believes the Chinese communist party was the dominant power that had ruled for a long time during bureaucratic leadership that made it lose its communist values and revolutionary spirit. In response, communist China witnessed some accusations and criticism oriented towards the great political and military. Majors, even different categories of people as well as conflict movements. In addition, China witnessed the formation of a number of organizations and armed groups coincided these divisions and the armed conflicts, even within one organization or one group. The conclusion shows that throughout this study one can comprehend the final version of the cultural revolution in that it was a huge risk to Chinese policy since it was exploited by Mao who succeeded in eliminating the communist party on the inside and dismantling it. Mao and the group of the central revolution took the advantage of the unsettled situation in China in order to distort the reputation of those who work for the president, Leo, Which is part of their political attempt to disrepute the party leaders and their system. Further, Mao was able, via this revolution, practiced communist totalitarian and to spread hatred throughout the state. At the same time, he succeeded in accomplishing his primary aim which is to control the authority under the rule of his power. Though he progressively attempted to turn China into being socialist and communist based upon Marxism, these attempts reached a resounding failure

العلاقات السياسية الالمانية - اليابانية 1933 - 1941 == German - Japanese political relations 1933 - 1941

Author name: حسام طعمة ناصر
Supervisor name: حميد احمد حمدان التميمي
General topic: History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: After the First World War (1914 - 1918), the history of the international relations has witnessed many conflicts, some of them were born from the womb of the mitigations that were founded by the victorious countries. And the return of Germany and Japan to the cycle of the conflict, during the thirties of 20th century was one of the results of those mitigations, after they both have suffered from the oppression of the Allies Forces. The yield of Japanese policy to the army influence early thirties decade of the 20th century, and seizing the rule by Nazi in Germany in 1933, was an announcement to start a huge transition in the international relations.In the light of those conditions, the research of Germany - Japan political relations has acquired unique position for history study of the international relationships between the two World Wars. This thesis specifically addresses (1933 - 1941) era, during which, particularity in 1933, the Nazi headed by Adolf Hitler took power, with all the changes that took place in both the internal and external policy of Germany and the giant transition towered Japan. The study is concluded in 1941, where Japan officially involved in the second World War beside Germany, specifically during the bombardment of American Pearl Harbor in December of that year.The methodology of the thesis addresses both events chronologically, and at the same time maintains subject cohesion. The thesis includes a preface and four chapters, beside this introduction, conclusion, and bibliography. The preface is dedicated to research the history of the Germanys - Japanese relations advancement, up to 1933. It focused on Germany’s role in building the modern Japan, and the colonial competition between the two countries in the Middle East area. The research consists of two themes, the first has discusses the ideological elements and the political circumstances that effected the rapprochement, while the second theme discusses Germany - Japan political relations during the 1935 - 1936 period and the ratification of the anti - communism agreement on October 1936.The second chapter studies the impacts of Japan’s expansion in China on Germany - Japan relationships from 1937 to 1938. This chapter includes three themes : the first one discusses the Germany’s policyGerman - Japan political relations 1933 - 1941 toward the Far East prior to July - 1937 China - Japan war. While the second theme follows up the Germany’s attitude toward Japan - China war, and the third theme explores the internal and external factors that forced Germany to stand beside Japan, sacrificing its economic interests in China.The third Chapter is divided into three themes; the first one studies the attempts of the Japanese army to consolidate the military alliance with Germany. While the second theme discusses the impact of Germany - Soviets nonaggression treaty on the tripartite alliance negotiations. The third theme highlights the Japan’s attitude toward the Second World War in the period from September 1939 until July 1940.The fourth chapter in its three themes unveils the political relations of the two countries in light of the tripartite alliance in 1940 - 1941. The first theme focusses on the agreement discussion of the Germany - Italy - Japan tripartite alliance. While the second theme discusses the Japan - Soviet neutrality agreement in April 1941, and the Japan attitude toward the attack of its own ally, Germany, on the Soviets territories. The third theme focuses on Germany’s attitude toward America - Japan negotiations, and the Japanese attack on the American Pearl Harbor on 7th December 1941, Japan’s evolvement in the war beside its allies the Axis against the United States and Brittan.The thesis is counted on a group of sources and references; the most significant ones are collections of German, Britain and American documentations, in addition to a number of foreign specialized books, researches, and academic studies concerning Japan and Germany.The thesis concludes that the Germany - Japan relationships were not fully harmonious, they were rather characterized by hesitancy, perhaps due to the domination sole interests of each country over the common goals of the alliance.

شراء الذمم والولاءات في العصر الاموي 41 - 132هـ/661 - 749م == Buy accounts receivable and loyalties in the Umayyad era (41 - 132H/661 - 749A

Author name: تحرير محمد جعدان العزاوي
Supervisor name: علي صالح رسن المحمداوي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

موقف الاردن من اتفاقية كامب ديفيد واثره على العلاقات مع الولايات المتحدة الامريكية 1977 - 1979

