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العوامل المؤثرة في خلية الوقود الميكروبية عند توليد الكهرباء من المياه الملوثة == Effect of Microbial Fuel Cell Parameters on Electricity Generation from Wastewater

Author name: علي منير هادي قدوري
Supervisor name: حسن عبد الزهرة الفتلاوي
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Electrochemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Engineering - Department Of Electrochemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:

اقتران خليه الوقود المايكروبي بالمحفز الضوئي لتوليد الطاقه النظيفة == Coupling microbial fuel cell with photo catalytic as renewable power generation

Author name: سارة كريم غافل
Supervisor name: واثق ناصر حسين
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Electrochemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Engineering - Department Of Electrochemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:

تاكل الكاربون الصلب في حامض الستريك باستخدام مستخلص اوراق الجنكة بيلوبا == Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel in Citric Acid Using Ginkgo Biloba Leaves Extract

Author name: سرى ابراهيم موسى
Supervisor name: فلاح كيفي مطلوب
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Electrochemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Engineering - Department Of Electrochemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:

دراسة تثبيط تاكل الخارصين في انواع مختلفة من المحاليل والمثبطات == Study for Zinc Corrosion Inhibition in Different Types of Inhibitors and Solutions

Author name: زينب عبد الكريم فرحان
Supervisor name: شاكر صالح بحر
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Electrochemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Engineering - Department Of Electrochemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:

ازالة ايونات الرصاص من مياه الصرف الصناعي بطريقة التخثير الكهروكيمياوي == Removal of Lead Ions from a Synthetic Waste Water by a Batch Electrocoagulation Process

Author name: رواء زاهد جفات
Supervisor name: ساطع كاظم عجام
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Electrochemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Engineering - Department Of Electrochemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:

استرجاع الفضة من محلول نفايات الاشعة السينية بواسطة استخدام مفاعل ذو حشوه ثابته == Recovery of Silver from Waste X - Ray Films by Using Fixed Bed Reactor

Author name: منتظر احمد عيسى محيسن
Supervisor name: شاكر صالح بحر
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Electrochemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Engineering - Department Of Electrochemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:

الترسيب الكهروكيميائي للكادميوم من مياه الصرف == Electrochemical deposition of Cadmium from Wastewater

Author name: زينب جابر حمزة
Supervisor name: فلاح كيفي مطلوب
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Electrochemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Engineering - Department Of Electrochemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:

تاثير المثبطات (بيردين و نترات الصوديوم) على تاكل الفولاذ الكاربوني في اسطوانة دوارة في درجات حرارة مختلفة في الوسط الحامضي / الملحي == The Effect of Inhibitors (Pyridine and NaNO3) on Carbon Steel Corrosion in Rotating Cylinder at Different Temperatures in a Salty / Acidic Medium

Author name: شهد حسن علاوي
Supervisor name: شاكر صالح بحر
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:

معالجة المياه الصناعية من المعادن السامة باستعمال مادة امتزاز محلية جديدة == A new Local Adsorbent for The Treatment of an Industrial Wastewater from Toxic Metals

Author name: سحر فاضل عبد الرزاق الجمعة
Supervisor name: الهام هاشم شمخي | مصطفى محمد رضا الفائز
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تاثير خصائص القطب على اداء خلية الوقود الميكروبية == Influence of Electrodes Characteristics on the performance of a Microbial Fuel Cell

Author name: محمد هادي راضي الطائي
Supervisor name: حسن عبد الزهرة الفتلاوي
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Electrochemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:

معالجة مياه الصرف الصناعي لمصافي النفط بالاكسدة الانودية المباشرة == Treatment Of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater By Direct Anodic Oxidation

Author name: انغام سامي حمزة
Supervisor name: علاء نور غانم الموسوي
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Electrochemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: مياه الصرف الصناعي لمصافي النفط الناتجة بصورة رئيسية من عمليات تكرير النفط الخام والصناعات التحويلية، مواد التشحيم والبتروكيماويات الوسيطة. هذه السوائل هي المصدر الرئيسي للتلوث البيئي المائي. تتكون مياه الصرف الصناعي من الزيوت والشحوم والمركبات العضوية ا | Petroleum refinery wastewater originating from petroleum industries primarily resulted in refining crude oil and manufacturing fuels, lubricants and petrochemical intermediates. These effluents are a major source of aquatic environmental pollution. The wastewaters are composed of oil and grease, toxic organic compounds along with many other minerals. In this study, wastewater of Al - Najaf petroleum refinery was used as electrolyte solution in the experiments, and the effect of some variables on the removal of organic material as a pollutant in term of COD were studied. The performance of anodic oxidation represented by COD removal was studied using 1 liter batch - mode parallel plate electrochemical reactor at constant initial COD concentration and fixed agitation speed of 250 rpm with the variation of operating conditions that were expected to have a major effect on process. These variables were : electrodes material (platinum, stainless steel, graphite, PbO2, and carbon felt), current densities (5, 15, 25) mA cm - 2 for carbon felt electrode and (10, 30, 50) mAcm - 2 for other electrodes, pH (4, 7, 10), temperatures (25, 40, and 55)?C and with electrolysis time up to 120 minutes. The results show that the direct anodic oxidation process gave the best COD removal percent of 84.88% and 86.27% at 50 and 25 mA cm - 2 current densities for PbO2 and carbon felt anode materials, respectively. The highest COD removal was predicted at pH 4 and the best temperature at 55?C for all electrode types. The reaction was followed by pseudo first - order kinetics rate. As well, it was studied the effect of current density on the current efficiency, instantaneous current efficiency, energy consumption, charge load with the time and calculated activation energy.

