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معالجة عناصر الخارصين والنحاس والمنغنيز في مياه الفضلات الصناعية بطريقة الترسيب الكيمياوي == Treatment of Zinc ,Cupper And Manganese In Wastewater By Chemical Precipitation

Author name: يوسف صالح عيسى
Supervisor name: دريد فاضل احمد
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:
Abstract: تهدف هذه الدراسة الى ايجاد تاثير المعالجة الكيمياوية بطريقة الترسيب الكيمياوي على كفاءة ازالة العناصر الثقيلة في مياه الفضلات الصناعية المطروحة لتصل الى النهر بالتراكيز المسموح بها. تتم عملية الترسيب الكيمياوي بالسيطرة على الدالة الحامضية لمياه الفضلات ب | This study aims to find the effect of chemical treatment by chemical precipitation on the efficiency of removing heavy metals from wastewater to be poured back to the river. Chemical precipitation is done by controlling the (PH) of wastewater by adding a suitable hydroxide ,different hydroxides were used like the hydroxides of sodium ,calcium and potassium 0.05N each and sodium carbons 0.1N in removing heavy metals of wastewater. The study has taken prepared samples contain different concentrations of heavy metals ions like cupper 2,4 and 6 ppm zinc 5,10 and 15ppm and manganese 2,5,8 ppm Jar taste is used to show the chemical precipitation. Fast and slow mixing periods were written down to get the velocity gradient (G) and (GT) The used materials were highly efficient to remove the ions of metals. The removed amount of metals was measured by (AAS) Atomic Absorption spectroscopy. The paper has also studied the effective factors on the efficiency of precipitation like the (PH) is (8,9,10,11) and The precipitation time is (0.5,1,2,3)h.The result show that the best precipitation efficiency when an ion is used alone in the solution (PH) is (10,11) precipitation time 2h hydroxides precipitation (0.05N) it removes about 98% of cupper ions when sodium and calcium hydroxides are used ,more than 96,66% when the potassium hydroxide is used.a complete removing appears of manganese ions when the calcium hydroxide is used more than 90% when the potassium hydroxide is used.77% when the sodium hydroxide is used more than 98.4% of zinc ions removed when the sodium and calcium hydroxide is used 95.9% of zinc ions is removed when the sodium carbons are used the best treatment condition appear when the (PH) is (9 to10) and precipitation time is 2h when an ion is used alone in the solution 98% of cupper and zinc ions are removing 90% of manganese ions.When the ions are mixed in the solution the best removing efficiency appears when the (PH) is (9 to 11) and precepitition time is 2h when the hydroxides and carbons are used a complete removing of cupper ions 90% of zinc ions and more than 98.2% of manganese ions.The time of reaction to get 10.5 PH using hydroxides is (25 - 30) second when sodium carbon's are used the reaction time to get 8.5 is (50) second for cupper and zinc ,(25) second for manganese.The reaction is zero order when hydroxides are used and first order when carbons are used in treating heavy metals.

المعالجة البايولوجية في المياه الصناعية المصرفة لتخفيض تركيز الميثانول == Bioremediation of Industrial Wastewater For Reducing Methanol Concentration

Author name: نغم اديب عبد الكريم
Supervisor name: Mahmood M. Barbooti | Mumtaz A. Zablouk
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Biochemistry Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تعتمد المعالجة البايولوجية للمياه الصناعية المصرفة على عملية بسيطة وذلك بتامين الكائنات الحية التي لها القدرة على تفكيك المركبات العضوية حيث تستغلها البكتريا كمصدر للتغذية.ان اغلب المركبات العضوية واللاعضوية يمكن ازالتها بصورة فعالة من خلال المعالجة الباي | The present work biological treatment by activated sludge is advocated to reduce methanol concentration in wastewater.Activated sludge is prepared in laboratory from contaminated soil with heavy hydrocarbon. Aerobic biological treatment is applied for synthetic wastewater containing 2 gm/L methanol. Important operating parameters in this system are the sludge volume, temperature, pH and total time. Investigating these parameters can establish sufficient microbial mass for efficient treatment. The treatment is carried out under various conditions of temperature (20, 30 & 40) 0C, pH (6, 7 & 8), total treatment time (2, 3 & 5) days and for different sludge volume (100 ,280 & 450) ml. The best volume used is 280 ml from the prepared activated sludge which gives best removal down to 160 ppm. Treated wastewater samples were collected at different time and stored in deep freeze.The stored samples are analyzed for methanol content by direct injection to Gas - Chromatography. From the experimental investigation results, it has been shown that the aerobic biological treatment is efficient in reducing methanol concentration in treated wastewater. The addition of 280 ml of sludge to seven liters of synthetic wastewater gives maximum removal of methanol. The results are analyzed mathematically. The experimental data collected by this sludge volume are successfully fitted to a second order polynomial empirical correlation.The most favorable operating conditions for the 280 ml sludge volume are 400C temperature, pH = 6.8 and 102 hr total treatment time with 30h aeration.On the basis of the best conditions obtained the empirical correlation, is obtained as follows : Y = 14616.62 - 17.4202X1 - 10.6311X2 - 3592.75X3+ 0.028335 - 0.159515 + 254.532X32 - 0.1263X1X2 + 0.452606X1X3 + 1.7638X2X3. Where : X1=Treatment time. X2=Temperature.X3= pH Average absolute error =10.8 % Correlation coefficient =0.98.

تقيم كفاءة مزيج مثبط التاكل لمحاكاة مياه التبريد باستخدام القطب الاسطواني الدوار == Evaluation of Corrosion Inhibitors Blend Efficiency For Simulated Cooling Waters Using Rotating Cylinder Electrode

Author name: عبير عبد الخالق القصب
Supervisor name: قاسم جبار سليمان
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم بحث كفائة مثبط التاكل لمزيج من نتريت الصوديوم / سداسي فوسفات الصوديوم على تاكل الفولاذ الكربوني في محاكاة انظمة مياه التبريد من خلال فقدان الوزن وتقنية الاستقطاب الكهروكيميائية. شملت الدراسة تاثير درجة الحرارة30، 45، 60 ?م، سرعة الدوران 200، 600، 1000 | The corrosion inhibition action of a blend of sodium nitrite/sodium hexametaphosphate (SN+SHMP) on corrosion of carbon steel in simulated cooling water systems (CWS) has been investigated by weight loss and electrochemical polarization technique. The effects of temperature 30, 45, and 60 oC, rotational velocity 200, 600, and 1000 rpm, and salts concentrations (0.005 N, 0.01 N, 0.03 N, 0.05 N) NaCl + 0.0736 N Na2SO4 on corrosion of carbon steel were studied in the absence and presence of mixed inhibiting blend (SN+SHMP). Also, the effects of inhibitors blend concentrations of 600 ppm, and 800 ppm (SN+SHMP), at temperatures of 30, and 60 oC, and rotational velocity of 200 and 1000 rpm, on corrosion rate of carbon steel were studied using Second - order Rotatable Design (Box - Wilson Design) to identify the significant effects and interaction in performing weight loss studies and corrosion potential approach. Electrochemical polarization measurements were used to study the behavior of carbon steel in different salt concentrations of (CWS) with pH of 7.5 in absence and presence of the inhibiting blend. The results showed that increasing the temperature, rotational velocity, and NaCl salts concentration leads to an increase in the corrosion rate for both uninhibited and inhibited solutions. The regression model (Box - Wilson Design) that has been developed using experimental data was used to verify that the interaction term of temperature with inhibitors blend and the square term of inhibitors blend are significant for corrosion rate in 0.05 N NaCl solution while the main variables are not pronounced. Also, it is found that the corrosion rate decreases with increases in inhibitor blend concentration up to 800 ppm in 0.05 N NaCl solution. Inhibitor blend concentration of 600 ppm is highly effective giving a high efficiency in 0.005, 0.01 and 0.03 N NaCl solutions of 98.5%, 97.7%, and 96% respectively. Electrochemical polarization studies show that increasing the inhibitors blend concentration (SN+SHMP) shifts the corrosion potential to more noble value (more positive), indicating the anodic nature of the inhibiting blend used.