Author name: اسعد كاظم جابر الغزي
Supervisor name: اميرة رشك لعيبي الزبيدي
General topic: History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The reason for choosing the subject was to know the Jordanian position regarding the Camp David Accords and its impact on US relations with Jordan from 1977 until 1979, which marks a turning point in Arab - American relations in general and Jordanian - American in particular. US Presidency .The importance of the study comes from the specificity of the stage covered by the conflict, which witnessed the intensification of the Arab - Israeli conflict and the entry of the parties into crises and wars. The Arab parties and the Jordanian side resorted in particular to seek the support of the United States, which strongly entered the Arab region to resolve disputes and to settle the settlement Both American and Israeli, because of the strategic relationship between the United States and Israel, which is the cornerstone of American foreign policy in the region .The Camp David Accords were an important turning point in history in the history of the Arab - Israeli conflict. The agreement, which was accompanied by protracted negotiations for nearly a year and a half, paved the way for the signing of a formal peace treaty on March 26, 1979 between Egypt and Israel. This led to close ties with the United States and a profound change in the strategic map of the Middle East .The Camp David Agreement is one of the issues affecting the two countries because of the Jordanian interests' ties with the United States of America through the active role of Jordan in the Arab region and its international relations with the major countries. Especially with the United States .The interest of the United States and its support for Jordan stemmed from the general interest of the United States in the Middle East. The Middle East was an advanced front for the West in a possible confrontation with the Eastern bloc. It contained vast reserves of raw materials needed by the West, most importantly oil, and at the same time a market for Western products Thus, the American perception centered on the statement that the one who controls the Arabian Peninsula and the Middle East controls the European continent. Therefore, the key to interpreting the US policy in Jordan was the result of his opposition to the Soviet threat and the associated elements Because of its geographical location and because of its interest in peace in the region. Jordan is a small country with few major economic resources, which has made it rely heavily on US foreign aid to compensate for the scarcity of resources and its need for economic and social programs to support growth. Great Population .ABSTRACTBThe United States has considered Jordan as the qualified party to take positions in support of US peace initiatives, but rather to call for a key role in the peace process .The United States views Jordan as a major party in its political vision of the nature and dimensions of the conflict, seeking to ensure its security and stability, which is thus reflected in ensuring Israel's security. In contrast, Jordan has taken advantage of the US interest in highlighting its regional role towards peace .The first chapter was entitled "Negotiations for the Settlement of the Arab - Israeli Conflict and its Impact on US - Jordanian Relations 1973 - 1977". The first topic focused on the October 1973 war and the Jordanian - American contacts. The American attempts to settle the conflict and the Jordanian position, 1973 - 1974, are also discussed in the third article; following the decisions of the Arab summit on the Jordanian position on the peace talks 1974 - 1976 .While the second chapter dealt with the direction of the administration of US President Jimmy Carter to settle the Arab - Israeli conflict and the Jordanian position in 1977. In the first part, he focused on the Jordanian position on American mediation until October 1977, and in the second part, the Jordanian position on the joint Soviet - American statement and Sadat's visit to Jerusalem .The third chapter explains the role of the United States in the Camp David talks, the signing of the 1978 - 1979 Egyptian - Israeli peace treaty, the recognition of mutual visits prior to the agreement, the details of the Leeds Castle Conference in July 1978, the transition to the White House announcement to call the Camp David Conference, The Camp David Summit, during its thirteen days, monitored and analyzed the proposed projects, which were presented to the agenda of the negotiations, and what was reached at the end of the conference, embodied in the Camp David Agreement and the Egyptian - Israeli Treaty. And the Egyptian - Israeli negotiations until September 1978. The second topic was the US hosting the Camp David conference and its role in the Egyptian - Israeli peace treaty 1978 - 1979 .The fourth chapter was entitled : The Jordanian Position on the Camp David Accords and the Egyptian - Israeli Treaty and its Impact on American - Jordanian Relations. The first topic dealt with the Jordanian reservations to the Camp David Accords and the American position on them. David at the Ninth Arab Summit in Baghdad, and the latter dealt with the impac

المسارات الوسطية في فكر الامام علي (عليه السلام) : دراسة في نهج البلاغة == The Moderation Trends in Imam Ali's Intellect : A Study in Nahjul - Balagha

Author name: اروى عبد الواحد رحيم
Supervisor name: حميد سراج جابر الاسدي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In the middle of the challenges that the Islamic nation passes through during the modern times which affected the presence of the communities and their future, moderation appeared as an important approach to build a sound society. The intellectual visions of the Prince of Believers (peace be upon him) described moderation as a vital cure. This thesis entitled (The Moderation Trends in Imam Ali's Intellect : A Study in Nahjul - Balagha) is divided into three chapters preceded by an introduction and followed by conclusions. The prelude is entitled (The Concept of Moderation and Its Intellectual Implications), it defines moderation and shows its linguistic and terminological significances. It also shows intellectual accommodation of the concept of moderation and then studies the developing expression of moderation from Islamic perspective which basically depends on the Holy Qura'n and prophetic sunnah and its application by the Imams of Ahlu - el - Bayyt (peace be upon them).Chapter one is devoted to the study of (The Perfection Paths in Belief and Intellect). Including the status of integration, whether in ideological thought and knowledge or legislation or educational rules that the Imam shows in the worship paths in order to move to the path of integration and perfection through moderation. Section two studies the importance of moderation in the belief in the position of Imamship and its dimensions of loyalty.Chapter two which is entitled (Organizational Paths and Strategic Orientation) is divided into three sections. Section one studies the organizational path of the social framework and its sort of philosophy. Section two deals with the economic path. While section three deals with the organization of the military framework and its relationship with the leadership. Chapter three displays (The Educational Paths and Their Inclusive Nature). Imam Ali (peace be upon him) put some protective regulations, this is studied in section one. In section two, the guiding rules, as they were proposed by Imam Ali (peace be upon him), are displayed. In section three, the philosophical purpose, which emphasizes the concept of comprehensive education, is studied. The thesis ends with the most important results that the study concluded. The study consulted many resources that enriched it with the sufficient and beneficial information it its different aspects. The

التجيبون في الاندلس ودورهم السياسي والفكري في الفتح حتى منتصف القرن السادس الهجري