تحسين الاداء الحراري للمائع النانوي في المبادلات الحرارية == Enhancement Of Thermal Performance Of Nanofluids In Heat Exchangers

Author name: شهد فالح حسن
Supervisor name: تحسين علي الحطاب
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Electrochemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: التقنية الواعدة التي تستخدم لتعزيز عملية الانتقال الحراري هي باستخدام الموائع النانوية كخيار جيد واستبدالها محل السوائل التقليدية الشائعة. والمبادلات الحرارية هي معدات واسعة التطبيق في كثير من التطبيقات الصناعية المختلفة وبالتالي يكون سلوك وخصائص المائع | The most promising technique that is used to enhance the thermal performance for the heat transfer processes is using the nanofluids as a good choice to replace the conventional fluids. The heat exchangers are the wide range application equipment that is used for different industrial applications and therefore, the properties and the behavior of the fluid media are the main control parameters in equipment design of the heat exchangers. In this work an attempt was made to investigate experimentally the thermal performance of nanofluid which consists of deionized water (DI) as a base fluid and Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) as solid nanoparticles. The investigation includes two parts, the first one is studying the effect of addition of solid nanoparticles to the base fluid on the thermo - physical properties such as density, viscosity and thermal conductivity for different values of the volume fraction of nanoparticles. The second part includes the experimental work studying the effect of the nanoparticles (Al2O3) volume fraction (0.05, 0.1 with base fluid ), heat flux (With three values 7.4W,11W,16.8W) and angle (With two values 90?,45?) with four models (four different type from wicks in heat pipe) to enhance the heat transfer in heat pipe with two cases of transient temperature distribution and steady state. One model is different from the other by using different wicks in a heat pipe in all models. The general results referred to the enhancement of heat transfer rate are represented by increasing the concentration of nanoparticles (Al2O3) volume fraction such as (?=0.1) is better than (?=0, ?=0.05), increasing heat flux such as (16.8W) is better than (7.4W,11W) and an inclination angle such as( 45?) is better than (90?).At the transient state the time to reach to the steady state decreases when the concentration of the nanoparticles (Al2O3) volume fraction increases, the heat flux increases and the angle incline. In model 4 the heat transfer enhancement is better than that of model 3 and model 3 is better than that of model 2 and model 2 is better than that of model 1.The time to reach the steady state decreases in model 4 more than model 3, model 2 and model 1. The temperature decreases in the heat pipe when we gradually sidle from heater. The time to reach to steady state found in model 4 at concentration of nanofluid (?=0.1) and heat flux (16.8W) in angle (45?) is (19 min). In the steady state when we increase the concentration of the nanoparticles (Al2O3) volume fraction at the same distance (z) the temperature increases ,The increase in the heat flux of the hot part of the heat pipe will always increase the temperature in the heat pipe and the temperatures distribution in the heat pipe will be improved. The thermal performance of the heat pipe is enhanced by increasing the concentration of the nanofluid , the heat flux and by inclining the heat pipe from 90? angle to 45? angle such as in result of model 4.

تقليل الاعاقة في الجريان المضطرب باستخدام البولي اكريل امايد وصمغ الزانثان : دراسة عملية ونظرية == Turbulent Drag Reduction By Polyacryl Amide And Xanthan Gum, Experimental And Theoretical Investigation

Author name: احمد عدنان عطشان
Supervisor name: جبار شنشول جمالي
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
Full text from the source: https://nahrainuniv.edu.iq/sites/default/files/THESIS_8.pdf
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: This work presents an experimental study of the drag - reduction performance of two water - soluble polymers, Polyacrylamide(PAAM) as flexible, linear synthetic polymer and Xanthan Gum(XG) as a rigid polysaccharide from natural resources. The flow loop used consisted of 0.5 O.D. inch straight pipe with a test section of 3 m length. A 0.5 inch O.D. vertical tubing with elbows was also included to compare the drag - reduction behavior between both tubing configurations. Various concentrations of polymeric additive and water flow rates were tested. The results show that the drag - reduction in vertical piping are significantly lower than in straight type for both polymer type. The dragreduction efficiency of Xanthan Gum agent is much lower than polyacrylamide. Higher concentrations of XG about 150 ppm is required to get exactable drag - reduction performance about 12.84% in the straight pipe. While about 40.3% drag - reduction was achieved with about 50 ppm Polyacrylamide with the same conditions. Moreover, the drag - reduction efficiency of XG can be improved by mixing with Polyacrylamide agent at a given conditions.Part of the experimental work was devoted to study the performance of Polyacrylamide as drag - reducing agent with the existence of small amounts of sodium chloride acts as an inhibitor to the ability of the additive, resulting in lower drag - reduction probably due to collapse of PAAM at more compact structure with the addition of sodium chloride as strong ionic salt.Polyacrylamide and Xanthan Gum additive undergo undesirable mechanical degradation with increasing of circulation time, leading to lower drag - reduction performance. The molecular degradation is likely to occur at low additive concentrations and low turbulence flow, in vertical piping, since the polymeric additives are exposed to shear stresses.Further attempt was done in present investigation to find correlations for accurately predicting drag - reduction characteristics of drag - reducing agents, used in published works. A published time scale hypothesis for prediction of drag - reduction values, the friction factor data as a function of the polymer concentration, shear stress, Reynolds number, pipe diameter. The experimental friction factor results were taken from a published work for gas oil with polyisobutylenes. Good agreement between measured and predicted friction factor. Further attempt was made to correlate the mechanical degradation ability by modifying the Kouraush, Williams and Watt (KWW) equation. The experimental data were taken from a published work for Polyethylene Oxide. The modified equation was found to fit experimental data better than the original KWW equation.

