اسم المؤلف:
افراح هاشم فرحان كاطع المرشدي
اسم المشرف:
نجم عبد الله رحيم
المستخلص:
The present study aims at assessing the pollution type in the soil of the banks and Basins in Rumaitha city and its effect on the agricultural production. It is divided into three chapters : chapter One is devoted to investigate the natural Factors which are represented by (the location of the sample area, its geological and surface structure, climate properties, water resources, and natural plants) and humanistic Factors which are represented by (tilling and adjustment, irrigation, drainage and fertilization of the soil and the agricultural system). Chapter Two is concerned with the physical and chemical properties of the soil of the sample area while chapter Three investigated the Geographical distribution of soil pollution in the city of Rumaitha in which it discusses the definitions of pollution, its causes and effects on the agricultural areas. Some samples of soil and water were gathered during the period of the study (2015 - 2016). The study has concluded the following : Chapter OneThe results of the analysis of the banks and basins soils structures has shown contrastive mixtures of mud, mud - silt, and mud - silt - mud. Also the Virtual and real density of the soil is variant in the banks and basins. Moreover, the value of the organic material and soil reaction, and the average of the positive and negative ions, are variant too. Chapter Two The study shows that the geographical and humanistic factors have huge effects on some of the physical and chemical properties of the soil of Al - Rumaitha city and its relation to the agricultural production. Throughout the geological structure, surface equability, climate properties, paucity and scatter of natural plants, the quality of irrigation water, and water and salinity grade, several aspects of soil construction were identified which are reflected on the real structure and density of the soil. Moreover, it contains organic materials, salinity, and Positive and negative ions which are intensive in the soil of the basins rather than the banks of the river. The human has a big negative influence on these properties because of his wrong agricultural methods which are represented by tilling the soil, excessive irrigation especially in the unsuitable periods of irrigation, following the traditional methods in irrigation, the Scarcity of broaches, the wrong use of Chemical and organic fertilizers pesticides. All of these factors helped in the process of soil pollution and the intensity of salinity and heavy materials.Chapter ThreeThis chapter is concerned with salinity and osmotic pressure and mutual sodium and positive ions such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium, and negative ions like chlorine, sulfates, and bicarbonates as well as their importance to the plants. The role of the heavy factors to the developing plants appears during the germination, branching, flowering, and maturity stages and on the agricultural production as a whole. Although there are some factors of pollution, the soils of Al - Majid and AL - Najmi townships were the best in producing the various agricultural crops. While there is a decrease in production of Al - Hilal township especially on the banks of the river because they receive a lot of water pollution. It was also concluded that the soils of the banks are higher and better in their productive capability than the drains which are highly effected by the salinity and the intensity of heavy materials in addition to the bad management of the soil. The results of the analysis have shown that the city is copious with the various types of agricultural corps like grain, and vegetables. Sesame plant is the prominent in planting and production because of the suitable soil, and its capability to endure salinity which is scattered in farmlands.
اسم المؤلف:
فؤاد عبد الله محمد
اسم المشرف:
مضر خليل العمر
المستخلص:
Considerable interest was, and still is, given to the city by scholars of various sciences in general, and by geographers in particular, because of the great significance it has on people's life, evidenced in the functions and services it offers.In spite of the small space the commercial services occupy from the total area of the city, these services are deemed as one of the major pillars of the city. Also, the traditional function tbat is inherent in the primary evolution of large number of cities, besides seeking to meet the needs of people for commodities and services, particularly those used in final consumption, represents an important sophisticated aspect and economic support of the city. Being so, it would be natural for Hilla city to attract the attention of the scholars of geography due to its significance and particularity in this field that made it occupy and represent the centre of Middle Furat region.This Thesis is divided into Five Chapters : The first chapter discusses the historic background through three topics. The first topic deals with the location and its significance in giving the city special importance influencing its functional structure and thenature of the relations existing between it and the other places. The second issue tackles the historic evolution of the city in which light is shed on the historic stages through which the city of Hilla has passed and the tasks it fulfilled as a city of vital location. The third aspect looked into the historic development of the commercial function in the city across time stages and roles and discussed some factors that had a major contribution in the development of the commercial function. The second chapter dealt with the commercial services in the city, which formed an introduction to the subject of the thesis. In this chapter tradesmen were classified in the city, as well as classifying the wholesale trade to local and central categories. It also iscussed the fiscal services in the city and their influence on the maintenance of the commercial activity in particular, as well as studying the complementary services of commercial nature and their influence on maintaining the economic activity movement, in general, and the commercial activity, in particular.The third chapter dealt with tte usages of the C.B.D, in the city of Hilla through various topics. These topics included the definition of the central commercial area in accordance with known standards; the study of the commercial structure of the city; the emonstration of the hierarchical succession of marketing centres therein, whereafter the role and significance of each centre is illustrated in fulfilling the needs of the people; the of the city in which light is shed on the historic stages through which the city of Hilla has passed and the tasks it fulfilled as a city of vital location. The third aspect looked into the historic development of the commercial function in the city across time stages and roles and discussed some factors that had a major contribution in the development of the commercial function. The second chapter dealt with the commercial services in the city, which formed an introduction to the subject of the thesis. In this chapter tradesmen were classified in the city, as well as classifying the wholesale trade to local and central categories. It also discussed the fiscal services in the city and their influence on the maintenance of the commercial activity in particular, as well as studying the complementary services of commercial nature and their influence on maintaining the economic activity movement, in general, and the commercial activity, in particular. The third chapter dealt with tte usages of the C.B.D, in the city of Hilla through various topics. These topics included the definition of the central commercial area in accordance with known standards; the study of the commercial structure of the city; the demonstration of the hierarchical succession of marketing centres therein, whereafter the role and significance of each centre is illustrated in fulfilling the needs of the people; the study of the commercial usage in the basic designs of the city of Hilla and the comparison of such usage with the marketing facilities in a number of foreign (European) cities in order to realize the planning situation in Iraq and thereafter to bring about such facilities or marketing centres.Chapter four dealt with the geographical distribution patterns for four commercial categories. In this chapter grocery, ready made clothes, textiles and jewellery shops were chosen. By using quantitive techniques, distribution patterns for each category were arrived at, through which the significance of each category on the city life can be demonstrated and the places of their existence in accordance therewith. The chapter also compared a number of these categories with their counterparts in foreign cities, as well as intercomparing these categories with each other, so that the significance of individual category on the life of the city and people can be determined.The last chapter was dedioated to the method of shopping in the city. Quantitive techniques were used and the city was devided into statistical areas for the purpose of identifying the potentials of the shopping behaviour; to demonstrate the role and significance of each marketing centre in attracting people from the various parts of the city; to show the influence of a great number of variables and factors on the acquirement, by the city's dwellers, of a specific trend in shopping, whether from its main marketing centre or from its secondary marketing places. This work aims at reaching to a number of targets, These being : 1. To define the central commercial district of the city and the area of the commercial core therein in the light of a number of standards used in the urbanite studies such as the value of the land and the rates of rent.2. To reveal the state of things in the city, especially of its main commercial centre, and to follow up the movement of the commercial habilitation within the central commercial area and in the other sectors of the city.J. To dectate the shopping behaviour in the study area •