Author name: فؤاد حسين علي التميمي
Supervisor name: مجيد ماجد محمد الزامل
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The pages of the thesis introduce some of the Andalus historical facets for Tojibis represent a part of this is history. This study endeavours to show the position of Tojibis in Andalus and motivate the scolars to study the Arab families and charactors in Andalus because any new study will introduce new information and facts to the Andalus library.Tojibis had a political and scintific role in Andalus since the Arab conquest till the middle of Hijri sixth century.This is a cause that made the scholas study this subject and trace this contribution of the Tojibis to this period.And because this period witnessed a political activity from Tojibis which ended in Almeria in 484 A.H/1091 A.D.The Tojibis scintific role lasted till the middle of the Hijri sixth century. The period that followed the death of some scientists like Mohammad bin Ahmed known as ibn AlHaj died in 529 A.H. / 1134 A.D., Ibn Baja - Mohammad bin Yahya died in 533 A.H/ 1138 A.D., Ahmed bin Abdul Rehman bin Eissa died in 563 A.H/ 1167 A.D doesn't witnessed emergence of scientist of that kind.There is no an independent study about Tojibis in Andalus except some references in M.A. thesis named "Al thaghr Al Aa'la Al Andalusi" "The upper frontier of Andalus. A study of political states from 95 - 316 A.H/ 714 - 928 A.D" written by Ibrahim Al samarai and some references as well about their settlement in Andalus in "Islamic Arab conquest and settlement in Andalus and north Africa"; A book written by Dr. Abdulwahid Thanoon Taha. There is a written by Dr. Mariam Qassim Taweel "The Kingdoom of Almeria of the era of Al mu'tasim bin Sumadih 443 - 484 A.H/ 1051 - 1091 A.D.".What is remarkable that the researcher made arrangements of the biographies according to their alphabet order when he studies the contribution of the Tojibis to the scientific process.This study in volves four chapters in addition to a production : Chapter one is divided in to three parts. The first part studies the origin of Tojibis and their contribution to conquest of Andalus then I studied the Tojibian Salamas in Huesca.The third part in volves the political role of Tojibis in the upper frontier through the principality 138 - 316 A.H/ 755 - 928 A.D., the caliphate era (316 - 422 A.H/ 928 - 1030 A.D) and what is called "the states of sacts" era 422 - 484 A.H/ 1041/1091 A.D.Chapter two is dedicated for religious studies which has something to do with Holy Quran. These studies involves reading and interpretation sciences. Then I took the Holy Hadith of Prophet Mohammad, of "AlRai" who have their own opinion to under stand and explain the Holy Quran and Hadith, matter of religious instructions, science of documents and finally some other Tajibis biographies.Chapter three is indicated for Arabic language studies including grammar and literature. Literature in volves poetry and prose. Prose, as well, includes oration letters and then I mentioned the Tojibis who had their own role in prose field and finally eloquency come.Chapter four includes rationalism and experimentalism that involve philosophy, medicine, engineering, history biographies and music. This study admitted a group of modern Arabic resources and others trduslated from another languages Arabic. Searches, assays, letters these and other foreign resources are available in this chapter as well.In conclusion : I reach some conclusions the most important of them one : Tojib tribe is one of Arab tribes that contributed to the Andalus conquest.Mousa bin Nossair's compaign implied so many leaders and officers of this tribe. Tojib tribe settled in the northern east of Andalus particulary in Saragossa, Droca, Huesca, Calatayoub and Almeria as well. Two families of this tribe emerged on the political stage. The first family of Abdul Rehman Al Tojibi appeared at the upper frontier. The second one is the family of sumadih in Almeria. The Tojibis role is not reduced to the political side but extended to scientific and religious life as well. Al Baji was one of the famous scholars among Tojibis in Andalus. Religious men such as Abu lzhaq Al albiri interested in poetry and philosophy as well. Al zarqali and other scientists that contributed to the scientific movement in Andalus

الامام الحسين (عليه السلام) في كتاب الطبقات الكبير لمحمد بن سعد ت230ه == Imam Hussein in Great classes book of Muhammad bn Saad(230 H.D)

Author name: سالم لذيذ والي الغزي
Supervisor name: شكري ناصر عبد الحسن المياحي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Praise be to Allah, Lord of the worlds and peace and blessings be upon our master Muhammad and his good and pure family. Of the well - known that Imam Hussein had played a major and pivotal role in the events of Islamic history. This role has had a great and wide impact all over the globe to this day . Many historians took up his revolution and his biography according to their method and intention , some of them , used the summary, others used details . Among them was Mohammed bin Saad al - Basri ( 230 H.D \ 844 A.D) , the fact that this author was known in leadership in writing history of the first and second centuries A H . moreover, his book " great classes book of Ibn Saad " is one of the first books that classified in the strata of the companionsand those who came after them until his time. Although the book has been printed several times since 1904 AD, but all these editions have been removed from the translation of Imam Hussein , and the information of the book did not appear to the scholars, researchers and readers only after one hundred year after its printing. So scholar thought it had not translated about Imam Hussein.The study included a preface, five chapters and conclusion . The boot came to show the author and his writing in general , his book and the general classes in particular , which include the resources and methodology of Imam Hussein. The first chapter included three topics dealing with social dimensions, worship and politics , which focused on his birth, name , sons and his wives. The second chapter included Imam Hussein's preface to the event through his dealings with the Amawyeen authorities and his supports and Shiites and the transmission of books and messengers and how to deal with the obstacles that faced his revolution.B As well as his way of responding to those who were advised by those who differed the ways of thinking, which most mentioned Ibn Saad . that Imam Hussein used several methods to respond to them. The third chapter the writer focus on the armed options in the revolution and how he faced enemies , which included his arrival in Karbala and his killing and martyrdom with his all family. The fourth chapter explained the implications of Husseiniya Revote on the Amawyeen and Islamic societies, and how this led to the destruction of the rule of Umayyads. The fifth chapter focused on the importance of Ibn Saad's novel in historical sources which indicated the importance of his novel to historians, who were in his time or who came from beyond. Including Ibn Asakir in his book " History of Damascus " and Sibtt bin Jawzi in his book " Reminding Characteristics " . the conclusion showed the most important results reached by the researcher.Adopted the study on two hundred and sixty major source and secondary references .In conclusion, this effort modest is an attempt to define the character sacrificed everything for the defense of religion and save the nation of injustice and slavery.

مرويات الكوفيين في السيرة النبوية حتى منتصف القرن الثالث الهجري == Novel Kufic The Prophet Biograph Mid - third century of Hijrah

Author name: هنادي مهدي كريم الياسري
Supervisor name: شاكر مجيد كاظم الحواني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Throughout our study of the prophetic life, and according to the Kufian study, we have come to a number of conclusions : 1 - Al Kufa is regarded as one of the first Islamic cities which was erected as well as Basra at the beginning of Islam as a natural process for the Muslim Arab to raise the banner of jihad and spread it for the sake of Allah. So Al Kufa took upon itself the responsibility of liberating the eastern lands of the Islamic caliphate.2 - Kufa included several intellectual radiant centers which attracted the scholars and the pioneers to its workshops and councils. The mosque is the most important one. For instance, the mosques in the city and Basra played a central cultural role in the early era of Islam. The importance of Kufa became greater when imam Ali (PBUH) settled down in it to make it the capital of the Islamic state in (36AH/ 656AD). He worked on developing the scientific movement and reciting the correct prophetic biography by delivering some of the eloquent speeches in the mosque of Kufa, and these speeches are all included in his book Nahj Al Balagha (The Approach of Rhetoric).3 - The study has come to a result that without the school of Ahl al - Bayt (the prophet’s close family) PBUT and their Shiites, Muslims have known nothing about the messenger of Allah as well as the Islamic sciences. Despite the persecutions which Muslims had suffered throughout history, they were able to provide a clear vision of the character of prophet Muhammad in the Kufian community which is compatible with the image mentioned in the Quran. In fact, the Shiites of Kufa relied in their stories and information on the prophet’s close family, such as Imam Ali PBUH, the prophet’s cousin and the husband of his daughter, who had lived in Kufa. His affinity and familiarity with the prophet enabled him to be the best person to relay the teachings of the prophet, and it also made him a witness to all the contemporary events which he presented in detailed documented stories to the narrators of Shiites in Kufa.4 - The narrators of Kufa gave a great attention to the documented Hadith, and they were known to be the first to research the authenticity of the Hadith at a time the concepts about the criticism of Hadith and its documented source was not familiar or known to others. As a result, the public narrators who were known as impartial and fair relied on the stories and Hadiths of the Kufian narrators due to their accuracy and validity. Thus these documented Hadiths and stories were known as the most authentic and reliable sources.5 - The people of Kufa had a role in showing the utmost care in reciting the biography of the prophet through the honest and true stories which were reported by Imams, the prophet’s selected sons.6 - It has become clear through this study that despite the Kufian environment which was persecuted by the governmental authority, the stories of the Kufian narrators have been foundedand based on the texts of the Quran. The reason behind this creditibility is that the narrators studies at the school of Ahl al - Bayt, the prophet and his close family or because some of them were interpreters of the Quran the reason which made those narrators interpret the prophetic biography depending on their explanation of the Quran.7 - The narrators of Kufa were very accurate in reciting and their understanding of the special story about the prophetic biography. Although some of those narrators got influenced by previous narrators and this influence due to the allegiance to the governmental authorities at that time, most of those narrators endured the hardship of travel to the city to make sure of even one character in the story to ensure its accuracy and authenticity.8 - Some rulers tried to insert some Israeli fake stories into the Kufian story during the period of their rule, but they faced rejection by the narrators of Kufa which led to the dismissing of those rulers.9 - The Kufian records gather the topics of the prophet’s biography. Many written works appeared on various topics of the biography, and this refers to intellectual and cultural environment which they raised in it.10 - The study leads to certain findings which asserts to the possibility of writing the biography of the prophet depending on the Kufian story since it views the subject in detail and to the full