تحضير عامل مساعد زيوت Y من قشور الرز العراقية لتطبيقات تكسير الهكسان == Preparation Of Zeolite Y Catalyst From Iraqi Rice Husk For Cracking Of n - Hexane

Author name: زينب محمد صبار
Supervisor name: نجاة جمعة صالح | بشير يوسف شرهان
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Oil Refining and Petrochemical Industries
Degree: Master
University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering - Chemical Engineering and Oil Refining Branch
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Silica nano particles were prepared from Iraqi rice husk (al - Najaf province) by precipitation method. Rice husk (RH) was treated with two different concentrations of inorganic acid (i.e. 1 & 3 N HCl) then burning at 700 °C under two heating rates. Chemical composition of rice husk ash (RHA) determined by X - Ray fluorescence (XRF) was contained about 89.5 wt% and 95.2 wt% SiO2 by treatment with 1N HCl at 10 and 5 °C/min heating rates for 3 hrs, respectively. While, XRF analysis was given 97.5 wt% SiO2content in RHA by treatment with 3 N HCl at 5 °C/min heating rates for 2 hrs. 3N HCl and heating rate at 5°C/min seems to be the best method to reduce the metallic ingredients and to obtain highly purified nanosilica powder at a purity of 98.9 wt%.The prepared nanosilica was also characterized by X - ray diffraction (XRD), BET surface, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), in order to investigate its properties.X - ray results revealed a strong single beak of 2? at about 22° with an amorphous phase. Surface area was measured for nano silica to be 298 m2/g. The average diameter of prepared nanosilica is 89.58 nm as obtained by AFM analysis. Rice husk is seen to be a frugal waste material, high silica content, and it will be able to apply as a natural source of silica for preparation the zeolite - Y catalysts rather than burnt or dumped it as waste, causing environmental and health problems. On the other hand, the commercial source of silica (i.e. Ludox As - 40) is industrially used with other materials for synthesizing the zeolite type - Y catalyst and economically it has an expensive cost. Hence, it is essential to find out another pathway for silica source.This work deals with the replacing of costly commercial precursors of silica by a cheap natural nano - source silica from Iraqi RH. As such this study focuses on the optimization of percentages of natural and/or commercial silica applied within either seed gel or feed stock gel in the zeolite - Y synthesis process in order to investigate the effect of the nature of the silica used on both the structural properties of produced of Y - catalyst as well as on the catalytic performance of these catalysts in hydrocarbon cracking reactions forimproving the production catalytic activity and selectivity. Commercial zeolite - Y catalyst was laboratory prepared by means of commercial silica source and named as “A” sample, whereas other four samples of zeolite catalysts were successfully synthesized with a desired zeolite - Y phase and so - called “B, C, D and E” using different percentages of natural silica source. All the achieved samples are investigated by characterization techniques (i.e. XRD, BET - surface area, Pore volume, FTIR SEM, AAS, and EDX). The synthesized HY - catalyst samples were catalytically tested in the cracking of Hexane (C6H14) through an experimental cracking rig, and the reaction products were analyzed by GC. The performance of Iraqi RH zeolite type - Y catalysts was compared with the commercial lab HY - catalyst. Catalyst B prepares from only natural nanosilicasource and in comparison with other synthesized Y - catalysts; it gives the best catalytic behavior with 98 - 95 mol% conversion together with the selectivity domination of isomer and normal paraffin within the reaction products during more than 2 hrs at 450 °C. This result confirms that the use of natural silica source can be enhanced the catalytic properties of zeolite type - Y catalyst.

دراسة تاكل الصلب الكربوني في محلول ملحي والمنتجات البترولية بوجود غاز ثاني اوكسيد الكربون == Studying of Carbon Steel Corrosion In Salt Solution And Petroleum Products In Presence of CO2

Author name: نضال احمد شاكر
Supervisor name: شذى احمد سامح | شروق طالب الحميري
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يتضمن البحث دراسة سلوك التاكل للصلب الكربوني في محلول ملحي من (3.5wt%NaCl) ومشبع طبيعيا بالهواء بوجود غاز CO2 المستخدم في انابيب النفط. وتم تصميم منظومة القطب الاسطواني الدوار (RCE) لانجاز الدراسة.واجريت تجارب الاستقطاب في ظروف الجريان المضطرب باستخدام | The present work is to study the corrosion behaveior of carbon steel, in naturally aerated 3.5wt% NaCl (brine solution) and petroleum products in presence of CO2. A rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) system were used to study the potentiostatic polarization experiments, under turbulent flow conditions, using 3.5wt% brine solution as electrolyte at different temperatures (298, 308, 318 and 328)K and rotating speed of (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400)r.p.m. at each temperature.Similar experiments were carried out in 3.5wt% brine solution using CO2 gas at (32 ml/sec) flow rate.Corresponding experiments by weight loss were carried out in 3.5wt% brine solution with compunds of : - 1. Kerosene + 10V% brine solution.2. Gas oil + 10V% brine solution. At 328Kand flow rates of (0 and 400) r.p.m.3. Similar experiments were carried out in kerosene + 10V% brine solution at (298, 308 and 318)K and static condition speed of (0) r.p.m at each temperature.4. Experiments were carried out in pure kerosene at a temperature of (298 and 318) K and speed of (0) r.p.m.All above experiments were carried out with and without CO2 gas.The results indicated that the corrosion rate of carbon steel was increased in presence of CO2 gas.The anodic dissolution kinetics were activation control processes affected by temperature.The activation energy of carbon steel with CO2 gas system (2.87 - 1.8) Kcal/mol at different r.p.m. was lower than that without CO2 gas system of (11.4 - 1.7) Kcal/mol at different r.p.m.The corrosion potentials without CO2 gas were shifted to the noble direction with increasing flow rate at a constant temperature, whereas such potential were shifted to the less noble direction with increasing temperatures at a constant speed. However, the corrosion potential with CO2 gas was more noble than that obtained without CO2 gas.The corrosion rate is increased with increasing temperature and velocity. The results indicated that the corrosion rates of ( gas oil +10V% brine solution ) are higher than that of (kerosene +10 V % brine solution) with and with out CO2 gas, and the corrosion rate of pure kerosene is lower than that of (kerosene+10V% brine solution) with and without CO2 gas.In the presence of CO2 gas the results indicated that corrosion rate increases due to continuous dissoultion of iron ion and formation of weak carbonic acid. The carbonic acid accelarteed corrosion rate and affected carbonate and hydrogen ion, which increased the cathodic reactions on the metal surface.