اتزان الاطوار لاستخلاص الملوثات الفينولية من المياه الصناعية باستخدام تقنية الاغشية السائلة == Phase Equilibria For Extraction of Phenolic Pollutants From Industrial Wastewater Using Liquid Membrane Technique

Author name: انور جاسم محسن
Supervisor name: خالد فرهود جسب
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Processes
Degree: Master
University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering - Chemical Process Engineering Branch
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: كلا من الصناعة الكيميائية (chemical industry) والبحث الاكاديمي (academia search) للمذيبات البديلة يجب ان تلبي متطلبات التكنولوجيا النظيفة (cleaner technology) حيث ان المذيبات الاكثر استخداما على نطاق واسع هي المتطايرة والضارة. في العمل الحالي، تم تحقيق | Both chemical industry and academia search for alternative solvents to meet the cleaner technology requirements since the most widely used solvents are volatile and harmful. In the present work, the technical feasibilities of room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) as bulk liquid membranes (BLM) for phenol removal from Industrial Wastewater was investigated. Room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) used as a membrane mainly due to their properties of low vapor pressure, low volatility and they are often stable. Four ionic liquids with high hydrophobicity were used : 1 - butyl - 3 - methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [Bmim] [PF6], 1 - butyl - 3 - methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide [Bmim][NTf2], 1 - Ethyl - 3 - methyimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide [Emim][NTf2] and 1 - hexyl - 3 - methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [Hmim][PF6], in which, phenol Extraction efficiency and stripping efficiency were studied. The effect of different types of anion and hydrophobicity of the ionic liquids on the phenol extraction and stripping efficiencies were investigated. Different operating parameters of feed phase pH, feed concentration, NaOH concentration were studied. In addition to the effect of single ionic liquid (SILs) and binary mixtures ionic liquid (BMILs) on the phenol extraction and stripping efficiencies were also studied. The study shows that highest phenol extraction and stripping efficiencies were [Bmim][NTf2], [Bmim][NTf2+PF6] and [Emim][NTf2], [Bmim+Emim][NTf2] respectively. Phase equilibria for the extraction of phenol from industrial wastewater using ionic liquid membranes was determined. The efficiency of ten new solvents as a selective ILs solvent in the extraction of phenol from wastewater was investigated. Data have been estimated experimentally for ten systems containing, phenol + water as a common component liquid and + ten IL solvents. The consistency and accuracy of the tie line data were evaluated using three correlation namely, Bachman, Hand, and Othmer and Tobias. The Plait Point for each ternary system was estimated. Among the ILs used to extract the phenol from wastewater, [Bmim][NTf2+PF6] shows the highest selectivity and distribution coefficient. The liquid - liquid equilibrium data have been predicated using electrolyte non - random - two - liquid (e - NRTL) model and extended UNIversal - QUAsi - Chemical (e - UNIQUAC) model. The binary interaction parameters have been calculated using Maximum Likelihood Principle technique. The experimental data fitted by the e - NRTL model is more accurate than the e - UNIQUAC model.

دراسة تاثير النانو سليكا المحضرة من رمال السيليكا العراقية على بعض الخواص الميكانيكية لمتراكبات الكونكريت == Study The Effect of Nano - Silica Prepared From Iraqi Silica Sand On Some Mechanical Properties of Concrete Composites

Author name: علي داود سلمان
Supervisor name: نجاة جمعة صالح
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Processes
Degree: Master
University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering - Chemical Process Engineering Branch
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: ان الهدف من هذا البحث هو تحضير دقائق السليكا النانوية من رمال السليكا العراقية من منجم ارضمة غرب العراق باستخدام طريقة الطحن المتعدد في (جهاز الطحن بالكرات)،حيث تم تشخيص دقائق السليكا بواسطة اجهزة التشخيص التالية SEM, AFM, PSA,FT - IR, XRD, XRF, BET,TEM. | The purposes of this work are to prepare, characterize silica nanoparticles for a first time from Ardma location at Anbar province in western Iraq by combination of top down approach using ultrafine grinding (Ball milling) and drying processes, evaluate the effect of nano - silica sand (NSS) addition on mechanical properties (compressive and splitting tensile strengths) of mortar mixture, and optimization of the operating variables (NS particle size and percentage of (NS) by using [WinQSB] and [STATISTICA] software technique to find the optimum values. (XRF) test shows enrichment of SiO2 after leaching with sulfuric acid. The prepared (NS) is characterized by SEM, AFM, PSA, FT - IR, XRD, XRF, BET and TEM. According to Particle Size Analyzers (PSA) silica sand has successfully been reduced to particle size of 50 nm after (30) hours of milling. The (AFM) test reveal two different groups of samples were analyzed, the range of first group was (60 - 120) nm after 40 hours of milling, the range of second group was (90 - 170)nm after 50 hours of milling. X - ray diffraction of silica sand before and after milling process shows that surface , structural changes duo to amorphization phenomenon result from an intensive mechanical treatment by (Ball milling) of silica sand. This result supports the incorporating (NS) into cement mortar. The (BET) analysis shows that the (NS) has different surface areas according to particle size. The (TEM) and (SEM) images of NS show that various shapes of the(NS) particles including irregular, spherical, and highly agglomerated in shape due to Van der Walls force on the particles surface. Three different ranges of particle sizes of (NS) have been used; (30 - 100)nm,(60 - 120)nm and(90 - 170)nm with three percentages of each (2% ,6% and 10% per weight of cement) and a w/c of 0.48. The SEM images of mortar mixture at the age of 28 days show existence of many Ca(OH)2 crystals needles over - shadowed and cover a large area with porous structure, while after adding (NSS) the Ca(OH)2needles are invisible and compact structure with the absence of the un - hydrated crystals which explains the superior strengths results. NSS contributes to enhancement of cement mortar through yielding denser, more compact and uniform mixtures. The optimization results of mechanical properties proved that an improvement in compressive strength of 29.889% at optimum conditions (adding 6% of 50nm particle size) in 28 days age, while for tensile strength was 22.863% at optimum conditions (adding 8% of 50nm particle size) in 28 days age. NSS obtained by ball milling of silica sand can be produced in large quantities at low prices, by sustainable method so that mass application in concrete is within reach According to my knowledge there is no previous work focusing on preparing of silica nanoparticles from Iraqi silica sand, and using it to improve mechanical properties of cement mortar by using optimization technique.

دراسة الهيدروديناميكية والحركية في مفاعل الطبقة الفوارة لوحدة النفط الثقيل == Hydrodynamic And Kinetic Study In An Ebullated - Bed Reactor For The Heavy Oil (H - Oil Unit)

Author name: هالة حسين حسن ابو نايلة
Supervisor name: محمد فاضل عبد | شاكر محمود احمد
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Oil Refining and Gas Technology
Degree: Master
University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering - Chemical Engineering and Oil Refining Branch
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: ان النمو المضطرد في انتاج النفوط الثقيلة والطلب المتزايد على المقطرات الوسطيه اعطى اهمية قصوى لعمليات التكسير في المصافي النفطية، وتعتبر طريقة (H - Oil) باستخدام مفاعلات الطبقة الفوارة واحدة من اهم عمليات التكسير المحفز والتي تهدف الى تكسير النفوط الثقيل | The present work was devoted to study the hydrodynamic characteristics of a lab - scale cold - flow ebullated bed three phase column. It was also to investigate the kinetic behavior of an industrial - scale ebullated bed reactor, licensed by Axens Co., installed and operated in Lukoil refinery at Bourgas - Bulgaria.For the design of experiments in the lab - scale cold - flow column, factorial method was introduced to study the influence of the operating variables (i.e., gas and liquid superficial velocities and the liquid internal reflux ratio) on the objective functions (i.e., individual holdups and bubble characteristics).Pressure gradient method was used to estimate the individual holdups and bed porosity along the column, while photographic method was utilized to obtain images of the moving gas bubble which analyzed using Ai Adobe Illustrator CC (64 Bit) software to determine the geometric characteristics of bubbles.The results showed that liquid internal reflux ratio, which characterized the ebullated bed three phase bubble column, has a predominant effect on the individual holdups and bubble sizes.The operating and geometric variables of the lab - scale cold - flow ebullated bed were carefully selected to simulate the hydrodynamic characteristic of the industrial unit through matching five dimensionless groups (M - group, E?tv?s number, Reynolds number, density ratio and velocity ratio) of the cold - flowlab - scale and industrial systems.The percentage average deviations between each two particular groups of the two systems were (14.7%, 25%, 13.14%, 15.2%, and 20%), respectively. Although this did not result in a perfect match, considering the uncertainty in the industrial units exact operating properties, the match was considered to be sufficiently close.A five - lump kinetic model was selected, to describe the catalytic hydrocracking of heavy oil, to formulate the reaction rate equations of vacuum residue, vacuum gas oil, middle distillate, naphtha, and gases. These equations were inserted into the individual mass balance equation of each lump and then utilized in a program of MATLAB based on the nonlinear least square method to estimate the kinetic parameters (rate constants and activation energies of the proposed reaction pathways), to investigate the effect of the operating variables (e.g., operating temperature, WHSV, and reaction time ) on the kinetic parameters and performance of the industrial ebullated bed reactor. It was found that, - The intra - pellet (internal) diffusion was the rate - limiting step in the H - Oil reaction system. - The effectiveness factor decreases with increasing reaction temperature and WHSV. - The outcomes of the mathematical model confirmed the reaction orders of hydrocracking of vacuum residue and catalyst deactivation to be 2.1 and 0.18, respectively. - Activation and deactivation energies resulted to be quite similar of 48.87 and 50.68 kcal/mole, respectively, meaning that there is no strong effect of the deactivation process over the global hydrocracking reaction. - The hydrocracking of vacuum residue has a higher selectivity toward VGO production than toward other lumps in the following order : VGO < Middle Distillate < Naphtha <Gases. - WHSV has a negative impact on yield fractions of the industrial ebullated bed reactor while the images were different with the operating temperature. The formulated model was validated by comparing its outcomes with the findings of other related model (e.g Sa´nchez and Ancheyta, 2007) from literature. The results of comparison confirmed the reliability of the present model.Key words : Hydrodynamic, Kinetic Parameters, Heavy Oil, Ebullated Bed, Reactor.