المرويات الشيعية في دراسة تاريخ العرب قبل الاسلام حتى نهاية القرن التاسع الهجري == Shiite Narratives in Studying the History of the Pre - Islamic Arabs Till the End of the Ninth Century AH

Author name: عـلاء حـسـن عـلـوان المحمداوي
Supervisor name: هشام جخيور ميري الربيعي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Arab History Before Islam
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The Shiites were interested early in the heritage of the Imams of the prophet Mohammed's House PBUH , and what was raised in the fields of human knowledge, their writings came to include multiple aspects of knowledge, and those aspects of attention to history in all stages, whether it preceded them or those who experienced it, so it became a huge heritage, but unfortunately the paths of the ruling power at that time were against this important scientific heritage and among which that included in the information of this heritage, is the history of the Arabs before Islam according to a vision reflected by the thought of the Imams of the prophet Mohammed's House, or those who adopted their blogging knowledge. This is why my study is entitled (Shiite Narratives in Studying the History of the Pre - Islamic Arabs Till the End of the Ninth Century AH) according to a knowledge - based proposition that do not often go along with what is mentioned by the other sources because of the different structural visions of the formulation of the historical narrative, in addition, it was not preceded by a study entitled this trend, to be the first pioneer of study the history of the Arabs before Islam through Shiite narratives till the end of the ninth century AH.In my study I tried to study the origins of things before Islam and their impact in the Arab society then, so that the movement can be understood before and after Islam. In my research, I rely on a relationship - related approach in the conclusion. Due to the study capacity and multiple joints, it was necessary to divide it into only five chapters and they are : The first chapter dealt with the study of the social aspect where two subjects were included the first dealt with moral values with a sacred foundation such as generosity, covenant, hospitality and neighborhood, and the second topic, we dealt with genealogy with ideological dimension such as Arab and Hashemite descent, Persian , Nabataean and other descents. In the second chapter, we devoted it to study the religious aspect , it included a prelude to the religious names of Arabs before Islam with three sections, the first topic dealt with religious beliefs Such as monotheism, Prophet hood, reanimation and resurrection. The second topic dealt with the practices of the Arabs before Islam such as prayer, fasting and others .The third topic dealt with religions and worship such as monotheism, Magician and Judaism, Christianity and its Sabean religion and idolatry worshiping Hubbal, Allat, Aluzza, Assaf and Naelah.Chapter three deals with the political aspect of the Arabs before Islam and has been divided into two sections , the first topic came under the title of influences in the political event such as the impact of the future news in the political event, and the impact of the geographical location of the political event. The second topic deals with the tribal leadership and prescriptions and the leader and the position of the Arabs to combine the two leaderships.Chapter four is devoted to study the economic aspect and it was divided into three sections , the first section dealt with agricultural activity, the second dealt with the commercial activity and the third section dealt with industrial activity. The fifth chapter was devoted to study the scientific aspect of pre - Islam Arabs and it was divided into two sections : the first one is entitled the title of science with the otherworldly dimension, such as poetry, magic and priests.The second section is entitled sciences with applied dimension such as medicine, veterinary medicine, singing, music and others

اثر السعاية والوشاية في الدولة الاسلامية حتى سنة 247هـ/861م == The Result of AL - Saiya and AL - Wishia in the State of Islam until 247A.H| 861A.D

Author name: حسام صبار سلمان الدعمي
Supervisor name: جاسم ياسيـن محمد الدرويش
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Slander is one of the ancient phenomena in human existence due to hatred and competition among people or for gaining praise and rewards. This study aims at exploring the effects and consequences of slander like killing, imprison, isolation, torturing, and the like. Such consequences are terrible since many well - known figures are exposed to slander.Some people use different types of slander to reach their goals. Some people use slander to displace others from their positions in order to get such positions for themselves, to get some rewards, or to become closer to some authorized people. Sometimes, slander is used to get rid of someone who really does some terrible mistakes, such as using his power to gain personal benefits. A kalifate may take an action against one of his Rulers if this Ruler does something wrong against people whom slander him to kalifate. In some other cases, slander may take the form of fabrication and exaggeration. This is, for example, due to convincing the kalifate of the danger of some people surrounding him. Slander has been widely considered in the era of Umayyad and Abbasside states since these two states have many opponents. Therefore, slander plays a very active role in strengthening their authorities. Consequently, slander is widely accepted at that time as a means that can reveal the intention of many opponents who are considered to be against the regime and the kalifate. It also helps to capture those who did certain bad deeds and disappear. The regimes of these two states have encouraged slander and grant rewards and money to those who slander and make them closer to them. This study consists of an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion, and a list of references. Chapter one deals with the concept of slander and its historical stages. The first chapter is divided into three sections. Section one deals with the definition of slander linguistically together with some vocabulary and terms related to slander. Section two deals with slander in religion (first testament, second testament, and Islam). Section three deals with slander in some nations before Islam such as Greeks, Romans, Persians, and Arabs. Chapter focuses on the effects of slander in the process of extermination. This chapter is divided into two sections. Section one deals with men of authority such as ministers and the like whom are exterminated as a result of being victim of slander. Section two deals with opponents exterminated as a result of being victim of slander. Chapter three tackles the prison punishment due to slander. This chapter is also divided into two sections. Section one deals with authoritative people being imprisoned due to slander. Section two deals with opponents being imprisoned due to slander. Chapter four deals with physical and spiritual effects of slander. This chapter is divided into three sections. Section one deals with isolation punishment that rulers, leaders, and judges have suffered from. Section two deals with torture punishment. Section three deals with exile and fines punishments together with escape and hiding effects due to slander. Historical events are chronologically arranged and studied.