دراسة تاثير بعض متغيرات عملية الترسيب الكهروكيمياوي للنحاس على كفاءة العملية وخواص المسحوق المنتج == The Study of The Effect of Some Variables In Electrochemical Deposition of Copper Powder On The Efficiency of Process And Powder Properties

Author name: ميادة نوار نصيف
Supervisor name: فاروق منصور مهدي
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:
Abstract: يهدف البحث الى اجراء دراسة عملية لانتاج مسحوق النحاس باستعمال طريقة الترسيب الكهروكيمياوية مع دراسة تاثير عدد من المتغيرات التي تؤثر في كفاءة العملية والوقوف على طبيعة تاثير كل منها. تمت دراسة تاثير كل من كثافة التيار وزمن الترسيب ودرجة حرارة وسط الترسيب | The present study aims to produce copper powder by the electrochemical deposition method. In this work, the effect of current density, deposition period, electrolyte temperature, distance between electrodes, ratio of anode to cathode surface area and cathode rotation on the current efficiency and powder properties such as apparent density, grain size, grain size distribution and grain morphology on powder properties and current efficiency are studied. A deposition system composed of Perspex cell, two copper electrodes ( 96.8% purity), electrolyte composed of 90g/l CuSO4 and 120g/l H2SO4 as well as the electrical connections. Betts method was followed by this study.The automatic sieve shaker was used to determine the grain size, while the atomic spectroscopy was used to determine copper purity. Moreover, both optical microscope and SEM were used to estimate powder morphology. It is found that current efficiency is increased with increasing deposition time and electrolyte temperature. It is also found to be decreased with increasing current density, distance between the electrodes, ratio of anode to cathode surface area and rotation of cathode electrode. The results showed also that particle size is increased with increasing the distance between the electrodes and increased with increasing the ratio of anode to cathode surface area and cathode rotation. Further more, the obtained data indicated that the maximum and minimum achieved fine grain percent (

تاثير الجزيئات وحجم الندف على معالجة المياه بواسطة العمليات الفيزيائية - الكيمياوية لمياه النهر == Effect of Particle Floc Size On Water Treatment By Physico - Chemical Process

Author name: مهند ابراهيم فرحان
Supervisor name: ثامر جاسم محمد
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Processes
Degree: Master
University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering - Chemical Process Engineering Branch
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يتضمن هذا العمل دراسة تاثير حجم الجزئيات وحجم الفلوك المتكون على عملية التخثر - التلبيد عن اضافة المخثرات واجريت التجارب باستخدام عينة من الماء الطبيعي التي اخذت من نهر دجلة، مع في مستوى ( 55 NTU ) التعكر. واستخدمت ( Jar - test ) لتحديد الظروف المثلى لازا | This work includes the study of the effect of particle size and floc size formed on the process of coagulation - flocculation by the addition of coagulants.Experiments were conducted using a sample of natural water which was taken from Tigris River, within the level of (55) NTU turbidity. Jar - test was used to determine the optimal conditions for the removal of turbidity through coagulation - flocculation and sedimentation.Several experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of flocculation time 1,6 and 20 min, coagulants dose and camp No. on the residual turbidity or removal efficiency ,floc size or floc formed that have greater Intensity, floc strength and recovery factor, largest volume, greater surface area and the most number and properties of electrical particle such as (zeta potential ,mobility , frequency). The floc growth, breakage floc size and regrowth of different type of coagulant were investigated by a laser diffraction particle sizing device (zeta plus).The coagulants used were alum, FeCl3, polyelectrolyte (PE), alone or in combination of them.

اداء المبادل الحراري الارضي الاحادي المسار باستخدام موائع تشغيلية مختلفة == Peformance of A Single Pass Earth - Tube Heat Exchanger Using Different Working Fluids

Author name: مصطفى جواد نعمة
Supervisor name: غزوان احمد محمد | عباس خلف محمد
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: العديد من التقنيات استخدمت لتحسين معدل الانتقال الحراري لاختزال حجم المبادلات الحرارية وتشغيلها باقل كلفة0المبادلات الحرارية الارضية استخدمت وبشكل واسع وذلك لتحسين تقنيات التبادل الحراري في العديد من التطبيقات الصناعية0المبادل الحراري الارضي هو اداة تسمح | Several techniques have been applied to enhance heat transfer rate in order to reduce the size of heat transfer devices and also operating cost. Earth tubes have been used as one of the most widely used heat transfer enhancement techniques in several industrial applications. Earth tube heat exchanger is a device which permits transfer of heat from fluid to deeper layers of soil and vice versa.The results of the heat transfer characteristics in earth tube heat exchanger are presented. The experimental test section is made of 50 m carbon steel pipe of 19.05 mm inner diameters and 25.95 mm outer diameters. The pipe was buried 2 m deep below ground surface. Water and gasoil were used as working fluids in the experimental runs. Experiments were performed under conditions of volumetric flow rates ranging from 0.5 to 2 m3/h and inlet working fluids temperature is between 35 to 70?C at winter season and between 50 to 70?C at summer season. Working fluids temperatures were measured at five points with equal length by thermocouples placed inside the pipe. Also, soil temperatures were measured at these points by thermocouples placed 0.5 m apart from pipe. The effects of working fluid flow rate, inlet temperature, pipe length on the overall performance of the earth tube heat exchanger was investigated at winter and summer seasons, respectively.It was shown that the heat transfer rate of the working fluid increases as the pipe length and inlet temperature increase, or volumetric flow rate decreases. Furthermore, the heat transfer rate in the first half of the pipe represents (33.3 to 87.5%) from the total heat transfer rate, depending on working fluid operating conditions. Also, it was noticed that the heat transfer rate in summer days is less than in winter days. Coefficient of performance (COP) analysis was also carried out to characterize the system performance at different operating conditions. The experimental earth tube heat exchanger (ETHE) system was attained a maximum COP of 45.589 at winter tests and 17.818 at summer tests for water as working fluid. But, the maximum COP was reached only 28.52 for gasoil as working fluid at summer.