تاكل الفولاذ الكاربوني تحت ظروف الخلط في وسط ثنائي الطور لمحلول ملحي مع زيت الغاز وثنائي اوكسيد الكاربون والسيطرة علية بالحماية الكاثودية == Corrosion of Carbon Steel In Stirred Two Phase Media of Brine - Gas Oil And Brine - CO2 And Prevention By Cathodic Protection

Author name: ساهر محمد عزيز
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University
Language: English
Full text from the source: https://nahrainuniv.edu.iq/sites/default/files/Combined_321.pdf
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Corrosion tests of carbon steel (CS) in single and two phase media of two immiscible liquids (CaCO3 solution - gasoil mixture) and liquid - gas (CaCO3 solution - CO2 gas) under different operating conditions of temperature, agitation velocity, phase fractions, gas flow rate, and immersion time were carried out using weight loss method and electrochemical polarization technique. Flat blade disc turbine mixer was used to simulate the two phase flow conditions.The ranges of operating parameters in two immiscible phase tests were agitation velocities of (0 - 1200 rpm), temperature of (25 - 45 oC), (1 - 10 vol %) gas oil. The effect of presence of acids such as HCl and H2SO4 on corrosion rate was also investigated under different conditions.Corrosion rate (iL) measurements in CO2 saturated solution were also attained in different operating conditions of temperatures(25 - 45 oC), agitation velocity (0 - 800 rpm), salts concentrations (2.5 × 10 - 3 to 9.9 × 10 - 3M), CO2 flow rate (0.142 to1.132 m3/h ), and immersion time by determining the limiting current density.The pH values, oxygen solubility, and electrical conductivity of tested solutions were measured under all to interpret the obtained result.The results revealed that increasing agitation velocity and temperature leads to an increase of the corrosion rate in single phase brine solution. The corrosion rate in brine - gasoil mixture is irregularly varied with concentration of gasoil and agitation velocity. The limiting current density in single phase CaCO3 increases with the increase in agitation velocity, concentration of brine, and temperature. The corrosion rate in two phase brine - CO2 mixture decreases with the increase of agitation velocity flow rate of CO2, temperature, and immersion time. The corrosion potential of Carbon steel under various conditions were determined and discussed.Cathodic protection was used to protect carbon steel in brine - CO2 mixture by using zinc as sacrificial anode under different operating conditions of flow rate of CO2, agitation velocity, and temperature. Good corrosion protection efficiency was attained.

العوامل المؤثرة على ظاهرة تقليل الاعاقة المصاحبة لجريان السوائل بواسطة المضافات البوليمرية والمواد الخافظة للشد السطحي == Effect of Operating Variables On Drag Reduction Phenomenon By Polymers And Surfactants Additives

Author name: ليث مجيد عبود
Supervisor name: issam kamil salih
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Industrial Processes
Degree: Master
University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering - Chemical Process Engineering Branch
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تناول البحث دراسة وتطبيق ظاهرة تقليل الاعاقة لاطالة مسافة تصريف السوائل الساقطة بشكل حر من انبوب افقي. حيث تمت دراسة تاثير ارتفاع ونوع السائل , نوع وتركيز البوليمر , قطر الانبوب وخشونة سطحه, واحدى المواد ذات الفعالية السطحية.تم اجراء الاختبارات العملية | Drag reduction phenomenon has been studied and applied to extend the discharge distance of kerosene, gas oil and tap water falling freely from horizontal tube. The effect of liquid head, type of solvent, polymer characteristics and concentration, pipe diameter and roughness and addition of surfactant were investigated.Experimental tests were performed using apparatus consisting of a reservoir connected to a horizontal tube from which the flux was allowed to fall freely under different heads. The distance traveled horizontally was measured and used to estimate the friction factor (ƒ) and the percentage drag reduction (%DR). The tests were carried out under liquid heads of 140, 165, 190, 215, 240 cm to ensure turbulent flow circumstances, i.e. Re ? 3000.Three types of polymers were tested, viz., polyisobutylene (PIB), xanthan gum (XG) and guar gum (GGM). The activities of these polymers for drag reduction were evaluated at concentrations of 10 - 200 ppm for PIB and 50 - 400 ppm for XG and GGM using three solvents, viz., kerosene, gas oil and tap water. Glass tubes of 3,7,10 and 11mm diameters in addition to carbon steel and stainless steel pipes of 10mm diameter were used to investigate the effect of pipe diameter and roughness.The interactions between polymer and surfactant were investigated using sodium luaryl sulfate (SLS) so that experimental tests were performed with PIB in the absence and presence of (SLS) at different concentrations. The discharge distance and %DR is generally increased with increasing liquid head and additive concentration. However %DR is sometimes reached to a maximum value at a specific concentration termed " critical concentration" beyond which %DR is fallen, the %DR observed with 100ppm of PIB is 44.3% at head equal 140 cm and 56% at head equal 240 cm from stainless steel tube. Moreover, %DR is progressively increased with increasing Reynolds number (Re) at any specific concentration, %DR achieved due to the addition 50ppm of PIB is 20.8% at Re equal 17236 and 45.9% at Re equal 26056 from stainless steel tube.Polyisobutylene has effectively reduced drag with kerosene and gas oil. Its activity seems to be higher with gas oil compared to that with kerosene. The maximum %DR achieved due to the addition 100 ppm of PIB in gas oil and kerosene are 63% & 56% respectively from Stainless steel tube. The activity of SLS for drag reduction with kerosene is evidently lower than that of PIB, and the difference between %DR observed is reduced with increasing concentration. Efficiency of PIB is considerably decreased by adding SLS so that the maximum %DR achieved with their mixture is 40.1%.The polymers XG and GGM are effectively reduced drag when added to tap water. Their activities at any specific operating conditions are decreased according to the sequence of XG ? GGM. The maximum %DR observed with them at 300 ppm are 77% and 48.8% respectively. The values of (%DR) measured with all tested liquids seem consistent with Blasius equation and they are progressively shifted to the direction of Virk asymptote with increasing of polymer concentration. The percent drag reduction is well correlated with Reynolds numbers, (L/D) and polymer concentration according to the relation of the form %DR= a (Re)b (C)d (L/D)k, where a, b, d and k are constants, so that a specific empirical correlation is observed for each polymer.