حـزب عمال ارض اسرائيل (الماباي) 1930 - 1968 : دراسة تاريخية == Workers Party of the Land of Israel (Mapai) (1930 - 1968) A Historical Study

Author name: جاسم محمد شغيت الكـعبي
Supervisor name: ابراهيم فنجان صدام الامارة
General topic: History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Political parties are the catalyst upon which the political regime has reckoned in Israel. The presence of these parties is seen as important traits of the modern political systems. The aim of this study is to shed light on the topic of considerable importance regarding the Israeli internal affair through tracing the origin and development of the labor party, identifying its thinking techniques, and its role in the Israeli political and martial institutions in Palestine before the declaration of Israel state. This study also tries to come to terms with that party's political role in Israel. These areas of investigation have motivated the researcher to analyze this party under the title " The Israeli Labor Party (Mapai) 1930 - 1968) : A Historical Study". The scope of this research is restricted to inspecting the development of this party when originated in 1930 up to 1968 . The year of 1930 is the birth of this party up to its end in 1968 after its coalition with other Israeli labor parties resulting in forming the Labor Party (Mapai). The present work is divided into four chapters. The first one is devoted to explaining the Jewish affairs in Palestine before 1930 comprising three sections. The first section is about Jew's migration to Palestine and the conditions that encouraged them to migrate. The second one is concerned with the labor parties and their political and martial contribution in Palestine. The third section is devoted to Jewish religious parties in Palestine. Chapter two is entirely related to the structural and ideological aspects of Israeli labor party (Mapai) and its political and martial attitudes in Palestine from 1930 up to 1948. This chapter is divided into three sections. The first one is about Israeli labor party in relation to its frames, ideologies and contribution in the Israeli institutions, the second one is about this party's role in the political development in Palestine, and the third section is concerned with the martial activity of this party in Palestine. Chapter three addresses mainly Israeli's Mapai party and its political and martial role from 1948 up to 1957, comprising three sections. The first one is concerned with the Mapai party's role in the foundation of Israel state (1948 - 1949), the second one is about its role in the establishment of the state constitutions (1949 - 1955), and the third section explains the political and martial role of this party in the war of 1956 against Egypt. Chapter four mentions the political and martial development in Israel and the Mapai party role from 1957 up to 1968. This chapter includes three sections. The first one is about the political development in Israel and the Mapai party's contribution from 1957 to 1957, the second one states the martial development in Israel and the Mapai party's role in 1967, and the third one is concerned with Lafone case and its impact on the unity of the Mapai party in 1968. The conclusion summarizes the important results.

البشاشة في فكر ائمة اهل البيت (عليهم السلام) == Cheerfulness according to Ahl - Albeit (peace be upon them

Author name: ايـة بـدر مالك
Supervisor name: حميد سراج جابر الاسدي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present subject, which is entitled " Cheerfulness according to Ahl - Albeit (peace be upon them), studies the concept of cheerfulness, which is a mode of life or a valued system when communicating with others on the moral and materialistic levels. These are built on the direct frames pertained to humans' activities besides the psychological aspects and systematized convulsion that are linked to thinking which leads to a complete style exemplified by Ahi - Albeit as a deep central strategy. This has embraced and collected every prospect of life concerning happiness such as smile, rejoicing, cheerfulness, and congratulation besides others. This can be justified by Ahl - Albeit's thinking beyond tradition and hadith, putting it in its framed system to attain reconciliation with all its items. This is done as an attempt to make this thinking style excluded from the style of limitation, cornering and religious inveigling which lack structural activity and animation. These features were framed by Ahl - Albeit according to religious developmental rules. The research is divided into four chapters preceded by an introduction and closed with a conclusion. The first chapter is about the concept of cheerfulness and the related items. This chapter treated the subject from the linguistic point of view. Chapter two presents the aspects and signs of cheerfulness, which are varied and different, as well as its scope from the moral and materialistic perspectives. This chapter is also concerned with its conditions put forward by Ahl - Albeit. Chapter three discusses the resources of cheerfulness that spot the moral and materialistic aspects in a variety of social, scientific and ritualistic situations. Chapter four is about the facts and effects of cheerfulness that represent the results attained by the goals put by Ahl - Albeit (peace be upon them

رعاية الرقيق في فكر وسلوك ائمة اهل البيت == Slavery Care in the Thought and Behavior of Ahlulbayt Imams (Prophet's Family) (PBUT)

Author name: محمد احميد عبل الركابي
Supervisor name: نزار عبد المحسن جعفر الداغر
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The phenomenon of slavery is a social, economic, political and legal phenomenon of civilizations, nations and States that preceded the emergence of Islam for centuries. It is one of the episodes of human development and has produced impressive results for the history of mankind. The concept of slavery denotes ownership and slavery, and making a man a slave for another person as a reason for, which is different according to the laws of the nations and their laws. The meaning of slavery and its essence is the loss of a person's liberty and a man becomes a commodity owned by another person called the owner. So the slave is vulnerable to the act deprivation of life through killing or punishment and torture. Slavery may be lied in the husband and his family of the slave and disqualifies him from owning and disposing without a warrant from the owner.Islam represents a stage of human transition that humanity has never known before in dealing with slaves as human beings, not as a commodity with a spirit, and presents a problem that Islam has not prevented slavery. It will not be fought or abolished slavery at the beginning. , which is contrary to the general philosophy of Islam, which is based on freedom and equality. Islam is a religion reconciled between the beliefs and customs inherited at the beginning of its appearance and its laws, despite being temporary.Thus, the abolition of slavery as a normal economic situation in societies before the advent of Islam in dealing with the slavery system explained an intention of Islam to drain the sources of slavery and resources until the end of this system - with time - to cancel and without a social unrest.As for the care of Ahlulbeiyt Imams (PBUT) of the slave, it was a humanitarian message whose chapters are integrated with the essence of Islam and its principles in the glorious Quran and the purified Sunnah. As far as its integration is concerned, it is accurate and comprehensive covering all walks of life in society. After the death of the Prophet (PBUH) and the covenants that followed and the rule of sons of Abbas and Umyyad, even if this message was formed and presented in normal social, economic and political conditions and without difficulties and obstacles and without sacrificing lives and lost their humanitarian impact, it would become meaningless.Its principles, conditions, philosophy, and objectives were formulated under harsh and painful conditions, which were paid by the Imams of the Ahlulbayt Family and their followers, who were killed, displaced and persecuted. Yet the bitterness of these circumstances produced good and promising results. These results preserved the essence and existence of Islam and proved the merit and competence of the Imams of the Ahlulbayt (PBUT). This revealed eligibility and leadership of Ahlulbayt Imams (PBUT) in leading the nation including slaves, who represent the most vulnerable social, poor and humiliated groups. So the whole care paid by Ahlulbayt Imams (PBUT) to slaves has become a wonderful example of the humanitarian deal from which the International Conventions of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law derived the content of its texts and practices in the context of International relations and the world