تحسين اداء مفاعل الطبقة الوشله المشغل بالحالة الغير مستقرة لمعالجة المياه من ملوثات الفينول == Performance Enhancement In Unsteady State Operated Trickle Bed Reactor of Phenolic Wastewater Treatment

Author name: غيداء ضياء الدين نجيب
Supervisor name: صفاء الدين عبد الله النعيمي | فرح طالب السوادني
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Processes
Degree: Master
University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering - Chemical Process Engineering Branch
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تضمن البحث دراسة عملية ونظرية لاكسدة محلول الفينول بطريقتي (CWAO & PP - CWAO) باستخدام عمود الطبقة الوشله Trickle Bed Reactor لكل من التشغيل المستقروالتشغيل الدوري (Unsteady Periodic Operation) والمتضمن التقطيع الدوري لمعدل جريان السائل (Liquid Flow Mod | Catalyst Wet Air Oxidation (CWAO) and Hydrogen Peroxide Promoted Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation (PP - CWAO) of phenol in aqueous phase are studied experimentally and theoretically in this work using a trickle bed reactor operating in both steady state and periodic operation; liquid flow and hybrid modulation. A laboratory unit was constructed for this purpose, where a versatile reactor setup required "high pressure stainless steel reactor of 0.018 m i.d.×0.76 m height", in which experiments could be carried out under different modes of operation. The effect of key parameters that influence on the performance of trickle bed reactor (TBR) for CWAO and PP - CWAO is studied in a steady - state operation to provide a basis for comparison with periodic experiments and kinetic measurements in TBR under constant operating pressure (0.1 MPa) throughout Initial phenol concentration (0.84 - 1.5 g/L), liquid hourly space velocity (1.16 - 19.87 h - 1), superficial gas velocity (0.163 - 0.655 m/s), and bed temperature (30 - 80oC) for CWAO. Hydrogen peroxide concentration (5 - 40%) and feed rate (0.0499 - 0.1465 L/h) for PP - CWAO at constant liquid hourly space velocity (1.16 h - 1), initial phenol concentration (1.35 g/L), superficial gas velocity (0.163 m/s), and bed temperature (80oC).In periodic operation, the effect of cyclic parameters is investigated in a broader range of cycle period (5 - 180 sec) and split (0.2, 0.5 and 0.7) for both liquid flow and hybrid modulation under some of the conditions chosen on the basis of the steady state results for PP - CWAO.The results showed that the CWAO and PP - CWAO of phenol are kinetically controlled. In CWAO, LHSV and air flow rate have a slight effect on the phenol conversion, whilst they have a positive effect on the rate of reaction. The conversion and reaction rate of phenol increase with increasing initial phenol concentration and bed temperature, but they have a little pronounced effect in the range of temperature. The highest phenol conversion (75.26%) was obtained over Pt/? - Al2O3 at LHSV=1.16 h - 1, bed temperature=80°C, air flow rate=10 L/min and initial phenol concentration=1500 ppm.For PP - CWAO, the promoting effect of hydrogen peroxide was less marked in the range (5 to 25) %H2O2 concentration while at (35 - 40) %H2O2 concentration, the removal efficiency became more pronounced where the phenol conversion enhanced from 73.26% conversion at 25% H2O2 to 88.88% conversion at 40% H2O2. Hydrogen peroxide flow rate has a negligible effect on the removal of phenol. According to the kinetic results, the reaction kinetic was pseudo first order with respect to phenol concentration, (0.3) order with respect to oxygen, and the apparent activation energy equals to (19.8247) kJ/mol. The rate expression for CWO is - r_ph= C_ph^ For periodic operation, the time average conversion enhancement is indeed quite considerable in liquid flow modulation as split is lowered from steady state (? =1) to a value of (? =0.5) and reached as much as 6.66 % over the steady state at cycle period (?_p)= 15 sec; which is close to the hybrid modulation, where enhancement reached to 6.91% at ? =0.2 and (?_p)=5 sec.Intermediate compounds were analyzed for CWAO and PP - CWAO in steady state operation. Four intermediate compounds were indicated, namely oxalic acid, acetic acid, formic acid and maleic acid (carboxylic acid). Acetic acid being the main refractory intermediate in the catalytic oxidation of phenol at the operating conditions employed for CWAO process in steady state operation. The PP - CWAO of phenol in steady state and periodic operation has a positive impact on the intermediate compound mineralization as compared with the CWAO in steady state operation. In the modeling part, a suitable reactor scale model is evaluated and extended to predict the performance of TBR under the employed conditions. The model was solved numerically by finite difference approach with a semi implicit solution of the differential equations. The simulated results for steady - state and periodic operation (liquid flow modulation) performance showed that the expected trends in performance enhancements as experimental results. The experimental data results showed the relative error for the conversion (1.22 - 8.9%) in the broad range of experimental.