تثبيط التكلسات في انظمة التناضح العكسي باستخدام مواد كيمياوية == Scale Inhibition In Reverse Osmosis Systems Using Chemical Materials

Author name: زهراء احمد عبد الامير
Supervisor name: نجوى صابر مجيد
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم في ھذا البحث دراسة تثبيط تكون تكلسات كاربونات الكالسيوم على سطح غشاء نظام تناضح عكسي باستخدام نوعين من مثبطات تكون التكلسات وھما كلوريد الزنك ومادة بوليمرية بتراكيز منخفضة ودراسة تاثير تغيير معدل جريان المحلول الداخل, حامضية المحلول الداخل, تركيز ال | The present study deals with the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) inhibition on the membrane surface of the reverse osmosis (RO) desalination system by using two types of scale inhibitors which are Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2) and Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonate (PAPEMP) in low concentrations and study the effect of changing the feed solution flowrate, PH of the feed solution, concentration of the inhibition material and the type of the inhibitor used on the inhibition process. In this study a range of 10 - 25 l/h of feed solution flowrate was used, the concentration of CaCl2 was 610 mg/l, the concentration of NaHCO3 was 511 mg/l, the concentration of MgSO4 was 49 mg/l, the feed pH was in the range of 6 - 10, the operating pressure kept constant at 3 bars and the temperature washeld constant at room temperature (about 40 °C) through all experiments. The concentration of the feed solution was constant, but the concentration of the inhibitors was changed using 2, 4 and 8 mg/l of Zinc Chloride then using 8 and 15 mg/l of Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonate The results showed that : Permeate rate increases as the feed flowrate increases while it decreases with time.Total dissolved solids decreases as the feed flowrate increases while it increases with time.Recovery rate decreases as the feed flowrate increases and it also decreases with time.Permeate rate, recovery rate and the total dissolved solids decreases as the inlet solution pH increases.Permeate rate and recovery rate increases while the total dissolved solids decreases when Zinc chloride or Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonate was used.Permeate rate and recovery rate increases when Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonate inhibitor was used more than the increment of them when Zinc chloride inhibitor was used.Total dissolved solids decreases when Zinc chloride inhibitor was used more than the diminution of them when Polyamino Polyether Methylene Phosphonate inhibitor was used.

معالجة الماء من حقول النفط باستخدام محاليل ايونية في منظومة التعويم بالهواء المذاب == Treatment of Oilfield Produced Water Using Ionic Liquids In A Dissolved Air Flotation System

Author name: اوس عباس فاضل
Supervisor name: سوسن عبد مسلم محمد | سعدي كاظم عبد الحسين
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: في العراق معدل تراكيز الزيوت والشحوم (OG) في الماء المنتج يجب الا يتجاوز 09 ملغم\لتر. ولذلك فانه يتطلب معالجة المياه المنتجة بغية تلبية الحد التنظيمي للتصريف مسبقا.تم جلب نماذج الماء المنتج الخام من شركة نفط الوسط ) Md.O.C ( من الحقول النفطية من شرق بغد | In Iraq the average Oil and Grease (OG) in water concentration in discharge produced water must not exceed 10ppm. Therefore treatment of produced water is required in order to meet the pre - disposal regulatory limit.Raw produced water samples were procured from the Middle oil company (Md.O.C) (from East of Baghdad fields).Jar tests experiments were used to give a first, rough estimation for coagulants dosage of Ferric chloride and aluminum sulfate and pH values that will be used in the batch Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) experiments. Then, the effects of the three ionic liquids (ILs) types; 1 - hexyl - 3 - methylimidazolium tetra fluoroborate (ILE), 1 - hexyl - 3 - metylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (ILF) and 1 - octyl - 3 - methylimidazolium tetra fluoroborate (ILG) on the performance of the batch DAF unit were evaluated.It was concluded that, the beast operating conditions of the batch DAF unit were at a saturation pressure of 5 bar, recycle ratio of 50% and ambient temperature of 30 - 35 ?C. Ferric chloride with a dosage of 10 ppm was chosen as the suitable coagulant due to its low sensitivity to pH change, and its high removal efficiency for oil and turbidity in about ten minutes. ILs were used at concentration of 50 ?l per one liter of treated produced water. It was used in two positions of the DAF system; the saturation vessel and the treatment tank. The OG removal efficiency using ILG as an efficient surfactant in saturation vessel was higher than that in the treatment tank and higher than other ILs (ILG>ILF>ILE). The highest demulsification rates were obtained through saturation pressure range (2 - 5) bar. It reached about 90% removal efficiency at a pressure of 5 bar, and it was obtained 85% at saturation pressure of 3 bar which reduces the operation costs. The treated water concentration at 3bar was 9.5 ppm which meets the Iraqi pre - disposal regulatory limit.The results of testing the three ILs (ILE, ILF and ILG) in the saturation vessel and the treatment tank were used to produce contour line for the OG removal efficiency. This was conducted in order to detect the performance of the three ILs The results of optical microscope which was used to study coalescence of oil droplets in water phase, lead to consider the ILG as an effective demulsifier for Iraqi oil field produced water It was noted that the use of ILs in saturation vessel allowed micro bubble generation at operating pressures lower than 3 bar with high - energy savings.

اداء الحماية الكاثودية لخطوط الانابيب == Performance of Cathodic Protection For Pipe Lines

Author name: انس ثائر علي
Supervisor name: نصير عبود عيسى الحبوبي
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
Full text from the source: https://nahrainuniv.edu.iq/sites/default/files/ANAS%20THESIS%20.pdf
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: ان تاكل الهياكل المعدنية المدفونة في التربة والتي على اتصال مع التربة لفترة طويلة تعتبر مشكلة هندسية واقتصادية كبيرة.في جميع انحاء العالم هنالك الكثير من انابيب النفط والغاز والماء وكابلات الاتصالات وكذلك صهاريج التخزين والمباني والاسسات والعديد من الهيا | The corrosion of metallic structures buried in soils or in contact with soils has long been a serious engineering and economic problem. All over the world millions of kilometers of gas, water, oil pipelines, communication cables, power cables as well as storage tanks, buildings foundations, and many other structures are buried in the soil, suffering from soil corrosion problems which affect mainly the external surfaces of these structures. In many countries pipelines are by far the most important means of hydrocarbon transportation. This applies to the transport of crude, finished products and natural gas.It is an international problem with more structures and materials buried in the soil. The truly international scope of interest of this subject can be seen by the amount of literature and researches in this field. Attempts have been made to overcome this problem by the use of various types of techniques. The most common and applicable technique is cathodic protection.In this research a carbon steel pipe of length 100 cm buried in a wooden box submerged by soil and impressed current cathodic protection system (ICCP).was applied using power supply and electrical closed circuit, several important factors affecting the pipe protection from corrosion has been studied, like Anode position (distance and depth), soil resistivity (wet and dry), condition the pipe (coated and un - coated), distribution of potential and currents along the pipe(cathode) and the amount of current required to achieve cathodic protection.A correlation was achieved to simulate the ranges of parameters and factors affecting Impressed Current Cathodic Protection. Regression of this model to data and results yielded parameter values vary depending on the effect of the same factor.

ازالة الكبريت بالامتزاز من النفثا الثقيلة العراقية بواسطة 13X زيولايت == Adsorption Desulfurization of Iraqi Heavy Naphtha Using 13X Zeolite

Author name: موفق محمد يحيى
Supervisor name: حسين قاسم حسين
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: اجري هذا العمل لدراسة تاثير الامتزاز الانتقائي في ازالة مركبات الكبريت من النفثا الثقيلة العراقية التي تم توريدها من مصفاة الدورة. انجزت عملية الامتزاز بواسطة 13 منخل جزيئي داخل العمود ذو الحشوة الثابتة. X 6?? - من ??5 LHSV وقد نفذ الامتزاز الانتقائي في | This work was conducted to study the effect of selective adsorption on removal of sulfur compounds from Iraqi heavy naphtha which was supplied from Al - Dura refinery. The adsorption was carried out by molecular sieve 13X in a fixed - bed column.The selective adsorption was run out at different operating conditions such as LHSV from 1.5 - 6.0 h P - 1 P , molecular sieve bed weight from 15 - 30 g , sulfur inlet concentration of feedstock from 600 - 1650 ppm, and adsorption temperature at 25 PoPC and 40 PoPC.The breakthrough time, breakpoint and saturation state ( bed replace point ) were determined for different operating conditions in addition to the ratio of accumulated effluent weight per bed weight. Also , regeneration possibility of 13X spent catalyst was studied by using oxidative technique at different temperatures and air flow rates.The results show that increasing in LHSV and inlet concentration makes the breakthrough curves more steeper , also the breakthrough time and breakpoint decreases. Increasing the bed weight will increase both the breakthrough time and breakpoint.The best operating conditions for removing sulfur compounds were LHSV 3.0 h - 1 , bed weight of molecular sieve about 20 g and 25oC temperature , where the sulfur content in a heavy naphtha was reduced from nearly 600 ppm to less than 1 ppm (by weight).Regeneration step was thermally took place by hot air flow in a range of 16.66 - 25 liter / min and temperature range from 200 - 350 oC , the best desorption conditions for (85.8%) weight percent removal were at 16.66 liter / min air flow and 350 oC.