النبي محمد (صلى الله عليه واله وسلم) في مؤلفات مونتجمري وات عن السيرة النبوية دراسة تحليلية مقارنة == The Prophet Mohammed (P.B.U.H.) In Montgomery Watt's Authoresses, about Prophetic Biography, a Comparative Analytic Study

Author name: ماهر جواد كاظم الشمري
Supervisor name: عادل اسماعيل خليل العبود
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The oriental studies have been extended to include all the aspects of the eastern heritage in general and specifically the Islamic heritage . In these studies , the interest in the prophet 's life has been increased in an exaggerated way . Some of these studies were fair and agree with common opinions in the Islamic sources and some are not depending on the different oriental schools and according to opinions and beliefs of the orientalists. However , they used to use the weakest narrations in their writings to harm the prophet's character which was the subject for the studies of Muslims and orientalists. One of the most known orientalists in the twentieth century was the British Professor Montegmry Watt who devoted his life to study Islamic religion and the history of the prophet . He wrote about the prophet in his books ( Mohammed in Mecca , Mohammed in Al - Madina and Mohammed the prophet and the man of the country " the politician " ) . In this dissertation , these books have been studied , analyzed and compared with the Islamic sources . The dissertation has been divided into a preface , five chapters and the conclusion which included the findings of the study . The chapters are different in the number of pages according to the demands and the importance of each chapter . The first chapter which is entitled ( orientalism in historical glance ) has tackled the linguistic and terminological meanings of Orientalism , the stages of the development of orientalism and the reasons and aims behind it . It also gives a summary of the most known British orientalists , and their roles . Then it presents the life of Montegmry Watt from birth to death passing through his academic and ideological education in the church , the positions which he took up , his works , his way of writing about the prophet and the resources which he depended on . The second chapter is entitled (the prophet Mohammed's (P. B. U. H) Life before the Mission) . This chapter is devoted to study the prophet's life in an a chronological order and the opinions which Watt has presented , we agree with some of these opinions and disagree with others . The chapter started with the prophet's name and his honorable kinship . It tackles his birth , childhood , his work in trade , his marriage and his happy life with his wife Khadeeja ( piece be upon her ) who helped him before the mission and supported him after the mission . Then the chapter shows the role of the prophet in public life in spite of being young , when he took part in Al - Fujaar war , his presence in Hilf Al - Fudhul , presenting the solution to solve the dispute between the Qurashi people about raising the black stone and taking part in building Al - Ka'ba , the house of God . The third chapter sheds light on (the prophet Mohammed's (P.B.U.H) Summons in Mecca ) . The mission passed through two stages ; the secret stage and the public stage that witnessed the defeat of paganism and polytheism . The chapter starts with the stage when the prophet began to meditate in isolation in a cave called Hira and the opinions about the reasons behind that isolation . It also discusses the dispute whether the prophet Mohammed was ignorant or could read and write like other prophets . It also deals with the proof of the prophet's prophecy represented by the inspiration which Watt's deny . It also deals with specific verses ( ayyat )called satanic verses which Watt supports . The chapter presents the most important events that happened in Mecca like the apposition of Qureysh to the prophecy , the Muslim's migration to Al - Hebesha which Watt thinks that it took place for economic reasons , then the siege of the Muslims in the reef of Abi Talib . The siege ended by a miracle which God told the prophet about so that the idolaters believe in his prophecy . Watt ignores that miracle . Then the prophet's going to Al - Taef was an attempt to spread out the Islam beyond Mecca . Finally , the chapter ends up with the prophet's success in making an agreement between Al - Aws and Al - Khazraj in Yathrib which became the city of the prophet . The fourth chapter is entitled (the prophet Mohammed's (P.B.U.H) Summons in AL - Madina with Militarism and Political Sides) .This chapter is devoted to the transformational stage in Al - Madinah that starts by the Migration to Yathrib which became Al - Madinah Al - Munawara after the prophet's arrival . It witnessed the building of the honorable prophetic Mosque which was a distinctive sigh for the appearance of the Islamic cities , followed by writing the document which was the constitutional law that regulates the life of people in Al - Madinah and determines the relationship between the Muslims and other people in Al - Madinah , the Muslims themselves with each other , and the relation between the prophet and the Jews ( Bani Qureytha , Bani Al - Nadhir and Bani Qeynuqaa ) .To spread out the Islam , the prophet contacted the Arabic tribes in the Arabian Peninsula . Watt claims that the prophet contacted the tribes only in the northern part of the Arabian Peninsula . The prophet has also sent messengers to kings to inform them about the new religion . When the Islam has become a great religious and political power in the Arabian Peninsula , delegations came to announce their Islam . This made Watt raise doubts about the prophet ad minimize his role . Then he draw the picture of the prophet as a raider and he mixed the Arabian raids with Al - Jihad in the Islam . The fifth chapter ( The Prophet Mohammed's (P.B.U.H) Summons in AL - Madina with Sociality and Legislative Sides ) is specified to the works of the prophet in Al - Madinah . It starts with the fraternity between the supporters and migrants to help the migrants and lessen their feelings of bitterness of being away from home . In regard to the prophet's marriages , Watt explained them in terms of only one impetus and that is the political impetus . He tried to describe the prophet as a politician who cares for nothing except fulfilling his political ambitions . In fact , Watt ignored all the other impetus for the prophet marriages like the social , religious and social impetus . As for the last period of the prophet's life , Watt ignored a lot of its aspects in spite of its importance . Moreover , he ignored a lot of the prophet's innate peculiarities ,and raised doubts about the Qur'an and its collection and regards it as the creation of the Prophet Mohammed . The study has arrived at many conclusions like Watt's denial of the inspiration and regarding it as a kind of super consciousness , raising doubts about the Qur'an and saying that it was created by the prophet for some periodical demands , Claiming that the prophet has taken a lot from previous religions : Judaism and Christianity , saying that the prophet has a political impetus for his multi - marriages and accusing the prophet of taking Al - Jihad for the sake of God as a way to earn financial benefits and to spread beyond the Arabian Peninsula