معالجة الماء الحاوي على النفط في حقول نفط العراق الجنوبية == Oily Water Treatments For Southern Iraqi Oil Fields

Author name: عقيل شيخة عرفات
Supervisor name: خالد مخلف موسى
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
Full text from the source: https://nahrainuniv.edu.iq/sites/default/files/Combined_320.pdf
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: عمليات الحفر تنتج كميات كبيرة من الماء الملوث يعرف بالماء المنتج او الماء المنتج من البئر. مختبريا تم التحقق باستخدام Autoclave بحجم لتر واحد مصنوع من مادة الصلب stainless steel لمعالجة الماء المنتج من حقول الرميلة الشمالية والزبير الخطوة الاولى استخدمت م | The oil drilling operations create large quantities of contaminated water known as “Produced Water” (PW), or water that is produced from the well. An experimental investigation was conducted using 1litter stainless steel autoclave to treat the oily water produced from North Rumaila and Zubair oil fields. The first approach was a pretreatment to remove solid particles using sedimentation with and without flocculation. The second approach included studied the effect of pH, pressure, temperature, salinity, operation time, outlet time and RPM. The third approach was investigate the effect of the surfactants (detergents and alcohol) to reduce surface tension, finally, was addition of some sorbents like polypropylene, polyethylene, used plastic and sawdust.The ranges of salinity, pH, pressure and temperature were selected according to the PW conditions which out from dehydrator and desalter (80000 ppm, 6, 3bar and 60°C respectively), the RPM of mixer was selected to satisfy laminar flow, while the time of operation and outlet product represented the minimum residence time in batch reactor and its discharge to choose the minimum design cost. The results showed that the best conditions were : - Pressure =1 bar, temperature =45°C, mixer speed =300 RPM, treating time =15 min and skim time starting =5 minutes. Best additives to reduce surface tension : ethanol volume = 0.05vol %, powder detergent = 400 mg/litter and liquid detergent volume = 0.03vol%. Best sorbents : Sawdust amount addition = 2.5 gm, polypropylene = 4 gm, polyethylene = 3 gm and used plastic = 2.5 gm The results showed that using polymers made a great change in the oil recovery percent (all the oil was recovered).

اكسدة ايون الحديدوز الى ايون الحديديك باستخدام المضافات في العمود ذو الفقاعة == Oxidation of Ferrous To Ferric Ion By Additives In Bubble Column

Author name: صباح محمد حسن الجبوري
Supervisor name: رافع جمال يعقوب
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:
Abstract: تم دراسة اكسدة كبريتات الحديدوز الى كبريتات الحديديك من خلال التركيز على اختبار تاثير الظروف التشغيلية للمنظومة على عملية اكسدة كبريتات الحديدوز بالهواء ومن ثم دراسة تاثير المضافات في اتمام عملية الاكسدة باستخدام الاوكسجين في العمود الفقاعي. تم استخدام ا | This study was discussion converting of ferrous sulfate to ferric sulfate by oxidation with using the bubble column and concentrates by using air and then studied the effect of additives to complete the oxidation with oxygen. Air is used as an oxidation agent in the first step to study the oxidation reaction in bubble column with(5 cm inside diameter ,120 cm tall ), in this part of process, studying the operation condition on the oxidation and determining the rate of conversion. Temperature ( 50,60 and 70 )°C ,air flow rate (100,150,200 and 250)L/h and initial concentration of ferrous (0.5 , 0.25 , 0.1 and 0.05 )M with fixing the pressure slightly up to 1 atmosphere are used to study the performance of the parameters (initial concentration ,temperature and air flow rate on oxidation ferrous sulfate.The effect of these conditions are studied throughout the experimental work to increase the conversion rate of ferrous sulfate.The results are shown that the maximum conversion rate is 53.5% at the temperature 70 °C ,air flow rate 150 L/h and initial concentration of ferrous is 0.1M.The results of the optimum conditions are depended on the second part of this work by using oxygen gas and additive material, (CuSO4, KMnO4, H2O2 and HNO3) at the different concentration (100 , 200 , 300 , 400 , 500 ) ppm, the effect of each material is studied to show the conversion rate of ferrous to ferric sulfate.The test of these material gave different results for each material and gave different result for each concentration of additive on the conversion rate of ferrous.The best result is that the conversion rate is 81.1 % by using CuSO4 at additive concentration 400ppm, the conversion rate is 78.9% by using HNO3 at concentration of additive 200 ppm , the conversion rate is 73.1% by using KMnO4 at concentration of additive 400 ppm and the conversion rate is 70% by using H2O2 at concentration of additive 200 ppm.Mathematical correlation for each additive and the main operating variables on oxidation of ferrous to ferric sulfate are solved by using (Excel) program are illustrated : - (d[?Fe?^(+2)])/dt=0.612067 t+0.011378 Cadd ? 2.86622.