دراسة الحركية ونمذجة تفاعل استرة حامض الاوليك باستخدام NaY زيولايت المحضر == Kinetic Study And Modeling of Olic Acid Esterification Over Prepared Nay Zeolite

Author name: رويدة نزيه عباس
Supervisor name: عمار صالح عباس
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم تحضير زيولايت من نوع استرة حامض الاوليك. اجريت فحوصات الاشعة السينية ونسبة الصوديوم ونسبة السيليكا الى الالومينا والمساحة السطحية والحجم المسامي للعامل المساعد المحضر.اظهرت الفحوصات التوافق بين العامل المساعد المحضر مع التركيب العام للزيولايت القياسي. | The NaY zeolite catalyst was prepared from locally available Iraqi kaolin in order to use it in the esterification reaction of oleic acid. X - ray diffraction, scanning electronic microscopy, sodium content, silica to alumina ratio, surface area and pore volume were determined for the prepared NaY zeolite. The results of x - ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy show that the prepared NaY zeolite has approximately the same crystal structure as the standard. The sodium content was 12.26 wt. %, and the silica to alumina mole ratiowas 2.6, surface area 330 m2/g and pore volume 0.35 cm3/g. Because of the oleic acid is one of the free fatty acids that can found in vegetable oils and animal fats. Oleic acid used as a suggested feedstock to study and simulate production of biodiesel via esterification reaction.Esterification reaction was analyzed at different operational conditions including the ethanol/oleic acid molar ratio of 3/1 and 6/1, different temperature from 40 to 70 °C, reaction time up to 180 minutes and catalyst (2, 5 and 10 wt. % NaY zeolite). The maximum conversion of oleic acid (about 0.83) was observed at 6/1 ethanol/oleic molar ratio, 70 °C reaction temperature, 10 wt. % NaY zeolite as a catalyst, and 60 minutes contact time. The study of the kinetics of the esterification reaction of oleic acid, indicated that the value of the activation energies of esterification ware 42692 and 17218 J/mol for forward and backward reaction respectively, and frequency factors were 7.2*104 (mol - 1/minute) for forward reaction and 4.5 (mol - 1.25/minute) for backward reaction. The values of reactants and products orders were 1, 1, 1.2 and 1 for oleic, ethanol, ester and water respectively.The statistical analysis of the esterification reaction and experimental data indicates that the average relative error was 1.53, within 0.95 confidence level.ReactOp cascade package simulator used for simulation the behavior of batch and plug flow reactors in different operating modes (adiabatic and isothermal) carried out at selected operating conditions Contents Contents.

استخدام المادة النانو مسامية SBA - 15 لازالة الملوث العضوي من المياه الصناعية == A Nanoporous SBA - 15 As Adsorbent For Removal of Organic Pollutants From Wastewater

Author name: رغد عدنان حبش
Supervisor name: انعام اكرم صبري | طالب محمد نايف
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Industrial Processes
Degree: Master
University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering - Chemical Process Engineering Branch
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم تحضير ماده السليكا النانويه المسامية (SBA - 15) باستخدام (TEOS) كمصدر للسيليكا و(P123) كقوالب ومن ثم اجريت فحوصات عليها منها حيود الاشعة السينية (XRD),المجهر الالكتروني (SEM)،المساحة السطحيه ( (BET وطيف الاشعة تحت الحمراء (FTIR). بعد ذلك تم دراسة سلو | Santa Barbara Amorphous (SBA - 15) nanoporous silica was prepared using Tetraethylorthosilicate TEOS as silica precursor, Pluronic P123 as template, and characterized by means of X - ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), BET surface area and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The adsorption behavior of methylene blue from synthetic wastewater onto mesoporous SBA - 15 was studied. Both batch and continuous systems were studied. Batch experiments were carried out to measure the adsorption as a function of contact time, initial concentration (15 - 110 mg/l), pH (3 - 11) and adsorbent dose (0.1 - 2.3g/l) to specify the optimum operation condition. The equilibrium of the process was achieved within 20 min. Adsorption isotherms were fitted with the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin models. The equilibrium data were best represented by the Langmuir isotherm model with higher correlation coefficient R2 value of (0.990). The kinetics of the MB sorption on SBA - 15 were examined by using pseudo - first and pseudo - second order kinetics models. The kinetics analysis manifested that the overall adsorption process was successfully fitted with the pseudo - second - order kinetic model. In continuous studies, the adsorption of methylene blue from synthetic wastewater onto SBA - 15 in fixed bed was investigated and breakthrough data of the dye was determined. This research is run in small scale column with an internal diameter of 0.7 cm and 35 cm height at constant temperature and pH value. The effect of bed height (3, 6, 9 cm), flow rate (0.6, 1.0,1.4 ml/min) and initial MB concentrations (40, 70, 100 mg/l) on breakthrough curves were investigated. It is found that breakthrough time increases with increasing bed height, but decreases with increasing methylene blue inlet concentration and flow rate. Thomas and Yan models were used to determine the kinetic constants and to predict the breakthrough curves. The experimental data showed a better fit to Thomas adsorption model. In order to find out the possibility of reuse SBA - 15, desorption study was also carried out in this investigation. SBA - 15 can be effectively recovered by calcinations and reused fourteenth times in batch system and five times in continuous system without significant loss in removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution. The long reuse life of SBA - 15 makes it an efficient adsorbent for removal of methylene blue from wastewater at high potential for application in industry.

عمليات التنافذ الامامي - العكسي لمعالجة المياه الملوثة بالزيوت == Forward - Reverse Osmosis Processes For Oily Wastewater Treatment

Author name: نور حمود زغير
Supervisor name: حسن فرهود مكي
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: في هذه الدراسة, تم بحث مدى ملائمة عمليات التنافذ (الامامي - العكسي) لمعالجة المياه الملوثة بالزيوت. حيث طبقت عملية التنافذ الامامي لاسترجاع الماء النقي من المياه الملوثة بالزيوت. تم استخدام زيت محرك الديزل والكازولين نوع (15W - 40) لتحضير محلول اللقيم, بي | In this study, the feasibility of Forward - Reverse membrane osmosis system was investigated for treating the oily wastewater. Forward osmosis (FO) process was applied to recover pure water from oily wastewater. Gasoline and diesel engine oil (15W - 40) was used to prepare the feed solution (FS). While sodium chloride (NaCl) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) salts were used as draw solutions, and the membrane that was used in FO process was cellulose triacetate (CTA) membrane. While reverse osmosis process was used to recovery water from the diluted draw solution using polyamide (thin film composite (TFC)) membrane. In the first stage was applying the FO process for treating the oily wastewater with two parts. The first part included the FO process using the batch system whereas the second part included the FO process using the flowing system for different draw solutions. Theoperating parameters studied were : draw solution type, draw solution concentrations (0.25 - 0.75 M), oil concentration in FS (100 - 1000 ppm), the temperatures of FS and DS (30 - 45 °C), pH of FS (4 - 10) and for the forward osmosis flowing process the flow rate of both DS and FS (20 - 60 l/h), while the pressure was maintained at 0.5 bar. The run - time of the FO process was for five hours. It was found that water flux through membrane decreases with increasing time, while oil concentration in the FS increases with increasing time. Also, it was found that the water flux produced from the osmosis cell and oil concentration in FS increase by increasing the concentration of draw solutions, the flow rate of FS and the temperature for a limit (40oC), then, the water flux and oil concentration decrease with increasing the temperature because of happening the internal concentration polarization phenomenon. By increasing the oil concentration in FS and the flow rate of the DS, the water flux and oil concentration in FS were decreased. While it had a fluctuated behavior with increasing the pH of oily wastewater. It was found also that MgCl2 gives water flux higher than NaCl. It was observed that the best operating conditions in this study were : concentration of salt (0.75 M) for MgCl2, oil concentration (100 ppm), pH of FS (7.3), temperature of feed and draw solution (40oC), flow rate of FS (60 l/h), and flow rate of DS (20 l/h). The values of resistance to solute diffusion within the membrane porous support layer were 55.93 h/m and 26.21 h/m for NaCl and MgCl2 respectively. The second stage was applied reverse osmosis process for separating the fresh water from a diluted (NaCl) solution using different parameters such as draw solution concentration (0.08 - 0.16 M), feed flow rate (20 - 40 l/h) within two hours of work of the reverse osmosis system.

