البحث — المستودع الرقمي العراقي

المستخلص: Emerged after world war ll , the problems of poverty and underdevelopment in many countries more clearly than before when it appeared the so - called development economics, which deals with the problems of underdevelopment and lack of development in those countries. Therefore the development economics is designed for the formulation of theories about the problems of underdevelopment in the underdevelopment countries.Here we must differentiate between the concept of development and the idea of economic growth. Growth is the development of spontaneous movement, occur in all societies , despite their different economic systems, it happens fairly independent from human intervention, it also points to rising notional income or per capita national income or gross national ,when the increase of production of goods and services in any country in any form. The development process is alive and comprehensive development of all aspects of life in society, and can be considered as the process of rapid growth in the specified time, by converting part of the financial resources available to the productive capacities,it is not an automatic process is random it is a work of involuntary organizer requires state intervention, formulate a specific strategy for the economic transformation / social are translated into policies include objectives economic and social for the society, and turn these policies into plans programmed applied in order to for the development of rapid and radical , to the structure of national economy.The goal of development in the community is to achieve the highest level of well - being of individuals though satisfy their material and moral and surplus re - invested in the sustainable development.Most countries in the world and especially Iraq witnessed a rapid urban growth. Several reasons exist for this phenomenon but most important is the high population growth and migration to urban centres. Therefore additional housing must be made available tohumans. However housing means more than shelter since it also provides as place where different societal groups can live together.Iraq suffers from a large shortage of housing units to an extend that it became difficult to control this problem during a specific time which lasted period that lasted four decades.The housing sector suffered from neglect and marginalization by former governments in the advancement and development of an appropriate strategy for this sector. Like most developing countries Iraq suffers from a lack of suitable housing. Many states share this problem but the special situation in Iraq over a long time has attributed to a bad housing situation. Theresults of an economic and social survey about the population thatlives in housing units has shown that normally two or three families,often more families live in the housing units. The core problem can simply be described as the gap between families seeking housing andhousing units already existing.In other words : the existing housing stock is lower than the demandrespectively the needs of the individuals. Above that not each individual is able to afford the housing - related costs since monthlyincome is often low. High population density in the resident units,rising rental rates, all this leads to the spread of informal settlementsin the occupied wasteland owned by the state.The Causes of the Housing Deficit in Iraq 1) Population growth and urbanization Population growth is one of the key challenges facing development programs. This increase was not planned and eats up the fruit ofeconomic development. In the forefront of economic activity is the maintaining of the standard of living and an increase in the level ofwelfare. But the steady increase of people is one of the main problems many developing countries are facing. This increase is not properly absorbed due to an insufficient increase of employment opportunitiesand a lack of health and institutional institutions.In the industrialized countries an increase in the population leads to an increase in output. The high level of technology, existing capital stock, an exploitation of technological progress, all this leads to anincrease of productivity which is higher than the population increase.However in Iraq population growth is close to three percent and thisleads to a rapid change of the distribution of the populationconcerning the geographical area. This led to an intense pressure onurban centres.A high population density in these centres exists and the social composition of the population in these centres also changes. Since there is a migration from rural areas to urban areas the need for housing in these areas also changes. The migration to the cities leads to to the emergence of many residential units characterized by poorliving condition. This again reflects on the health and the cultural, social and psychological developments of individuals. The urban growth is due to the following factors and the most important ones are the as follows.The natural growth of the urban population is partly due to the availability of economic and social factors. The improved living conditions and the increased income of many families have encouraged many young people to marry and thus increased the needfor housing. Migration to the cities is an important factor which lead to an imbalance of housing. The population balance changed and many people migrated from rural areas to the city. This was partly due to the bad economic situation in rural areas and lack in services in rural areas and this led to the migration to city centres. Also political events such as forced migration led to this migration. Houses in rural areas had to be abandoned for safety reasons. Studies have shown that housing in rural areas is largely underdeveloped and that it was largely neglected by the state.

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