ازالة الكبريت ودراسة الحركية لوقود الديزل بعملية الامتزاز ذو الوجبة باستخدام الكاربون المنشط == Desulfurization And Kinetic Study of Diesel Fuel By Batch Adsorption On Activated Carbon

Author name: سمر خالد الجنابي
Supervisor name: نيران خليل ابراهيم
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Oil Refining and Gas Technology
Degree: Master
University: University of Technology - Department Of Chemical Engineering - Chemical Engineering and Oil Refining Branch
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: منتجات التقطير في المصافي , وخاصة قطفة زيت الغاز تحتوي على كميات كبيرة من مركبات الالكيل - بنزوثيوفين والتي هي الاكثر تمردا لازالة الكبريت عن طريق السلفرة الهيدروجينية التقليدية. وتستمر لوائح الوقود في جميع انحاء العالم في التشديد استجابة للحاجة الملحة | Refinery distillates, especially gas oil fractions contain considerable amounts of alkylated benzo - thiophene which are the most recalcitrant to desulfurization via conventional hydrodesulfurization. Fuel regulations continue to tighten worldwide in response to the need to cleaner air and refiners meet these regulations at a very significant cost. The need to cut the operational and capital costs has necessitated a renewed look to the non - hydrogen, low temperature and pressure processes for producing ultra low sulfur fuels.Non - conventional approaches for ultra low - sulfur fuels belong either to oxidative or a selective adsorption routes. The present research focuses on a batch adsorption desulfurization process for diesel fuel containing 580ppm sulfur, based on physical adsorption of refractory sulfur compounds on activated carbon (AC). The effects of time (0 - 3.5 hr), temperature (30 - 70 °C), diesel to AC ratio (2 - 10 ml/gm), AC particle size (0.2 - 1.44 mm), mixing velocity(100 - 1000 rpm), and initial sulfur concentration (280 - 580ppm) in commercial diesel fuel on the desulfurization efficiency were studied. The residual sulfur concentration in diesel fuel was decreased from 580 to 247 ppm, corresponding to a desulfurization efficiency of 57 %, at best conditions of 2.5 hr contact time, 50 ?, 2ml diesel/gm AC, 0.8 mm AC particle size, and 1000rpm mixing rate. The sulfur adsorption dependency on contact time and initial sulfur concentration in commercial diesel fuel (280 - 580ppm) were studied. Different kinetic models : Pseudo - first order (PFO), pseudo - second order (PSO) and intraparticle diffusion models were applied to fit the experimental data. The results of the kinetic analysis showed that the pseudo - first order model underestimates the equilibrium sorption capacity by about 33%. However the pseudo - second order model has succeeded in predicting the equilibrium sorption capacity with correlation coefficient, R2 = 0.995. The experimental adsorption isotherms were correlated by Langmuir and Freundlich models. The results indicated that Freundlich isotherm exhibits the best fits for the adsorptive desulfurization of diesel fuel with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.989 as compared with the Langmuir model ( ). The adsorption intensity as estimated from the Freundlich isotherm is larger than one which is indicative of physical adsorption.

ازالة المحتوى الكبريتي بالاكسدة العميقة باستخدام الكاربون المنشط المحفز == Deep Oxidative Desulfurization Using Catalyze Activated Carbon

Author name: ياسمين منذر جاعد
Supervisor name: ودود طاهر محمد
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: ازالة المحتوى الكبريتي من الوقود هي قضية بيئية حاسمة على نحو متزايد. عملية الهدرجة(HDS) تزيل المركبات الكبريتية مثل المركبتان والكبريتيد من الهيدروكربونات، ولكن بعض الكبريت - يحتوي على مركبات (مثل dibenzothiophene) من الصعب جدا ازالتها وتحتاج عمليات عميقة | Removal of sulfur species from fuels is an increasingly critical environmental issue. Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) removes sulfur compounds, such as mercaptans and sulfides from hydrocarbons; however, some sulfur - containing compounds (such as dibenzothiophene) are very difficult to remove and need deep desulfurization processes.This work was applied to the desulfurization diesel fuel produced from the conventional HDS process or ultra - desulfurization. The used fuel types were either real diesel fuel or simulated diesel fuel, where sulfur - containing compound (dibenzothiophene) converted to its corresponding sulfone by oxidation using hydroperoxide as an oxidant and formic acid as cocatalyst with activated carbon (AC), in addition to its adsorbent virtue. Simulated diesel fuel according to British Petroleum 200B doped with dibenzothiophene was prepared.The experimental study was divided into two parts, preliminary study, that include thermally (activated carbon with heat treatment (ACH)) and chemically treatments (i.e. activated carbon impregnated with copper (Cu/AC), activated carbon impregnated with nickel(Ni/AC), activated carbon impregnated with copper and nickel (Cu - Ni/AC) and activated carbon with nitric acid treatment (ACN) ) to the parent activated carbon, these types were tested at different operating conditions (i.e. temperature = 25 and 60 ?C, pH=2, H2O2/diesel fuel ratio=3/100 and activated carbon doses = 0.7 and 1.0 g) to achieve the best one that gives higher desulfurization efficiency. ACM that is a mixture of ACH and ACN (equal percentage) gives 80% sulfur removed at operating conditions of temperature= 60 ?C, pH=2, H2O2/diesel fuel ratio=3/100 and ACM doses = 0.7 g. In general, the activity of activated carbons as follows ACM >ACN > ACH > Ni/AC > Cu/AC > Cu - Ni/AC > parent AC While, the second part represents the main study, that deals with the desulfurization process in details, using ACM with operating conditions of temperature of 60 - 80 ?C, pH of 0 - 4, H2O2/diesel fuel ratio of 3/100 to 7/100 and ACM doses of 0.5 to 1.0 g Maximum desulfurization efficiency achieved was 92.3% at operating conditions of temperature= 80 ?C, pH =0, H2O2/diesel fuel ratio= 5/100 and ACM dose =1.0 g.Finally, two experiments with the best conditions above were done on the real diesel fuel. Maximum desulfurization efficiency was 25% at temperature= 80 ?C, pH =0, H2O2/diesel fuel ratio= 5/100 and ACM dose =1.0 g.

