Author name:
علي رحمن وحيد الموسوي
Supervisor name:
فراس سليم حياوي
Abstract:
The city of Damascus, which is considered one of the oldest cities in the history,received an important place in the Arab - Islamic history because of the political and cultural role it played by virtue of its geographical location and its flourishing economy, whether in the era of the Umayyad ,who placed in special care as it was the capital of their state and the center of their rule, and even in later ages, the city has maintained its importance and its impact on the political and cultural life throughout the Abbasid era, despite the large number of wars and unrest and strife that has befallen the city, especially in the midst of the conflict that has arisen between the Abbasid Caliphate in Damascus and greedypeople like Ataiwlaunayn and Qaramita and Alakhcidiin and others . The importance of this topic , which was proposed by my supervisor Dr. Firas Salim Hayawi graciously, is that it reviews the history of the city of Damascus political and intellectual period (264 - 359h / 877 - 969m) . The cityhas witnessed many events filled with turmoil, wars and greedy invasions to seize the city like Qaramita, Muhammad ibn Ra'iq and Al Hamdanyen then the Fatimids, and highlighted the role of its people in resistance to these ambitions and their contribution to the direct conflict between the various parties to the conflict through their support for the party at the expense of the other party, in addition to that Damascus has witnessed in this period for the first time since the emergence of Islam exit from the direct authority of the caliphate and subject to the authority of a semi - autonomous power from succession.because of the weakness of the Abbasid state . as a result of the direct influence of the Turkish leaders on the successors . In spite of wars and turmoilwhich the city experienced, we found that the pace of the intellectual movement which did not subside or become lukewarm, but the city witnessed in this period, the emergence of many scientists in various science and knowledge fields, and the scientific institutions also prospered , moreover it was a meeting place for the scientists from different parts of the Muslim world at the time . This paper included preface and four chapters as well as the introduction and conclusion, the preface has included a study of the city in terms of geographical naming origin and date of construction and the importance of location and description, and its climate . The first chapter which is entitled (Damascus under the sovereignty Tulunid 264 - 292h / 877 - 904m) to cover the political life in Damascus in the reign Tulunid, including the reign of Ahmed Ibn Tulun and how he controlled the city, and his struggle with the Al Muafaq Al Abbasi, then Damascus during the reign of his son Khumarawaih and his war with the caliph Mu'tadid in Allah , and then his death in Damascus, this chapter also included Damascus in the era of the weak Tulunidprinces and out of their control, and in the end of the chapter we talked about Qaramita attacks on the city and its return to the Abbasid rule . The second chapter, which entitled (the political situation in Damascus from the period (292 - 359h / 904 - 969m) to study the political life in the city during this period, so that it covered the period of the Abbasid control and what movementsit witnessed until the year (323 AH / 934 AD), when Damascus becamea subsidiary of the emirate Alikhchidii in Egypt, which was founded by the formerWali Damascus Mohammed bin Tgj Alikhchid, then we reviewed the conflict on rounds of the city between Alakhcidiin and Muhammad ibn Ra'iq and Saif Al Dawlla Al - Hamdani, we discussed the role of its people in these confrontations, and then we talked about the return of Qaramita to attack Damascus, and how the Fatimid army enter it after bloody battles with its people . The third chapter is marked with (educational institutions) studied the most important educational institutions in Damascus likeketatib, mosques and the scientists houses and shops Al woracan, and its prominent role in the dissemination of education and prosperity, and it preceded by a talk about the most important factors that have helped to flourish intellectual movement in Damascus and the Islamic world at the time . While the fourth chapter devoted to the study of science in its various branches, which grew and flourished in Damascus at the time due to the efforts of a number of senior scientists in each branch of them, so we reviewed the religious sciences of modern jurisprudence and others that have had the largest part of the large number of Damascenes specialists scientists as well as entrants scientists to Damascus to spread religious sciences in it . and listen to its scientists, moreover we dealt with the most important human sciences and pure science which has witnessed the emergence of skilled scientists who had their activities and contributions to the prosperity of this science during the period of the study , And thus we decided to mention that some scientists Trajman repeated in a number of fields of science and knowledge because they encyclopedic scientists have diverse scientific activity, so it was necessary for us to mention their role in every field of scientific excel in it. One of the difficulties and obstacles faced by the researcher in this study, the scarcity of some sources, also what is available of it which was often characterized by the scarcity of information in regards to Damascus, as well as the inconsistency between the source and another in some recitation , making the researcher with a dilemma in how to extract information the closest to reality and the truth, in spite of all this we have tried to overcome these obstacles with the aid of sources and references, and available research to come out with as clearly as possible picture to the political and intellectual life of Damascus during the period of study, and perfect, but God alone.