دور خدمات الامداد الانساني في تحسين فاعلية ادارة الكوارث : مرتكزات نظرية الفوضى متغير تفاعلي : دراسة تطبيقية مقارنة بين وزارة الهجرة والمهجرين والمنظمات الدولية الانسانية العاملة في العراق == The Role of the Humanitarian logistic services in the improvement of the Disaster Management effectiveness : Chaos theory pillar as a moderating variable An applied study comparison between Ministry of Emigration & Displacement and International Humanitar

Author name: خليل ابراهيم عيسى الخالدي
Supervisor name: محمد حسين منهل العيساوي
Specific topic: Business Administration
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The study aims to measure the Impact the humanitarian logistic services to improve the effectiveness of the management disaster in the light of the moderating variable of the Chaos theory pillars , correlations were measured between the independent variable (the humanitarian logistic services ) and its major independent dimensions ( the speed of start , the reason of disaster, the context of the operation and the scientific methods ) . They are all indicators oriented to measure humanitarian logistics and the dependent variable ( the effectiveness of the of disaster management ) and its dimensions ( pre - alarm regulations system , safety and readiness system , damages controlling and deterring system , balance and activity recovery system , strategic sustainable education system ) . They are all indicators used to measure the effectiveness of the disaster management . Moreover , the analysis shows the importance of variables with each major dimension of both independent and by - variable with the items of the dimension of each . The interactive role ( of Chaos theory pillars ) in their eight dimensions was measured which they handle the complex and chaotic systems . The sample of the study was represented by a group of officials ( High Administrations ) , managers from various levels , engineers and technical technicians who work in humanitarian logistic services sector in the Iraqi Ministry of Emigration and Displacement and international humanitarian organizations in Iraq since they are specialized in the field of humanitarian logistic support in the event of disaster after the problem is to be diagnosed efficiently through visiting the camps of the displaced from the disastrous Iraqi Governorates .The Research is based on two basic hypotheses. The first is (there is a statistics - siguificant influence for the humanitarian logistic services through their collective dimensions to improve the effectiveness of the disaster management) . The second is ( there is an moderating influence for the Chaos theory bases in the relation between the humanitarian logistic services through their collective dimensions and crisis management ) .The researcher depends on the descriptive methodology in the theoretical side and statistical analysis in the applied side . An adequate and promoted questionnaire application was developed to serve this purpose . The study concluded certain conclusions , the most important of which is the comparison that shows the role of the international humanitarian organizations recognized by their being of high level of experience in providing humanitarian logistic services in such a way that it would reduce the melancholy of the displaced.Then , the role of the Ministry of Emigration &Displacement has come to serve this goal that it has its own influence to improve the effectiveness of the disaster management in the organizations under study. The intercommunicative relations revealed different outcomes and being of contrast as per officials ' opinions in the Ministry of Emigration & Displacement and the international humanitarian organizations. Moreover, the study summed up some recommendations and suggestions, one of which is the confirmation on the role and the importance of humanitarian logistic services in the event of the crisis or disaster occurrence and its significant influence to improve the disaster management especially in the organizations which are the subject matter of the study .

قدرات التعلم التنظيمي وتاثيرها في تعزيز عملية الابداع بتوسط ادارة المعرفة : دراسة تحليلية لاراء عينة من المديرين في شركة الحفر العراقية == Organizational Learning Capabilities and its Influence in the Enhancement of the Innovation Process Knowledge Management as a Mediator Analytical study for the Views of A Sample of Managers in the Iraqi Drilling Company

Author name: فاضل عباس حسن الغراوي
Supervisor name: راضي عبد الله علي
Specific topic: Business Administration
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study contains a reaction among three variables which represent the intellectual frame of it these are (organizational learning capabilities, knowledge management, and Innovation process). The motivation behind this study is an problem started which is so - called "environmental developments " that face Iraqi Drilling Company which is one of Ministry of Oil Companies. These developments are pushing the company from local Market to international market after the current oil investments licenses in Iraqi and their consequences in term of response and flexibility that is in accordance with current situation .The study is summarized by some questions that to be answered in order to shed light on the intellectual indications of the above mentioned variables because of their being a new topic application within Iraqi environment and their role in determining their significance and influence in showing the role of organizational learning capabilities in sustaining innovation capability under mediating role of knowledge management.Questionnaires were made on a sample consisted of (110) managers within the company who fulfilled the characteristics imposed by this study. The study used statistical tools in gathering and treating data and analyzing information, the available statistics software( SPSS - V.21) was applied . The study also used two main hypotheses which were tested in order to prove their credibility.The study produced with intellectual theoretical and practical conclusions which show the true situation of organizational learning capabilities that are prevalent in practical environment. The long a shared vision obsesses the interest of managers under study and this represents a healthy indication as it proves their transparency and harmony. Regarding the mediator role of knowledge management ,( analysis process) has the first grade among other elements in organization process dimension. Knowledge sharing was leading in ( operational processes) dimension among other knowledge management processes.Regarding innovation process, innovation in product and process share to manager in facing competition. It is shown that the influence impact on innovation process increases when there is a reaction between organizational learning capabilities and knowledge management within organization and in higher percentage compared to the case when variables are studied separately.The study presents some recommendations mostly from the researcher observations in addition to those inspired by theoretical and practical conclusions.