تاثير المحتوى المائي , درجة الحرارة وكلوريد الصوديوم على تاكل CO2 للصلب الكربوني (A106 B) في النفط العراقي == Effect of Water Content , Temperature And NaCl On CO2 Corrosion of C - Steel (A 106 B) In Iraqi Crude Oil

Author name: انعام يوسف عبد الرحمن
Supervisor name: سعد احمد جعفر
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:
Abstract: ان التاكل الداخلي في انابيب الصلب الكربوني الذي يحدث بوجود غاز ثاني اوكسيد الكربون يعتبر مشكلة جوهرية في صناعات النفط والغاز وهو يقترن دائما مع وجود الماء. ان احتمالية حدوث التاكل تزداد بصورة عامة مع تزايد نسبة الماء ومع زيادة مستوى الماء المنتج تزداد مع | Internal corrosion of carbon steel pipelines occurring in the presence of CO2 is a substantial problem in the oil and gas industries. It is always associated with the presence of free water. The likelihood of corrosion generally increases with the volume fraction of the water phase. As the produced water level increases, the corrosion rates of carbon steel increase very rapidly and causes damage of petroleum and gas pipelines. The present research work focuses on the investigating of the corrosion rate of carbon steel as flow line in crude oil production with CO2 content employing three Iraqi crude oil (Kirkuk crude oil, Halfaya crude oil, Rumalia crude oil) with different brine concentrations [1%NaCl, 2%NaCl, 3%NaCl]. Determining the corrosivity of Iraqi crude oil was studied for the first time. Experiments were performed in an autoclave test apparatus, crude oil - produced water mixtures, water cuts were (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 100%), and total volume of mixtures inside the autoclave was always kept at 100ml and temperature (20, 40, 60°C). For all experiments, CO2 partial pressure was maintained at (4 bar) and rotational speed (500 rpm).The corrosion rates were determined by the weight loss technique. The results revealed that the corrosion rates of carbon steel increased by increasing water cut and temperature, but decreases with increasing salt concentration for all types of crude oil. Results also indicated that different crude oil has significantly different effects on corrosion of carbon steel, with identical brine compositions. Therefore, Rumaila crude oil exhibits the highest corrosion rates and Kirkuk crude oil exhibits the lowest corrosion rates while Halfaya crude oil exhibits a moderate corrosion rates e.g. at 1% NaCl, 20% water cut, temperature 60°C, pressure 4bar, the corrosion rate of carbon steel in Rumaila crude oil is 0.9163mm/yr whereas it is 0.564 mm/yr and 0.705 mm/yr in Kirkuk crude oil and Halfaya crude oil respectively. The Corrosion Rate Break produced water level was determined from the experiments. These tests are employed to evaluate the requirements for corrosion inhibitor treatment. At 100% water cut (brine/CO2) the corrosion rates of carbon steel was the highest. The presence of crude oil decreases the corrosion rates e.g. at 1% NaCl,100% water cut(brine/CO2) the corrosion rate is 7.1197 mm/yr, whereas at 40% water cut/ Rumaila crude oil the corrosion rate is 1.4097 mm/yr.

محاكاة لمعمل الاثلين في العراق باستخدام الاسبن بلسن والماتلاب == Simulation of Iraqi Ethylene Plant Using Aspen Plus And Matlab

Author name: هدى عامر عبد القادر
Supervisor name: صفاء الدين عبد الله النعيمي | زيدون محسن شكور
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Processes
Degree: Master
University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering - Chemical Process Engineering Branch
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يعد معمل الاثيلين واحد من اهم معامل البتروكيماويات والاكبر حجما في العالم في الوقت الحاضر. بالاضافة الى ذلك، فانه يعتبر جوهر اي مجمع للبتروكيماويات. وفي مثل هذه المعامل، يخضع الغاز الطبيعي الى العديد من العمليات لفصل مكوناته.الهدف من هذه الدر | Ethylene plant is one of the most important and largest volume petrochemicals in the world today. In addition, it is a core of any petrochemical complex. In such plant, the natural gas is subjected to many processes to separate the components. The objective of this study is to develop a detailed model to simulate an ethylene plant, which includes a pyrolysis section, a separation system and an integrated refrigeration system. An optimization has been performed for a part of the plant; this part is the furnace.The ethylene plant at the Petrochemical Complex in PC1 - Basrah has been considered as a case of study. The kinetics of ethane thermal cracking in pyrolysis furnace has been simulated using Aspen Plus and MATLAB. The radiant coils in furnace have been modeled as a one dimensional plug - flow reactor in which ethane is subjected to steam cracking. The overall plant has been simulated using Aspen Plus version (7.3), and the reactor has been simulated using MATLAB environment, version (2013a) in addition to Aspen Plus. The validity simulation model test has been achieved by comparing the simulation results with the actual data collected from PC1and it showed a great similarity and reliability for both simulation models.A steady state simulation model has been developed to study the behavior of multi - types feed supplied to the plant. Furthermore, the model has been used to evaluate the effects of various process parameters, including temperature of reaction (Reactor outlet temperature), dilution steam to ethane ratio (DS/HC) and the outlet flow rate of hydrocarbons.The other aim of this study is to obtain the optimum operating conditions using Aspen Plus for the reactor in the furnace which has an effect on the final product to determine the maximum profit. Optimization using Genetic Algorithm (GA) by MATLAB has been used as well as Aspen Plus, and a comparison has been made between both methods. The selection of the optimum operating conditions of reactor was obtained to achieve the following objectives together : • Increasing the production rate of ethylene.• Increasing the outlet flow rate of hydrocarbons.These objectives have managed to be achieved all together by maximizing the total profit obtained from the furnace. Finally, Aspen Plus results show that the objectives have been satisfied by manipulating the decision variables Temperature of reaction (Reactor outlet temperature) in the range of (850 - 920) ?C, dilution steam to ethane ratio DS/HC in the range of (0.2 - 0.5) and the outlet flow rate of hydrocarbons ) in the range of (2421 - 1064) Kmole/hr to increase the profit of the furnace to approximately (10.541%) and (5.55%) for the whole plant.

دراسة استخدام الكاربون المنشط الحبيبي لازالة الفينول والباراكلوروفينول والبنزين من المياه المطروحة من مصفى بيجي == Study of Using Granular Activated Carbon For Removing Phenol , Parachlorophenol , And Benzene From Wastewater of Baiji Refinery

Author name: ابتسام احمد جدوع القيسي
Supervisor name: مزهر مهدي ابراهيم الدوري
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:
Abstract: ان هدف الدراسة الحالية هو ازالة البنزين والفينول والباراكلوروفينول من مياه الصرف الصناعية في مصفى بيجي بعملية الامتزاز بواسطة الكاربون المنشط الحبيبي وامكانية تمثيل العملية بنموذج رياضي.وقد صمم وصنع جهاز مختبري لغرض انجاز الدراسة اخذين بالاعتبار امكاني | The aim of the present study is to remove phenol, parachlorophenol and Benzene from waste water of Baiji refinery by using granular activated carbon. Moreover using the present models to represents the experimental data.A Laboratory scale apparatus is designed and constructed taking into account the most important parameters effecting adsorption. In performing the present study Actual wastewater of Baiji refinery is taken to perform the experimental work.The results indicated that phenol, parachlorophenol and Benzene can be removed completely using granular activated carbon. Also the results indicated that breakthrough and exhaustion time are inversely proportional with the concentration of pollutants and liquid hourly space velocity, while they are directly proportional with the thickness of granular activated carbon. Its found that the Adsorption capacity is directly proportional with the concentration of pollutants and liquid hourly space velocity. The results of this work indicated also the thickness of adsorption zone, which is calculated depending on the result of this study, is directly proportional with liquid hourly space velocity.Application of the most famous available models that are used to represent adsorption phenomena on our experimental data show that only Freundlich model gives excellent agreement.In order to find mathematical model for breakthrough and exhaustion time as a function the most important parameters, an advanced computer program is used.We found two mathematical model for breakthrough and exhaustion time as a function of granular activated carbon thickness, liquid hourly space velocity and the concentration of pollutants. These two models give acceptable agreement with the experimental results.The adsorption capacity for the three pollutants are calculated and found to be directly proportional with liquid hourly space velocity and pollutants concentration.

استخدام بعض المخثرات الطبيعية لازالة المواد العالقة من المياه == Using of Some Natural Coagulants To Remove Collide Particles From Water

Author name: زينة علي حميد
Supervisor name: رافع جمال يعقوب
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:
Abstract: تعتبر عمليات التخثير والتلبيد والترسيب من اكثر العمليات شيوعا في معاملة المياه لغرض الحصول على مياه صالحة للشرب. ولتحقيق هذا الغرض نستخدم عدة مواد كيمياوية في مرحلة التخثير. يعتبر الشب من اكثر المواد شيوعا كمادة مخثرة. بينت العديد من الدراسات والبحوث ا | Coagulation, flocculation, and settling processes are the most important processes for water purification chemical materials have to be used for coagulation processes Alum is one of the most prevalent as a coagulation material many researches and studies explain that the Alum has a side effect causes a health problems and discuses for consumer, so it is necessary to search for alternatives. In our study we explain the usage of some alternatives of Alum, we choose the Starch, Dextrin, Okra seeds & Cactus oil as a natural coagulants, we test them within the range of initial turbidity from (30 - 500 NTU) and range of pH (from 5 to 10) and we found the best dose for each coagulant.We design and fabricate a laboratory Jar test device and use the Lamella settler for test these natural coagulants.We are made many experiments by using the Jar test and Lamella settler and when compared results found that the Lamella settler has a good settling efficiency.Results show that the efficiency of the Jar test (50 - 60%) and for Lamella settler (40 - 50%).