معالجة مياه المصب العام للحقن في حقل الناصرية النفطي == Water Treatment of Main Outfall Drain For Injection In Nasiriyah Oil Field

Author name: جعفر جبار مدلول
Supervisor name: احمد فائق العلوي
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يهدف العمل الحالي لانتاج مياه ملائمة للحقن في حقل الناصرية النفطي من المصب العام يتكون الجزء العملي من هذا البحث من ثلاثة مراحل(1) التخثير/ التلبد , (2) مرشح ماء الجاذبية الطبيعية او غشاء دقيق و(3) تقنية اغشية النانو. المرحلة الاولى, تخلص عملية التخثير/ | The aim of the present work is to produce water appropriate for injection in Nasiriyah oil field from Main Outfall Drain (MOD). The experimental work in this research consists from three stages (1) coagulation/ flocculation, (2) natural gravity water filter or microfiltration membrane (MF) and (3) nanofiltration membrane (NF) technology. The first stage, coagulation/flocculation process removed the suspended solids from MOD and reduced the turbidity to the demand limits. The variables studied were initial turbidity (11.8 - 100 NTU), coagulant dosage (0 - 55 ppm), speed of the slow mixing step in the jartest apparatus (2nd step) (20 - 40 rpm), time of 2nd step (20 - 40 min), and settling time (10 - 50 min). Turbidity increases by increasing initial turbidity and decreases by increasing the coagulant dosage, speed and time of 2nd step and settling time until the reaching to the optimum for them at the minimum turbidity, then any increasing of the coagulant dosage, speed and time of 2nd step will increase the turbidity, while any increasing of settling time will do no effect on turbidity. The optimum dosage for alum was 35, 40 and 50 ppm. While, for ferric chloride it was 15, 20 and 30 ppm and for polyelectrolyte 4, 8 and 10 ppm for 11.8, 30 and 100 NTU initial turbidity respectively. The optimum speed of 2nd step was 25 rpm for each of alum (35 ppm), ferric chloride (15 ppm) and polyelectrolyte (4 ppm). While the optimum time of 2nd step was 30 min for each of alum (35 ppm), ferric chloride (15 ppm) and polyelectrolyte (4 ppm) and settling time was 30 min for each of alum (35 ppm), ferric chloride (15 ppm) and polyelectrolyte (4 ppm). The second stage, natural gravity water filter or microfiltration MF was used to ensure that the particle size was in the demand limits (less than 10 ?m) and reduce the turbidity and the total suspended solids (TSS) to the demand limits (5 NTU and 3 - 3.5 mg/l). It was found that turbidity and TSS increases by increasing the inlet turbidity and TSS and the results was arranged progressively as the following : Natural gravity water filter ? 5 ?m MF ? 1 ?m MF. The final stage, nanofiltration NF membrane technology was used to remove sulphate from MOD. The variables studied were feed concentration (1800 - 9630 mg/l) and operating temperature (27 - 37 oC). Also concentrate recirculation was used to obtain high recovery percentage of water can be inject. It was found that product flow rate increases by increasing temperature and decreases by increasing salts concentration in feed. Also it was found that salts concentration in product increases by increasing feed concentration and temperature. Rejection percentages were (94.475 - 95.631 %), (88.088 - 90.714 %), (83.33 - 93.2 %), (85.116 - 92.727 %) and (65.385 - 72.727 %) for sulphate, total hardness (TH), Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl - respectively and recovery percentage of product water was (11.429 - 38.143 %) for polyamide membrane (TFC). In the case of concentrate recirculation, feed concentration, permeate concentration and volume of permeate increases with increasing in operating time and 12.69 liter of water valid for injection in oil field was recovered from 25 liter feed after 180 minute.

تسريع انتاج الخل بالطريقة المستمرة == Speeding - Up The Production of Vinegar By Continuous Ferementation

Author name: خليل عيدان حمد الدليمي
Supervisor name: عبد القهار مهدي محمد السامرائي
General topic: Chemical Engineering
Specific topic: Chemical Engineering
Degree: Master
University: Tikrit University - College Of Engineering - Department Of Chemical Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:
Abstract: تمت الدراسة على جهاز تخمير ريادي؛ باستخدام الطريقة المستمرة في انتاج حامض الخليك ومن ثم اجراء تقييم للظروف المثلى في عملية الانتا م في هذا البحث دراسة تاثير المتغيرات (معدل تدفق الهواء, وسرع المزج, ودرجة الحرارة ,والدالة الحامضية (pH ), وتركيز الاوكسجين ا | The research has been achieved by means of fermentation system by Continuous method to produce acetic acid and then evaluation of the optimum condition of production process. This research aims to study the effect of some operation variables like (air flow rate, speed of mixing, temperature, acidic function ( pH ) , and dilution rate of alcohol ) , on acetic acid production. The operation conditions that worked are (air flow rate ( 1 - 4) m3 / hr ) , speed of mixing( ( 50 - 400) rpm ) temperature (( 18 - 33)C? ) , and dilution rate ( ( 0.005 - 0.02) hr - 1 )). The optimum operating conditions to produce acetic acid by continuous process are as follow : (air flow rate ( 3 m3 / hr ) ,speed of mixing (100 rpm) , temperature ( 30 C? ), dilution rate of alcohol(0.005 hr - 1) initial alcohol concentration ( 48 g / l ) and initial concentration of acetic acid ( 40 g / l )).. The biological variables of acetic acid bacteria have been studied in the fermentation process in continuous method ( concentration of living mass , consumed alcohol , the produced acetic acid and the dissolved oxygen concentration) in addition to the lateral variables of the process ( aeration flow rate, speed of mixing , temperature , function of acidity and dilution rate ) as algebraic differential equations Mathematical models of the continuous process of fermentation process (used as simulation solutions).
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