دور ادارة الاحتواء العالي للموارد البشرية في تعزيز مخرجات العمل الموفقية من خلال الدور الوسيط للدعم التنظيمي المدرك : دراسة استطلاعية لاراء عينة من العاملين في شركة نفط الجنوب == Role of High involvement management Human Resource in Enhancing Attitudinal Work Outcomes though in Mediate role of Perceived Organizational Support An exploratory study of the Views a number from employees in south oil company

Author name: محمود شاكر عاشور جاسم المنصوري
Supervisor name: طاهر محسن منصور الغالبي
Specific topic: Business Administration
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study aims at exploring the mediating role of the perceived organizational support between high involvement management and the and the situational outcomes in their two dimensions job satisfaction and organizational commitment , the deductive approach has been pursued in this study as a research method while the strategy that is adopted here represented in an analytical survey.The sample population included those who work for south oil company divisions which are fifteen ones (operation division , transportation division ,oilfield division, drilling and rehabilitation division,Thy Qar oilfields division, engineering division, planning and following division, project division, commercial division, materials division, administrative division, water division, West Qurna 1 and Zubeir field operation division) which was about 453 employees , the researcher based on a number of tools to gather information and data that support the topic of the current study among them the field coexistence and as well as the survey form. This study deals with very important three variables in relation to organization work : perceived organizational support as mediator variable , HR high involvement management as independent variable and situational work output as dependent variable . The study results found that perceived organizational support play the role of mediating variable between the dimensions of information sharing and job commitment .Also study results reached to the existence of a relationship with moral reference between ( deep training , compensation , team work and information sharing) and the job satisfaction mediates the perceived organizational support.The current study comes up with a number of recommendations and one of the most important of them that the researcher emphasizes is that the top management should increase the interest in HR high involvement management practices due to its positive and huge impact on the leverage of job satisfaction for the employees and the organizational commitment which in its turn improves the significant performance and the high productivity. Top management and managers in the middle level should improve the level of the perceived organizational support by the care of HRM practices because they have a direct and big impact on the improvement of thesituational work outcomes.

تاثير الاستثمار الاجنبي غير المباشر ومعدل القائدة في امكانية بناء سيناريو الاداء الاستراتيجي المصرفي : دراسة حالة في مصارف تجارية عراقية خاصة مختارة للمدة من 2013 - 2007 == The effect of Indirect Foreign Investment & Interest Rate In building banking strategic performance scenario ability A case study in Iraqi private Commercial Banks to the Period 2007 - 2013

Author name: مجيد محسن محمد الدخيلي الغالبي
Supervisor name: طاهر محسن منصور الغالبي | جليل كاظم مدلول العارضي
Specific topic: Business Administration
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: ان هدف البحث هو بناء سيناريو للاداء الاستراتيجي المصرفي، اخذا في الاعتبار الاستثمار الاجنبي غير المباشر ومعدل الفائدة،وقد اجري على مجموعة من المصارف التجارية العراقية(بغداد،الاهلي،التجاري) للمدة (2007 - 2013)،وللوصول الى هذا الهدف فقد افترض البحث الفرضية الرئيسة التالية : " هناك تاثير مشترك ذو دلالة معنوية للاستثمار الاجنبي غير المباشر ومعدل الفائدة في مؤشرات الاداء الاستراتيجي المصرفي الاعلى يمكن من بناء سيناريو الاداء الاستراتيجي المصرفي ". على وفق الفرضية الانفة الذكر جرى التفريق بين اتجاه الاداء الاعلى،واتجاه الاداء الاقل وبين تزايد الاستثمار الاجنبي غير المباشر مع معدل الفائدة المنخفض، وتناقص الاستثمار الاجنبي مع معدل الفائدة العالي ، لتكوين مصفوفة السيناريو،وتم تقسيم مؤشرات الاداء الى ثلاثة مجموعات تمثلت في الاداء المالي، التشغيلي والتنافسي . اعتمد البحث على تاثير مؤشرات الاداء المالي على الربحية لاختيار مجموعة موشرات الاداء المالي،وعلى تاثير مؤشرات الاداء التشغيلي على الربحية بعد اقتران كل مؤشر بالكفاءة التشغيلية لاختيار مؤشرات الاداء التشغيلي،وعلى مؤشر القيمة المضافة لاختيار مؤشرات الاداء التنافسي. استخدم البحث الانحدار المتعدد على وفق المعادلة : Y=B°+BiXi+eلاختيار مؤشرات كل مجموعة،واختبار تاثير الاستثمار الاجنبي غير المباشر مع الفائدة على المؤشرات المختارة . تمت الاستفادة من النتائج المقدرة للمدة((2017 - 2015 في بناء سيناريو الاداء الاستراتيجي المصرفي لاتجاه اعلى في ظل تزايد الاستثمار الاجنبي غير المباشر،وسيناريو اتجاه اعلى اداء في ظل تناقص الاستثمار الاجنبي غير المباشر.توصل البحث الى : 1 - امكانية بناء سيناريو للاداء الاستراتيجي المصرفي ولكل حالة من حالات الاستثمار الاجنبي غير المباشر وتقلبات معدل الفائدة اعتمادا على تاثيرهما المشترك على الاداء، سواء كان سيناريو الاداء المالي،التشغيلي، والتنافسي،للوصول الى تخطيط متعدد الاتجاهات بدلا من الموازنات التخطيطية،ويعد سيناريو الاداء الاستراتيجي المصرفي وسيلة لتخصيص الاموال على وفق التغيير في سلوك كل من الاستثمار الاجنبي غير المباشر ومعدل الفائدة،والوقوف على مؤشرات المصرف المالية والتشغيلية والتنافسية اللازمة المستقبلية.2 - عدم امكانية بناء سيناريو الاداء الاستراتيجي المصرفي للاتجاه الاداء الاقل عندما يكون حجم التداول الاجنبي باسهم المصرف قليلا لعدم وجود تاثير مشترك للاستثمار الاجنبي غير المباشر والفائدة على الاداء اوصى البحث استخدام سيناريو الاداء الاستراتيجي المصرفي لمواجهة سلوك الاستثمار الاجنبي غير المباشر، والتغيرات في معدل الفائدة بالاستفادة من المؤشرات المالية الحالية المؤثرة في الربحية والقيمة المضافة والتي تستجيب للتاثير المشترك لهما للوصول الى قيم مستقبلية مقدرة تستخدم لبناء السيناريوهات،لوضع البدائل المستقبلية للاداء الاستراتيجي المصرفي بدلا من الاقتصار على الموازنات التخطيطية التي تكتفي بالتخصيصات لمواجهة المخاطر وتوفير السبل الكفيلة بجذب الاستثمار الاجنبي غير المباشر،وذلك من خلال بناء مناخ استثماري ملائم خصوصا في مجال متانة النظام المصرفي وتفادي الحاجز المعلوماتي الذي يخلقه عدم توفر المعلومات الدقيقة عن الاداء للاستفادة من الكلفة المنخفضة للتمويل.
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