معالجة واستصلاح الماء المصاحب للنفط العراقي باستخدام طريقة عمود التطويف وتقنية الاغشية == Treatment And Reclaiming of Iraqi Oil Field Produced Water By Flotation Column And Membrane Technology

Author name: هدى كاظم حسن
Supervisor name: ثامر جاسم محمد | قصي فاضل عبد الحميد
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Processes
Degree: Master
University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering - Chemical Process Engineering Branch
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يتم انتاج كميات كبيره من الماء المصاحب النفطي من قبل شركة نفط الجنوب.يعتبر محتوى النفطي oil - water والاملاح الذائبه TDS من اخطر الملوثات والتي تتم معالجتها باحدث التكنلوجيا في السنوات الاخيره تم استخدام تقنية الاغشية لمعالجة الماء المصاحب النفطي.الهدف م | A large amount of oil field produced water is generated by South Oil Company. Oil - in - Water and TDS are the most serious pollutants for which current treatment technologies are often costly and ineffective in order to reuse water. In recent years, membrane process has been applied for produced water treatment.The aim of the present work is to treat produced water from oil well before being disposed in environment or reused as re - injection to oil well or agriculture water. Oil field produced water is very difficult wastewater to treat and its characteristics change as well to well. The sample test of this study was taken from dehydrator in the DSI/North Rumila/Southern Oil Company in Basrah /Iraq. The treatment process of produced water consists of two stages. The first stage as pre - treatment is achieved by continuous dissolved air flotation (DAF) to reduce the oil content. The second stages, as advanced treatment processes, are accomplished by microfiltration (MF) to reduce the turbidity and nanofiltration (NF) to reduce the salt content as TDS of produced water. The experimental work was carried out using dissolved flotation column is of Perspex glass (0.1 m I.D, 1.5 m height). The bottom of the column connected to a conical joint of QVF glass with a Teflon distributer. The effect of operating parameters (flow rate of produced water, pH, initial oil concentration, flotation time, alum dosage and surfactant of SLS) saturated pressure=5 Atm on the oil content or oil removal efficiency was investigated. The results showed that the oil removal efficiency increases with increasing the flow rate of produced water, the flotation time and coagulants dosage. The oil removal efficiency in DAF unit without coagulants is equal to (80, 94, 95%) for initial oil concentration (30, 50, 70 ppm), respectively at a flow rate 0.03 m3/h and pH=6. While flotation with coagulation, the results indicated that the removal efficiency is equal to 94% (residual oil content <10 ppm) at pH=5, alum dosage=560 ppm, and initial oil concentration=50 ppm, and the removal efficiency is equal to 89.6 at pH=6, alum+SLS dosage=80 ppm, and initial oil concentration=50 ppm. The kinetics of flotation column was studied and it was found that the order of the reaction is changing between zero to first order.The treatment of produced water by membrane technique was carried out by cross flow mode in hallow fiber microfiltration (MF) and nanofiltration (NF). The effect of operating parameter such as transmembrane pressure (TMP) (1, 1.5, 2 bars) with cross flow 20 mL/min, at room temperature, on the flux, rejection, and turbidity and TDS removal was studied. The experimental results by MF manifested that the permeation flux is (108, 156, 611 l/m2.h) and transemembrane pressure is 2 bar at initial turbidity (100, 200, 300 NTU), respectively. But NF, as a final treatment of produced water to reuse, was studied at different feed concentrations (82950, 75050, 67150 ppm) with different TMPS. According to the experimental results, the higher permeation of flux =15 (l/m2.h) at 82950 ppm and 2 bar, was obtained.The experimental results of the removal efficiency were represented in two and three dimensional graphs. An empirical correlation for R% as a function of different parameters (flow rate, pH, and oil concentration) was developed by aided computer using the following formula %R= a + c1*x1n1 + c2*x2n2 + c3*x3n3.

انتقال الحرارة في الغليان الحوضي باستخدام موائع النانو == Pool Boiling Heat Transfer Using Nanofluids

Author name: خيرية مطر عيسى الخزاعي
Supervisor name: جمال مانع علي الربيعي
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يمكن اعتبار نظام المغلي التنوي واحدة من اكثر الطرق فعالية لزيادة التبادل الحراري في منطقة صغيرة نسبيا. انتقال الحرارة في الغليان الحوضي لموائع النانو تم التحقق عنها تجريبيا باستخدام مياه الالومينا AL2O3 ومياه ثاني اوكسيد التيتانيوم TiO2.كموائع نانويه (n | Nucleate boiling regime can be considered one of most effective ways to increase the heat exchange in a relatively small area. Pool boiling heat transfer nanofluid was investigated experimentally using Al2O3 - water and TiO2 - water nanofluids. The experimental test rig consists of boiling vessel and electrically heated plate heating element of stainless steel as heating element. Different concentrations of nanofluids were tested (0.05w %, 0.1w %, 0.3 w%, and 0.5 w %). The nanofluids for Al2O3 and TiO2 were prepared by mixing the( Al2O3 and TiO2) nanoparticles with distilled water in magnetic stirrer for three time periods at (2, 3 and 4) hours and for 1 hour in an ultrasonic bath to suspend the nanoparticles in base fluid. The nanofluids were scanned by scanning electron microscope to ensure well dispersion of nanoparticles in distilled water. Experiments were carried out firstly using pure water then nanofluid to compare the heat transfer enhancement. Results give maximum enhancement ratio in heat transfer rate of (100%) for 0.5% weight concentration for Al2O3 - water nanofluid and (81.82%) for TiO2 - water nanofluid at the same concentration. In both nanofluids the enhancement ratio increases with increased nanoparticle concentrations.This lead to increase in pool boiling heat transfer coefficient.

ازالة الكبريت من زيت الوقود باستخدام الاكسدة المعززة بالموجات الفوق الصوتية == Ultrasound - Assisted Oxidative Desulfurization of Fuel Oil

Author name: جعفر مازن جعفر
Supervisor name: نيران خليل ابراهيم | ولاء عبد الهادي نوري
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Due to the dramatic environmental impact of sulfur emissions associated with the exhaust of engines, sulfur content specification for diesel fuels became more and more stringent worldwide. Last environmental regulations for ultralow sulfur diesel require very deep desulfurization processing, which cannot be met by the conventional hydrodesulfurization process (HDS).The present work focuses on benefiting from integrating an ultrasoundassisted oxidative desulfurization process (UAODS) with the conventional HDS process to produce ultra - low sulfur fuels. The proposed method involves a batch ultrasound - assisted oxidative desulfurization process to desulfurize a previously hydrotreated diesel containing 480 ppm sulfur. The oxidizing system used was H2O2/CH3COOH with FeSO4 being used as a catalyst. An ultrasonic probe system was used to enhance the conversion of sulfur - bearing compounds that exist in diesel to sulfones and sulfoxides to affect their removal by a certain separation method, such as extraction or adsorption.The major influential parameters related to UAODS process have been investigated, namely : ratio of oxidant/fuel, ratio of the promoter/oxidant, dose of catalyst, reaction temperature, intensity of ultrasonic waves. A set of comparative studies were also carried out including type of extraction solvent, effect of initial sulfur content, and type of sulfur separation method. Total evaluation for the treated diesel was performed, including GC - MS analysis which has been used to monitor the change of organic sulfur compounds andhydrocarbons in diesel during the desulfurization process.The oxidation treatment, in combination with ultrasonic irradiation, revealed a synergistic effect for diesel desulfurization. The experimental results showed that the removal efficiency for sulfur compounds could amount to 98%, and sulfur level can be reduced to 12 ppm at mild operating conditions (70 and 1 bar). This indicates that this process is so efficient and promising for the production of ultra - low sulfur diesel fuels.The kinetics of the reaction has been also studied. It was observed that the UAODS of diesel fuels fitted pseudo - first - order kinetics under the studied experimental conditions. During this process, values of the apparent rate constant and activation energy were 0.373 min - 1 and 24 kJ/mol, respectively.

ازالة المحتوى الكبريتي من وقود الديزل بواسطة الاكسدة والاستخلاص بالمذيب == Desulfurization of Diesel Fuel By Oxidation And Solvent Extraction

Author name: شيم بهجت عبد الكريم
Supervisor name: ودود طاهر محمد | رغد فريد
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يهدف البحث الى ازالة المحتوى الكبريتي من مقطع الديزل المهدرج للتخلص من المركبات الكبريتية الثايوفينية التي تتعذر ازالتها بواسطة عملية الهدرجة المعتمدة في المصافي النفطية. ودراسة افضل الظروف للحصول على اعلى نسبة ازالة.رست الظروف التشغيلية التالية : سرعة ال | Removal of sulfur species from fuels is an increasingly critical environmental issue. Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) removes sulfur compounds, such as mercaptans and sulfides from hydrocarbons; however, some sulfur - containing compounds (such as diebenzothiophene) are very difficult to remove and need deep desulfurization processes.This work was applied to the desulfurized diesel fuel produced from the conventional HDS process for ultra - desulfurization. The used fuel types in this investigation were either real diesel fuel or simulated diesel fuel, where sulfur - containing compound ( dibenzothiophene DBT) converted to its corresponding sulfone by oxidation using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant and acetic acid as homogenous catalyst, and solvent extraction by using acetonitrile (ACN) or N - methyl - 2 - pyrrolidone (NMP) as extractants.Simulated diesel fuel according to British Petroleum 200B doped with dibenzothiophene (DBT) was prepared, the effect of stirring speed (150, 250, 350 and 450) rpm, temperature (30, 40, 45 and 50) ?C, oxidant/simulated diesel fuel ratio (0.5, 0.75,1 and 1.5) (v/v), catalyst/oxidant ratio (0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75) (v/v), solvent type, and solvent/simulated diesel fuel ratio (0.5, 0.6, 0.75 and 1) (v/v) were examined in order to obtain the maximum sulfur removal. The results of this work exhibit that the highest removal of sulfur 98.5% for N - methyl - 2 - pyrrolidone and 95.8% for acetonitrile were obtained under the conditions of operating in table below : Stirring Speed (rpm) 350 Temperature (?C) 50 Oxidant (hydrogen peroxide)/simulated diesel fuel ratio 1 Catalyst (acetic acid)/oxidant ratio 0.5 Solvent (ACN or NMP)/simulated diesel fuel ratio 1 Experiments with the above best conditions were carried out on Real diesel fuel obtained from Al - Dora refinery with 1000 ppm sulfur containing compounds. It was found that sulfur removal from real diesel fuel was 62.5% for acetonitrile and 75% for N - methyl - 2 - pyrrolidone.

تطبيقات الطرق العددية في التاكل الكلفاني للمعادن المزدوجة == Applications of Numerical Methods In Galvanic Corrosion of Coupled Metals

Author name: بسمة محمد كاظم الشاهر
Supervisor name: جمال مانع علي الربيعي
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Industrial Processes
Degree: Master
University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering - Chemical Process Engineering Branch
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم دراسة سلوك تاكل معادن النحاس والكربون الصلب والزنك في تراكيز مختلفة من حامض الهيدروكلوريكHCl) ) (0.025، 0.05 و0.075 مولاري ) عند درجات حرارة مختلفة (30، 40 و50 درجة مئوية) باستخدام القياسات الكهروكيميائية (Electrochemical Measurements) في حالة المعا | The corrosion behaviors of metals Copper, Carbon Steel and Zinc in a different concentrations of HCl acid (0.025, 0.05 and 0.075M) at different temperatures (30, 40 and 50°C) were investigated using electrochemical measurements in couple and single state.The galvanic behaviors of coupled metals (Cu - Fe),( Cu - Zn) and (Fe - Zn)were studied using Zero Resistance Ammeter (ZRA) technique, it has been used to measure the galvanic current (Ig) and galvanic potential (Eg) with time. The galvanic corrosion cells for all couples have equal areas of anode and cathode (2×2cm).The galvanic current density (ig) is increased with increasing solution concentration and temperature. The galvanic potential (Eg) is shifted to less negative with increasing solution concentration and temperature and it is close to the corrosion potential of the anode in the couple conditions.The potentiostatic polarization behavior of single three metals (Copper, Carbon Steel and Zinc) in different concentrations of dilute HCl acid (0.025, 0.05 and 0.075M) at temperature (40°C) is found under activation control. The corrosion current density is increases with increasing solution concentration and gives the following arrangement of metals : Cu> Fe > Zn A numerical analysis of galvanic corrosion was presented. The analysis was based on three numerical methods as the boundary element method (BEM), the finite element method (FEM) and the finite difference method (FDM).The potential and current density distributions on the galvanic elements are described by the Laplace equation. The Laplace equation was solved numerically, to determine the potential, current density, and corrosion caused by the galvanic cell using designed computer programs in MATLAB R2014a. The experimentally determined polarization curves have been used in order to define the nonlinear boundary conditions. This boundary value problem has been solved using Newton - Raphson iterative numerical procedure. For the three couple systems (Cu - Fe, Fe - Zn and Cu - Zn), the results obtained for galvanic potential and current density, using the numerical methods (BEM, FEM and FDM) with the overall deviations are 6.689, 10.818 and 18.846 respectively for galvanic current density and 0.631, 1.210 and 1.787 respectively for galvanic potential. From these results it can conclude that the galvanic current density and galvanic potential distribution calculated from the BEM model was in good agreement with the experimental measurements. These are because the main advantages of the BEM over the Finite Element Method (FEM) and the finite difference method (FDM) are high accuracy, discretization on the boundary only which results in a very small number of unknowns, easy dealing with non - regular boundaries and openings that only the domain boundary of interest is required to be discrete, also BEM needs fewer equations and a smaller matrix size than FEM and can solve both finite and infinite domain problems.

استخلاص الزيوت العطرية من قشور الحمضيات باستعمال التقطير البخاري بمساعدة المايكرويف == Extraction of Essential Oils From Citrus By - Products Using Microwave Steam Distillation

Author name: سارة جبير صالح
Supervisor name: ابتهال كريم شاكر
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يهدف هذا البحث الى استخلاص الزيت العطري من ثلاثة انواع من قشور الحمضيات (البرتقال, الليمون, اللالنكي) بطريقتين : التقطير البخاري والتقطير البخاري بمساعدة المايكرويف.ودراسة تاثير عوامل الاستخلاص : (وزن القشور, وقت الاستخلاص,طاقة المايكرويف ونوع قشور الحمضي | The main objectives of this research is to extract essential oil from : orange( citrus sinensis), lemon( citrus limon) and mandarin( citrus reticulata) peels by two methods : steam distillation (SD) and microwave assisted steam distillation (MASD), study the effect of extraction conditions : weight of the sample( 398.56g, 281.8g, 116.76g), extraction time, microwave power( 135W, 265W, 445W) and citrus peel type( orange, lemon, mandarin) on oil yield and compare the results of the two methods, the resulting essential oil was analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC).Essential oils are highly concentrated substances used for their flavor and therapeutic or odoriferous properties, in a wide selection of products such as foods, medicines and cosmetics. Extraction of essential oil is one of the most time and effort consuming process. Microwave - assisted extraction is a green technique for the extraction of natural products. (MASD) was better than (SD) in terms of rapidity, energy saving and yield. (MASD) gave higher yield than (SD) with shorter extraction time, yield of orange oil extracted by (MASD) was (1.150%) in (35min.) compared to (1.095%) in (45min.) by (SD) process, same results obtained for lemon and mandarin. It was found that the optimal microwave power was (135W) and the yield was : (1.150%, 1.115%, 0.940%) for orange, lemon and mandarin respectively, (MASD) increased extraction temperature in short time and to a higher level compared to (SD).It was found that the optimal weight was (398.56g) and the yield in (SD) was : (1.095%) and MASD (1.091%) for orange oil, same results obtained for lemon and mandarin.The best citrus peel type which gave the highest yield was orange followed by lemon then mandarin in both processes.Limonene is the most abundant component in citrus essential oil, (GC) analysis showed that the amount of limonene increased in low microwave power with long extraction time for mandarin oil it was (84.3891% at 135W in 60min.), while for (SD) it was (83.0271% in 75min.) and decreased with increasing microwave power for orange oil it was (80.9661% at 265W in 35min.) while for (SD) it was (83.2189% in 45min.), (SD) was more convenient to give high amount of limonene because of the graduate temperature rise, while in microwave extraction exposure to low microwave power for long time would give complete recovery and better quality of essential oil.
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